2474:
Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to the law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the
English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
2246:
unremitted attention. It is his duty to sacrifice his repose, his pleasures, his satisfactions, to theirs; and above all, ever, and in all cases, to prefer their interest to his own. But his unbiassed opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience, he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man, or to any set of men living. These he does not derive from your pleasure; no, nor from the Law and the
Constitution. They are a trust from Providence, for the abuse of which he is deeply answerable. Your representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion.
1709:. The Roman model of governance would inspire many political thinkers over the centuries, and today's modern representative democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek model, because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives, and which had an elected or nominated leader. Representative democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives; as opposed to direct democracy, a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly. A
1683:, believe that part of the duty of a representative is not simply to follow the wishes of the electorate but also to use their own judgment in the exercise of their powers, even if their views are not reflective of those of a majority of voters. A representative who chooses to execute the wishes of his or her constituents acts as a delegate. If the representative chooses to use his or her best judgment and knowledge in making decisions, even when the constituents do not fully agree with the decision, then the representative acts as a trustee.
1859:
2040:
1435:
615:
3179:
3230:
3213:
3196:
2473:
The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in
England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of
2245:
Certainly, Gentlemen, it ought to be the happiness and glory of a
Representative, to live in the strictest union, the closest correspondence, and the most unreserved communication with his constituents. Their wishes ought to have great weight with him; their opinion, high respect; their business,
2943:
Gemeindefreiheit als
Rettung Europas. Grundlinien einer ethischen Geschichtsauffassung. Verlag Bücherfreunde, Basel 1947. In 1983 republished under: "Gemeindefreiheit – kommunale Selbstverwaltung" (Adolf Gasser/Franz-Ludwig Knemeyer), in de reeks "Studien zur Soziologie", Nymphenburger, München,
2912:
Political
Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy'" (Hearst's International Library Co., 1915; Free Press, 1949; Dover Publications, 1959); republished with an introduction by Seymour Martin Lipset (Crowell-Collier, 1962; Transaction Publishers, 1999,
1959:
A drawback to this type of government is that elected officials are not required to fulfill promises made before their election and are able to promote their own self-interests once elected, providing an incohesive system of governance. Legislators are also under scrutiny as the system of
1995:
has been proposed as an improved system compared to the system of representative democracy, where representatives are elected. Stochocracy aims to at least reduce this degradation by having all representatives appointed by
2027:
is a mix between a majority-ruled system and a consensus-based system. It allows for representative democracies or direct democracies to coexist with its system of governance, providing an initial advantage.
1930:
which was published in 1943 and a second edition in 1947. Adolf Gasser stated the following requirements for a representative democracy in order to remain stable, unaffected by the iron law of oligarchy:
1783:
2660:
Bernauer, Julian; Giger, Nathalie; Rosset, Jan (January 2015). "Mind the gap: Do proportional electoral systems foster a more equal representation of women and men, poor and rich?".
2374:
1971:
criticize representative democracy due to its inherent structure. As the fundamental basis of representative democracy is non inclusive system, in which representatives turn into an
1791:
1818:
1463:
3129:
1778:
in 1787, with a national legislature based partly on direct elections of representatives every two years, and thus responsible to the electorate for continuance in office.
3036:
Razsa, Maple; Kurnik, Andrej (May 2012). "The Occupy
Movement in Žižek's hometown: Direct democracy and a politics of becoming: The Occupy Movement in Žižek's hometown".
1550:
require or encourage voters to vote for political parties or for candidates associated with political parties (as opposed to voting for individual representatives). Some
1866:
Globally, a majority of governments in the world are representative democracies, including constitutional monarchies and republics with strong representative branches.
1935:
Society has to be built up from bottom to top. As a consequence, society is built up by people, who are free and have the power to defend themselves with weapons.
2906:
Zur
Soziologie des Parteiwesens in der modernen Demokratie. Untersuchungen ĂĽber die oligarchischen Tendenzen des Gruppenlebens (1911, 1925; 1970). Translated as
2485:"We Hold These Truths to be Self-evident;" An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Roots of Racism & slavery in America Kenneth N. Addison; Introduction P. xxii
601:
596:
643:
2158:
1888:
investigate how and how well elected representatives, such as legislators, represent the interests or preferences of one or another constituency. The
680:
1892:
shows that representative systems tend to be biased towards the representation of more affluent classes to the detriment of the population at large.
