Recidivism - Knowledge (XXG)

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six-month institutional phase followed by two aftercare phases, each lasting at least six months, for a total of about eighteen months. The first phase was the "boot camp" phase. Here, inmates had daily schedules sixteen hours long where they participated in activities and showed discipline. Some activities in phase one included physical training, manual labor, skills training, drug therapy, and transition planning. The second and third phases were called "community phases." In phase two the participants are on intensive supervised release (ISR). ISR includes being in contact with your supervisor on a daily basis, being a full-time employee, keeping curfew, passing random drug and alcohol tests, and doing community service while continuing to participate completely in the program. The final phase is phase three. During this phase one is still on ISR and has to remain in the community while maintaining a full-time job. They have to continue with community service and their participation in the program. Once phase three is complete participants have "graduated" CIP. They are then put on supervision until the end of their sentence. Inmates who drop out or fail to complete the program are sent back to prison to serve the rest of their sentence. Information was gathered through a quasi experimental design. This compared the recidivism rates of the CIP participants with a control group. The findings of the study have shown that the CIP program did not significantly reduce the chances of recidivism. However, CIP did increase the amount of time before rearrest. Moreover, CIP early release graduates lower the costs for the state by millions every year.

2178:(1980) and Polinsky and Rubinfeld (1991) have argued that a record of prior offenses provides information about the offender's characteristics (e.g., a higher-than-average propensity to commit crimes). However, Shavell (2004) has pointed out that making sanctions depend on offense history may be advantageous even when there are no characteristics to be learned about. In particular, Shavell (2004, p. 529) argues that when "detection of a violation implies not only an immediate sanction, but also a higher sanction for a future violation, an individual will be deterred more from committing a violation presently". Building on Shavell's (2004) insights, Müller and Schmitz (2015) show that it may actually be optimal to further amplify the overdeterrence of repeat offenders when exogenous restrictions on penalties for first-time offenders are relaxed. 1830:

inmates educational level the lower their odds of recidivating becomes. If an inmate attains a certificate of vocation their rate of recidivism reduces by 14.6%, if they attain a GED their rate of recidivism reduces by 25%, or if they attain an Associates in Arts or Associates in Science their rate of recidivism is reduced by 70%. Tax payers are adversely affected as their tax money goes into the prison system instead of other places of society. Educating inmates is also cost effective. When investing in education, it could drastically reduce incarceration costs. For a one dollar investment in educational programs, there would be a reduction of costs of incarceration by nearly five dollars. Education reduces recidivism rates which can reduce cost of incarceration as well as reduce the number of people who commit crime within the community.

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they are released. These dehumanizing acts, combined with learned violent behavior, are implicated in higher recidivism rates. Two studies were done to attempt to provide a "national" recidivism rate for the US. One was done in 1983 which included 108,580 state prisoners from 11 different states. The other study was done in 1994 on 272,111 prisoners from 15 states. Both studies represent two-thirds of the overall prisoners released in their corresponding years. An image developed by Matt Kelley indicates the percent of parolees returning to prison in each state in 2006. According to this image, in 2006, there was more recidivism in the southern states, particularly in the Midwestern region. However, for the majority, the data is spread out throughout the regions.

1596:, recidivism measures require three characteristics: 1. a starting event, such as a release from prison 2. a measure of failure following the starting event, such as a subsequent arrest, conviction, or return to prison 3. an observation or follow-up period that generally extends from the date of the starting event to a predefined end date as in 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, 5 years, or 9 years). The latest reported that 83% of state prisoners were arrested at some point in the 9 years following their release. A large majority of those were arrested within the first 3 years, and more than 50% get rearrested within the first year. However, the longer the time period, the higher the reported recidivism rate, but the lower the actual threat to public safety. 1900:" in which the defendant would complete his or her time at home instead of in jail. According to the study: "Results show that the majority of offenders do successfully complete the program, but that a majority are also re-arrested within 5 years of completion." In doing this, they added to the rate of recidivism. In doing a study on the results of this program, Stanz considered age, race, neighborhood, and several other aspects. Most of the defendants who fell under the recidivism category included those who were younger, those who were sentenced for multiple charges, those accruing fewer technical violations, males, and those of African-American descent. In contrast, a study published by the 2056:, lessors may not always apply their official policies in this regard. When they do, apartments may be rented by someone other than the occupant. People with criminal records report difficulty or inability to find educational opportunities, and are often denied financial aid based on their records. In the United States of America, those found guilty of even a minor misdemeanor (in some states, a citation offense, such as a traffic ticket) or 59: 1852:

help to tip the balance of economic choice toward not needing to engage in criminal activity. Employment as a turning point enhances attachment and commitment to mainstream individuals and pursuits. From that perspective, ex-inmates are constrained from criminal acts because they are more likely to weigh the risk of severing social ties prior to engaging in illegal behavior and opt to refuse to engage in criminal activity.

