2213:' Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent encouraged Congress to pass H.R.40 to study reparations proposals. Still, the Working Group did not directly endorse any specific reparations proposal. The report noted that there exists a legacy of racial inequality in the United States, and explained that "Despite substantial changes since the end of the enforcement of Jim Crow and the fight for civil rights, ideology ensuring the domination of one group over another, continues to negatively impact the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of African Americans today." The report notes that a "dangerous ideology of white supremacy inhibits social cohesion among the US population".
51:
1794:; individual monetary payments; settlements; scholarships and other educational schemes; systemic initiatives to offset injustices; or land-based compensation related to independence. Other types of reparations include apologies and acknowledgements of the injustices; the removal of monuments and renaming of streets that honour enslavers and defenders of slavery; or naming a building after an enslaved person or someone connected with abolition.
2373:. Following Beckles' advice, the CARICOM Reparations Commission was created in September 2013. In 2014, 15 Caribbean nations unveiled the "CARICOM Ten Point Plan for Reparatory Justice", which spelled out demands for reparations from Europe "...for the enduring suffering inflicted by the Atlantic slave trade". Among these demands were formal apologies from all nations involved (as opposed to "statements of regret"),
6112:
2137:, which declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction". At that time, an estimated four million African Americans were set free. There are instances of reparations for slavery, relating to the
1922:
case for reparations to be paid to Africa and to
Africans in the Diaspora; acknowledges the continuing painful economic and personal consequences of the exploitation of Africa and Africans in the Diaspora and the racism it has generated; and supports the OAU as it intensifies its efforts to pursue the cause of reparations". The motion was sponsored by Bernie Grant,
2308:, today's prohibitions cannot be applied retroactively. There is a legal argument suggesting that exceptions to intertemporal law apply in cases of crimes against humanity, as European states and their representatives could not expect slavery to be legal in the future (referred to as teleological reduction of the principle). However, it is a complex area of law.
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that the House welcomes the proclamation and recognised that the proclamation "calls upon the international community to recognise that the unprecedented moral debt owed to
African people has yet to be paid, and urges all those countries who were enriched by enslavement and colonisation to review the
2547:
as a reason that
Britain should issue no reparations. In 2021, the Jamaican government again revisited the idea of reparations for slavery. It was reported that the Jamaican government was seeking some 7 billion pounds sterling in reparations for the damages of slavery, including the 20,000,000 paid
2303:
had been outlawed at the time they were committed in the
Caribbean; for example, "Although the factual appearance of genocide can be traced back at least to ancient times, its prohibition by international law appears to be a phenomenon of the early 20th century". Under the international principle of
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every year from 1989 until his resignation in 2017. As its name suggests, the bill recommended the creation of a commission to study the "impact of slavery on the social, political and economic life of our nation"; however, there are cities and institutions that have initiated reparations in the US
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of displaced
Africans to their homeland, programs to help Africans learn about and share their histories, and institutions to improve slavery descendants' literacy, physical health, and psychological health. Representatives of Caribbean states have repeatedly announced their intention to bring the
2185:
advocacy organization, wrote that
America's history of race riots, lynching, and institutional discrimination have "resulted in $ 1.4 trillion in losses for African Americans". Economist Robert Browne stated the ultimate goal of reparations should be to "restore the black community to the economic
2466:
formally called on
European nations to pay reparations for the slave trade. President Jagdeo stated: "Although some members of the international community have recognized their active role in this despicable system, they need to go step further and support reparations." In 2014, the Parliament of
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Americans. The study summarized its findings: "Only 6% of white
Americans support cash payments to the descendants of slaves, compared to 59% of black Americans. Similarly, only 19% of whites – and 63% of blacks – support special education and job training programs for the descendants of slaves."
2246:
in 2014, only 37% of
Americans believed that enslaved people should have been provided compensation in the form of cash after being freed. Furthermore, only 15% believed that descendants of enslaved people should receive cash payments. The findings indicated a clear divide between black and white
2286:
sponsored a resolution stating that the West owed reparations to Africa due to the "racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, and related intolerance" that the
Atlantic slave trade caused. Leaders of several African nations supported this resolution. The former Minister of Justice of Sudan, Ali
2576:, said at the conference that "The entire period of slavery meant that our progress, economically, culturally, and psychologically, was stifled. There are legions of stories of families who were torn apart ... You cannot quantify the effects of such tragedies, but they need to be recognised".
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demanded that France compensate Haiti for more than US$ 21 billion, the modern equivalent of the 90 million gold francs Haiti was forced to pay to gain international recognition. In response, France and the United States overthrew Aristide in a 2004 coup d'etat. In the 19 years following the
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for his ancestors' involvement in slavery. The Drax family still owns a large estate in Barbados; Richard Drax is said to be worth "at least £150m". If the Commission's request to return Drax Hall to Barbados is refused, the government intends to take the matter to international arbitration.
1839:, which included representatives of various advocacy organisations. It also pledged to give €200 million towards "raising awareness, fostering engagement and addressing the present-day effects of slavery", and is planning a commemoration of the history of slavery on 1 July 2023, along with
1775:. Reparations can take many forms, including practical and financial assistance to the descendants of enslaved people, acknowledgements or apologies to peoples or nations negatively affected by slavery, or honouring the memories of people who were enslaved by naming things after them.
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established a twelve-member Reparations Task Force to sustain the local, regional, and international momentum for reparations. Barbados was then leading the way in "calling for reparations from former colonial powers for the injustices suffered by slaves and their families".
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2402:, saying "that segregation and violence against people of African descent had impaired their capacity for advancement as nations, communities and individuals". More recently, in 2016, Ambassador of Antigua and Barbuda to the United States, Sir
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By the 2010s, despite many calls for reparations, examples of international reparations for slavery consist of recognition of the injustice of slavery and apologies for involvement but no material compensation. However, in June 2023, the
2158:
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In April 2023, she co-founded Heirs of Slavery, a group of descendants of people who had profited from British transatlantic slavery and want to make amends. Trevelyan's family has donated money towards education schemes in Grenada via
2034:
stating that Blair should have issued "an apology of substance", which would then be followed by "various reparative measures including financial compensation". Blair issued another apology in 2007 after meeting with Ghanaian President
2757:...a French law of 2001 that recognizes the trans-Atlantic slave trade as a crime against humanity, and the admission by the Belgians in 2002 of their role in the murder of Patrice Lumumba, first President of independent Congo.
