2660:"The Behavior of U.S. minority CJK groups have another logical referentâthe behavior of Chinese, Japanese and Korean national populations (shown in Fig. 1). What can we learn about low fertility in the origin countries from those that trace their origin there? Or in other words, what can the East Asian diaspora tell us about lowest-low fertility in East Asia? The most common explanation for fertility differences across developed countries (like those shown in Fig. 1) are institutional differences (see for instance, McDonald 2000a, b). However, it is striking that East Asians who have moved to a new locationâto the U.S. with its dramatically different social institutions and one of the highest fertility rates in the developed worldâhave a fertility pattern that seems impervious to this dramatic contextual change. This simple observation challenges much contemporary thinking about policies to ameliorate low fertility and its negative consequences."
1071:
824:
294:âif age of childbearing increases, and life cycle fertility is unchanged, then while the age of childbearing is increasing, TPFR will be lower, because the births are occurring later, and then the age of childbearing stops increasing, the TPFR will increase, due to the deferred births occurring in the later period, even though the life cycle fertility has been unchanged. In other words, the TPFR is a misleading measure of life cycle fertility when childbearing age is changing, due to this statistical artifact. This is a significant factor in some countries, such as the
2331:
2319:
132:
38:
1524:
378:
365:, China) which had a TFR of 0.41 in 2000. Outside China, the lowest TFR ever recorded was 0.80 for Eastern Germany in 1994. The low Eastern German value was influenced by a change to higher maternal age at birth, with the consequence that neither older cohorts (e.g. women born until the late 1960s), who often already had children, nor younger cohorts, who were postponing childbirth, had many children during that time. The total cohort fertility rate of each age
968:, reproductive rights "rest on the recognition of the basic rights of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. It also includes the right to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence, as expressed in human rights documents".
1348:
2264:(EU-27) was calculated at 1.53 children per female in 2021. In 2021, France had the highest TFR among EU countries at 1.84, followed by Czechia (1.83), Romania (1.81), Ireland (1.78) and Denmark (1.72). In 2021, Malta had the lowest TFR among the EU countries, at 1.13. Other southern European countries also had very low TFR (Portugal 1.35, Cyprus 1.39, Greece 1.43, Spain 1.19, and Italy 1.25).
1062:
seven children during their lifetime. In 1900, child mortality in the US had declined to 23%, a reduction of almost one third, and the TFR had declined to 3.9, a reduction of 44%. By 1950, child mortality had declined dramatically to 4%, a reduction of 84%, and the TFR declined to 3.2. By 2018, child mortality had declined further to 0.6% and the TFR declined to 1.9, below replacement level.
1622:
TFR, which fell to 0.92 in 2019. Koreans are yet to find viable solutions to make the birthrate rebound, even after trying out dozens of programs over a decade, including subsidizing rearing expenses, giving priorities for public rental housing to couples with multiple children, funding day care centers, reserving seats in public transportation for pregnant women, and so on.
743:
1455:
174:(annual number of births per thousand population) because it is independent of the age structure of the population, but it is a poorer estimate of actual completed family size than the total cohort fertility rate, which is obtained by summing the age-specific fertility rates that actually applied to each cohort as they aged through time.
118:
childbearing years in a single year, subject to the age-specific fertility rates for that year. In simpler terms, the TFR is the number of children a woman would have if she were to experience the prevailing fertility rates at all ages from a single given year and survived throughout her childbearing years.
1061:
The example from the US of the correlation between child mortality and the fertility rate is illustrative. In 1800, child mortality in the US was 33%, meaning that one third of all children born would die before their fifth birthday. The TFR in 1800 was 7.0, meaning that the average female would bear
316:
Replacement fertility is the total fertility rate at which women give birth to enough babies to sustain population levels, assuming that mortality rates remain constant and net migration is zero. If replacement level fertility is sustained over a sufficiently long period, each generation will exactly
1647:
The Indian fertility rate has declined significantly over the early 21st century. The Indian TFR declined from 5.2 in 1971 to 2.2 in 2018. The TFR in India declined to 2.0 in 2019-2020, marking the first time it has gone below replacement level. In 2023, the TFR in India declined to an all time low
1621:
In South Korea, a low birthrate is one of its most urgent socio-economic challenges. Rising housing expenses, shrinking job opportunities for younger generations, insufficient support to families with newborns either from the government or employers are among the major explanations for its crawling
2352:
families, most of whom come to the US from countries with higher fertility. However, the fertility rate of immigrants to the US has been found to decrease sharply in the second generation, correlating with improved education and income. In 2021, the US TFR was 1.664, ranging between over 2 in some
1017:
For example, fertility rates in Europe before 1800 ranged from 4.5 in
Scandinavia to 6.2 in Belgium. In 1800, the TFR in the United States was 7.0. Fertility rates in Asia during this period were similar to those in Europe. In spite of these high fertility rates, global population growth was still
177:
In particular, the TFR does not necessarily predict how many children young women now will eventually have, as their fertility rates in years to come may change from those of older women now. However, the TFR is a reasonable summary of current fertility levels. TFR and long term population growth
117:
The TFR is a measure of the fertility of an imaginary woman who experiences the age-specific fertility rates for ages 15â49 that were recorded for a specific population in a given year. It represents the average number of children a woman would potentially have if she were to go through all her
2279:
In 2023, the TFR of Brazil, the most populous country in the region, was estimated at 1.75. In 2021, the second most populous country, Mexico, had an estimated TFR of 1.73. The next most populous four countries in the region had estimated TFRs of between 1.9 and 2.2 in 2023, including
Colombia
385:
A population that maintained a TFR of 3.8 over an extended period, without a correspondingly high death or emigration rate, would increase rapidly, doubling period ~ 32 years. A population that maintained a TFR of 2.0 over a long time would decrease, unless it had a large enough immigration.
393:, because the age distribution must reach equilibrium. For example, a population that has recently dropped below replacement-level fertility will continue to grow, because the recent high fertility produced large numbers of young couples, who would now be in their childbearing years.
850:
Governments have often set population targets, to either increase or decrease the total fertility rate, or to have certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups have a lower or higher fertility rate. Often such policies have been interventionist, and abusive. The most notorious
114:. It also does not involve counting the total number of children born over their lifetime. Instead, the TFR is based on the age-specific fertility rates of women in their "child-bearing years," typically considered to be ages 15â44 in international statistical usage.