1217: 132: 1589: 1763:, African Americans represent only about 13 percent of the United States population, yet account for approximately half the prison population as well as ex-offenders once released from prison. As compared to whites, African Americans are incarcerated 6.4 times higher for violent offenses, 4.4 times higher for property offenses and 9.4 times higher for drug offenses. 2391: 1611:, almost 44 percent of the recently released return before the end of their first year out. About 68 percent of 405,000 prisoners released in 30 states in 2005 were arrested for a new crime within three years of their release from prison, and 77 percent were arrested within five years, and by year nine that number reaches 83 percent. 2119:

it only begins a few weeks or months before the release of an inmate. "This process is often referred to as release planning or transition planning and its parameters may be largely limited to helping a person identify a place to stay upon release and, possibly, a source of income." A judge in Missouri, David Mason, believes the

1779:(i.e. communities where poverty and joblessness affect members of one ethnicity more so than others) has been shown to be correlated with higher rates of recidivism, possibly due to the ex-inmates being "isolated from employers, health care services, and other institutions that can facilitate a law-abiding reentry into society". 2004:

followed 16,486 prisoners for a three-year period to see how many of them would end up going back to jail. Results from the study found that about 63% of offenders were rearrested for a new crime and sent to prison again within the first three years they were released. Of the 16,486 prisoners, about

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Department of Public Safety and Corrections to examine 2,810 juvenile offenders who were released in the 1999/2000 fiscal year. The study built a socio-demographic of the offenders who were returned to the correctional system within a year of release. There was no significant difference between black

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There have been hundreds of studies on the relationship between correctional interventions and recidivism. These studies show that a reliance on only supervision and punitive sanctions can actually increase the likelihood of someone reoffending, while well-implemented prison and reentry programs can

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For example, research shows that treatment effectiveness should include cognitive-behavioral and social learning techniques of modeling, role playing, reinforcement, extinction, resource provision, concrete verbal suggestions (symbolic modeling, giving reasons, prompting) and cognitive restructuring;

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users from the drug by administering small doses of methadone, thereby avoiding withdrawal symptoms. 589 inmates who took part in MMT programs between 22 November 2005 and 31 October 2006 were observed after their release. Among these former inmates, "there was no statistically significant effect of

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has been shown to reduce recidivism rates. When inmates use educational programs while within incarceration they are roughly 43% less likely to recidivate than those who received no education while incarcerated. Inmates, in regards to partaking in educational programs, can improve cognitive ability,

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The current criminal-justice system focuses on the front end (arrest and incarceration), and largely ignores the tail-end (and preparation for the tail-end), which includes rehabilitation and re-entry into the community. In most correctional facilities, if planning for re-entry takes place at all,

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after release from prison tend to have lower rates of recidivism. In one study, it was found that even if marginal employment, especially for ex-inmates over the age of 26, is offered to ex-inmates, those ex-inmates are less likely to commit crime than their counterparts. Another study found that

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African Americans comprise a majority of the prison reentry population, yet few studies have been aimed at studying recidivism among this population. Recidivism is highest amongst those under the age of 18 who are male and African American, and African Americans have significantly higher levels of

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The Community Corrections Partnership (CCP) Program focuses on the cultural regrounding of African American boys to improve their self-esteem and help them to develop a sense of community. This article presents results from a study of rearrests among juveniles who have completed the program and a

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Several theories suggest that access to low-skill employment among parolees is likely to have favorable outcomes, at least over the short term, by strengthening internal and external social controls that constrain behavior toward legal employment. Any legal employment upon release from prison may

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when trying to make decisions about releasing people on bail and sentencing, which are based on their history and other attributes. It analyzed recidivism risk scores calculated by one of the most commonly used tools, the Northpointe COMPAS system, and looked at outcomes over two years, and found

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The likelihood of recidivism for a previously convicted criminal can be predicted using structured professional judgement (SPJ) tools in an effort to reduce recidivism by measuring protective factors such as stable work, attitudes towards authority and living circumstances. Two tools used for SPJ

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Department of Corrections created a graph showing the general recidivism rate of all offenders released from prison from July 1993 until six and a half years later. This graph shows that recidivism is much more likely within the first six months after they are released. The longer the offenders

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Male prisoners are exposed and subject to sexual and physical violence in prisons. When these events occur, the victim usually suffers emotionally and physically. Studies suggest that this leads the inmate to accept these types of behaviors and value their lives and the lives of others less when

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One of the main reasons why they find themselves back in jail is because it is difficult for the individual to fit back in with 'normal' life. They have to reestablish ties with their family, return to high-risk places and secure formal identification; they often have a poor work history and now

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The Minnesota Department of Corrections did a study on criminals who are in prison to see if rehabilitation during incarceration correlates with recidivism or saved the state money. They used the Minnesota's Challenge Incarceration Program (CIP) which consisted of three phases. The first was a

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Studies assessing the effectiveness of alcohol/drug treatment have shown that inmates who participate in residential treatment programs while incarcerated have 9 to 18 percent lower recidivism rates and 15 to 35 percent lower drug relapse rates than their counterparts who receive no treatment in

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Psychopaths may have a markedly distorted sense of the potential consequences of their actions, not only for others, but also for themselves. They do not, for example, deeply recognize the risk of being caught, disbelieved or injured as a result of their behaviour. However, numerous studies and

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were involved in a study pertaining to education and recidivism. The study found that when the participant group of released offenders took educational classes while within the confines of prison, they had lower rates of recidivism as well as higher rates of employment. Moreover, the higher the

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is significant, however, chances of recidivism are low for those who avoid contact with the law for at least three years after release. The communities ex-inmates are released into play a part in their likelihood to re-offend; release of African American ex-inmates into communities with higher

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Norway has one of the lowest reimprisonment rates within 2 years in the world at 20% in 2010, 24% in 2014, 23% in 2015, 22% in 2016, 19% in 2017, and 18% in 2018. In Norway the recidivism rate measured by re-charging in the 5-year period from base year 2017 is for any charged offense 38.7%, for

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A cultural re-grounding of African Americans is important to improve self-esteem and help develop a sense of community. Culturally specific programs and services that focus on characteristics that include the target population values, beliefs, and styles of problem solving may be beneficial in

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Persons who are incarcerated or otherwise have compulsory involvement with the criminal justice system show rates of substance abuse and dependence four times higher than those of the general population, yet fewer than 20 percent of federal and state prisoners who meet the pertinent diagnostic

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makes ex-inmates qualify for low-skill, low-wage employment. In addition to lack of education, many inmates report a difficulty in finding employment prior to incarceration. If an ex-inmate served a long prison sentence, they have lost an opportunity to gain work experience or network with

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For African American ex-inmates, their race is an added barrier to obtaining employment after release. According to one study, African Americans are more likely to re-offend because employment opportunities are not as available in the communities they return to in relation to whites.