2081:, travelled to Grenada to make an apology for harm caused and to give reparations. Her family has also apologised to the island nation for harm caused by slavery, and the group has called on the British Prime Minister and
1782:, but the groundswell for such actions has gathered momentum in the 21st century, with both governments and individuals in the United Kingdom, the United States, and European colonial powers taking various actions.
2205:
and made renewed demands for reparations. Coates refers to Rep. John Conyers Jr.'s H.R.40 Bill, pointing out that Congress's failure to pass this bill expresses a lack of willingness to right their past wrongs.
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1890:'s annual spending budget and has been calculated as equivalent to about £16.5bn in today's terms. Some of the payments were converted into 3.5% government annuities, which caused a drawn-out process.
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at more than 100 trillion dollars. In October 2023, the UK Reparations Conference was held and a joint declaration issued to the effect that full reparatory justice must be "pursued and achieved".
2030:
issued a statement expressing "deep sorrow" for Britain's role in the slave trade, saying it had been "profoundly shameful". The statement was criticised by reparations activists in Britain, with
5832:
4677:
Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law
2642:"An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"
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was tenable. Shortly after that, France would demand that the newly founded Haiti pay the French government and enslavers 90 million francs for the "theft" of the enslaved people's own lives (
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in 2020 as the call for reparations in the US has been bolstered by protests around police brutality and other cases of systemic racism in the US. The call for reparations for
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Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.
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revived its reparations commission to consider whether the country should seek an apology or reparations from Britain for its role in the slave trade. The opposition cited
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The Africa Reparations Movement, also known as ARM (UK), was formed in 1993 following the Abuja Proclamation declared at the First Pan-African Conference on Reparations in
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2497:) and the land that they had turned into profitable sugar and coffee-producing plantations to recognize the fledgling nation's independence formally. French banks and
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2190:, or roughly $ 142,000 (equivalent to $ 183,000 in 2023) for every black American living today. Other estimates range from $ 5.7 to $ 14.2 and $ 17.1 trillion.
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du Plessis, Max. 2003. "Historical Injustice and International Law: An Exploratory Discussion of Reparation for Slavery" Human Rights Quarterly, 25(3), 624–659.
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As of January 2023, the Barbados National Task Force on Reparations, part of the CARICOM Reparations Commission, is seeking reparations from wealthy British MP
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position it would have if it had not been subjected to slavery and discrimination". He estimates a fair reparation value anywhere between $ 1.4 to $ 4.7
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In September 2001, the United Nations sponsored the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance held in
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Craemer, Thomas (21 April 2015). "Estimating Slavery Reparations: Present Value Comparisons of Historical Multigenerational Reparations Policies".
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urged the CARICOM countries to emulate the position adopted by the Jews who were persecuted during the Second World War and have since organized a
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Guyana established a "Reparations Committee of Guyana" to further investigate the impact of slavery and create formal demands for reparations.
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published an article titled "The Case Against Reparations". In it, Williamson argues: "The people to whom reparations are owed are long dead."
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1961:. Bernie Grant formed ARM UK in December 1993 as the co-founder and chairperson, with a core group including: secretary Sam Walker; treasurer
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In 1999, the African World Reparations and Repatriation Truth Commission called for the West to pay $ 777 (~$ 1.34 quadrillion in 2023)
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to educate and inform African youth, on the continent and in the diaspora, about the great African cultures, languages and civilisations
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1874:. Enslavers were paid approximately £20 million in compensation in over 40,000 awards for enslaved people freed in the colonies of the
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members, demanded that European nations that had participated in the slave trade should fund the resettlement of 500,000 Rastafari in
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2773:"Blair 'sorrow' over slave trade | Prime Minister Tony Blair has said he feels 'deep sorrow' for Britain's role in the slave trade"
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3835:"Reparations to Africa and the Group of Eminent Persons (Les réparations pour l'Afrique et le Groupe de personnalités éminentes)"
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3877:(Press release). World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance. 2 September 2001
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in which reparations were estimated, perhaps for the first time, for harms both during and after the period of transatlantic
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to use all lawful means to obtain reparations for the enslavement and colonisation of African people in Africa and in the
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4626:"Colonial Injustices and the Law of State Responsibility: The CARICOM Claim to Compensate Slavery and (Native) Genocide"
3927:"Colonial Injustices and the Law of State Responsibility: The CARICOM Claim to Compensate Slavery and (Native) Genocide"
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3706:"Report of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent on its mission to the United States of America"
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to campaign for an accurate portrayal of African history and thus restore dignity and self-respect to African people
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4151:"Benedict Cumberbatch's ancestors got rich from slavery in Barbados. Now he could be on the hook for reparations"
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In 2013, in the first of a series of lectures in Georgetown, Guyana, to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the
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toured the country speaking about the need for reparations for slavery. On 10 May 1993 he tabled a motion in the
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Within the political sphere, a bill demanding slavery reparations has been proposed at the national level, the "
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2053:'s role in the transatlantic slave trade during a commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the passing of the
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Barbados was said to be "leading the way" (as of 2021) in calling for the payment of reparations for slavery.
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to use all lawful means to secure the return of African artefacts from whichever place they are currently held
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and trustees Patrick Wilmott, Stephen A. Small (a British academic specialising in slavery), and Hugh Oxley.
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4693:) with a definition and the components of full and effective reparation, as laid out in principles 19 to 23.
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2410:"to demonstrate its remorse and its debt to unnamed slaves from Antigua and Barbuda". According to Sanders,
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to campaign for an acknowledgement of the contribution of African people to world history and civilisation
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Stanford-Xosei, Esther (March 2019). "The Long Road of Pan-African Liberation to Reparatory Justice". In
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The Abuja Proclamation called for national reparations committees to be set up throughout Africa and the
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Freedom's Captives: Slavery and Gradual Emancipation on the Colombian Black Pacific (Afro-Latin America)
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2382:(ICJ). However, as of January 2023 no action has been taken to bring the Barbadian Government's case to
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3875:"Acknowledgement of Past, Compensation Urged by Many Leaders in Continuing Debate at Racism Conference"
3548:"All Bill Information for H.R.40 – Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act"
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to pass legislation to create a UK-wide Annual Slavery Memorial Day, which would commemorate slavery.
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was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom, signed into law on 23 December 1837, to bring about
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recommended these reparations come in the form of annual scholarships for Antiguans and Barbudans.