143:(NRR), which calculates the number of daughters a female would have in her lifetime if she were subject to prevailing age-specific fertility and mortality rates in a given year. When the NRR is exactly 1, each generation of females is precisely replacing itself.
1598:
In 2022, Japan had a TFR of 1.26. Japan's population is rapidly aging due to both a long life expectancy and a low birth rate. The total population is shrinking, losing 430,000 in 2018, to a total of 126.4 million. Hong Kong and
Singapore mitigate this through
932:
of population groups they considered undesirable. Such policies were carried out against ethnic minorities in Europe and North
America in the first half of the 20th century, and more recently in Latin America against the Indigenous population in the 1990s; in
841:
Many of these factors may differ by region and social class. For instance, Scandinavian countries and France are among the least religious in the EU, but have the highest TFR, while the opposite is true about
Portugal, Greece, Cyprus, Poland and Spain.
1625:
In the past 20 years, South Korea has recorded some of the lowest fertility and marriage levels in the world. As of 2022, South Korea is the country with the world's lowest total fertility rate, at 0.78. In 2022, the TFR of the capital Seoul was 0.57.
831:
Wealthy countries, those with high per capita GDP, usually have a lower fertility rate than poor countries, those with low per capita GDP. This may seem counter-intuitive. The inverse relationship between income and fertility has been termed a
349:
in the United States also exhibits lowest-low fertility. At one point in the late 20th century and early 21st century this was also observed in
Eastern and Southern Europe. Since then, the fertility rate has risen in most countries of Europe.
1325:
The chart shows that the decline in the TFR since the 1960s has occurred in every region of the world. The global TFR is projected to continue declining for the remainder of the century, and reach a below-replacement level of 1.8 by 2100.
2347:
peaked at about 3.8 children per female in the late 1950s, dropped to below replacement in the early 70s, and by 1999 was at 2 children. Currently, the fertility is below replacement among those native born, and above replacement among
731:
3641:
2270:
Emigration of young adults from
Eastern Europe to the West aggravates the demographic problems of those countries. People from countries such as Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine are particularly moving abroad.
1030:
After 1800, the
Industrial Revolution began in some places, particularly Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, and they underwent the beginnings of what is now called the demographic transition.
317:
replace itself. In 2003, the replacement fertility rate was 2.1 births per female for most developed countries (2.1 in the UK, for example), but can be as high as 3.5 in undeveloped countries because of higher
3616:
2381:
477:
965:
708:
2267:
In 2021, the United
Kingdom had a TFR of 1.53. In 2021 estimates for the non-EU European post-Soviet states group, Russia had a TFR of 1.60, Moldova 1.59, Ukraine 1.57, and Belarus 1.52.
243:
83:, fertility rates tend to be higher. Families desire children for their labor and as caregivers for their parents in old age. Fertility rates are also higher due to the lack of access to
3705:
794:, partner reluctance to having children, a low level of gender inequality, and infertility. The effect of all these factors can be summarized with a plot of total fertility rate against
3637:
3359:
3673:
662:
154:. This is a significant consideration in world population dynamics, especially given the high level of gender imbalance in the heavily populated nations of China and India. The
980:, fertility rates around the world were high by 21st-century standards. The onset of the Industrial Revolution around 1800 AD brought about what has come to be called the
3966:
2280:(1.94), Argentina (2.17), Peru (2.18), and Venezuela (2.20). Belize had the highest estimated TFR in the region at 2.59 in 2023. In 2021, Puerto Rico had the lowest, at 1.25.
763:
Factors generally associated with increased fertility include the intention to have children, very high level of gender inequality, inter-generational transmission of values,
3787:
1050:
These reductions in mortality rates, particularly reductions in child mortality, that increased the fraction of children surviving, plus other major societal changes such as
627:
506:
566:
3554:
598:
964:
has developed. Such rights are based on the concept that each person freely decides if, when, and how many children to have - not the state or religion. According to the
3606:
2957:
3735:
3480:
270:
2797:
2908:
2847:
1078:
The table shows that after 1965, the demographic transition spread around the world, and the global TFR began a long decline that continues in the 21st century.
3454:
3937:
325:. The global average for the replacement total fertility rate, eventually leading to a stable global population, for 2010â2015, was 2.3 children per female.
2886:
110:
The Total
Fertility Rate (TFR) is not based on the actual fertility of a specific group of women, as that would require waiting until they have completed
53:) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific
2596:
3105:
1333:
rate for 2010â2015 was 2.3, humanity has achieved or is approaching a significant milestone where the fertility rate is equal to the replacement rate.
98:
predicts that global fertility will continue to decline for the remainder of this century and reach a below-replacement level of 1.8 by 2100, and that
1342:
2677:
2401:
568:. At the left side is shown the empirical relation between the two variables in a cross-section of countries with the most recent y-y growth rate.
3524:
1550:
have the lowest-low fertility, defined as TFR at or below 1.3, and are among the lowest in the world. In 2004, Macau had a TFR below 1.0. In 2018,
1070:
2504:
2324:
After a relatively stable birth rate for thirty years, the number of live births per 100 women aged 15 to 44 resumed a decline beginning in 2008.
1359:
The United Nations Population Division divides the world into six geographical regions. The table below shows the estimated TFR for each region.
3251:
3695:
816:, a former minister of population in India. At a 1974 United Nations population conference in Bucharest, he said "Development is the best
3859:
3760:
3324:
3303:
3130:
1058:
of the demographic transition. There was a reduction in fertility rates, because there was simply no longer a need to birth so many children.
1014:
could reach 50% and the need to produce workers, male heirs, and old-age caregivers required a high fertility rate by 21st-century standards.
411:
TFR (net) and long-term population growth rate, g, are closely related. For a population structure in a steady state and with zero migration,
146:
The NRR is not as commonly used as the TFR, but it is particularly relevant in cases where the number of male babies born is very high due to
4003:
2831:
3416:
3050:
757:
3351:
3164:
827:
Total fertility rate vs per capita GDP for selected countries, 2016. Population size shown as bubble area. 30 largest countries in bold.
3663:
823:
2750:
1639:
The fertility rate fell from 6.8 in 1970â1975, to 2.0 in 2020, an interval of about 47 years, or a little less than two generations.