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Countless policies aim to ameliorate recidivism, but many involve a complete overhaul of societal values concerning justice, punishment, and second chances. Other proposals have little impact due to cost and resource issues and other constraints. Plausible approaches include:

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Released prisoners with the highest rearrest rates were robbers (70.2%), burglars (74.0%), larcenists (74.6%), motor vehicle thieves (78.8%), those in prison for possessing or selling stolen property (77.4%) and those in prison for possessing, using or selling illegal weapons

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and are reluctantly absorbed into communities – which further increases their alienation and isolation. Other contributors to recidivism include the difficulties released offenders face in finding jobs, in renting apartments or in getting education. Owners of

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increasing the presence and quality of pre-release services (within incarceration facilities) that address factors associated with (for example) drug-related criminality—addiction treatment and mental-health counseling and education programs/vocational

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Edens, John F.; Boccaccini, Marcus T.; Johnson, Darryl W. (January 2010). "Inter-rater reliability of the PCL-R total and factor scores among psychopathic sex offenders: are personality features more prone to disagreement than behavioral features?".

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the effectiveness of the intervention incorporates a relapse prevention element. Relapse prevention is a cognitive-behavioral approach to self-management that focuses on teaching alternate responses to high-risk situations. Research also shows that

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with its criminological connotation than articles in the rest of medicine, which avoided the term. Carmel suggested that "as a means of decreasing stigmatization of psychiatric patients, we should avoid the word 'recidivism' when what we mean is

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is often used in the psychiatric and mental health literature to mean "rehospitalization", which is problematic because the concept of recidivism generally refers to criminal reoffense. Carmel reviewed the medical literature for articles with

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African Americans are disproportionately represented in the American prison system, representing approximately half the prison population. Of this population, many enter into the prison system with less than a high school diploma. The lack of

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offenders and white offenders. The study concluded that race does not play an important role in juvenile recidivism. The findings ran counter to conventional beliefs on the subject, which may not have controlled for other variables.

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will often refuse to hire a convicted felon and are at best hesitant, especially when filling any position that entails even minor responsibility or the handling of money (this includes most work), especially to those convicted of

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Within 3 years, 2.5% of released rapists were arrested for another rape, and 1.2% of those who had served time for homicide were arrested for another homicide. These are the lowest rates of re-arrest for the same category of

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from the years of 2002 to 2009 by 5.2%. However, California still has one of the highest recidivism rates in the nation. This high recidivism rate contributes greatly to the overcrowding of jails and prisons in California.

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approaches to rehabilitation and reentry coupled with the therapeutic benefits of working with plants, say through urban agriculture, lead to psychosocial healing and reintegration into one's former community.

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program is a successful tool for rehabilitation. Mason and four other Missouri state and federal judges have sentenced offenders to learn the Transcendental Meditation program as an anti-recidivism modality.

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have a criminal record to deal with. Many prisoners report being anxious about their release; they are excited about how their life will be different "this time" which does not always end up being the case.

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Singh, Jay P.; Grann, Martin; Fazel, Seena (April 2011). "A comparative study of violence risk assessment tools: A systematic review and metaregression analysis of 68 studies involving 25,980 participants".

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Statistics Norway, access date 24 June 2024, Table 17 Persons charged in base year, by group of principal offence at recidivism and group of principal offence in base year. Absolute figures and per cent

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that only 61% of those deemed high risk actually committed additional crimes during that period and that African-American defendants were far more likely to be given high scores than white defendants.

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A 2011 study found that harsh prison conditions, including isolation, tended to increase recidivism, though none of these effects were statistically significant. Various researchers have noted that

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substantially reduce recidivism. Counties, states, and the federal government will often commission studies on trends in recidivism, in addition to research on the impacts of their programming.

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There are organizations that help with the re-integration of ex-detainees into society by helping them obtain work, teaching them various societal skills, and by providing all-around support.

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de Vries Robbé, Michiel; de Vogel, Vivienne; de Spa, Eva (July 2011). "Protective Factors for Violence Risk in Forensic Psychiatric Patients: A Retrospective Validation Study of the SAPROF".

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literature has provided various justifications for the fact that the sanction imposed on an offender depends on whether he was convicted previously. In particular, some authors such as

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Wooldredge, John; Hartman, Jennifer; Latessa, Edward; Holmes, Stephen (October 1994). "Effectiveness of Culturally Specific Community Treatment for African American Juvenile Felons".

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The TRACER Act is intended to monitor released terrorists to prevent recidivism. Nevertheless, rates of re-offending for political crimes are much less than for non-political crimes.

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property theft 49.6%, for criminal damage 45.2%, for violence and maltreatment 46.8%, for sexual offenses 31.7%, for drug and alcohol offenses 48.1%, and for traffic offenses 27.8%.

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Correctional Statistics of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden 2016 – 2020, Ragnar Kristoffersen, University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, Lillestrøm, 2022

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The 272,111 offenders discharged in 1994 had accumulated 4.1 million arrest charges before their most recent imprisonment and another 744,000 charges within 3 years of release.