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2342:. Until 1995, it comprised only the English-speaking parts of the Caribbean, until the addition of
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2109:; Richard Atkinson; John Dower (of the Trevelyan family); Rosemary Harrison; and Robin Wedderburn.
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Opposition to slavery reparations is reflected in the general population. In a study conducted by
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to seek an apology from western governments for the enslavement and colonisation of African people
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Mohamed Osman Yassin, stated that the slave trade is responsible for Africa's current problems.
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3241:"Slave descendants file $ 1 billion lawsuit against companies with alleged ties to slave trade"
2141:, dating back to at least 1783 in North America, with a growing list of modern-day examples of
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2817:"Brattle Consultants Quantify Reparations for Transatlantic Chattel Slavery in Pro Bono Paper"
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Manjapra, Kris. June 17, 2022. "D.C.'s Enslavers Got Reparations. Freed People Got Nothing",
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3013:"Fact check: United Kingdom finished paying off debts to slave-owning families in 2015"
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million and asserted that slavery caused mass incarcerations, poverty, and other ills.
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3954:"CARICOM countries will speak with one voice in meetings with US and Canadian leaders"
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Robinson, Randall (1999). "He Drove the First U.S Stake in South African Apartheid".
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Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History
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4181:"Reparations should be made for African slave trade, Antigua and Barbuda tells UN"
3897:"Action Against Wide Range of Discriminatory Practices Urged at Racism Conference"
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2536:, or roughly, $ 150,000 per person). The British government rejected the demand.
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Manjapra, Kris. 2019. "The Scandal of the British Slavery Abolition Act Loan",
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movement named reparations as one of their policy goals in the United States.
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Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act
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2011:
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4765:, Richard F. America, C-SPAN video of the TransAfrica Forum, 11 January 2000.
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America, Richard F. "Racial Inequality, Economic Dysfunction, and Reparations
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3382:"These British 'heirs of slavery' are trying to make amends for past wrongs"
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3069:. Information Sheet No. 3. Africa Reparations Movement (UK). pp. 1–10.
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4612:
Britain's Black Debt: Reparations for Caribbean Slavery and Native Genocide
4477:"Jamaicans Form Commission to Investigate Slavery Reparations from Britain"
4381:"France dismisses petition for it to pay $ 17 billion in Haiti reparations"
3510:"Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"
2983:"Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after abolition"
2881:"Government apologises for the Netherlands' role in the history of slavery"
572:
4602:
4533:"African and Caribbean nations agree move to seek reparations for slavery"
3776:"Overwhelming opposition to reparations for slavery and Jim Crow | YouGov"
1790:
Reparations can take numerous forms, including practical measures such as
5444:
5397:
5343:
5160:
5044:
5014:
4997:
4889:
4447:
3408:
3300:
2529:
2498:
2343:
2003:
1844:
1480:
1038:
982:
934:
594:
439:
294:
200:
4732:
4668:
4287:"Barbados plans to make Tory MP pay reparations for family's slave past"
3743:"Calls for reparations gain steam as U.S. reckons with racial injustice"
6086:
6076:
4948:
3860:
3645:
3618:
2565:
2090:
2078:
1812:
1764:
1463:
545:
225:
42:
2418:, relied on the slaves on his plantation in Antigua when establishing
5370:
5288:
5246:
4921:
4196:"Antigua and Barbuda Asks Harvard University for Slavery Reparations"
3481:"Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"
2482:
2459:
2279:
2050:
1994:
Following the death of Bernie Grant in 2000, ARM UK became inactive.
1165:
987:
567:
550:
412:
247:
215:
4417:"HAITI: Aristide's Call for Reparations From France Unlikely to Die"
3610:
3071:...edited version of a speech he gave in Birmingham on 12th April...
4781:
4698:
Wealth of Races: The Present Value of Benefits from Past Injustices
2666:
5763:
5387:
4776:
2505:
2490:
1899:
422:
408:
383:
4770:
Making Amends: Debate Continues Over Reparations for U.S. Slavery
4675:
4268:"Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after"
4087:
2796:"£18 trillion – what Britain owes in reparations. Time to pay up"
2216:
The topic of reparations gained renewed attention in 2020 as the
2694:"Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"
2224:
2149:
has also been made alongside calls for reparations for slavery.
1902:, Nigeria, in the same year. The conference was convened by the
289:
119:
4785:
4218:"Barbados Takes Lead in Fight For Reparations in the Caribbean"
4061:
2863:
Holloway, Lester (November 2023). "Reparations on the agenda".
2254:'s article "The Case for Reparations", conservative journalist
2129:
Slavery ended in the United States in 1865 with the end of the
3462:
Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood: In History and Society
2844:. All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for Afrikan Reparations
2692:
Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (10 July 2020).
2070:
1778:
Some reparations for slavery date back to the 18th century in
4350:"Impoverished Haiti pins hopes for future on a very old debt"
2227:
supported reparations that would give every African American
4040:"UWI principal wants CARICOM to seek reparation for slavery"
3661:"Slavery reparations could carry a $ 17 trillion price tag"
2635:
2633:
4179:
Section, United Nations News Service (24 September 2011).
4111:"Caribbean nations prepare demand for slavery reparations"
3757:"Rapper T.I. Demands $ 44 Trillion in Slavery Reparations"
2299:, it is questionable whether slavery, genocide, and other
2101:; Charles Gladstone, who is descended from prime minister
2085:
to make a formal apology on behalf of the United Kingdom.
4504:"Jamaica Demands Billions in Slavery Reparations from UK"
3601:"Six White Congressmen Endorse Reparations for Slavery".
2661:
2659:
2006:
launched a class action lawsuit against insurance market
1823:
In December 2022, the prime minister of the Netherlands,
2720:"Reparations to Africa and the Group of Eminent Persons"
2201:", which discussed the continued effects of slavery and
4614:, Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2013.
4331:"Establishment of the Reparations Committee of Guyana"
2524:
In 2004, a coalition of Jamaican activists, including
2135:
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
4471:
4469:
2592:
Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany
4674:
United Nations General Assembly (16 December 2005),
1420:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
5995:
5965:
5919:
5856:
5845:
5825:
5721:
5634:
5469:
5319:
5104:
5030:
4840:
4826:
4819:
4479:. Associated Press. 1 November 2012. Archived from
4285:Lashmar, Paul; Smith, Jonathan (26 November 2022).
