668:
249:
54:
1192:
548:
479:
763:
1162:
1147:
1177:
859:
340:
829:, where Cazeneuve was admitted to the local naval hospital. Their leader Jules Brunet returned to France in September 1869. He was suspended from active duty in the French army in October, and was later put on trial but received only a light sentence of minor loss in seniority. In February 1870 Brunet was recalled to service, and back as a captain fought in the
1710:
635:
to obtain international diplomatic recognition. Notably, due to the United States' involvement through
Commodore Matthew Perry's diplomatic expedition to end Japan's 220-year-old policy of isolation and open ports to American trade, the Western world had limited interest in supporting a breakaway
1139:
on the one hand (burdened as it was with an enormous amount of redundant retainers and employees) but also as developing Ezo for the sake of defence for the rest of Japan, something which had been a topic of concern for some time. Recent scholarship has noted that for centuries, Ezo was not
1140:
considered a part of Japan the same way that the other "main" islands of modern Japan were, so the creation of the Ezo
Republic, in a contemporary mindset, was not an act of secession, but rather of "bringing" the sociopolitical entity of "Japan" formally to the island of Hokkaido.
1126:
The farmers and merchants are unmolested, and live without fear, going their own way, and sympathising with us; so that already we have been able to bring some land into cultivation. We pray that this portion of the Empire may be conferred upon our late lord,
806:
on June 27, 1869. Kuroda is said to have been deeply impressed by
Enomoto's dedication in combat and is remembered as the one who spared the latter's life from execution. On September 20 of the same year, the island was given its present name, Hokkaido
814:
Enomoto was sentenced to a brief prison sentence, but was freed in 1872 and accepted a post as a government official in the newly renamed
Hokkaido Land Agency. He later became ambassador to Russia and held several ministerial positions in the
53:
736:
Brunet demanded (and received) a signed personal pledge of loyalty from all officers and insisted they assimilate French ideas. An anonymous French officer wrote that Brunet had taken charge of everything:
639:
On the same day, a celebration of the Ezo territory all-island settlement (Ezo territory declaration ceremony) was held, proclaiming the establishment of a provisional government with
Enomoto as president.
741:... customs, municipality, fortifications, army; everything passed through his hands. The simple Japanese are puppets whom he manipulates with great skill... he has carried out a veritable 1789
520:(also known as "Northern Alliance"), but this ended in failure after a major clan defected to the Imperial side. After one month in Sendai the fleet sailed further north, arriving in
1817:
1812:
1336:
401:
667:
1439:
68:
1191:
1807:
833:
later that year. In 1871, Arthur
Fortant, Jean Marlin, and François Bouffier signed an employment contract with professor Harada Ichido (father of
1304:
1787:
1802:
1660:
Kinsé shiriaku A history of Japan, from the first visit of
Commodore Perry in 1853 to the capture of Hakodate by the Mikado's forces in 1869.
753:—these are fabulous things for this country, and he has been able to do things very well, considering the seriousness of the situation...
1372:
59:
The "Seal of the
Governor General of Hokuitō (Hokkaido)" (北夷島總督印) used by Enomoto Takeaki during his administration of the Ezo Republic
1633:
535:(28 December), and by the end of the year the region was under full control of the rebels. Enomoto made a last effort to petition the
1792:
1610:
1412:
1135:
Thus from
Enomoto's perspective, the efforts to establish a government in Hokkaido were not only for the sake of providing for the
1723:
1362:
1340:
1694:
1060:
465:
224:
771:
1418:
421:
1101:'s rule, the Imperial rule was never in question for the Ezo Republic, as made evident by part of Enomoto's message to the
1176:
1161:
388:. Along with Enomoto were many other former Tokugawa officers, including the Commander-in-Chief of the shogunate's army,
1762:
875:
777:
767:
581:
453:
443:
1504:
Nakamura, Y. "First
Japanese Envoy Enomoto Takeaki (1836-1908) and Russia." Yearbook Japan, vol. 45, 2016, pp. 143-155.
661:
539:
to be allowed to develop Hokkaido and maintain the traditions of the samurai unmolested, but his request was denied.
1767:
1714:
437:
1146:
562:
On January 27, 1869, the independent "Republic of Ezo" was proclaimed, with its government structure based on the
1797:
816:
532:
459:
798:, and surrounded the fortress at Goryōkaku. Enomoto surrendered on June 26, 1869, turning the Goryōkaku over to
516:
527:
With support from the French advisers led by Brunet, Enomoto's army continued the conquest of Ezo, capturing
790:
Imperial troops soon consolidated their hold on mainland Japan, and in April 1869 dispatched a fleet and an
536:
471:
989:
972:
945:
1782:
1777:
783:
645:
385:
940:
821:
The rebels' French allies, some of them wounded, sailed from Hakodate on 9 June aboard the French vessel
1028:
547:
478:
1311:
1055:
967:
1131:; and in that case, we shall repay your beneficence by our faithful guardianship of the northern gate.