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Tripoli, Stephen J.; Kim, Johnny S.; Bender, Kimberly (2010). "Is employment associated with reduced recidivism?: The complex relationship between employment and crime".

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comparison group of youths who underwent probation. The findings revealed that CCP did no better than regular probation for preventing recidivism among these juveniles.

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tracked the re-arrest, re-conviction, and re-incarceration of former inmates for 3 years after their release from prisons in 15 states in 1994. Key findings include:

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Duwe, Grant; Kerschner, Deborah (October 2008). "Removing a Nail From the Boot Camp Coffin: An Outcome Evaluation of Minnesota's Challenge Incarceration Program".

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among formerly incarcerated persons. This is a significant issue because ninety-five percent of prisoners will be released back into the community at some point.

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Webster, C. D.; Douglas, K. S.; Eaves, D.; Hart, S. D. (1997). "Assessing risk of violence to others". In Webster, Christopher D.; Jackson, Margaret A. (eds.).

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McMillan, Garnett P.; Lapham, Sandra; Lackey, Michael (December 2008). "The effect of a jail methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) program on inmate recidivism".

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potential job employers. Because of this, employers and agencies that assist with employment believe that ex-inmates cannot obtain or maintain employment.

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increasing the presence and quality of community-based organizations that provide post-release/reentry services (in the same areas mentioned in approach 2)

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Yang, Min; Wong, Stephen C. P.; Coid, Jeremy (2010). "The efficacy of violence prediction: A meta-analytic comparison of nine risk assessment tools".

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Uggen, Christopher (August 2000). "Work As A Turning Point In The Life Course of Criminals: A Duration Model Of Age, Employment, And Recidivism".

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reducing recidivism among African American inmates; programs involving social skills training and social problem solving could also be effective.

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Makarios, M.; B. Steiner and L.F. Travis III (2010). "Examining the Predictors of Recidivism among Men and Women Released from Prison in Ohio".

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violent offense are less likely to be re-arrested in the years after release than those convicted of property, drug, or public order offenses."

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The ability of former criminals to achieve social mobility appears to narrow as criminal records become electronically stored and accessible.

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Reisig, Michael D.; Bales, William D.; Hay, Carter; Wang, Xia (September 2007). "The Effect of Racial Inequality on Black Male Recidivism".

2669: 2436: 2319: 201: 2633: 1863:, reforms to reduce recidivism rates among low-income minority communities were announced with major support across political ideologies. 3455:

Lipsey, Mark W.; Cullen, Francis T. (December 2007). "The Effectiveness of Correctional Rehabilitation: A Review of Systematic Reviews".

3986:"The Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for violence risk (SAPROF): A meta-analysis of its predictive and incremental validity" 2120: 1743:

In an effort to be more fair and to avoid adding to already high imprisonment rates in the US, courts across America have started using

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Kowalski, Brian R; Bellair, Paul E (May 2011). "Low-Skill Employment Opportunity and African American-White Difference in Recidivism".

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Bellair, P. E.; Kowalski, B. R. (4 May 2011). "Low-Skill Employment Opportunity and African American-White Difference in Recidivism".

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prison. Inmates who receive aftercare (treatment continuation upon release) demonstrate an even greater reduction in recidivism rate.

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A study was done by Robert Stanz in Jefferson County, Kentucky, which discussed an alternative to jail time. The alternative was "

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cast serious doubt on claims made about the ability of psychopathy ratings to predict who will offend or respond to treatment.

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ex-inmates were less likely to re-offend if they found and maintained stable employment throughout their first year of parole.

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increased dramatically, filling prisons to capacity in bad conditions for inmates. Crime continues inside many prison walls.

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Visher, Christy A.; Travis, Jeremy (August 2003). "Transitions from Prison to Community: Understanding Individual Pathways".

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Dowden, Craig; Antonowicz, Daniel; Andrews, D.A. (October 2003). "The effectiveness of relapse prevention with offenders".

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analyzed the recidivism rates associated with various initial offenses and found that statistically, "people convicted of

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Sbicca, Joshua (2016). "These Bars Can't Hold Us Back: Plowing Incarcerated Geographies with Restorative Food Justice".

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It is estimated that three quarters of those returning to prison have a history of substance abuse. Over 70 percent of

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Burghart, Matthias; de Ruiter, Corine; Hynes, Sophia E.; Krishnan, Nishant; Levtova, Yara; Uyar, Abdo (January 2023).

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it. Recidivism is also used to refer to the percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested for a similar offense.

85: 3890: 2845:"Machine Bias: There's Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And it's Biased Against Blacks" 4024: 2185:

use the term recidivism to refer to the behaviour of states who repeatedly engage in IMF economic programs such as

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Hodwitz, Omi (2019). "The Terrorism Recidivism Study (TRS): Examining Recidivism Rates for Post-9/11 Offenders".

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Henrichson, Christian; Delaney, Ruth (October 2012). "The Price of Prisons: What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers".

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Mitchell Polinsky, A.; Rubinfeld, Daniel L. (December 1991). "A model of optimal fines for repeat offenders".

2343: 1644:, found that the average per-inmate cost of incarceration among the 40 states surveyed was $ 31,286 per year. 3853:

Drago, Francesco; Galbiati, Roberto; Vertova, Pietro (1 February 2011) . "Prison Conditions and Recidivism".

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has praised these efforts who noted the unity will lead to an improved situation of the prison system.