1732:
894:
2092:; Brewer, Paul; Shaw, Anthony; Chandler, Malcolm; Cheshire, Gerard; Cranfield, Ingrid; Ralph Lewis, Brenda; Sutherland, Joe; Vint, Robert (2003).
1456:
2000:
instead of by voting. Therefore, this system is also called lottocracy. The system was proposed by the writer Roger de Sizif in 1998 in his book
2753:
Carnes, Nicholas; Lupu, Noam (January 2015). "Rethinking the
Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America".
1807:
3167:
1656:). However, these are not always binding and usually require some legislative action—legal power usually remains firmly with representatives.
2930:
2737:
2456:
2334:
2307:
2517:
2365:
2780:
Giger, Nathalie; Rosset, Jan; Bernauer, Julian (April 2012). "The Poor
Political Representation of the Poor in a Comparative Perspective".
3185:
2910:, from the German original by Dr. Alfredo Polledro, revised and expanded (1912). Translated, from the Italian, by Eden and Cedar Paul as
2192:
Houston, G F (2001) Public Participation in Democratic Governance in South Africa, Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council HSRC Press
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in 1913. Women, men who owned no property, and Black people, and others not originally given voting rights, in most states eventually
3098:
2577:
2437:
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1744:
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2215:
553:
453:
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636:
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Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries
1514:
1141:
1096:
2401:
2908:
Sociologia del partito politico nella democrazia moderna : studi sulle tendenze oligarchiche degli aggregati politici
967:
408:
1803:
468:
3260:
2063:
1161:
676:
498:
263:
3114:
982:
629:
3001:
Thaa, Winfried (3 May 2016). "Issues and images – new sources of inequality in current representative democracy".
2544:
3093:. Josiah Ober, Robert Wallace, Paul Cartledge, Cynthia Farrar (1st ed.). 15 October 2008. pp. 17, 105.
1875:
1830:
2955:
1851:, but where technology and population figures remained unsuited to direct democracy. Many historians credit the
2089:
2058:
1902:
1736:
1610:
1522:
533:
378:
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1858:
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1799:
1614:
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1390:
957:
538:
473:
383:
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213:
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1939:
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These free people join or form local communities. These local communities are independent, which includes
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1405:
972:
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353:
320:
248:
203:
183:
164:
104:
94:
89:
69:
2817:"Differential Responsiveness in Europe: The Effects of Preference Difference and Electoral Participation"
2495:
2983:
2203:
Democracy and Federalism in the European Union and the United States: Exploring post-national governance
1919:
1837:
1748:
1622:
1400:
1263:
860:
418:
398:
373:
368:
310:
285:
2121:
Loeper, Antoine (2016). "Cross-border externalities and cooperation among representative democracies".
348:
2201:
Dahl, R A (2005) "Is international democracy possible? A critical view", in Sergio Fabbrini (editor):
1960:
majority-won legislators voting for issues for the large group of people fosters inequality among the
2400:
1881:
1814:
1779:
1735:
is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments.
1717:
1626:
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1559:
1503:
591:
393:
295:
228:
159:
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134:
40:
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1975:
that works behind closed doors, as well as the criticizing the elector system as being driven by a
1822:
1771:
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1533:
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1233:
1190:
977:
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413:
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149:
124:
99:
84:
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2005:
1889:
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1582:
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1488:
962:
747:
722:
558:
488:
478:
423:
198:
193:
114:
79:
74:
62:
2625:
Jacobs, Lawrence R.; Page, Benjamin I. (February 2005). "Who Influences U.S. Foreign Policy?".
3094:
2926:
2914:
2733:
2573:
2459:. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from
2433:
2330:
2324:
2303:
2295:
2265:
2101:
1752:
1547:
1543:
1492:
1395:
1116:
947:
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727:
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581:
508:
233:
223:
169:
50:
23:
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2427:
1955:
There is competition between these local communities, e.g. on services delivered or on taxes.