1011:
984:
67:
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115:
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369:
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303:
229:
1082:
1038:
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389:
1667:
524:, Ezo, on 3 December, which was captured five days later by a force of 4,000 shogunate troops.
1629:
1606:
1408:
1394:
1366:
957:
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742:
556:
431:
364:
101:
636:
state over the new Meiji government, which offered more stability and potential cooperation.
1822:
1675:
1167:
910:
698:
671:
The French military advisors and their Japanese allies in Ezo. Front row, second from left:
612:
585:
327:. The Republic of Ezo existed for five months before being annexed by the newly established
81:
1644:
French Policy towards the Bakufu and Meiji Japan 1854–1895, Richmond: Japan Library, 1998.
1152:
880:
865:
803:
762:
528:
377:
328:
242:
153:
404:, who had refused to leave the country after being recalled to France in late September.
1404:
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900:
799:
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448:
1756:
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687:
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563:
511:
105:
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While later history texts were to refer to May 1869 as being when Enomoto accepted
702:
694:
at the centre. The land force was organised under a joint Franco-Japanese command,
672:
650:
393:
384:(Tokyo) in October 1868, sailing north to continue the fight against the advancing
1102:
858:
691:
552:
1398:
848:
1688:
1371:. Translated by Mary Elizabeth Herbert Herbert. London: Macmillan. p. 138.
1201:
794:
force of 7,000 men to Hokkaido. The Imperial forces progressed swiftly, won the
750:
746:
714:
507:
339:
125:
682:
During the winter of 1868–1869, the defences around the southern peninsula of
360:
19:"Republic of Japan" redirects here. For the sovereign state in East Asia, see
1738:
1725:
1668:"Le véritable dernier Samouraï : l'épopée japonaise du capitaine Brunet"
726:
623:
ever held in Japan, where a feudal structure under an Emperor with military
487:
412:
408:
317:
308:
167:
1679:
624:
1709:
826:
791:
683:
632:
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426:
299:
118:
91:
837:) and returned to Japan as civilians to teach at the military school of
294:
was a short-lived separatist state established in 1869 on the island of
706:
416:
321:
122:
1662:
Trans. Sir Ernest Satow. Wilmington, Del., Scholarly Resources, 1973.
495:
838:
761:
666:
631:, attempts were made to reach out to foreign legations present in
576:
546:
477:
338:
324:
313:
267:
133:
20:
407:
Shortly before midnight on 4 October, the ships left the port of
486:, part of the fleet led by Enomoto Takeaki, while anchored off
1690:
Les missions militaires françaises au Japon entre 1867 et 1889
381:
295:
1584:
The Influence of the Sea on the Political History of Japan
570:
was limited to the samurai class. Votes were cast through
745:
in this brave new Japan; the election of leaders and the
510:. Enomoto's goal was to gather military support from the
498:, where they were joined by three more French defectors,
316:. It was the first government to attempt to institute
551:
The governmental building of the Republic of Ezo at
864:Leaders of the Republic of Ezo, with the President
574:and resulted in the election of Enomoto Takeaki as
263:
187:
177:
163:
147:
131:
111:
97:
87:
77:
30:
1598:
1440:From the Edo Period to Meiji Restoration in Japan
320:in Japan, though voting was allowed only to the
1626:The Boshin Civil War and Tōhoko Political Power
1124:
1113:
739:
286:
1107:
280:
1818:States and territories disestablished in 1869
1491:
1489:
725:). Each brigade was in turn divided into two
8:
1601:Shinsengumi: The Shogun's Last Samurai Corps
1593:, Vol. II. London: Trubner & Co., 1881.
347:being transported to Ezo (Hokkaido) in 1868
1813:States and territories established in 1869
627:was the norm. Through Hakodate magistrate
302:, by a part of the former military of the
66:
27:
1122:at the time of his arrival in Hakodate:
1549:
1257:
1245:
1214:
1142:
758:Defeat by Imperial forces and aftermath
709:, each commanded by a French officer (
1653:Re-Inventing Japan: Time Space Nation
1368:A Ramble Round the World, 1871: Japan
701:being seconded by the French captain
596:or assistant governor-general). Some
484:Kaiten, Kaiyō, Kanrin, Chōgei, Mikaho
186:
176:
172:
146:
142:
130:
7:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1471:
1459:
1400:Origins of the Modern Japanese State
1281:
1269:
1233:
1221:
811:, literally "Northern Sea Region").
705:. The troops were divided into four
619:(Army minister). This was the first
600:were elected by the troops as well;
580:, an office variously translated as
415:. Enomoto's fleet consisted of four
1421:from the original on August 5, 2021
660:'s precipitous departure after the
643:The treasury included 180,000 gold
1375:from the original on July 19, 2014
402:military training mission to Japan
16:1869 short-lived state on Hokkaido
14:
1674:(in French). N˚ 99 (1): 193–223.