3618:"The Causes of Recidivism in the Criminal Justice System and Why It Is Worth the Cost to Address Them" 2153:) in the title and found that articles in the psychiatric literature were more likely to use the term 4727: 4722: 4287: 3258: 1625:

While the US justice system has traditionally focused its efforts at the front end of the system, by

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allowing current trends to continue without additional intervention (maintaining the status-quo)

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Stanz, Robert (2000). "Predictors of Success and Recidivism in a Home Incarceration Program".

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This article is about recidivism in criminology and penology. For recidivism in medicine, see

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Walters, Glenn D. (April 2004). "The Trouble with Psychopathy as a General Theory of Crime".

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also have a substance use disorder. Nevertheless, only 7 to 17 percent of prisoners who meet

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Hammett, T.; Roberts, C.; Kennedy, S. (2001). "Health-Related Issues in Prisoner Reentry".

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There are many other factors in recidivism, such as the individual's circumstances before

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Rubinstein, Ariel (January 1980). "On an anomaly of the deterrent effect of punishment".

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on the States, 43.3% of prisoners released in 2004 were reincarcerated within 3 years.

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Can We Close the Revolving Door? Recidivism vs. Employment of Ex-Offenders in the U.S.

4716: 4513: 4486: 3699: 3591: 3533: 3351: 3228: 3115: 3065: 2992: 2668:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. 2010. 2395: 2240: 2235: 2134: 1948: 1944: 1655: 1396: 695: 527: 437: 335: 4276:"Authorship Bias in Violence Risk Assessment? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 3426:"Keeping it REAL: Why Congress Must Act to Restore Pell Grant Funding For Prisoners" 3313: 2929: 2786: 2634:"Treating Offenders with Drug Problems: Integrating Public Health and Public Safety" 2619: 1870:

There is greater indication that education in prison helps prevent reincarceration.

1670:

Of US federal inmates in 2010 about half (51%) were serving time for drug offenses.

4677: 2840: 2502:, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2002. 2057: 1971:

has the lowest rate of recidivism among offenders compared to all other US states.

1897: 1864: 1191: 1064: 897: 690: 264: 4570: 4553: 2724:"Post-Prison Treatment Reduces Recidivism Among Women With Substance Use Problems" 4416: 4333:

Crighton, David (May 2009). "Uses and abuses of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist".

4300: 3970: 3549:"A Refutation of Racial Differentials in the Juvenile Recidivism Rate Hypothesis" 3564: 3525: 3220: 2753: 2611: 2190: 2053: 2001: 1975:

has one of the lowest rates of recidivism among offenders at only 29.2 percent.

1967:

on recidivism rates across the United States showed that, at only 24.6 percent,

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Most research regarding recidivism indicates that those ex-inmates that obtain

1622:

exist on the inside, often with tactical decisions made by imprisoned leaders.

131: 4451: 4440:

Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research

4403:

Carmel, Harold A. (November 2002). "'Rehospitalization' Versus 'Recidivism'".

4178: 4106: 4089: 2984: 2945:

Created Equal: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the US Criminal Justice System

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A study was conducted regarding the recidivism rate of inmates receiving MMT (

1788: 1588: 1221: 967: 957: 902: 755: 750: 4707: 4381: 3495: 3343: 3297: 3107: 3057: 2952: 2913: 2551: 2813:"When the Past is a Prison: The Hardening Plight of the American Ex-Convict" 2639:. Bethesda, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2009. Archived from 2250: 2065: 1918: 1905: 1822: 1817:

work skills as well as being able to further their education upon release.

1813: 1797: 1771: 1102: 962: 892: 394: 330: 4695: 4459: 4424: 4389: 4354: 4319: 4260: 4186: 4150: 4115: 4009: 3695:"Study suggests Nevada prisons do pretty good job of preventing recidivism" 3599: 3305: 2921: 2370:"2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014)" 1926:

receiving methadone in the jail or dosage on subsequent recidivism risks".

4090:"Attention to the eyes and fear-recognition deficits in child psychopathy" 3866: 4635: 4589:. Routledge global institutions (Reprinted ed.). London: Routledge. 4346: 3157:, "MTC Institute and The Correctional Education Institute", February 2003 2431: 2032: 1818: 1524: 534: 481: 123: 4028: 4027:. New York: The Council of State Governments. p. xi. Archived from 3390:"Obama, Koch Brothers in Unlikely Alliance to Overhaul Criminal Justice" 2879: 4662:"Criminal recidivism rates globally: A 6-year systematic review update" 4025:"Charting the Safe and Successful Return of Prisoners to the Community" 4001: 3875: 3270: 3030: 2754:"Bureau of Justice Statistics Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994" 2685:"Charting the Safe and Successful Return of Prisoners to the Community" 2198: 2041: 2014: 1968: 1532: 947: 595: 565: 4370:

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

4142: 4065:. Americans United for the Separation of Church and State. May 2006. 3640:"Bureau of Justice Statistics Reentry Trends in the U.S.: Recidivism" 3286:

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

2902:

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

2202: 2082: 2069: 1972: 1922: 1138: 1097: 937: 512: 146: 4252: 3022: 1629:, it has not exerted an equal effort at the tail end of the system: 4221:"SVP risk tools show 'disappointing' reliability in real-world use" 3667:

Doing Time in the Garden: Life Lessons Through Prison Horticulture

3144:, "Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs", 22 August 2013 2194: 2037: 1619: 1587: 507: 288: 4614: 2687:. New York: The Council of State Governments. p. II-B-12–3. 2394:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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Also, economists and scholars who research issues related to the

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Lowering Recidivism Through Life & Practical Skills Training

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Yukhnenko, Denis; Farouki, Leen; Fazel, Seena (September 2023).

4587:

The international monetary fund: politics of conditional lending

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each spent well over 12 years under consecutive IMF agreements.