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3010:
2967:
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2762:
2708:
2669:
2634:
2138:
2130:
2009:
1980:
1968:
1706:
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1602:
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518:
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290:
178:
139:
129:
109:
2183:
De Vos et al (2014) South African Constitutional Law – In Context: Oxford University Press.
1705:
to have a representative government, despite taking the form of a direct government in the
3064:
2045:
1852:
1728:
led to relatively wide familiarity with representative systems inspired by Roman systems.
1692:
1653:
1598:
1439:
1412:
1268:
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952:
619:
443:
403:
188:
3236:
2429:
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order
2097:
2017:
1907:
1885:
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1496:
1417:
1348:
1253:
1086:
1000:
548:
438:
208:
2697:"Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens"
2039:
1434:
614:
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3049:
3022:
2979:
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2893:
2842:
2801:
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2134:
1702:
1630:
1601:(multicameral). Where two or more chambers exist, their members are often elected in
1590:
1529:
1500:
1304:
1199:
1101:
1091:
932:
448:
315:
268:
144:
3219:
1540:, where the public votes directly on laws or policies, rather than representatives.
2396:
1961:
1923:
1840:
1740:
1721:
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1660:
1606:
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1353:
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1146:
1035:
855:
779:
3014:
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2816:
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2259:
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The early history of Rome: books I-V of The history of Rome from its foundations
1972:
1949:
1844:
1764:
1664:
1586:
1555:
1358:
1343:
1285:
1156:
1020:
819:
814:
794:
784:
774:
428:
119:
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2696:
2638:
2406:
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The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War
2035:
1976:
1915:
1649:
1625:, which may have the power to declare legislative acts unconstitutional (e.g.
1363:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1295:
1136:
927:
809:
804:
668:
503:
433:
300:
2874:
2857:
2673:
2923:
Les partis politiques. Essai sur les tendances oligarchiques des démocraties
2069:
2053:
1992:
1911:
1567:
1166:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1030:
1025:
1015:
889:
850:
839:
834:
824:
789:
757:
701:
696:
528:
483:
343:
45:
30:
2730:
White-Collar Government: The Hidden Role of Class in Economic Policy Making
1790:
in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Until it was repealed by the
1573:
Representative democracy can be organized in different ways including both
2004:. Choosing officeholders by lot was also the standard practice in ancient
1862:
The U.S. House of Representatives, one example of representative democracy
2351:"Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked"
2013:
1848:
1713:
1525:
1238:
799:
769:
712:
523:
493:
458:
280:
2884:
2766:
2607:
2143:
1997:
1836:
Representative democracy came into general favour particularly in post-
1725:
1510:
1040:
877:
867:
1855:
with launching modern representative democracy in the United Kingdom.
3156:
2956:"Enhancing policy innovation by redesigning representative democracy"
1710:
1518:
1204:
543:
2594:
The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870
2426:
Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014).
1926:
and compared to the unstable representative democracies in his book
1922:. Representative democracies which are stable have been analysed by
1495:
function as some type of representative democracy: for example, the
1491:
where representatives are elected by the public. Nearly all modern
1763:. Widening of the voting franchise took place through a series of
2856:
Schakel, Wouter; Burgoon, Brian; Hakhverdian, Armen (March 2020).
2432:(4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–9.
1857:
1782:
were not directly elected by the people until the adoption of the
3003:
Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy
2545:"1848 " DĂ©sormais le bulletin de vote doit remplacer le fusil ""
2258:
Livy; De SĂ©lincourt, A.; Ogilvie, R. M.; Oakley, S. P. (2002).
1910:
argues that most representative systems deteriorate towards an
1589:(such as a parliament or congress), which may be composed of a
2569:
The Making of the Middle Class: Toward a Transnational History
3161:
2205:: 195 to 204 (Chapter 13), Abingdon on the Thames: Routledge.
1880:
Separate but related, and very large, bodies of research in
2925:, Brussels, Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 2009 (
2858:"Real but Unequal Representation in Welfare State Reform"
2159:"Victorian Electronic Democracy, Final Report – Glossary"
1945:
Local communities join into a higher unit, e.g. a canton.