2548:out to former enslavers by the British government.
1946:MPs signed to support the motion, including future
3820:"Africa Trillions demanded in slavery reparations"
3741:Peyton, Nellie; Murray, Christine (24 June 2020).
3341:. BBC News, 14 March 2007. Accessed 15 March 2007.
2501:financed this debt and finally paid off in 1947.
1767:and/or their descendants. There are concepts for
4335:Parliament of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana
3353:"Livingstone weeps as he apologises for slavery"
3190:African Reparations Movement records 1963 – 2000
2988:National African American Reparations Commission
2932:"1837: 1 Victoria c.3: Slavery Compensation Act"
2552:African Union and Caricom Global Reparation Fund
2414:, who was the first endowed professor of law at
2125:National African American Reparations Commission
1535:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
4144:
4142:
3899:(Press release). United Nations. Archived from
2767:
2765:
2568:at a conference in Ghana in November 2023. The
3303:, 29 March 2004. Retrieved on 15 October 2009.
2177:In 1999, African-American lawyer and activist
4797:
4526:
4524:
4129:"Reparations for Native Genocide And Slavery"
3217:Black British History : New Perspectives
1741:
8:
3920:
3918:
3833:Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. (1 January 2004).
3375:
3373:
3264:"Slave descendants sue Lloyd's for billions"
2545:Britain's role in abolishing the slave trade
2143:reparations for slavery in the United States
2119:Reparations for slavery in the United States
2026:On 27 November 2006, British Prime Minister
1886:. This represented around 40 percent of the
1540:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
3984:"Spanish agreed as CARICOM second language"
3564:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3439:"United States of America 1789 (rev. 1992)"
1831:for its role in slavery at an event at the
1763:refers to providing benefits to victims of
5853:
4837:
4823:
4804:
4790:
4782:
4583:, New York / London: Bloomsbury Academic.
4567:"The centuries-long fight for reparations"
2842:"UK Reparations Conference 2023 Statement"
2516:make a claim for restitution of the debt.
2057:. In the speech, Livingston called on the
2002:In 2004, controversial reparations lawyer
1748:
1734:
25:
4773:, National Public Radio, August 27, 2001.
4597:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3850:
3603:The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
2735:
2532:(which they estimated to be 72.5 billion
4415:Jackson Miller, Dionne (12 March 2004).
3084:"Abuja Proclamation – Early Day Motions"
2977:
2975:
2077:, whose family had owned plantations in
1545:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1410:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1390:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
4630:Heidelberg Journal of International Law
4211:
4209:
3931:Heidelberg Journal of International Law
2629:
37:
4727:Vol. 38, No. 6, 1995, pp. 40–45.
4531:Gentleman, Amelia (17 November 2023).
3557:
3315:"Counting the cost of the slave trade"
3107:
3105:
2481:Having attained its independence from
2326:(CARICOM), established in 1973, is an
1807:presented a report at an event at the
4454:from the original on 12 February 2009
4311:
4309:
4266:Manning, Sanchez (26 February 2013).
4237:"CARICOM and reparations for slavery"
3596:
3594:
3581:Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
2644:. University of Massachusetts Amherst
2346:(Dutch) in 1995; Haiti and other non-
1432:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1109:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
6121:
4235:Hunter, Patrick (20 February 2013).
4149:Armitage, Rebecca (4 January 2023).
3800:Williamson, Kevin D. (24 May 2014).
2960:. Bristol Magazines Ltd. June 2010.
2485:in 1804 through a brutal and costly
2172:§ Legislation and other actions
1624:Slave marriages in the United States
1228:Human trafficking in the Middle East
4379:Marquand, Robert (17 August 2010).
4348:De Côrdoba, José (2 January 2004).
4159:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
4020:from the original on 14 August 2020
3994:from the original on 18 August 2021
3339:"Blair 'sorry' for UK slavery role"
2338:of 15 member states throughout the
1773:reparations in transitional justice
963:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
4502:McLeod, Sheri-Kae (15 July 2021).
4319:. BBCCaribbean.com. 27 March 2007.
4046:. 15 February 2013. Archived from
3113:"Africa Reparations Movement (UK)"
2613:Reparations (transitional justice)
1855:
1617:last survivors of American slavery
14:
4757:, Movement for Black Lives, 2019.
4194:Anders, Wendy (24 October 2016).
4016:. Caribbean Community (CARICOM).
3964:from the original on 13 July 2016
3219:. London: Zed. pp. 176–198.
2946:– via The Statutes Project.
2718:Howard-Hassman, Rhoda E. (2004).
1894:Abuja Proclamation and ARM (1993)
1856:Slave owners' compensation (1837)
1819:Actions in perpetrating countries
578:Field slaves in the United States
445:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
6120:
6111:
6110:
4993:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4777:Caribbean Reparations Commission
4716:The George Washington Law Review
4086:. 10 August 2016. Archived from
4084:Caribbean Reparations Commission
3952:Ramjeet, Oscar (16 April 2009).
3715:. 18 August 2016. Archived from
3528:Conyers, John (3 October 2013).
3508:Cashin, Cheryll (21 June 2019).
3479:Gambino, Lauren (20 June 2020).
3297:Slave descendants to sue Lloyd's
455:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
450:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
279:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
49:
4109:Pilkington, Ed (9 March 2014).
3686:Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 2014).
3659:Myers, Kristin (27 June 2019).
3536:(Institute of the Black World).
3419:from the original on 3 May 2023
3011:Brown, Matthew (30 June 2020).
1769:reparations in legal philosophy
1405:Committee of Experts on Slavery
956:East, Southeast, and South Asia
4762:The Case for Black Reparations
4317:"Guyana calls for reparations"
3802:"The Case Against Reparations"
3313:Stamp, Gavin (20 March 2007).
3262:Walsh, Conal (27 March 2004).
2489:, the case for reparations to
2398:called for reparations at the
2380:International Court of Justice
2328:intergovernmental organisation
2312:CARICOM Reparations Commission
1827:, apologised on behalf of the
1104:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
4386:The Christian Science Monitor
3852:10.4000/etudesafricaines.4543
3605:(27): 20–21. 1 January 2000.
3530:"My Reparations Bill – HR 40"
3351:Muir, Hugh (24 August 2007).