381:
A plot of population growth rate vs total fertility rate (logarithmic), 2014. Symbol radius reflects the population size each country
3273:
3783:
756:
are determinants of the number of children that an individual is likely to have. Fertility factors are mostly positive or negative
414:
2716:
3225:
1476:
3546:
3381:"Tokyo's fertility rate lowest in Japan as births fall for 7th year | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis"
2995:
2973:
Kligman, Gail. "Political Demography: The Banning of Abortion in Ceausescu's Romania". In Ginsburg, Faye D.; Rapp, Rayna, eds.
1444:
1408:
1044:
3021:
4009:
3958:
3904:
3836:
3814:
3576:
4086:
2949:
753:
719:
3727:
3476:
131:
4031:
2789:
805:
Another common way of summarizing the relationship between economic development and fertility is a plot of TFR against
2918:
2857:
2372:
After World War II, Australia's TFR was approximately 3.0. In 2017, Australia's TFR was 1.74, i.e. below replacement.
354:
3438:
2451:
984:, and the TFR began a long-term decline in almost every region of the world. This has continued in the 21st century.
667:
3929:
921:
drive was carried out in India, but it is considered to be a failure and is criticized for being an abuse of power.
838:
because evolutionary biology suggests that greater means should enable the production of more offspring, not fewer.
809:, a proxy for standard of living. This chart shows that per capita GDP is also inversely correlated with fertility.
302:
in the 1990s. Some measures seek to adjust for this timing effect to gain a better measure of life-cycle fertility.
2391:
2308:
783:
772:
949:
as a result of a sterilization program put in place by his administration targeting indigenous people (mainly the
185:
3186:"World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Estimates tab, Total Fertility Rate column"
2406:
2336:
The fertility rate in the U.S. has been in a downward trend, and is now below the replacement rate of 2.1 births.
1573:
725:
311:
281:
80:
57:
rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were to live from birth until the end of their reproductive life.
41:
A 2023 map of countries by fertility rate. Blue indicates negative fertility rates. Red indicates positive rates.
3638:"National Family and Health Survey: More women than men in India for the 1st time; Hindustan Times Nov 25, 2021"
3527:(Press release). Korean Statistical Information Service. Korean Statistical Information Service. August 30, 2023
3204:"World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Fertility Rate column"
2878:
1600:
918:
787:
2622:"Persistent low fertility among the East Asia descendants in the United States: perspectives and implications"
2585:
1576:
measure to control the ever-growing population at the time. In January 2016, the policy was replaced with the
3097:
946:
795:
735:
155:
3502:
2670:
2411:
2330:
2318:
1055:
1032:
981:
806:
91:, and lower rates of female employment. It does not significantly correlate with any particular religion.
3796:"Fertility of Men and Women Aged 15â49 in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2015â2019"
2977:
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995 :234â255. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE KIE/49442.
977:
929:
914:
878:
was very aggressive, including outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women,
140:
37:
2476:
1584:
was introduced, as China's population is aging faster than almost any other country in modern history.
882:, and legal discrimination against childless people. It resulted in large numbers of children put into
632:
3247:
2538:
2396:
1616:
1604:
879:
864:
834:
799:
779:
3607:"Better education of women helped push total fertility rate down | India News - Times of India"
603:
482:
170:
The TFR, sometimes called TPFRâtotal period fertility rate, is a better index of fertility than the
3851:
3756:
3295:
3126:
2367:
1523:
961:
883:
397:
366:
72:
3407:
511:
4091:
4071:
Human Fertility Database: Collection of age specific fertility rates for some developed countries
3611:
2913:
2852:
2651:
2496:
1581:
1019:
999:
992:
Because all nations before the Industrial Revolution found themselves in what is now labeled the
574:
3805:(179). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics: 1â22.
3246:
Searchinger, Tim; Hanson, Craig; Waite, Richard; Lipinski, Brian; Leeson, George (8 July 2013).
377:
3043:
75:
have significantly lower fertility rates, generally correlated with greater wealth, education,
4052:
3999:
3806:
3446:
2827:
2643:
2566:
2443:
1657:
860:
856:
71:
Fertility tends to be inversely correlated with levels of economic development. Historically,
3161:"World Population Prospects 2019, Dept of Economic and Social Affairs, File: Total Fertility"
3160:
337:
is defined as a TFR at or below 1.3. Lowest-low fertility is found almost exclusively within
4046:
3203:
3185:
2708:
2633:
2556:
2546:
2488:
1677:
1577:
1569:
1503:
1448:
1418:
1022:, mostly due to high mortality rates and the equally slow growth in the production of food.
938:
906:
895:
389:
It may take several generations for a change in the total fertility rate to be reflected in
171:
147:
99:
88:
2739:
248:
3281:
2294:
1683:
1507:
1011:
910:
887:
346:
342:
322:
159:
17:
2740:"East Germany Overtakes West Germany: Recent Trends in Order-Specific Fertility Dynamics"
2492:
924:
Some governments have sought to regulate which groups of society could reproduce through
890:
in the 1990s, when many orphanages were closed and the children ended up on the streets,
2542:
408:. This time-lag effect is of great importance to the growth rates of human populations.
182:, are closely related. For a population structure in a steady state, growth rate equals
4096:
3832:
3757:"Crude birth rate, age-specific fertility rates and total fertility rate (Live births)"
2823:
2702:
2561:
2526:
2261:
1593:
1563:
1499:
1347:
1003:
950:
318:
295:
95:
84:
3221:
4080:
4058:
2987:
2655:
2584:
Kohler, Hans-Peter; Billari, Francesco C.; Ortega, José Antonio (February 15, 2006).
994:
954:
817:
791:
151:
2500:
1035:
of this process fueled a steady reduction in mortality rates due to improvements in
3668:
2344:
1491:, had an estimated TFR of 4.57. In 2023, the second most populous African country,
1451:
were below the global replacement-level fertility rate of 2.1 children per female.
1051:
891:
768:
362:
291:
111:
76:
3017:
60:
As of 2023, the total fertility rate varied widely across the world, from 0.72 in
4070:
3993:
3893:
3795:
3380:
2551:
1603:. In Japan, a serious demographic imbalance has developed, partly due to limited
3700:
3584:
2349:
1551:
1543:
868:
813:
771:, maternal and social support, rural residence, pro family government programs,
61:
2638:
2621:
4064:
3325:"China's fertility rate drops to record low 1.09 in 2022- state media Reuters"
2386:
1036:
1007:
875:
812:
The impact of human development on TFR can best be summarized by a quote from
390:
353:
The lowest TFR recorded anywhere in the world in recorded history, is for the
338:
31:
3450:
3208:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
3190:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division
2647:
905:
the government sought to lower the fertility rate, and, as such, enacted the
1539:
1531:
742:
54:
3810:
2570:
2435:
1454:
802:, that is, in general, the lower a country's HDI the higher its fertility.