1743:
of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included
1605:. The power of representatives is usually curtailed by a
2241:
The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke. Volume I
1788:
gained the vote through changes in state and federal law
1716:
tradition of selecting representatives from the various
1546:
often become prominent in representative democracy if
16:
Type of democracy principled on elected representation
1617:) or other measures to balance representative power:
2695:
Gilens, Martin; Page, Benjamin I. (September 2014).
2366:"The January Parliament and how it defined Britain"
1819:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1724:, but not as we know them today) to advise/control
2364:
2012:. The rationale behind this practice was to avoid
1942:, and they are free to determine their own rules.
2815:Peters, Yvette; Ensink, Sander J. (4 May 2015).
1829:was re-established in France in the wake of the
2298:. In Clarke, Paul A.B.; Foweraker, Joe (eds.).
2243:. London: Henry G. Bohn. 1854. pp. 446–8.
2415:. Vol. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1751:implemented some of the ideas and systems of
1566:) have described representative democracy as
1457:
637:
8:
2921:); translated in French by S. Jankélévitch,
2566:A. Ricardo LĂłpez; Barbara Weinstein (2012).
1667:" that is not directly elected, such as the
1636:The constitution may also provide for some
1585:. Elected representatives typically form a
1802:gave a disproportionate representation of
1464:
1450:
1384:
1186:
920:
692:
655:
644:
630:
18:
2883:
2873:
2832:
2712:
2457:"Constitutionalism: America & Beyond"
2142:
681:List of countries by system of government
3174:
2402:"Montfort, Simon of (1208?-1265)"
2081:
1810:relative to the voters in free states.
1333:
1294:
1218:
1189:
1112:
1069:
991:
923:
876:
833:
756:
695:
666:
29:
3106:
3091:Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece
2662:International Political Science Review
2755:American Journal of Political Science
7:
2498:. National Archives. 30 October 2015
2377:from the original on 11 January 2022
1928:Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas
1870:Research on representation democracy
1644:) or direct popular measures (e.g.,
2496:"Expansion of Rights and Liberties"
1671:, which was in turn modeled on the
1825:was elected by all males in 1792.
1747:. Later, in the 17th century, the
1679:Some political theorists, such as
1536:republic). This is different from
14:
3072:European Journal of Ecopsychology
2627:American Political Science Review
2300:Encyclopedia of Political Thought
1776:Constitution of the United States
1701:was the first known state in the
3228:
3211:
3194:
3177:
3050:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01361.x
2972:10.1332/030557315X14399997475941
2412:Dictionary of National Biography
2264:. Penguin Classics. p. 34.
2135:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.10.003
2038:
1767:in the 19th and 20th centuries.
1745:ordinary citizens from the towns
1433:
613:
2954:Sørensen, Eva (25 April 2016).
2732:. University of Chicago Press.
2520:. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from
2100:: Parragon Books. p. 341.
1821:and, although short-lived, the
597:Latin America and the Caribbean
3065:"Anarchist roots & routes"
2329:. Bloomsbury. pp. 173–4.
2161:. 28 July 2005. Archived from
1515:federal parliamentary republic
1142:Intergovernmental organisation
1097:Separation of church and state
1:
3015:10.1080/13698230.2016.1144859
1774:led to the creation of a new
409:Democracy and economic growth
2834:10.1080/01402382.2014.973260
2794:10.1080/00344893.2012.653238
2606:Roser, Max (15 March 2013).
939:(socio-political ideologies)
602:Middle East and North Africa
469:Peaceful transition of power
2064:Proportional representation
1007:(socio-economic ideologies)
677:List of forms of government
499:Proportional representation
3277:
2543:French National Assembly.
2518:"The French Revolution II"
2216:"CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY"
1873:
1690:
2728:Carnes, Nicholas (2013).
2714:10.1017/S1537592714001595
2639:10.1017/S000305540505152X
1948:There is no hierarchical
1876:Representation (politics)
1831:French Revolution of 1848
1493:Western-style democracies
1128:(geo-cultural ideologies)
3164:Representative democracy
3153:Representative democracy
2875:10.1177/0032329219897984
2701:Perspectives on Politics
2674:10.1177/0192512113498830
2302:. Taylor & Francis.