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Singh, Jay P.; Grann, Martin; Fazel, Seena (2 September 2013).

3985: 2409:"State of Recidivism: The revolving door of America's prisons" 2182: 52: 4653: 2573:

Guerino, Paul; Harrison, Paige M.; Sabol, William J. (2011).

1485: 68:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

27:

Person repeating an undesirable behavior following punishment

4629: 2364: 2362: 4438:

Peirson, Ryan P. (July 2016). "Locking Away 'Recidivism'".

2843:; Surya Mattu; Jeff Larson; Lauren Kirchner (23 May 2016). 2018:

stayed out of prison, the less likely they were to return.

1987:

as of 2008–2009 is 61%. Recidivism has reduced slightly in

4063:"Missouri Sentences Convicts To Transcendental Meditation" 3724: 3722: 3244: 3242: 3728:

California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation,

1681:

criteria for a substance use disorder receive treatment.

1479: 1473: 1467: 1458: 4202:"Violence risk meta-meta: Instrument choice does matter" 2513: 2085:

developed in the late 2010s. SPJ tools are also used in

1921:

Maintenance Therapy). This therapy is intended to wean

3611: 3609: 3155:"Education Reduces Crime, Three-State Recidivism Study" 1770:

The sheer number of ex-inmates exiting prison into the

77: 1535:", which is more commonly used in medicine and in the 37:"Repeat offender" redirects here. For other uses, see 3388:

Nelson, Colleen Mccain; Fields, Gary (16 July 2015).