27:
Number of children a woman is expected to have barring select circumstances
4041:
2447:
1688:
Total fertility rate in Europe by region/province/federal subject in 1960
798:(HDI) for a sample of countries. The chart shows that the two factors are
3696:"Late marriages, late births: Turkish population below replacement level"
1754:
1492:
942:
852:
764:
2712:
1488:
1428:
1040:
925:
358:
158:(GRR) is the same as the NRR, except that, like the TFR, it disregards
3274:"WHO - Family planning in sub-Saharan Africa: progress or stagnation?"
396:
This phenomenon carries forward for several generations and is called
1547:
1468:
1440:
1398:
1378:
778:
Factors generally associated with decreased fertility include rising
3664:"Iran's demographic issue: fertility reaches lowest rate in 8 years"
2975:
Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction.
1660:(March 2019 â March 2020), Iran's total fertility rate fell to 1.8.
1487:
have the highest TFR. In 2023, the most populous country in Africa,
1458:
A map of when European fertility rates fell below replacement levels
2879:"China's Generation of Only Children Wants the Same for Their Kids"
730:
2586:"Low Fertility in Europe: Causes, Implications and Policy Options"
1535:
1484:
1472:
1453:
1346:
902:
746:
729:
376:
299:
65:
36:
2527:"Is half the world's population really below 'replacement-rate'?"
2382:
List of sovereign states and dependencies by total fertility rate
1074:
The Total Fertility Rate for six regions and the World, 1950-2100
664:
years, way off the mark because of population momentum. E.g. for
4036:
1480:
1388:
1352:
998:, improvements in standards of living could be achieved only by
934:
966:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
3439:"South Korea's Plan to Rank Towns by Fertility Rate Backfires"
710:, g should be exactly zero, which is seen not to be the case.
472:{\textstyle g={\tfrac {\log({\text{TFR}}/2)}{{\text{X}}_{m}}}}
3503:"S. Korea records world's lowest fertility rate at mere 0.78"
2525:
Gietel-Basten, Stuart; Scherbov, Sergei (December 2, 2019).
3794:
Martinez, Gladys M.; Daniels, Kimberly (January 10, 2023).
894:
in homes and schools, and over 9,000 women who died due to
3959:"Australian women are now having children older than ever"
3784:"The modern family size is changing. Four charts show how"
2593:
University of Pennsylvania - School of Arts & Sciences
2477:"The surprising global variation in replacement fertility"
2436:"Replacement level fertility and future population growth"
4065:
Fertility Trends, Marriage Patterns and Savant Typologies
3547:"Fertility rate in Bangladesh 2.0, life expectancy 73yrs"
3127:"Bubble Chart of 'Babies per Woman' vs 'Child Mortality'"
3083:
A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World
4042:
Population Reference Bureau Glossary of Population Terms
3477:"South Korea's fertility rate falls to record low - CNN"
2738:
Goldstein, Joshua R.; Kreyenfeld, Michaela (July 2011).
369:
of women in East Germany did not drop as significantly.
3879:"How Fertility Changes Across Immigrant Generations."
3728:"Central and Eastern Europe Face Emigration Challenge"
1527:
A map of East Asia by total fertility rate (TFR), 2021
680:
670:
637:
635:
579:
577:
514:
425:
417:
135:
The total fertility rate for selected countries, 2010
3352:"China's Aging Population Becoming More Of A Problem"
1568:
In 2022, China's TFR was 1.09. China implemented the
606:
485:
251:
188:
4032:
CIA World Factbook - Total Fertility Rate by country
3792:
NBC's Graphic: Joe Murphy. â Bendix and Murphy cite
3102:
EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History
2343:
The total fertility rate in the United States after
3833:"Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom"
2909:"Country Comparison :: GDP - per capita (PPP)"
2707:(MS thesis). Texas A&M University. p. 52.
2704:
Fertility In China In 2000: A County Level Analysis
1467:Africa has a TFR of 4.4, the highest in the world.
1006:(via wars, plagues, famines, etc) or reductions in
976:From around 10,000 BC to the beginning of the
4059:How Fertility Changes Across Immigrant Generations
3406:
846:National efforts to increase or decrease fertility
749:has the highest TFR in the world at 6.73, in 2023.
702:
656:
621:
592:
560:
500:
471:
264:
237:
886:by parents who could not cope with raising them,
2969:
2967:
960:Within these historical contexts, the notion of
703:{\textstyle {\log }({\tfrac {\text{TFR}}{2}})=0}
3883:, Public Policy Institute of California, 2002.
3782:Bendix, Aria; Murphy, Joe (January 12, 2023).
3098:"Fertility and Mortality in the United States"
855:policies of the 20th century include those in
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2917:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
2856:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
2747:Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research
2475:Espenshade TJ, Guzman JC, Westoff CF (2003).
1510:, and the encouragement of smaller families.
1329:In 2022, the global TFR was 2.3. Because the
282:Sub-replacement fertility § Tempo effect
8:
3163:. United Nations Population Division. 2019.
2848:"Country Comparison :: Population size"
2790:"Country Comparisons - Total Fertility Rate"
2620:Cai, Yong; Morgan, S. Philip (1 June 2019).
508:is mean age for childbearing women and thus
238:{\displaystyle \log(\mathrm {TFR} /2)/X_{m}}
2701:Terrell, Heather Kathleen Mary (May 2005).
1554:had the highest TFR in East Asia, at 1.95.
909:(1978â2015), which included abuses such as
139:An alternative measure of fertility is the
4037:eurostat - Your key to European statistics
3995:Reducing Fertility in Developing Countries
3852:"Fertility rate, total (births per woman)"
3222:"Fertility rate, total (births per woman)"
1361:
1080:
2637:
2560:
2550:
1668:In 2019, the TFR of Turkey reached 1.88.
1343:List of countries by total fertility rate
782:, value and attitude changes, education,
679:
671:
669:
636:
634:
613:
608:
605:
578:
576:
543:
513:
492:
487:
484:
460:
455:
442:
437:
424:
416:
256:
250:
229:
220:
209:
198:
187:
3475:Kwon, Jake; Yeung, Jessie (2019-08-29).