3038:"African Union - Colonialism"
2885:Government of the Netherlands
2737:10.4000/etudesafricaines.4543
2671:Black Asheville Demands (BAD)
2363:University of the West Indies
2275:to Africa within five years.
2197:published an article titled "
2193:In 2014, American journalist
2018:. The case was unsuccessful.
1904:Organisation of African Unity
1809:University of the West Indies
3774:Moore, Peter (2 June 2014).
3090:. UK Parliament. 10 May 1993
2775:. BBC News. 27 November 2006
2640:Davis, Allen (11 May 2020).
2133:and the ratification of the
1395:Temporary Slavery Commission
1056:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
4661:Social and Economic Studies
3839:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
3380:Baker, Nick (11 May 2023).
3195:This record is held by the
2815:Brown, Kim (10 July 2023).
2794:Mahon, Leah (August 2023).
2724:Cahiers d'Études africaines
2514:no Haitian government dared
2504:In 2003, then-President of
2477:Haiti indemnity controversy
2350:nations have since joined.
2318:Slave Compensation Act 1837
2165:(D-MI) reintroduced to the
2010:for their role in insuring
1868:Slave Compensation Act 1837
1862:Slave Compensation Act 1837
1415:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
460:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
6168:
6005:African diaspora religions
5129:Indigenous Black Canadians
4718:, Vol. 68, No. 1021, 2000.
4640:"The Case for Reparations"
3688:"The Case for Reparations"
3167:National Museums Liverpool
2474:
2315:
2122:
2116:
1913:In early 1993, British MP
1859:
1600:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1437:Anti-Slavery International
1202:North Africa and West Asia
18:
6106:
5980:African Hebrew Israelites
5756:Afro-Asians in South Asia
4632:(2017), pp. 409–446.
4593:Barragan, Yesenia. 2021.
4579:Araujo, Ana Lucia. 2017.
4368:– via Odious Debts.
4062:"The New York Carib News"
3193:. The National Archives.
3163:"Professor Stephen Small"
2384:international arbitration
2355:1763 Berbice Slave Revolt
2238:Opposition to reparations
2069:In February 2023, former
2016:transatlantic slave trade
1696:Emancipation Proclamation
1368:Opposition and resistance
1126:Sex trafficking in Europe
1114:Blackbirding in Polynesia
677:Trans-Saharan slave trade
16:Political justice concept
5022:Turks and Caicos Islands
4216:Stan (7 November 2012).
3988:www.landofsixpeoples.com
3634:Social Science Quarterly
3458:"Slavery, United States"
3142:African American Studies
2587:Compensated emancipation
2495:compensated emancipation
2295:From the perspective of
2284:Durban Review Conference
2250:In 2014, in response to
2199:The Case for Reparations
2049:publicly apologised for
2042:On 24 August 2007, then-
1948:leader of the opposition
1872:compensated emancipation
1476:Compensated emancipation
687:Indian Ocean slave trade
21:Compensated emancipation
19:Not to be confused with
6147:Reparations for slavery
4752:15 October 2019 at the
4747:Reparations Now Toolkit
4700:. Praeger Press, 2002.
3925:Buser, Andreas (2017).
3713:US Human Rights Network
3546:114th Congress (2016).
3319:BBC News news.bbc.co.uk
2560:was established by the
2371:Jewish reparations fund
2301:crimes against humanity
2209:In September 2016, the
2153:Support for reparations
1847:, and other countries.
1761:Reparations for slavery
1400:1926 Slavery Convention
1156:Germany in World War II
773:North and South America
295:Contract of manumission
6010:Anti-African sentiment
4710:Burlette, Carterm W..
3822:. BBC. 20 August 1999.
3064:"Reparations or Bust!"
3042:Colonialism Reparation
2558:Global Reparation Fund
2509:Jean-Bertrand Aristide
2167:United States Congress
881:British Virgin Islands
433:Circassian slave trade
399:Safavid imperial harem
394:Ottoman Imperial Harem
6062:Civil rights movement
5950:Afro-Caribbean people
5259:Chestnut Ridge people
5181:African-American Jews
4983:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4603:10.1017/9781108935890
4448:"Haiti, 1789 to 1806"
4066:New York Carib News -
3197:Bishopsgate Institute
2667:"Reparations Section"
2161:", which former Rep.
1120:Europe and North Asia
1080:Australia and Oceania
780:Pre-Columbian America
352:Slave raid of Suðuroy
284:Slavery in al-Andalus
206:Black Sea slave trade
135:21st-century jihadism
6020:Atlantic slave trade
5708:United Arab Emirates
4696:America, Richard F.
4663:, 68(3/4), 165–184.
4423:news. Archived from
4050:on 15 February 2013.
3456:King, Wilma (2004).
3387:ABC News (Australia)
2958:BBC History magazine
2436:Barbadian government
2282:, South Africa. The
2139:Atlantic slave trade
2055:1807 Slave Trade Act
1786:Types of reparations
1575:Indentured servitude
1503:Underground Railroad
1303:United Arab Emirates
692:Zanzibar slave trade
659:By country or region
472:Atlantic slave trade
374:Ma malakat aymanukum
258:Venetian slave trade
5909:Sierra Leone Creole
5760:India and Pakistan
5005:Trinidad and Tobago
4855:Antigua and Barbuda
4421:Inter Press Service
4360:on 12 November 2010
4354:Wall Street Journal
4247:on 27 February 2013
4200:The Costa Rica Star
3515:The Washington Post
2907:"Mission Statement"
2541:Jamaican Government
2396:Antigua and Barbuda
2390:Antigua and Barbuda
2357:, Principal of the
2324:Caribbean Community
2262:By regions affected
2256:Kevin D. Williamson
1998:Class action (2004)
1942:. An additional 46
1908:Nigerian government
1661:Slave Route Project
792:Americas indigenous
682:Red Sea slave trade
672:Contemporary Africa
535:Topics and practice
305:Crimean slave trade
300:Bukhara slave trade
253:Genoese slave trade
130:Contemporary Africa
110:Forced prostitution
6052:Black Lives Matter
5659:Ethiopian Israelis
5309:African immigrants
5284:Louisiana Redbones
5220:Chickasaw freedmen
5149:African immigrants
4917:Dominican Republic
4712:"True Reparations"
4483:on 26 October 2013
4427:on 2 December 2008
4222:Atlanta Black Star
4135:. 13 October 2015.
3958:Caribbean Net News
3845:(173/174): 81–97.