1482: 1464: 3507: 3505: 1476: 1470: 1455: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 1647:According to a national study published in 2003 by 1461: 4552:Müller, Daniel; Schmitz, Patrick W. (April 2015). 3688: 3686: 3553:African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies 1902:African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies 3196:, "Center for Economic and Policy Research", 2010 2835: 2833: 3638:Bureau of Justice Statistics (25 October 2002). 2943:Hartney, Christopher; Vuong, Linh (March 2009). 1523:The term is frequently used in conjunction with 3959:International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 1733:An accused's history of convictions are called 3934:Impulsivity: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment 3822:Florida Department of Corrections (May 2001). 3775:Office of Policy Management (6 January 2009). 3129: 3127: 3125: 2785:Sawyer, Wendy; Wagner, Peter (19 March 2019). 2298:"Sentenced to Serving the Good Life in Norway" 1955:have significantly lower rates of recidivism. 2320:"Why Norway's prison system is so successful" 1427: 1295: 845: 66:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 3410:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3332:Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 3096:Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1947:jail system is as high as 65%. The jail at 1314: 3325: 3323: 2666:"Addiction and the Criminal Justice System" 2005:56% of them were convicted of a new crime. 1834:Reducing recidivism among African Americans 1675:mentally ill prisoners in the United States 3187:"The High Budgetary Cost of Incarceration" 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 1434: 1420: 1313: 1302: 1288: 863: 852: 838: 486: 115: 4685: 4569: 4309: 4299: 4105: 3874: 3469:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112833 2966: 2964: 2962: 2273:Social Problems: A Down-to-earth Approach 1600:According to an April 2011 report by the 104:Learn how and when to remove this message 4703:Life After Prison: Overcoming Recidivism 3153:Steurer, Stephen J. and Linda G. Smith, 3004: 3002: 2787:"Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2019" 2318:Sterbenz, Christina (11 December 2014). 1855:In 2015, a bipartisan effort, headed by 1631:decreasing the likelihood of reoffending 4529:Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law 4023:Reentry Policy Council (January 2005). 3457:Annual Review of Law and Social Science 2683:Reentry Policy Council (January 2005). 2263: 1352: 1321: 1205: 1172: 1088: 981: 946: 878: 866: 564: 118: 4044: 4034: 3804: 3794: 3756:from the original on 11 September 2009 3430:University of Massachusetts Law Review 3403: 3400:from the original on 16 February 2017. 3377:from the original on 21 February 2016. 2855:from the original on 17 November 2017. 2704: 2694: 2028:prisoners are stripped of civil rights 1331:Italian school of positive criminology 4625:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. 4088:Dadds; et al. (September 2006). 3707:from the original on 14 November 2009 3642:. US Dept. of Justice. Archived from 3367:"Koch Bros to Bankroll Prison Reform" 2730:. National Institute of Corrections. 2691:from the original on 20 October 2014. 2427:"Once a criminal, always a criminal?" 2140:In 2002, Carmel stated that the term 1745:quantitative risk assessment software 1592:According to the latest study by the 7: 4069:from the original on 12 October 2013 3936:. Guilford Press. pp. 251–277. 3909:from the original on 23 January 2017 2766:from the original on 24 January 2012 2493:"Reentry Trends in the United States 2471:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.095931 2313: 2311: 4641:United States Recidivism Statistics 3752:. Office of Governor (California). 3079:Freeman, Richard B. (19 May 2003). 2296:Adams, William Lee (12 July 2010). 1913:Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) 1699:United States Department of Justice 3834:from the original on 15 March 2010 3166:Nevada Department of Corrections, 2672:from the original on 8 March 2012. 2439:from the original on 16 July 2015. 1767:recidivism as compared to whites. 1642:decarceration in the United States 1584:Incarceration in the United States 1574:prisoners rather than punishment. 25: 4241:Behavioral Sciences & the Law 4094:The British Journal of Psychiatry 3855:American Law and Economics Review 3783:from the original on 16 June 2010 3547:Mbuba, Jospeter (November 2005). 2587:from the original on 8 June 2015. 2081:include the HCR-20 and the newer 1939:Rikers Island, New York, New York 1564:Norwegian criminal justice system 4585:Vreeland, James Raymond (2009). 4200:Franklin, Karen (19 June 2011). 3592:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02361.x 2734:from the original on 28 May 2014 2389: 2246:Serial offender hunting patterns 1761:United States incarceration rate 1755:African Americans and recidivism 1451: 1215: 207:Risk & actuarial criminology 130: 57: 4636:Recidivism in Finland 1993–2001 4219:Franklin, Karen (29 May 2012). 3616:Bailey, Kristen (Winter 2006). 3168:"Education Services Newsletter" 2728:Corrections & Mental Health 2491:Hughes, T. & D .J. Wilson. 1531:. Recidivism is a synonym for " 874:Criminal trials and convictions 4678:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2023.102115 4405:American Journal of Psychiatry 2759:. Ojp.usdoj.gov. 2 June 2002. 2093:Policies addressing recidivism 1636:A cost study performed by the 1164:Sexually violent predator laws 1: 4571:10.1016/j.econlet.2015.02.010 3046:Criminal Justice and Behavior 2113:Prison contemplative programs 1609:National Institute of Justice 4649:Bureau of Justice Statistics 4531:. Harvard University Press. 4514:10.1016/0047-2727(91)90009-Q 4487:10.1016/0165-1765(80)90062-2 4417:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.11.1949 4335:Evidence Based Mental Health 4301:10.1371/journal.pone.0072484 3971:10.1080/14999013.2011.600232 3365:Mak, Tim (13 January 2015). 3011:American Sociological Review 1685:criteria receive treatment. 1640:, a non-profit committed to 1614:Beginning in the 1990s, the 1057:Cruel and unusual punishment 4666:Journal of Criminal Justice 4502:Journal of Public Economics 3526:10.1177/0032885500080003006 3221:10.1177/0011128794040004007 2612:10.1177/0011128701047003006 2540:Federal Sentencing Reporter 1943:The recidivism rate in the 1904:in 2005 used data from the 80:, discuss the issue on the 4749: 4630:Higher Education in Prison 4167:Clinical Psychology Review 2811:Roots, Roger (Fall 2004), 2459:Annual Review of Sociology 2271:Henslin, James M. (2008). 1965:University of Nevada, Reno 1581: 1546: 1537:disease model of addiction 1259: English/Welsh courts 187:Expressive function of law 43: 36: 29: 4656:Curated articles and data 4452:10.1007/s10488-015-0646-9 4179:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.009 4107:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.018150 3730:"2013 Outcome Evaluation" 2985:10.1080/07418820701485387 2868:Perspectives on Terrorism 2413:The Pew Charitable Trusts 2231:Incapacitation (penology) 2121:Transcendental Meditation 1930:United States, nationwide 1783:Employment and recidivism 1638:Vera Institute of Justice 1407:Therapeutic jurisprudence 1382:Rehabilitation (penology) 4527:Shavell, Steven (2009). 4382:10.1177/0306624X03259472 3990:Psychological Assessment 3824:"Recidivism Rate Curves" 3779:. State of Connecticut. 3496:10.1177/0011128707301628 3344:10.1177/0022427810391536 3298:10.1177/0306624x03253018 3108:10.1177/0022427810391536 3058:10.1177/0093854810382876 2914:10.1177/0306624X09342980 2560:10.1525/fsr.2012.25.1.68 2552:10.1525/fsr.2012.25.1.68 2512:Hyperakt (2 June 2020). 2498:14 December 2011 at the 1809:Education and recidivism 1721:Prison Policy Initiative 1616:US rate of incarceration 1594:US Department of Justice 913:Presumption of innocence 177:Differential association 4622:Encyclopædia Britannica 3750:"Strategic Growth Plan" 3484:Crime & Delinquency 3209:Crime & Delinquency 3192:1 December 2017 at the 3173:1 December 2017 at the 3140:1 February 2018 at the 3133:Department of Justice, 2600:Crime & Delinquency 1983:The recidivism rate in 1857:Koch family foundations 1549:Incarceration in Norway 1367:Peacemaking criminology 1075:Indefinite imprisonment 237:Symbolic interactionism 4131:Psychological Bulletin 3735:22 August 2017 at the 2820:Justice Policy Journal 2722:Whitten, Lori (2012). 2052:or in areas with high 1717: 1597: 1134:Miscarriage of justice 217:Social disorganization 3669:. New Village Press. 3665:Jiler, James (2006). 