3018:"Mass sterilisation scandal shocks Peru"
2626:China Population and Development Studies
2402:List of countries by past fertility rate
2260:The average total fertility rate in the
1690:
1522:
1069:
822:
741:
272:is the mean age for childbearing women.
130:
2423:
1047:, which reduced the number of famines.
758:correlations without certain causations
4053:Java Simulation of Population Dynamics
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
1330:
3350:Rapoza, Kenneth (February 21, 2017).
3248:Achieving Replacement Level Fertility
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
2889:from the original on January 28, 2022
2719:from the original on 14 December 2022
2481:Population Research and Policy Review
2299:In 2021, the TFR of Canada was 1.43.
7:
3839:from the original on April 27, 2024.
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2470:
2468:
2429:
2427:
1498:The poverty of Africa, and the high
79:, and other factors. Conversely, in
3894:"Births: Provisional Data for 2021"
1066:1950 to the present and projections
102:will peak in the period 2084â2088.
4047:Java Simulation of Total Fertility
3930:"Ageing Baby Boomers in Australia"
3820:from the original on June 3, 2023.
3803:National Health Statistics Reports
3790:from the original on June 3, 2023.
3676:from the original on 28 April 2022
3644:from the original on 30 April 2022
3296:"Fertility rate, Macau SAR, China"
3254:from the original on 13 March 2023
2998:from the original on 18 April 2019
2493:10.1023/B:POPU.0000020882.29684.8e
657:{\textstyle {\tfrac {1}{0.02}}=50}
205:
202:
199:
25:
3557:from the original on 7 April 2022
2988:"Shock at Chinese abortion photo"
290:fertility rate) is affected by a
3998:. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
3910:from the original on 24 May 2022
3763:from the original on 10 May 2022
3501:Lee Ji-hye (February 23, 2023).
3405:Harding, Robin (12 April 2019).
3024:from the original on 21 May 2019
2960:from the original on 2023-04-05.
2353:states and under 1.6 in others.
2329:
2317:
1495:, had an estimated TFR of 3.92.
1085:World historical TFR (1950â2020)
4012:from the original on 2021-02-25
3969:from the original on 2020-03-12
3963:Australian Bureau of Statistics
3940:from the original on 2023-06-03
3862:from the original on 2022-04-07
3831:Saric, Ivana (April 25, 2024).
3738:from the original on 2017-06-13
3708:from the original on 1 May 2022
3619:from the original on 2022-04-07
3483:from the original on 2019-12-28
3457:from the original on 2019-05-03
3419:from the original on 2022-12-10
3362:from the original on 2019-12-10
3306:from the original on 2022-04-12
3228:from the original on 2019-11-29
3167:from the original on 2018-10-22
3133:from the original on 2016-03-04
3108:from the original on 2022-04-07
3056:from the original on 2020-03-11
2800:from the original on 2021-06-30
2756:from the original on 2022-01-20
2683:from the original on 2023-02-02
2602:from the original on 2017-11-19
2507:from the original on 2023-05-31
2454:from the original on 2022-04-12
2275:Latin America and the Caribbean
1699:Region/Province/Federal Subject
1445:Latin America and the Caribbean
1409:Latin America and the Caribbean
1000:reductions in population growth
874:The natalist policy in Romania
775:and increased food production.
1506:had led to calls from WHO for
972:History and future projections
691:
676:
622:{\displaystyle {\text{X}}_{m}}
553:
544:
540:
533:
524:
518:
501:{\displaystyle {\text{X}}_{m}}
450:
434:
217:
195:
1:
3583:. May 6, 2019. Archived from
3437:Sang-Hun, Choe (2016-12-30).
3085:. Princeton University Press.
1572:in January 1979 as a drastic
720:Fertility factor (demography)
600:should be an estimate of the
561:{\textstyle P(t)=P(0)^{(gt)}}
347:East Asian American community
2552:10.1371/journal.pone.0224985
1702:Total Fertility Rate (1960)
1351:The total fertility rate in
1331:global fertility replacement
1002:through either increases in
835:demographic-economic paradox
738:for selected countries, 2011
593:{\textstyle {\tfrac {1}{b}}}
87:, generally lower levels of
3841:Axios credits CDC for data.
3577:"How Long Is A Generation?"
3032:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
166:Total period fertility rate
4113:
3934:National Seniors Australia
2639:10.1007/s42379-019-00024-7
2392:Fertility and intelligence
2365:
2309:Aging of the United States
2306:
2292:
1681:
1675:
1614:
1591:
1561:
1340:
915:national emergency of 1975
784:female labor participation
723:
717:
309:
279:
29:
18:Replacement fertility rate
3992:Bulatao, Rodolfo (1984).
2407:Sub-replacement fertility
1811:Subcarpathian Voivodeship
1083:
726:Sub-replacement fertility
312:Sub-replacement fertility
106:Parameter characteristics
81:least developed countries
3262:– via www.wri.org.
919:compulsory sterilization
734:Total fertility rate vs
30:Not to be confused with
3081:Clark, Gregory (2007).
2948:Eurostat (March 2023).
2818:Weil, David N. (2004).
1106:Less developed regions
1103:More developed regions
947:crimes against humanity
913:. In India, during the
796:Human Development Index
736:Human Development Index
156:gross reproduction rate
2950:"Fertility statistics"
2794:CIA The World Factbook
2671:"Fertility statistics"
2412:Zero population growth
2097:North Rhine-Westphalia
1976:VÀstra Götaland County
1528:
1459:
1356:
1075:
982:demographic transition
880:taxes on childlessness
828:
750:
739:
704:
658:
623:
594:
562:
502:
473:
382:
266:
239:
136:
42:
3759:. 28 September 2022.
2366:Further information:
2307:Further information:
1658:Iranian calendar year
1615:Further information:
1592:Further information:
1562:Further information:
1526:
1457:
1350:
1073:
978:Industrial Revolution
930:forced sterilizations
876:between 1967 and 1989
826:
745:
733:
724:Further information:
705:
659:
624:
595:
563:
503:
474:
406:population-lag effect
380:
373:Population-lag effect
310:Further information:
280:Further information:
267:
265:{\displaystyle X_{m}}
240:
141:net reproduction rate
134:
127:Net reproduction rate
40:
4087:Human overpopulation
3965:. 11 December 2018.
