108:, it was once again returned to Spain. During those twenty years, and after, the Florida territory became a haven for British loyalists, Native Americans, and run-away slaves. Many citizens and politicians in the United States feared this haven and wished to bring Florida under control in order to protect the southern border. Aside from increasing pressure from the United States, Spain’s empire was weakened, thanks to the Napoleonic war and, more particularly, the
42:
184:
the news of the fort's capture to
Governor Coppinger. The governor, in turn, had the garrison's commander arrested for losing the fort without a fight. In July, a Spanish force advanced on Amelia island but was repulsed by the guns on MacGregor's vessels anchored in the harbor. However, as soon as MacGregor tried to deploy one of his ships out of Amelia Island, it was overtaken by a Spanish vessel and nearly all of the American crew were killed.
1259:
155:
admission into the Union.” He intended to use a private force so that the United States could add
Florida to its holdings while avoiding responsibility for an invasion. He also had commissions and claimed to be fighting on behalf of Venezuela and Mexico, further obfuscating his intentions and that of the United States. MacGregor eventually gathered a force of roughly 150 men, mostly from
136:
236:. Its first sentence reads: "I have the satisfaction to inform Congress, that the establishment at Amelia Island has been suppressed, and without the effusion of blood." Monroe included "the papers which explain this transaction", consisting of the letters of Graham and Crowninshield, letters of Aury, and other documentation from Federal records.
208:
arrived and assumed military command, making
Hubbard his adjutant-general. Within a short time, conflict and arose between the French and the American groups. Aside from a growing mountain of issues on Amelia Island itself, the United States government was also becoming increasingly unhappy about the
183:
at the northern end of Amelia Island. After disembarking, MacGregor and 55 musketeers surrounded Fort San Carlos and the garrison surrendered without a shot fired. Following the capture of the fort, MacGregor had the "Green Cross of
Florida" flag run up and released the Spanish garrison, who brought
227:
Believing that the occupation of Amelia Island by the men in question meant "that it would be used as a base from which to smuggle slaves and other merchandise into the U.S.", avoiding the customs duties which were the
Federal government's main source of revenue, took possession of the island in
196:
On
September 4, 1817, two of MacGregor's officers resigned. Only two days later, MacGregor himself set sail from Amelia island on his own vessel. He said that his reason for leaving was to gather more recruits and funds from the Bahamas and Baltimore, yet he would end up never returning to the
154:
In early
February 1817, MacGregor arrived in Baltimore, Maryland, and began to gather political and financial support to “wrest Florida from Spain” and embolden “the existing disposition of the people in that section to confederate with the United States” until a more “favorable time for their
112:, and increasingly losing control on its territories, including Florida. According to a letter written at the time, Spanish East Florida had only three military establishments; a garrison of about 200 men at St. Augustine, roughly 80 men at a place called the Cow Ford (now
875:
215:
t also shews that the Pseudo-Patriots of
Fernandina were one day Americans and the next Fioridians that there were to be found among them natives or subjects of all nations except Spain or Spanish America and that their true and sole object was
201:, a former congressman, who was left in charge of the military and Ruggles Hubbard, a former sheriff from New York, who was named the civil leader. The "Republic" at Amelia was soon attacked again by the Spanish but managed to beat them back.
868:
187:
Due to setbacks, the revolutionary forces suffered from desertions and by August 1817 were reduced to less than one hundred men. At the same time, local citizens were becoming increasingly unwelcoming to MacGregor and his forces.
861:
802:
171:. The agent spoke of an "army of 1,000 men" that would easily sweep aside the defending troops. The propaganda worked and many citizens fled their homes before MacGregor had even embarked on his campaign.
151:
and likely viewed the annexation of
Florida as a worthwhile investment. On top of land investments, MacGregor also wished to become a governor in Florida, to further increase his prestige and wealth.
1323:
104:
Starting with the
American Revolution, Florida was sought after by the United States. What had begun as a Spanish colony, Florida became a British holding from 1763 until 1783 when, with the
301:
State papers and publick documents of the United States, from the accession of George Washington to the presidency: exhibiting a complete view of our foreign relations since that time ...
790:
119:
Tensions between the two countries, and the individuals who lived on either side of the border, escalated and led to a number of conflicts. These conflicts included an insurrection in
1313:
818:"Republic of the Floridas: Constitution and Frame of Government Drafted by a Committee Appointed by the Assembly of Representatives, and Submitted at Fernandina, December 9, 1817"
731:
Phocion, and Joseph Meredith Toner Collection. The essays of Phocion, on the policy of the United States in relation to the war between Spain and her colonies. Washington, 1818
1308:
163:
but most were simply mercenaries. Before taking his small force down into the Florida territory, MacGregor sent an agent in disguise to sow fear amongst the citizens of
234:
Message from the President of the United States, communicating information of the troops of the United States having taken possession of Amelia Island, in East Florida
1318:
209:
smuggling and privateering of the "Republicans of the Floridas." On December 23, 1817, a U.S. army and naval forces overtook Amelia Island without resistance.