3625:Nashville Bar Journal 3177:, "NDOC", Winter 2009 2000:A study conducted in 1703: 1591: 1547:Further information: 1387:Reintegrative shaming 1159:Sex offender registry 879:Rights of the accused 726:Biosocial criminology 433:Uniform Crime Reports 152:Biosocial criminology 32:Recidivism (medicine) 4347:10.1136/ebmh.12.2.33 3830:. State of Florida. 2791:www.prisonpolicy.org 1316:Positive criminology 1245:English/Welsh courts 1173:Related areas of law 601:Solitary confinement 86:create a new article 78:improve this article 4646:Prisoner Recidivism 4292:2013PLoSO...872484S 3867:10.1093/aler/ahq024 3394:Wall Street Journal 3263:2016Antip..48.1359S 2575:"Prisoners in 2010" 2275:. Pearson A and B. 2133:recent large-scale 2087:forensic psychiatry 2060:drug offence (e.g. 1845:restorative justice 1759:With regard to the 1649:The Urban Institute 1568:restorative justice 1392:Restorative justice 1372:Positive psychology 1318: 1154:Restorative justice 791:Radical criminology 162:Collective efficacy 4616:"Recidivism" 4047:has generic name ( 4002:10.1037/pas0001184 3807:has generic name ( 3777:"Recidivism Study" 3271:10.1111/anti.12247 2707:has generic name ( 2158:'rehospitalization 1959:Arizona and Nevada 1898:home incarceration 1666:Drug-related crime 1598: 1508:"recurring", from 1402:Social integration 1044:Capital punishment 1036:Dangerous offender 923:Self-incrimination 868:Criminal procedure 4596:978-0-415-37463-7 4558:Economics Letters 4538:978-0-674-04349-7 4475:Economics Letters 3943:978-1-57230-225-9 3919:National Archives 3828:Recidivism Report 3676:978-0-9766054-2-3 3586:(12): 2017–2023. 3052:(12): 1377–1391. 2973:Justice Quarterly 2435:. 23 April 2014. 2282:978-0-205-53466-1 2226:Habitual offender 2172:law and economics 2166:Law and economics 2151:rehospitalization 1777:racial inequality 1627:locking people up 1607:According to the 1560:Prisons in Norway 1444: 1443: 1339:Raffaele Garofalo 1312: 1311: 1187:Criminal defenses 1129:Habitual offender 1080:Three-strikes law 1070:Life imprisonment 1049:Execution warrant 918:Exclusionary rule 862: 861: 608: 607: 545:Prisoners' rights 449:Positivist school 114: 113: 106: 88:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 4740: 4699: 4689: 4626: 4618: 4601: 4600: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4313: 4303: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4143:10.1037/a0020473 4126: 4120: 4119: 4109: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4032: 4031:on 3 April 2012. 4020: 4014: 4013: 3981: 3975: 3974: 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4657: 4654:recidivism.com 4651: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4632:at Hudson link 4627: 4609: 4608:External links 4606: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4577: 4544: 4537: 4519: 4508:(3): 291–306. 4492: 4465: 4446:(4): 479–481. 4430: 4395: 4376:(2): 133–148. 4360: 4325: 4266: 4247:(1): 106–119. 4230: 4211: 4192: 4173:(3): 499–513. 4156: 4137:(5): 740–767. 4121: 4080: 4054: 4015: 3976: 3965:(3): 178–186. 3949: 3942: 3924: 3899:whitehouse.gov 3882: 3845: 3814: 3767: 3741: 3718: 3682: 3675: 3657: 3630: 3605: 3570: 3539: 3514:Prison Journal 3501: 3490:(4): 614–643. 3474: 3463:(1): 297–320. 3447: 3417: 3380: 3357: 3319: 3276: 3257:(5): 1359–79. 3238: 3198: 3179: 3159: 3146: 3121: 3102:(2): 176–208. 3086: 3071: 3036: 3017:(4): 529–546. 2998: 2958: 2935: 2885: 2858: 2829: 2803: 2777: 2745: 2714: 2675: 2657: 2625: 2606:(3): 390–409. 2590: 2565: 2530: 2504: 2484: 2442: 2418: 2400: 2358: 2347: 2336: 2307: 2288: 2281: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2167: 2164: 2129: 2126: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2094: 2091: 2077: 2074: 2023: 2020: 2010: 2007: 1997: 1994: 1980: 1977: 1960: 1957: 1953:rehabilitation 1940: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1914: 1911: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1835: 1832: 1810: 1807: 1784: 1781: 1756: 1753: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1694: 1691: 1667: 1664: 1579: 1576: 1572:rehabilitating 1544: 1541: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1424: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1269: 1261: 1256: 1248: 1240: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1222:Law portal 1211: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1149:Rehabilitation 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1105: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1033: 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311: 306: 301: 292: 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 277: 272: 267: 262: 260:Émile Durkheim 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 212:Social control 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 167:Crime analysis 164: 159: 157:Broken windows 154: 149: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 127: 126: 112: 111: 72:of the subject 70:worldwide view 65: 63: 56: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4745: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4286:(9): e72484. 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4100:(3): 280–81. 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4081: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4045:|author= 4038: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3892: 3891:"FAFSA Facts" 3886: 3883: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3861:(1): 103–30. 3860: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3815: 3810: 3805:|author= 3798: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3768: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3700:Las Vegas Sun 3696: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3658: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3520:(3): 326–45. 3519: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3292:(5): 516–28. 3291: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3215:(4): 589–98. 3214: 3210: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979:(3): 408–34. 2978: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2908:(5): 706–20. 2907: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2804: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2705:|author= 2698: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2583: 2576: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2531: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465:(1): 89–113. 2464: 2460: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2396:public domain 2378: 2371: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2241:Serial killer 2239: 2237: 2236:Incarceration 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2216:Bastøy Prison 2214: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2163: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2135:meta-analysis 2127: 2125: 2122: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2013:In 2001, the 2008: 2006: 2003: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1949:Rikers Island 1946: 1945:New York City 1938: 1936: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1889: 1882: 1880: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1656:incarceration 1652: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1578:United States 1577: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1527:behavior and 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1448: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1397:Right realism 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1243: Not in 1241: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 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579: 577: 576:Participatory 574: 573: 572: 571: 567: 563: 558: 555: 553: 550: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 536: 533: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 489: 488: 483: 478: 477: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 439: 438:Crime mapping 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 404: 403: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 385:Transnational 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 353:International 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 337: 334: 333: 332: 329: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 314: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 294: 293: 290: 284: 283: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 257: 251: 250: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 144: 138: 137: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 117: 108: 105: 97: 94:December 2019 87: 83: 79: 73: 71: 64: 55: 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