3672:. 11 November 2020.
3640:. 25 November 2021.
2397:Income and fertility
1954:Rhineland-Palatinate
1617:Aging of South Korea
1605:immigration to Japan
1439:In 2013, the TFR of
941:has been accused of
928:policies, including
800:inversely correlated
668:
633:
604:
575:
512:
483:
415:
335:lowest-low fertility
329:Lowest-low fertility
249:
186:
47:total fertility rate
3479:. Edition.cnn.com.
3284:on October 6, 2013.
2543:2019PLoSO..1424985G
2368:Ageing of Australia
2251:VĂ€sterbotten County
1692:
1574:population planning
1363:
962:reproductive rights
937:, former President
884:Romanian orphanages
714:Influencing factors
402:population inertia,
398:population momentum
73:developed countries
3881:Research Brief #58
3612:The Times of India
3443:The New York Times
3224:. The World Bank.
2914:The World Factbook
2853:The World Factbook
2174:South East England
1691:
1582:three-child policy
1580:. In July 2021, a
1529:
1500:maternal mortality
1460:
1362:
1357:
1076:
829:
788:population control
751:
740:
700:
689:
654:
646:
619:
590:
588:
558:
498:
469:
467:
383:
355:Xiangyang district
306:Replacement rates
262:
235:
137:
122:Related parameters
43:
4005:978-0-8213-0444-0
3385:The Asahi Shimbun
3096:Haines, Michael.
3049:. www.ohchr.org.
2833:978-0-201-68026-3
2440:Population Trends
2434:Craig, J (1994).
2258:
2257:
2240:Norrbotten County
1921:Baden-WĂŒrttemberg
1888:Central Macedonia
1601:immigrant workers
1437:
1436:
1323:
1322:
1037:public sanitation
1018:very slow, about
896:illegal abortions
865:Nicolae CeauÈescu
861:communist Albania
857:communist Romania
754:Fertility factors
688:
684:
645:
611:
587:
490:
466:
458:
440:
343:Southern European
16:(Redirected from
4104:
4020:
4018:
4017:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3898:
3890:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3800:
3791:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3587:on April 7, 2022
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3410:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3331:. 15 August 2023
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3280:. Archived from
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3157:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3020:. 24 July 2002.
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2994:. 14 June 2012.
2984:
2978:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2945:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:on June 13, 2007
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:on June 13, 2007
2844:
2838:
2837:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2786:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2744:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2641:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2537:(12): e0224985.
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2431:
2333:
2321:
2284:Northern America
2031:Castile and LeĂłn
1998:Stockholm County
1800:Northern Ireland
1693:
1678:Ageing of Europe
1578:two-child policy
1570:one-child policy
1504:infant mortality
1449:Northern America
1419:Northern America
1364:
1081:
1041:personal hygiene
939:Alberto Fujimori
911:forced abortions
907:one-child policy
709:
707:
706:
701:
690:
682:
681:
675:
663:
661:
660:
655:
647:
638:
629:; here equal to
628:
626:
625:
620:
618:
617:
612:
609:
599:
597:
596:
591:
589:
580:
567:
565:
564:
559:
557:
556:
507:
505:
504:
499:
497:
496:
491:
488:
478:
476:
475:
470:
468:
465:
464:
459:
456:
453:
446:
441:
438:
426:
286:The TPFR (total
271:
269:
268:
263:
261:
260:
244:
242:
241:
236:
234:
233:
224:
213:
208:
172:crude birth rate
148:gender imbalance
100:world population
89:female education
21:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4077:
4076:
4028:
4023:
4015:
4013:
4006:
3991:
3987:
3985:Further reading
3982:
3981:
3972:
3970:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3943:
3941:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3903:. 24 May 2022.
3896:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3878:
3874:
3865:
3863:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3817:
3798:
3793:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3741:
3739:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3704:. 6 July 2020.
3694:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3486:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3460:
3458:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3420:
3413:Financial Times
3404:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3329:www.reuters.com
3323:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2972:
2965:
2947:
2946:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2826:. p. 111.
2820:Economic Growth
2817:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2788:
2787:
2768:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2295:Aging of Canada
2291:
2286:
2277:
1686:
1684:Aging of Russia
1680:
1674:
1666:
1654:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1619:
1613:
1596:
1590:
1566:
1560:
1521:
1516:
1508:family planning
1465:
1355:countries, 2023
1345:
1339:
1100:Global Average
1068:
1028:
1012:Child mortality
1004:mortality rates
995:Malthusian Trap
990:
974:
901:Conversely, in
888:street children
848:
728:
722:
716:
666:
665:
631:
630:
607:
602:
601:
573:
572:
539:
510:
509:
486:
481:
480:
454:
427:
413:
412:
375:
345:countries. The
331:
323:child mortality
319:mortality rates
314:
308:
284:
278:
252:
247:
246:
225:
184:
183:
168:
160:life expectancy
129:
124:
108:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4026:External links
4024:
4022:
4021:
4004:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3950:
3921:
3885:
3872:
3856:The World Bank
3843:
3823:
3774:
3748:
3719:
3687:
3655:
3629:
3598:
3568:
3538:
3516:
3493:
3467:
3429:
3415:. www.ft.com.
3397:
3372:
3342:
3316:
3300:The World Bank
3287:
3265:
3238:
3213:
3195:
3177:
3143:
3118:
3088:
3066:
3035:
3009:
2979:
2963:
2931:
2900:
2883:Foreign Policy
2870:
2839:
2832:
2824:Addison-Wesley
2810:
2766:
2730:
2693:
2662:
2632:(4): 384â400.
2612:
2576:
2517:
2464:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2293:Main article:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2262:European Union
2256:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:United Kingdom
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:Halland County
2161:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:United Kingdom
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:United Kingdom
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:United Kingdom
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:Moldova region
1787:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1676:Main article:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1612:
1609:
1594:Aging of Japan
1589:
1586:
1564:Aging of China
1559:
1556:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1464:
1461:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1341:Main article:
1338:
1335:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1067:
1064:
1027:
1024:
1020:0.04% per year
989:
986:
973:
970:
871:respectively.