2123:European Economic Review
2059:Political representation
1808:House of Representatives
1739:, in 1258, stripped the
1611:constitutional democracy
1477:Representative democracy
554:Wars between democracies
534:Territorial peace theory
379:Democratic confederalism
3063:Heckert, Jamie (2010).
2572:. Duke UP. p. 58.
2323:Jobson, Adrian (2012).
2020:by economic oligarchs.
1918:. This is known as the
1843:where large numbers of
1827:Universal male suffrage
1800:Three-Fifths Compromise
1615:constitutional monarchy
1507:constitutional monarchy
1391:Administrative division
1335:International relations
539:Tyranny of the majority
474:Political demonstration
384:Democratic peace theory
359:Deliberative referendum
3131:Deliberative Democracy
3128:Bohman, James (1997).
3113:: CS1 maint: others (
2862:Politics & Society
2821:West European Politics
2353:. BBC. 19 January 2015
2025:deliberative democracy
1940:financial independence
1863:
1673:British House of Lords
1638:deliberative democracy
1599:more than two chambers
364:Democratic backsliding
354:Criticism of democracy
3166:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
2960:Policy & Politics
2596:(2nd ed. 1996) p. 229
1920:iron law of oligarchy
1874:Further information:
1861:
1838:industrial revolution
1784:Seventeenth Amendment
1755:, culminating in the
1749:Parliament of England
1661:bicameral legislature
1623:independent judiciary
1401:Democratic transition
1264:Self-governing colony
861:Military dictatorship
419:Electoral competition
399:Democratic transition
374:Democratic centralism
369:Democratic capitalism
3038:American Ethnologist
2284:Watson, 2005, p. 271
1882:political philosophy
1847:evinced interest in
1815:Revolutionary France
1792:Fourteenth Amendment
1627:constitutional court
1579:presidential systems
394:Democratic socialism
2373:. 20 January 2015.
2294:Budge, Ian (2001).
2165:on 13 December 2007
1906:, written in 1911,
1823:National Convention
1772:American Revolution
1761:Bill of Rights 1689
1759:and passage of the
1757:Glorious Revolution
1552:political theorists
1481:electoral democracy
1440:Politics portal
1325:Supranational union
1234:Dependent territory
1147:National government
620:Politics portal
414:Democracy promotion
389:Democratic republic
3261:Types of democracy
2767:10.1111/ajps.12112
2463:on 24 October 2014
2296:"Direct democracy"
2006:Athenian democracy
1987:Proposed solutions
1890:empirical research
1864:
1485:indirect democracy
559:Waves of democracy
519:Right to candidacy
489:Popular referendum
479:Political equality
349:Citizens' assembly
2931:978-2-8004-1443-0
2739:978-0-226-08728-3
2612:Our World in Data
2524:on 27 August 2008
2336:978-1-84725-226-5
2309:978-0-415-19396-2
1903:Political Parties
1753:liberal democracy
1733:Simon de Montfort
1659:In some cases, a
1642:Royal Commissions
1548:electoral systems
1544:Political parties
1523:semi-presidential
1489:type of democracy
1474:
1473:
1425:
1424:
1396:Democracy indices
1371:
1370:
1174:
1173:
983:Semi-presidential
908:
907:
654:
653:
509:Right to petition
3268:
3241:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3214:
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3199:
3198:
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1969:direct democracy
1707:Roman assemblies
1669:Senate of Canada
1654:recall elections
1597:(bicameral), or
1538:direct democracy
1466:
1459:
1452:
1438:
1437:
1385:
1229:Associated state
1187:
1162:Internationalism
1152:World government
1129:
1008:
940:
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895:Free association
882:
843:
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705:
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514:Right to protest
464:Nomination rules
19:
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2002:La Stochocratie
1989:
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1853:Reform Act 1832
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1693:Democratization
1689:
1560:Gregory Houston
1470:
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1413:Democratisation
1406:Autocratization
1382:
1374:
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1269:Tributary state
1259:Satellite state
1214:
1184:
1183:Power structure
1176:
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3147:External links
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3100:978-0520258099
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2023:The system of
2018:electioneering
1991:The system of
1988:
1985:
1967:Proponents of
1957:
1956:
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1936:
1908:Robert Michels
1897:
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1886:social science
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1868:
1794:following the
1699:Roman Republic
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1685:
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1603:different ways
1593:(unicameral),
1591:single chamber
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2011:
2010:ancient India
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497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
449:Majority rule
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
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350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
335:
334:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Supermajority
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
270:
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262:
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250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
214:Participatory
212:
210:
207:
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202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
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187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
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148:
146:
145:Hybrid regime
143:
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78:
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71:
68:
67:
64:
59:
58:
52:
49:
47:
44:
42:
39:
38:
36:
35:
32:
28:
25:
21:
20:
3235:
3218:
3206:from Commons
3201:
3184:
3163:
3143:
3137:. MIT Press.