3722:on 17 January 2018
3646:10.1111/ssqu.12151
3443:Constitute Project
3251:(17): 36–37. 2004.
3138:"Stephen A. Small"
2936:British Government
2887:. 19 December 2022
2730:(173–174): 81–97.
2608:Reparation (legal)
2570:President of Ghana
2420:Harvard Law School
2408:Harvard University
2218:Black Lives Matter
2131:American Civil War
2059:British Government
1932:John Austin-Walker
1792:affirmative action
1442:Blockade of Africa
749:Somali slave trade
665:Sub-Saharan Africa
357:Turkish Abductions
315:Khivan slave trade
310:Khazar slave trade
263:Balkan slave trade
221:Prague slave trade
6134:
6133:
6102:
6101:
6015:Anti-Black racism
5955:British Jamaicans
5945:African Americans
5930:African Americans
5884:Americo-Liberians
5869:African Americans
5841:
5840:
5664:Sudanese refugees
5465:
5464:
5235:Seminole freedmen
5215:Cherokee freedmen
5196:Black Southerners
5171:African Americans
5119:African Americans
4636:Coates, Ta-Nehisi
4565:(28 April 2019).
4563:Araujo, Ana Lucia
4446:Smitha, Frank E.
3415:. 26 April 2023.
3088:edm.parliament.uk
2306:intertemporal law
2297:international law
2181:, founder of the
2103:William Gladstone
2008:Lloyd's of London
1884:Cape of Good Hope
1833:National Archives
1758:
1757:
1708:Freedmen's Bureau
1530:Third Servile War
1525:International law
1092:Human trafficking
854:Human trafficking
529:Thirteen colonies
347:Sack of Baltimore
115:Human trafficking
6159:
6124:
6123:
6114:
6113:
5854:
5242:Creoles of color
5225:Choctaw freedmen
5191:Black Mennonites
5124:Black Mennonites
4971:Jamaican Maroons
4927:Samaná Americans
4838:
4824:
4813:African diaspora
4806:
4799:
4792:
4783:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4624:Buser, Andreas.
4576:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4528:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4356:. Archived from
4345:
4339:
4338:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4243:. Archived from
4232:
4226:
4225:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4044:Jamaica Observer
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3903:on 7 August 2018
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3854:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3780:today.yougov.com
3771:
3765:
3764:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3710:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3555:
3543:
3537:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3413:Heirs of Slavery
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3310:
3304:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3169:. 25 August 2020
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2992:. 7 October 2021
2979:
2970:
2969:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2911:Heirs of Slavery
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2739:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2637:
2412:Isaac Royall Jr.
2359:Cave Hill Campus
2252:Ta-Nehisi Coates
2233:
2230:
2223:In 2020, rapper
2195:Ta-Nehisi Coates
2179:Randall Robinson
2163:John Conyers Jr.
2099:Earl of Harewood
2065:Heirs of Slavery
2014:involved in the
1974:African diaspora
1940:Gerry Bermingham
1919:House of Commons
1888:British Treasury
1829:Dutch Government
1750:
1743:
1736:
1720:Emancipation Day
1553:
1520:Slave Trade Acts
211:Byzantine Empire
53:
26:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6098:
6072:Genetic history
5997:
5991:
5967:
5961:
5941:United Kingdom
5915:
5894:Afro-Brazilians
5849:
5847:
5837:
5821:
5726:
5717:
5630:
5473:
5461:
5321:
5315:
5186:Alabama Creoles
5106:
5100:
5032:
5026:
4831:
4815:
4810:
4754:Wayback Machine
4742:
4683:
4681:
4673:
4608:Beckles, Hilary
4572:Washington Post
4561:
4558:
4556:Further reading
4553:
4543:
4541:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4512:
4510:
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4500:
4496:
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4484:
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4409:
4399:
4397:
4378:
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4363:
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4347:
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4342:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4297:
4295:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4272:The Independent
4265:
4264:
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4250:
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4234:
4233:
4229:
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4207:
4193:
4192:
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4148:
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4140:
4127:
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4122:
4108:
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4103:
4093:
4091:
4090:on 31 July 2019
4078:
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4012:
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3873:
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3827:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3806:National Review
3799:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3763:. 24 July 2020.
3755:
3754:
3750:
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3735:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3667:. Yahoo Finance
3658:
3657:
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3631:
3630:
3626:
3611:10.2307/2678973
3600:
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3578:
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3103:
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3077:
3066:
3062:Grant, Bernie.
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2857:
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2840:
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2835:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2804:. pp. 6–7.
2793:
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2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:War reparations
2582:
2574:Nana Akufo-Addo
2554:
2522:
2479:
2473:
2456:
2432:
2392:
2320:
2314:
2293:
2269:
2264:
2240:
2231:
2228:
2155:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2095:David Lascelles
2075:Laura Trevelyan
2067:
2047:Ken Livingstone
2044:Mayor of London
2032:Esther Stanford
2024:
2000:
1896:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1841:Dutch Caribbean
1821:
1813:chattel slavery
1800:
1788:
1754:
1725:
1724:
1629:Slave narrative
1585:Fugitive slaves
1565:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1515:Slave rebellion
1370:
1360:
1359:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1130:United Kingdom
1066:Yankee princess
660:
652:
651:
379:Avret Pazarları
325:Avret Pazarları
194:Medieval Europe
160:
150:
149:
88:Forced marriage
63:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6165:
6163:
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6149:
6139:
6138:
6132:
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6118:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6084:
6082:Pan-Africanism
6079:
6074:
6069:
6067:Creole peoples
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6048:
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6042:
6037:
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5820:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5783:Black Dutchmen
5775:
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5772:
5771:
5758:
5753:
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5751:
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5599:United Kingdom
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5407:
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5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5230:Creek freedmen
5227:
5222:
5217:
5203:
5201:Black Hispanic
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5167:United States
5165:
5164:
5163:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5146:
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5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5110:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
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5096:
5086:
5081:
5080:
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5072:Miskito people
5069:
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5036:
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5028:
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4880:Cayman Islands
4877:
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4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4846:
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4835:
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4817:
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4758:
4741:
4740:External links
4738:
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4719:
4708:
4694:
4680:, A/RES/60/147
4671:
4657:
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4647:
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4622:
4620:978-9766402686
4605:
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4551:
4520:
4508:Caribbean News
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4322:
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3678:
3651:
3640:(2): 639–655.