847:
844:
807:per capita GDP
718:Main article:
715:
712:
699:
696:
693:
687:
678:
674:
653:
650:
644:
641:
616:
586:
583:
571:The parameter
555:
552:
549:
546:
542:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
495:
463:
452:
449:
445:
436:
433:
430:
423:
420:
374:
371:
341:countries and
330:
327:
307:
304:
296:Czech Republic
277:
274:
259:
255:
232:
228:
223:
219:
216:
212:
207:
204:
201:
197:
194:
191:
167:
164:
128:
125:
123:
120:
107:
104:
96:United Nations
85:contraceptives
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4109:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3618:
3615:. July 2020.
3614:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3526:
3525:"2022ë
ì¶ì í”êł"
3520:
3517:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3468:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3430:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3401:
3398:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3343:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3239:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3132:
3129:. Gapminder.
3128:
3122:
3119:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2694:
2679:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:(78): 20â22.
2441:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2332:
2320:
2310:
2303:United States
2302:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:North Holland
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2075:Ăle-de-France
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:South Holland
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:Midi-Pyrénées
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1630:Southern Asia
1629:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
987:
985:
983:
979:
971:
969:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
845:
843:
839:
837:
836:
825:
821:
819:
818:contraceptive
815:
810:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
792:contraception
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
748:
744:
737:
732:
727:
721:
713:
711:
697:
694:
685:
672:
651:
648:
642:
639:
614:
584:
581:
569:
550:
547:
536:
530:
527:
521:
515:
493:
461:
447:
443:
431:
428:
421:
418:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
387:
379:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
348:
344:
340:
336:
328:
326:
324:
321:, especially
320:
313:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
283:
275:
273:
257:
253:
230:
226:
221:
214:
210:
192:
189:
181:
175:
173:
165:
163:
161:
157:
153:
152:sex selection
149:
144:
142:
133:
126:
121:
119:
115:
113:
105:
103:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
64:, to 6.73 in
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
19:
4014:. Retrieved
3994:
3971:. Retrieved
3962:
3953:
3942:. Retrieved
3933:
3924:
3912:. Retrieved
3900:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3864:. Retrieved
3855:
3846:
3826:
3802:
3786:. NBC News.
3777:
3765:. Retrieved
3751:
3740:. Retrieved
3731:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3699:
3690:
3678:. Retrieved
3669:Tehran Times
3667:
3658:
3646:. Retrieved
3632:
3621:. Retrieved
3610:
3601:
3591:February 26,
3589:. Retrieved
3585:the original
3580:
3571:
3559:. Retrieved
3550:
3541:
3531:September 7,
3529:. Retrieved
3519:
3509:September 7,
3507:. Retrieved
3496:
3485:. Retrieved
3470:
3459:. Retrieved
3442:
3432:
3421:. Retrieved
3412:
3400:
3388:. Retrieved
3384:
3375:
3364:. Retrieved
3355:
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3328:
3319:
3308:. Retrieved
3299:
3290:
3282:the original
3277:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3241:
3230:. Retrieved
3216:
3207:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3169:. Retrieved
3135:. Retrieved
3121:
3110:. Retrieved
3101:
3091:
3082:
3058:. Retrieved
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2991:
2982:
2974:
2954:ec.europa.eu
2953:
2923:. Retrieved
2919:the original
2912:
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2882:
2873:
2862:. Retrieved
2858:the original
2851:
2842:
2819:
2813:
2802:. Retrieved
2793:
2758:. Retrieved
2746:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2703:
2696:
2685:. Retrieved
2665:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2604:. Retrieved
2592:
2579:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2509:. Retrieved
2487:(5/6): 575.
2484:
2480:
2456:. Retrieved
2439:
2371:
2345:World War II
2342:
2298:
2278:
2269:
2266:
2259:
2152:SkÄne County
1866:Transylvania
1687:
1667:
1664:Western Asia
1655:
1646:
1638:
1624:
1620:
1597:
1567:
1530:
1519:Eastern Asia
1497:
1466:
1438:
1372:(2015-2020)
1371:
1358:
1328:
1324:
1308:
1095:
1084:
1077:
1060:
1052:urbanization
1049:
1029:
1026:1800 to 1950
1016:
993:
991:
975:
959:
923:
917:, a massive
900:
892:overcrowding
873:
849:
840:
833:
830:
811:
804:
777:
769:cohabitation
762:
752:
570:
410:
405:
401:
395:
388:
384:
363:Heilongjiang
352:
334:
332:
315:
292:tempo effect
287:
285:
276:Tempo effect
179:
176:
169:
145:
138:
116:
112:childbearing
109:
93:
77:urbanization
70:
59:
50:
46:
44:
3701:Daily Sabah
3680:14 November
3648:25 November
3505:. Hankyoreh
3278:www.who.int
2893:January 28,
2723:14 December
2713:1969.1/3892
2105:Netherlands
2061:Netherlands
1767:Extremadura
1611:South Korea
1552:North Korea
1544:South Korea
1056:stage three
1045:food supply
1008:birth rates
988:Before 1800
869:Enver Hoxha
814:Karan Singh
62:South Korea
4081:Categories
4016:2011-09-24
3973:2019-05-07
3944:2023-06-03
3866:2022-02-27
3742:2016-08-25
3623:2020-07-13
3487:2020-01-27
3461:2019-08-15
3423:2020-01-27
3366:2019-05-10
3310:2022-02-26
3250:(Report).
3232:2022-02-25
3171:2021-12-08
3137:2022-02-25
3112:2022-02-25
3060:2020-01-27
3044:"Handbook"
3028:22 October
2925:2017-05-30
2864:2017-05-30
2804:2022-02-26
2760:2021-12-08
2687:2023-02-02
2606:2020-01-27
2511:2023-05-31
2458:2022-01-25
2418:References
2387:Birth rate
1682:See also:
1635:Bangladesh
1483:, and the
1293:2015â2020
1279:2010â2015
1265:2005â2010
1251:2000â2005
1237:1995â2000
1223:1990â1995
1209:1985â1990
1195:1980â1985
1181:1975â1980
1167:1970â1975
1153:1965â1970
1139:1960â1965
1125:1955â1960
1111:1950â1955
957:people).
391:birth rate
339:East Asian
32:birth rate
4092:Fertility
3835:. Axios.
3451:0362-4331
3390:1 January
3335:1 January
2656:135233463
2648:2523-8965
2362:Australia
2350:immigrant
2042:Pirkanmaa
1743:Andalusia
1540:Singapore
1532:Hong Kong
1337:By region
1054:, led to
1033:Stage two
432:
333:The term
193:
55:fertility
4010:Archived
3967:Archived
3938:Archived
3936:. 2012.