1293:
60:, was a short-lived attempt, from June to December 1817, to establish an independent Florida (the plural "Floridas" refers to the separate provinces of
791:
http://www.worldcat.org/title/report-of-the-committee-appointed-to-frame-the-plan-of-provisional-government-for-the-republic-of-floridas/oclc/967517848
1298:
1262:
180:
143:
Gregor MacGregor was a Scotsman who had fought during the Peninsular War before heading to South America and fighting for the revolutionaries in the
1204:
1199:
1224:
770:"THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, OF THE TROOPS OF THE UNITED STATES HAVING TAKEN POSSESSION OF AMELIA ISLAND IN EAST FLORIDA January 13, 1818"
1303:
889:
1189:
484:
326:
284:
144:
1209:
1184:
1219:
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1179:
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250:
Republic of the Floridas: Constitution and Frame of Government Drafted by a Committee Appointed by the Assembly of Representatives
1237:
1118:
1037:
85:
77:
853:
1214:
547:
1148:
1142:
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156:
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1231:
1094:
1283:
1013:
1007:
120:
35:
31:
92:, the only territory the country consisted of, and raised the Green Cross of Florida flag over the Spanish
246:
Report of the Committee Appointed to Frame the Plan of Provisional Government for the Republic of Floridas
105:
1088:
989:
945:
124:
113:
244:
On December 9, 1817, "first year of the independence of Floridas", there was printed in Fernandina the
971:
939:
148:
89:
1159:
1124:
1082:
1062:
959:
927:
1243:
754:
American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States
576:
431:
385:
72:, a Scottish military adventurer, and he was joined by French adventurer and soldier of fortune
27:
Attempt to create a new Florida by taking over East and West Florida starting with Amelia Island
305:
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081773586&view=1up&seq=11&skin=2021
1106:
1001:
983:
752:
734:
701:"Unmasked: The Author of "Narrative of a Voyage to the Spanish Main in the Ship "Two Friends""
543:
480:
322:
299:
United States. Department of State., Wait, T. B. (Boston)., United States. President. (1819).
280:
274:
205:
73:
41:
700:
633:
602:
508:
342:
1130:
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423:
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is now the Fernandina Plaza historic state park, operated by the Florida State park system.
69:
1050:
1031:
965:
951:
885:
769:
412:"Inca, Sailor, Soldier, King: Gregor MacGregor and the Early Nineteenth-Century Caribbean"
253:
168:
93:
319:
The Other War of 1812: The Patriot War and the American Invasion of Spanish East Florida
109:
81:
1277:
1044:
921:
893:
476:
The Land That Never Was: Sir Gregor MacGregor and the Most Audacious Fraud in History
474:
427:
164:
933:
229:
65:
61:
17:
204:
Shortly after the second failed attack by the Spanish, a French-born pirate named
817:
909:
198:
160:
135:
904:
509:"Letters Relating to Macgregor's Attempted Conquest of East Florida, 1817"
580:
564:
435:
411:
389:
373:
303:
3d ed. Boston: Printed and published by Thomas B. Wait. Retrieved from
123:
in 1810 and an unsuccessful attempt at a coup by the self-described
116:) on the St. Johns River, and "50 or 60 invalids" at Amelia Island.
179:
On June 29, 1817, MacGregor and his men sailed into the harbor at
134:
40:
738:
857:
197:
island. He left behind roughly forty men including a man named
276:
Florida's Past, Vol 2: People and Events That Shaped the State
321:. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. p. 14.
542:(1st ed.). Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press. p. 74.
456:
454:
452:
479:. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. p. 174.
248:. It was reprinted privately in 1942 under the title
1324:
Former regions and territories of the United States
838:. Florida Department of Environmental Protection
1314:States and territories disestablished in 1817
869:
232:delivered to Congress on January 13, 1818, a
8:
507:MacGregor, Gregor; Skinner, J. (July 1926).
343:"The Patriot War, a Contemporaneous Letter"
1309:States and territories established in 1817
876:
862:
854:
68:, then Spanish territory). It was led by
513:The Florida Historical Society Quarterly
378:The Florida Historical Society Quarterly
347:The Florida Historical Society Quarterly
634:"MacGregor's Invasion of Florida, 1817"
460:
265:
832:"Fernandina Plaza Historic State Park"
757:. Gales and Seaton. 1834. p. 141.