3624:
3590:
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3500:
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3448:
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3288:
3254:
3232:
3226:978-1786994257
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3101:
3075:
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2949:
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2833:
2807:
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2761:
2710:
2684:
2673:. 26 June 2020
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2600:
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2534:pound sterling
2521:
2518:
2475:Main article:
2472:
2469:
2464:Bharrat Jagdeo
2455:
2452:
2431:
2428:
2404:Ronald Sanders
2400:United Nations
2391:
2388:
2367:Hilary Beckles
2336:economic union
2313:
2310:
2292:
2289:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
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2236:
2211:United Nations
2154:
2151:
2117:Main article:
2114:
2111:
2066:
2063:
2023:
2020:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1906:(OAU) and the
1895:
1892:
1857:
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1851:United Kingdom
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1620:
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1614:
1607:List of slaves
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1199:
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1151:Dutch Republic
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629:
623:
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618:
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612:
610:Child soldiers
607:
602:
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587:
586:
585:
575:
570:
565:
560:
559:
558:
553:
548:
537:
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531:
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519:Spanish Empire
516:
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499:Middle Passage
496:
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468:
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457:
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320:Ottoman Empire
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268:
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140:Sexual slavery
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107:
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98:Child marriage
95:
85:
80:
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73:Child soldiers
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55:
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46:
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35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6164:
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5994:
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5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
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5922:
5918:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:Sierra Leone
5904:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5882:
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5879:
5875:
5872:
5870:
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5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5848:Afro-American
5844:
5834:
5831:
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5828:
5824:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5806:
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5657:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5383:French Guiana
5381:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:Somali Bantus
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5206:Black Indians
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:Affrilachians
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5134:New Brunswick
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5077:Miskito Sambu
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5010:Dougla people
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4900:Ganga-Longoba
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:Latin America
4829:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4679:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4495:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4439:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4408:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4372:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4259:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4102:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3793:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2856:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:African Union
2559:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:In 2012, the
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:In 2012, the
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:issue to the
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2203:Jim Crow laws
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2174:for a list).
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2113:United States
2112:
2110:
2108:
2105:; journalist
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1952:Jeremy Corbyn
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:Brattle Group
1797:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1780:North America
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Slave catcher
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Forced labour
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:Abolitionists
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:comfort women
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:Chukri System
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
957:
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
940:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
909:
906:
905:
904:
901:
899:
898:Latin America
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
855:
852:
850:
849:interregional
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
834:prison labour
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
804:United States
802:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
786:
783:
782:
781:
778:
777:
774:
771:
770:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
666:
663:
662:
656:
655:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
619:
616:
615:White slavery
613:
611:
608:
606:
605:Slave raiding
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
574:
573:Corvée labour
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
538:
534:
533:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
473:
470:
469:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
389:Abbasid harem
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
362:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:Barbary Coast
330:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
269:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
154:
153:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
62:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:Forced labour
36:
32:
28:
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2603:Legal remedy
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1963:Linda Bellos
1956:
1944:Labour Party
1936:Harry Barnes
1915:Bernie Grant
1912:
1897:
1865:
1822:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1760:
1759:
1656:Slave patrol
1493:Freedom suit
1469:Sierra Leone
1459:Colonization
1375:Abolitionism
1355:Baháʼí Faith
1328:Christianity
1278:Saudi Arabia
1134:Penal Labour
1099:Blackbirding
1005:Debt bondage
993:penal system
819:Contemporary
809:Field slaves
797:U.S. Natives
756:South Africa
627:Galley slave
600:Slave market
590:House slaves
563:Blackbirding
541:Conscription
465:21st century
428:Umm al-walad
272:Muslim world
241:Emancipation
145:Wage slavery
125:Penal labour
103:Wife selling
93:Bride buying
78:Conscription
68:Child Labour
61:Contemporary
6092:Reparations
6057:Black power
5805:New Zealand
5636:Middle East
5589:Switzerland
5549:Netherlands
5264:Dominickers
5139:Nova Scotia
5057:El Salvador
4988:Saint Lucia
4978:Puerto Rico
4544:17 November
4487:23 December
3907:15 November
3881:15 November
3785:13 February
2598:Restitution
2512:overthrow,
2183:TransAfrica
2107:Alex Renton
2073:journalist
2037:John Kufuor
2012:slave ships
1968:ARM aimed:
1671:court cases
1548: [
1498:Slave Power
1486:Manumission
1333:Catholicism
1208:Afghanistan
949:Puerto Rico
861:The Bahamas
839:Slave codes
642:Shanghaiing
632:Impressment
524:Slave Coast
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364:Concubinage
337:slave trade
6141:Categories
6025:Coromantee
5440:Paramaccan
5354:Quilombola
5294:Melungeons
5052:Costa Rica
4961:Coromantee
4725:Challenge,
4706:0313257531
4589:135001060X
4080:"Homepage"
3933:: 91–115.
3761:Pulptastic
3468:: 757–758.