3130:
3123:
3090:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3058:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2939:
2924:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2788:(1): 47–61.
2785:
2781:
2775:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2729:
2723:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2668:(1): 78–98.
2665:
2661:
2655:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2568:
2561:
2551:26 September
2549:. Retrieved
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2522:the original
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2472:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:the original
2451:
2443:
2428:
2421:
2410:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2370:
2355:. Retrieved
2345:
2325:
2318:
2299:
2289:
2280:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2163:the original
2153:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2093:
2084:
2068:
2022:
2001:
1990:
1977:capitalistic
1966:
1962:marginalized
1958:
1927:
1924:Adolf Gasser
1901:
1900:In his book
1899:
1879:
1865:
1835:
1817:adopted the
1812:
1804:slave states
1769:
1731:In Britain,
1730:
1696:
1681:Edmund Burke
1678:
1607:constitution
1595:two chambers
1572:
1542:
1534:presidential
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1354:Middle power
1281:Vassal state
1275:Buffer state
1273:
1249:Puppet state
1244:Protectorate
1220:Client state
1210:Principality
1036:Distributism
978:Presidential
856:Dictatorship
780:Gerontocracy
732:
702:rule by many
675:
659:Part of the
321:Totalitarian
238:
204:Non-partisan
184:Majoritarian
165:Jeffersonian
105:Deliberative
95:Cosmopolitan
90:Conservative
70:Anticipatory
22:Part of the
3186:Definitions
2885:1887/138869
2761:(1): 1–18.
2608:"Democracy"
2547:(in French)
2502:27 December
2407:Lee, Sidney
2225:18 November
2169:14 December
2144:10016/25180
2129:: 180–208.
1993:stochocracy
1973:elite class
1950:bureaucracy
1765:Reform Acts
1665:upper house
1587:legislature
1556:Robert Dahl
1554:(including
1532:(a federal
1528:), and the
1521:(a unitary
1359:Great power
1344:Small power
1286:Viceroyalty
1157:Nationalism
1021:Colonialism
1001:Libertarian
963:Directorial
840:rule by one
820:Technocracy
815:Stratocracy
795:Meritocracy
785:Kleptocracy
775:Aristocracy
429:Kleroterion
311:Substantive
286:Semi-direct
3250:Categories
3220:Quotations
2988:1948833814
2467:30 October
2381:28 January
2357:19 January
2077:References
1916:particracy
1896:Criticisms
1691:See also:
1650:referendum
1646:initiative
1583:government
1364:Superpower
1320:Superstate
1315:Federation
1310:Devolution
1296:Federalism
1137:City-state
810:Plutocracy
805:Particracy
669:government
592:Historical
504:Referendum
459:Ochlocracy
434:Liberalism
424:Initiative
301:Sociocracy
229:Procedural
199:Multiparty
160:Jacksonian
155:Industrial
135:Grassroots
120:Electronic
3256:Elections
3109:cite book
3023:147669709
2980:156556922
2894:214235967
2843:153452076
2802:154081733
2682:145633250
2647:154481971
2528:22 August
2070:Voir dire
2054:Democracy
1912:oligarchy
1813:In 1789,
1796:Civil War
1737:The first
1609:(as in a
1568:polyarchy
1191:Unitarism
1167:Globalism
1073:Religious
1061:Tribalism
1051:Socialism
1046:Feudalism
1031:Despotism
1026:Communism
1016:Anarchism
953:Communist
900:Stateless
890:Anarchism
851:Despotism
835:Autocracy
825:Theocracy
790:Kritarchy
758:Oligarchy
743:Socialist
697:Democracy
529:Sortition
484:Polyarchy
344:Anarchism
326:Workplace
306:Sovereign
296:Socialist
276:Sectarian
254:Christian
244:Religious
219:Pluralist
174:Illiberal
150:Inclusive
125:Empowered
100:Defensive
85:Consensus
31:Democracy
3078:: 19–36.