1582:Ballard C. B., Vice-Admiral G.A.
1708:
1628:] (in Japanese). Kitanosha.
1620:Onodera, Eikō (December 2004).
1190:
1175:
1160:
1145:
857:
247:
222:
52:
1808:1869 disestablishments in Japan
1655:. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1998.
1079:Judge Advocate General Officer
1069:Judge Advocate General Officer
770:, May 1869; in the foreground,
482:(From left to right) The ships
1695:Université Sorbonne Paris Cité
1666:Héon, François-Xavier (2010).
1597:Hillsborough, Romulus (2005).
1591:Young Japan: Yokohama and Yedo
1310:. 福岡大学情報基盤センター. Archived from
998:Minister for Land Reclamation
937:Assistant Hakodate Magistrate
747:determination of rank by merit
555:, formerly the offices of the
490:shortly before their departure
1:
1788:Former countries in East Asia
649:coins Enomoto retrieved from
380:, retreated from the capital
1803:1869 establishments in Japan
1586:. London: John Murray, 1921.
964:Assistant Esashi Magistrate
768:Naval Battle of Hakodate Bay
1114:
494:The fleet first arrived in
351:After the overthrow of the
287:
1839:
18:
1561:Black, 1881, pp. 240–241.
1108:
856:
851:
588:, and Matsudaira Tarō as
281:
201:
197:
173:
159:
143:
65:
49:
44:
1793:Former republics in Asia
1687:Nakatsu, Masaya (2018).
1621:
1363:Hübner, Joseph Alexander
1185:, Commander of the Navy.
917:Assistant Army Minister
686:were enhanced, with the
376:s navy, led by Admiral
367:, a part of the former
1739:41.79694°N 140.75694°E
1693:(Thesis) (in French).
1680:10.3917/strat.099.0193
1495:Onodera, 2004, p. 196.
1133:
1035:Commander of Warships
787:
784:Imperial Japanese Navy
755:
729:, and these into four
679:
662:Battle of Toba–Fushimi
559:
491:
400:, former members of a
392:, and French officers
348:
189:• Disestablished
1605:. Tuttle Publishing.
1450:Onodera, 2004, p. 97.
1170:, Commander-in-Chief.
852:Government officials
765:
670:
550:
481:
343:Troops of the former
342:
98:Common languages
1717:at Wikimedia Commons
1649:Suzuki, Tessa Morris
1570:Suzuki, 1998, p. 32.
1337:"『函館市史』通説編2 4編1章2節3"
981:Matsumae Magistrate
927:Hakodate Magistrate
611:(Navy minister) and
1763:History of Hokkaido
1744:41.79694; 140.75694
1735: /
1540:, pp. 104–105.
1343:on October 24, 2020
1317:on January 25, 2021
1293:Hillsborough, p. 4.
1200:, Commander of the
1129:Tokugawa Kamenosuke
1052:Infantry Commander
941:Nakajima Saburosuke
831:Franco-Prussian War
517:Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei
179:• Established
1395:Norman, E. Herbert
1073:Takenaka Shigekata
1029:Kawamura Rokushirō
954:Esashi Magistrate
796:Battle of Hakodate
788:
696:commander-in-chief
680:
675:, turning towards
658:Tokugawa Yoshinobu
560:
531:(18 December) and
492:
353:Tokugawa shogunate
349:
306:at the end of the
304:Tokugawa shogunate
230:Tokugawa shogunate
1768:Meiji Restoration
1713:Media related to
1516:, pp. 88–89.
1284:, pp. 64–65.
1224:, pp. 62–63.
1095:
1094:
1056:Furuya Sakuzaemon
1025:Finance Minister
1008:Finance Minister
968:Kosugi Masanoshin
958:Matsuoka Bankichi
869:
743:French Revolution
514:of the disbanded
504:François Bouffier
365:Meiji Restoration
273:
272:
259:
258:
255:
254:
235:
234:
1830:
1798:Island countries
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1736:
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1732:
1731:
1728:
1712:
1698:
1683:
1658:Yamaguchi, Ken.
1639:
1616:
1604:
1571:
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1547:
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1535:
1529:
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1442:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1403:. Vol. 10.
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1339:. Archived from
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
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1231:
1225:
1219:
1198:Hijikata Toshizō
1194:
1179:
1164:
1149:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1091:
1064:
1047:
1020:
1012:Enomoto Michiaki
993:
985:Hitomi Katsutarō
976:
949:
921:Hijikata Toshizō
868:(seated, right).