3409:"About Us"
3213:Adi, Hakim
2625:References
2462:President
2348:Anglophone
2330:that is a
2316:See also:
2123:See also:
2028:Tony Blair
1928:Tony Banks
1860:See also:
1825:Mark Rutte
1686:J.Q. Adams
1676:Washington
1646:Slave name
1595:convention
1570:Common law
943:Encomienda
739:Seychelles
724:Mauritania
647:Slave ship
514:Panyarring
509:New France
158:Historical
5846:Secondary
5810:Sri Lanka
5788:Mardijker
5778:Indonesia
5749:Hong Kong
5744:Guangzhou
5734:Australia
5681:Palestine
5609:Liverpool
5604:Cambridge
5457:Venezuela
5329:Argentina
5084:Nicaragua
5062:Guatemala
4842:Caribbean
4820:Geography
4400:31 August
4395:0882-7729
4298:4 January
4164:4 January
4094:4 January
3276:0261-3077
3022:5 January
3017:USA TODAY
2996:6 January
2966:1469-8552
2942:5 January
2866:The Voice
2801:The Voice
2746:145746084
2526:Rastafari
2458:In 2007,
2394:In 2011,
2340:Caribbean
2332:political
2291:Caribbean
2022:Apologies
1924:Tony Benn
1880:Mauritius
1876:Caribbean
1843:nations,
1837:The Hague
1681:Jefferson
1338:Mormonism
1273:Palestine
1087:Australia
1017:Indonesia
908:Lei Áurea
891:Code Noir
871:Caribbean
844:Treatment
583:Treatment
556:Devshirme
418:Odalisque
236:In Russia
177:Babylonia
165:Antiquity
6116:Category
5966:Asia and
5935:Haitians
5890:Nigeria
5880:Liberia
5850:diaspora
5826:Atlantic
5800:Malaysia
5701:Africans
5619:Scotland
5564:Portugal
5485:Abkhazia
5445:Saramaka
5420:Suriname
5410:Paraguay
5398:Saramaka
5366:Colombia
5344:Kalungas
5274:Garifuna
5210:Freedmen
5161:Mascogos
5094:Cimarrón
5067:Honduras
5045:Garifuna
5015:Merikins
4998:Garifuna
4912:Dominica
4870:Barbados
4850:Anguilla
4828:Americas
4750:Archived
4733:40721651
4669:45299245
4654:Politico
4458:20 April
4452:Archived
4431:20 April
4155:ABC News
4024:4 August
4018:Archived
3998:4 August
3992:Archived
3968:16 April
3962:Archived
3560:cite web
3417:Archived
3324:14 March
3301:BBC News
3281:14 March
2826:3 August
2779:15 March
2698:wlos.com
2580:See also
2530:Ethiopia
2499:Citibank
2430:Barbados
2344:Suriname
2273:trillion
2188:trillion
2004:Ed Fagan
1959:diaspora
1882:and the
1845:Suriname
1798:Overview
1713:Iron bit
1703:40 acres
1666:breeding
1481:Freedman
1316:Religion
1176:Portugal
1061:Thailand
1051:Maldives
1046:Malaysia
1039:Kwalliso
983:Booi Aha
935:Restavek
915:Colombia
886:Trinidad
876:Barbados
766:Zanzibar
714:Ethiopia
595:Saqaliba
489:Database
440:Saqaliba
201:Ancillae
31:a series
29:Part of
6152:Slavery
6126:Commons
6087:Slavery
6077:Maroons
5996:Related
5968:Oceania
5926:France
5815:Kaffirs
5727:Oceania
5594:Ukraine
5569:Romania
5539:Ireland
5522:Germany
5505:Finland
5500:Denmark
5495:Belgium
5490:Austria
5452:Uruguay
5430:Matawai
5378:Ecuador
5349:Macombo
5334:Bolivia
5322:America
5144:Ontario
5107:America
5033:America
5031:Central
4956:Jamaica
4944:Marabou
4934:Grenada
4907:Curaçao
4875:Bermuda
4865:Bahamas
4684:10 July
4513:15 July
4364:8 March
4251:7 March
4133:CARICOM
3939:3050647
3861:4393370
3726:11 July
3671:28 June
3619:2678973
3490:20 July
3362:30 July
3215:(ed.).
2990:(NAARC)
2821:Brattle
2751:20 July
2703:12 July
2677:12 July
2648:12 July
2566:Caricom
2520:Jamaica
2424:Sanders
2416:Harvard
2361:of the
2091:CARICOM
2079:Grenada
1765:slavery
1691:Lincoln
1564:Related
1464:Liberia
1350:Judaism
1288:Tunisia
1263:Morocco
1253:Lebanon
1218:Bahrain
1213:Algeria
1181:Romania
1146:Denmark
1139:Slavery
1073:Vietnam
744:Somalia
734:Nigeria
709:Comoros
637:Pirates
546:Ghilman
479:Bristol
369:history
342:pirates
231:History
120:Peonage
43:slavery
6045:Yoruba
5998:topics
5975:Israel
5920:Europe
5865:Ghana
5858:Africa
5696:Turkey
5671:Jordan
5654:Israel
5614:London
5584:Sweden
5574:Russia
5559:Poland
5554:Norway
5532:Blacks
5527:Greece
5510:France
5476:Blacks
5471:Europe
5435:Ndyuka
5425:Kwinti
5405:Guyana
5393:Ndyuka
5371:Raizal
5339:Brazil
5304:Yoruba
5289:Lumbee
5269:Fulani
5247:Gullah
5156:Mexico
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2891:12 May
2848:22 May
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2454:Guyana
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2280:Durban
2267:Africa
2244:YouGov
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2147:racism
2097:, 8th
2051:London
1938:, and
1612:owners
1248:Kuwait
1243:Jordan
1196:Sweden
1186:Russia
1171:Poland
1166:Norway
988:Laogai
973:Brunei
968:Bhutan
930:revolt
903:Brazil
866:Canada
829:partus
814:female
699:Angola
568:Coolie
551:Mamluk
504:Nantes
484:Brazil
413:Cariye
248:Thrall
216:Kholop
182:Greece
6040:Tikar
6035:Kongo
5987:Japan
5874:Tabom
5795:Japan
5764:Siddi
5739:China
5713:Yemen
5691:Syria
5624:Wales
5579:Spain
5544:Italy
5515:Paris
5388:Aluku
5361:Chile
5320:South
5279:Igbos
5105:North
4966:Igbos
4939:Haiti
4890:Arará
4860:Aruba
4729:JSTOR
4665:JSTOR
4241:Share
3857:JSTOR
3720:(PDF)
3709:(PDF)
3665:Yahoo
3615:JSTOR
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3534:IBW21
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2491:Haiti
2471:Haiti
2229:US$ 1
2170:(see
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1639:songs
1634:films
1552:]
1508:songs
1345:Islam
1323:Bible
1298:Yemen
1293:Qatar
1283:Syria
1258:Libya
1223:Egypt
1191:Spain
1161:Malta
1034:Korea
1022:Japan
1000:India
978:China
925:Haiti
785:Aztec
761:Sudan
729:Niger
621:Naval
494:Dutch
423:Qiyan
409:Jarya
384:Harem
226:Serfs
172:Egypt
6030:Igbo
5899:Saro
5723:Asia
5676:Oman
5649:Iraq
5644:Iran
5415:Peru
4885:Cuba
4702:ISBN
4686:2017
4616:ISBN
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4489:2012
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4391:ISSN
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4253:2013
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4096:2023
4026:2020
4000:2020
3970:2009
3935:SSRN
3909:2017
3883:2017
3787:2020
3728:2018
3673:2019
3566:link
3492:2020
3425:2023
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3364:2014
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1590:laws
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1233:Iran
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