2984:ProQuest
2399:(1894).
2375:Archived
2032:See also
2014:lobbying
1983:system.
1849:politics
1845:citizens
1780:Senators
1726:monarchs
1714:medieval
1711:European
1526:republic
1239:Dominion
968:Legalist
948:Absolute
933:Republic
928:Monarchy
800:Noocracy
770:Anocracy
723:Economic
713:Demarchy
494:Populism
249:Buddhist
194:Monitory
115:Economic
80:Cellular
75:Athenian
3089:"1,5".
2409:(ed.).
2008:and in
1998:lottery
1806:in the
1722:classes
1718:estates
1687:History
1640:(e.g.,
1511:Germany
1501:unitary
1381:Related
1076:Secular
1041:Fascism
878:Anarchy
868:Tyranny
728:Liberal
259:Islamic
234:Radical
224:Popular
170:Liberal
51:Indices
41:History
3157:Curlie
3097:
3021:
2986:
2978:
2929:
2917:
2892:
2841:
2800:
2736:
2680:
2645:
2576:
2436:
2333:
2306:
2268:
2104:
1798:, the
1562:, and
1519:France
1205:Empire
1117:Global
748:Others
738:Social
718:Direct
587:Europe
577:Africa
571:Region
544:Voting
454:Motion
291:Social
269:Mormon
264:Jewish
179:Liquid
140:Guided
130:Ethnic
110:Direct
46:Theory
3237:Texts
3203:Media
3135:(PDF)
3068:(PDF)
3019:S2CID
2976:S2CID
2944:1983.
2890:S2CID
2839:S2CID
2798:S2CID
2678:S2CID
2643:S2CID
2405:. In
1613:or a
1487:is a
1122:Local
189:Media
63:Types
3115:link
3095:ISBN
2927:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2574:ISBN
2553:2009
2530:2010
2504:2015
2469:2014
2434:ISBN
2383:2015
2359:2015
2331:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2266:ISBN
2227:2019
2171:2007
2102:ISBN
2016:and
1979:and
1884:and
1770:The
1741:king
1697:The
1577:and
582:Asia
281:Semi
209:Oral
3155:at
3046:doi
3011:doi
2968:doi
2880:hdl
2870:doi
2829:doi
2790:doi
2763:doi
2709:doi
2670:doi
2635:doi
2139:hdl
2131:doi
1914:or
1621:An
1581:of
1517:),
1513:(a
1509:),
1499:(a
1483:or
3252::
3111:}}
3107:{{
3074:.
3070:.
3042:39
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2888:.
2878:.
2866:48
2864:.
2860:.
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2825:38
2823:.
2819:.
2796:.
2786:48
2784:.
2759:59
2757:.
2705:12
2703:.
2699:.
2676:.
2666:36
2664:.
2641:.
2631:99
2629:.
2610:.
2471:.
2442:.
2369:.
2362:;
2218:.
2137:.
2127:91
2125:.
2096:.
1964:.
1833:.
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1648:,
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1558:,
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172:/
3172::
3117:)
3103:.
3076:1
3052:.
3048::
3025:.
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2990:.
2970::
2896:.
2882::
2872::
2845:.
2831::
2804:.
2792::
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2765::
2742:.
2717:.
2711::
2684:.
2672::
2649:.
2637::
2614:.
2582:.
2555:.
2532:.
2506:.
2385:.
2339:.
2312:.
2274:.
2229:.
2173:.
2147:.
2141::
2133::
2110:.
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