863:
861:
849:
817:Meiji Government
586:director-general
444:Chiyodagata maru
375:
292:
290:
284:
283:
251:
250:
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238:
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183:January 27, 1869
82:Break-away state
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1721:
1715:Republic of Ezo
1705:
1686:
1665:
1642:Sims, Richard.
1636:
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1589:Black, John R.
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1156:
1153:Enomoto Takeaki
1150:
1105:
1085:
1058:
1041:
1014:
1002:Sawa Tarozaemon
987:
970:
943:
891:Matsudaira Tarō
887:Vice-President
881:Enomoto Takeaki
866:Enomoto Takeaki
847:
804:Kuroda Kiyotaka
760:
677:Matsudaira Tarō
664:in early 1868.
598:cabinet members
545:
529:Matsumae Castle
449:transport ships
398:André Cazeneuve
390:Matsudaira Tarō
378:Enomoto Takeaki
373:
337:
329:Empire of Japan
278:
277:Republic of Ezo
248:
243:Empire of Japan
223:
190:
180:
154:Enomoto Takeaki
150:
73:
72:Location of Ezo
61:
60:
57:
40:
36:
33:
32:Republic of Ezo
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1703:External links
1701:
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1635:978-4907726256
1634:
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1552:, p. 301.
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1405:Pantheon Books
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897:Navy Minister
894:
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853:
846:
843:
835:Harada Naojirō
802:staff officer
759:
756:
604:was chosen as
602:Arai Ikunosuke
594:vice-president
557:Hakodate bugyō
544:
541:
537:Imperial Court
500:Arthur Fortant
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1423:. Retrieved
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1377:. Retrieved
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1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:the original
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1312:the original
1305:"「蝦夷共和国の顛末」"
1298:
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1258:Nakatsu 2018
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1246:Nakatsu 2018
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1155:, President.
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149:• 1869
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116:Presidential
37:
25:
1742: /
1730:140°45′25″E
1672:Stratégique
1622:戊辰南北戦争と東北政権
1483:Sims, 1998.
1347:January 24,
1321:January 24,
1202:Shinsengumi
1086: [
1059: [
1042: [
1015: [
988: [
971: [
944: [
508:Jean Marlin
472:Mikaho maru
466:Chōgei maru
454:Kanrin maru
447:) and four
438:Banryū maru
432:Kaiten maru
207:Preceded by
126:aristocracy
1773:Boshin War
1757:Categories
1727:41°47′49″N
1577:References
1083:Imai Nobuo
1039:Koga Gengo
727:battalions
653:following
590:fuku-sosai
422:Kaiyō maru
361:Boshin War
335:Background
312:period in
112:Government
1538:Héon 2010
1526:Héon 2010
1514:Héon 2010
1472:Héon 2010
1460:Héon 2010
1425:August 5,
1282:Héon 2010
1270:Héon 2010
1234:Héon 2010
1222:Héon 2010
1103:Daijō-kan
876:President
823:Coëtlogon
731:companies
719:Cazeneuve
692:Goryōkaku
582:president
553:Goryōkaku
488:Shinagawa
413:Tokyo Bay
409:Shinagawa
359:) in the
318:democracy
309:Bakumatsu
168:Bakumatsu
1419:Archived
1397:(1975).
1373:Archived
1365:(1874).
827:Yokohama
809:Hokkaidō
792:infantry
749:and not
723:Bouffier
707:brigades
684:Hakodate
633:Hakodate
625:warlords
621:election
568:Suffrage
522:Hakodate
427:flagship
417:warships
300:Hokkaido
121:under a
119:republic
102:Japanese
92:Hakodate
1823:Samurai
1379:May 23,
1116:Dajōkan
800:Satsuma
782:of the
779:Kōtetsu
711:Fortant
606:kaigun-
543:History
363:by the
322:samurai
123:samurai
88:Capital
1632:
1609:
1411:
1303:中野和典.
773:Kasuga
715:Marlin
655:shōgun
533:Esashi
496:Sendai
370:shōgun
357:bakufu
345:bakufu
298:, now
139:
78:Status
1624:[
1315:(PDF)
1308:(PDF)
1210:Notes
1090:]
1063:]
1046:]
1019:]
992:]
975:]
948:]
839:Osaka
751:birth
608:bugyō
577:sosai
512:clans
374:'
325:caste
314:Japan
282:蝦夷共和國
268:Japan
134:Sosai
35:蝦夷共和國
21:Japan
1630:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1427:2021
1409:ISBN
1381:2013
1349:2021
1323:2021
776:and
766:The
721:and
506:and
469:and
441:and
396:and
275:The
106:Ainu
45:1869
1676:doi
1109:太政官
825:to
690:of
646:ryō
615:as
584:or
475:).
429:),
411:in
382:Edo
296:Ezo
1759::
1670:.
1651:.
1488:^
1417:.
1407:.
1112:,
1088:ja
1061:ja
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23:.
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