3905:Archived
3860:Archived
3837:Archived
3815:Archived
3811:36692386
3788:Archived
3761:Archived
3736:Archived
3732:Stratfor
3706:Archived
3674:Archived
3642:Archived
3617:Archived
3561:13 March
3555:Archived
3481:Archived
3455:Archived
3417:Archived
3360:Archived
3304:Archived
3258:13 March
3252:Archived
3226:Archived
3165:Archived
3131:Archived
3106:Archived
3051:Archived
3022:Archived
2996:Archived
2992:BBC News
2958:Archived
2887:Archived
2798:Archived
2751:Archived
2717:Archived
2678:Archived
2597:Archived
2571:31790416
2531:PLOS ONE
2505:Archived
2501:10798893
2452:Archived
2376:See also
2229:Finnmark
2185:Lombardy
2009:Lorraine
1965:Akershus
1899:Normandy
1855:Brittany
1844:Thessaly
1822:Scotland
1755:Calabria
1732:Campania
1493:Ethiopia
1477:DR Congo
1043:and the
943:genocide
863:, under
853:natalist
765:marriage
479:, where
245:, where
3901:cdc.gov
3767:13 July
3712:13 July
3581:YOURDNA
3551:New Age
3210:. 2022.
3192:. 2022.
3002:22 June
2562:6886770
2539:Bibcode
2448:7834459
2357:Oceania
2218:Hamburg
2215:Germany
2127:Germany
2094:Germany
2086:Uusimaa
2083:Finland
2050:Germany
2039:Finland
1951:Germany
1943:Tuscany
1918:Germany
1910:Bavaria
1907:Germany
1863:Romania
1786:Romania
1721:Albania
1718:Albania
1696:Country
1656:In the
1648:of 1.9
1489:Nigeria
1429:Oceania
1367:Region
951:Quechua
926:eugenic
790:, age,
359:Jiamusi
4002:
3914:24 May
3809:
3449:
3408:"Info"
3356:Forbes
2830:
2654:
2646:
2569:
2559:
2499:
2446:
2289:Canada
2248:Sweden
2237:Sweden
2226:Norway
2204:Norway
2196:Veneto
2160:Sweden
2149:Sweden
2141:London
2130:Berlin
2119:Madrid
2072:France
2020:Alsace
2017:France
2006:France
1995:Sweden
1984:Norway
1973:Sweden
1962:Norway
1896:France
1885:Greece
1874:France
1852:France
1841:Greece
1833:Lublin
1830:Poland
1808:Poland
1778:Sicily
1710:Kosovo
1707:Kosovo
1672:Europe
1548:Taiwan
1546:, and
1469:Angola
1463:Africa
1447:, and
1441:Europe
1399:Europe
1379:Africa
1307:2020-
955:Aymara
780:income
773:low IQ
367:cohort
361:city (
288:period
178:rate,
4097:Rates
3908:(PDF)
3897:(PDF)
3818:(PDF)
3799:(PDF)
3054:(PDF)
3047:(PDF)
2754:(PDF)
2743:(PDF)
2681:(PDF)
2674:(PDF)
2652:S2CID
2600:(PDF)
2589:(PDF)
2497:S2CID
2254:1.29
2243:1.36
2232:1.64
2221:1.73
2210:1.75
2207:Troms
2199:1.87
2193:Italy
2188:1.91
2182:Italy
2177:1.92
2166:1.93
2155:1.84
2144:1.82
2133:1.80
2122:2.08
2116:Spain
2111:2.09
2100:2.12
2089:2.13
2078:2.14
2067:2.17
2056:2.19
2053:Hesse
2045:2.20
2034:2.21
2028:Spain
2023:2.22
2012:2.23
2001:2.34
1990:2.36
1979:2.41
1968:2.42
1957:2.46
1946:2.47
1940:Italy
1935:2.55
1932:Lazio
1929:Italy
1924:2.57
1913:2.64
1902:2.86
1891:2.97
1880:2.93
1869:2.94
1858:3.04
1847:3.10
1836:3.12
1825:3.15
1814:3.18
1803:3.23
1792:3.26
1781:3.45
1775:Italy
1770:3.48
1764:Spain
1759:3.52
1751:Italy
1746:3.54
1740:Spain
1735:3.61
1729:Italy
1724:6.50
1713:6.70
1643:India
1588:Japan
1558:China
1536:Macau
1485:Niger
1473:Benin
1319:2.47
1316:1.51
1313:2.35
1309:2025
1302:2.66
1299:1.67
1296:2.52
1288:2.74
1285:1.69
1282:2.59
1274:2.81
1271:1.61
1268:2.62
1260:2.98
1257:1.57
1254:2.73
1246:3.18
1243:1.58
1240:2.88
1232:3.71
1229:1.78
1226:3.31
1218:4.03
1215:1.82
1212:3.52
1204:4.40
1201:1.89
1198:3.75
1190:4.88
1187:2.01
1184:4.08
1176:5.87
1173:2.32
1170:4.83
1162:6.23
1159:2.51
1156:5.08
1148:5.64
1145:2.71
1142:4.70
1134:6.15
1131:2.75
1128:5.01
1120:5.94
1117:2.84
1114:4.86
1096:Years
903:China
747:Niger
300:Spain
66:Niger
4000:ISBN
3916:2022
3807:PMID
3769:2020
3714:2020
3682:2020
3650:2021
3593:2022
3563:2023
3533:2023
3511:2023
3447:ISSN
3392:2024
3337:2024
3260:2023
3030:2016
3004:2018
2895:2022
2828:ISBN
2725:2022
2644:ISSN
2567:PMID
2444:PMID
1987:Oslo
1652:Iran
1514:Asia
1502:and
1481:Mali
1433:2.4
1423:1.8
1413:2.0
1403:1.6
1393:2.2
1389:Asia
1383:4.4
1370:TFR
1353:OECD
953:and
945:and
935:Peru
867:and
859:and
767:and
643:0.02
298:and
150:and
94:The
45:The
2709:hdl
2634:doi
2557:PMC
2547:doi
2489:doi
898:.
820:."
786:,
683:TFR
673:log
439:TFR
429:log
404:or
357:of
190:log
51:TFR
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