686:
674:
662:
175:Invasion and conquest of Amelia Island
1319:Former countries of the United States
1137:The Great Republic of Rough and Ready
279:. Pineapple Press. pp. 119–120.
145:Spanish American wars of independence
7:
905:Kingdoms and Provinces of New Spain
603:"American Seizure of Amelia Island"
563:Wyllys, Rufus Kay (December 1928).
416:Bulletin of Latin American Research
565:"The Filibusters of Amelia Island"
273:Gene M. Burnett (1 October 2014).
48:flag, also used as flag of Poyais.
25:
1294:Former countries in North America
1299:Pre-statehood history of Florida
1258:
1257:
1238:Provisional Government of Hawaii
1119:Provisional Government of Oregon
1038:Provisional Government of Mexico
705:The Florida Historical Quarterly
638:The Florida Historical Quarterly
607:The Florida Historical Quarterly
569:The Georgia Historical Quarterly
428:10.1111/j.0261-3050.2005.00124.x
374:"The First Spanish-American War"
699:Doyle, Patrick W. (Fall 1999).
410:Brown, Matthew (January 2005).
601:Lowe, Richard G. (July 1966).
372:Phinney, A.H. (January 1926).
159:. Some were veterans from the
1:
1304:Former unrecognized countries
1149:Confederate States of America
816:(Republic), Floridas (1942).
80:, whose execution by General
1143:The Kingdom of Beaver Island
84:shortly thereafter provoked
1345:
1113:Republic of the Rio Grande
632:Davis, T. F. (July 1928).
353:(3): 162–163. January 1927
29:
1253:
1095:Republic of Indian Stream
900:
538:Burnett, Gene M. (1988).
317:Cusick, James G. (2003).
127:in 1812 in East Florida.
86:an international incident
1057:Santa Fe de Nuevo MĂ©xico
1032:Second Republic of Texas
1026:Republic of the Floridas
1014:Republic of East Florida
1008:Republic of West Florida
972:United States of America
916:Santa Fe de Nuevo MĂ©xico
892:within the contemporary
473:Sinclair, David (2004).
228:December, and President
54:Republic of the Floridas
36:Republic of East Florida
32:Republic of West Florida
30:Not to be confused with
1020:First Republic of Texas
540:Florida's Past Volume 2
768:Monroe, James (1818).
220:
140:
88:. MacGregor conquered
49:
46:Green Cross of Florida
1089:Republic of Madawaska
990:Trans-Oconee Republic
836:floridastateparks.org
803:"LC Catalog - Browse"
211:
138:
44:
1083:Republic of Fredonia
167:and the garrison at
149:confidence trickster
58:Republic of Floridas
1232:Free State of Jones
1125:California Republic
960:Republic of Watauga
928:Provincias Internas
890:unrecognized states
192:End of the Republic
18:Republic of Florida
1244:Republic of Hawaii
940:Florida Occidental
252:. The location of
141:
50:
1271:
1270:
1107:Republic of Texas
1002:State of Muskogee
984:State of Franklin
772:. Washington, D.C
486:978-0-306-81309-2
328:978-0-8203-2921-5
286:978-1-56164-759-0
223:American conquest
206:Louis-Michel Aury
78:Richard Ambrister
74:Louis-Michel Aury
16:(Redirected from
1336:
1329:Island countries
1289:Former republics
1261:
1260:
1131:State of Deseret
1101:Indian Territory
1069:Coahuila y Tejas
1063:Sonora y Sinaloa
996:Hawaiian Kingdom
978:Vermont Republic
934:Florida Oriental
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131:Gregor MacGregor
76:and by the Scot
70:Gregor MacGregor
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691:
689:, p. 307.
679:
677:, p. 306.
667:
665:, p. 305.
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463:, pp. 74.
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384:(3): 114–129.
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110:Peninsular War
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82:Andrew Jackson
56:, also called
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894:United States
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90:Amelia Island
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63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
1040:(1823–1824)
1025:
840:. Retrieved
835:
826:
811:
797:
786:
774:. Retrieved
763:
753:
747:
730:
725:
713:. Retrieved
711:(2): 192–193
708:
704:
694:
682:
670:
658:
646:. Retrieved
641:
637:
627:
615:. Retrieved
610:
606:
596:
584:. Retrieved
572:
568:
558:
539:
533:
521:. Retrieved
516:
512:
502:
490:. Retrieved
475:
468:
461:Burnett 1988
439:. Retrieved
419:
415:
405:
393:. Retrieved
381:
377:
367:
355:. Retrieved
350:
346:
337:
318:
312:
307:, pp 144-145
300:
295:
275:
268:
249:
245:
243:
233:
226:
214:
212:
203:
195:
186:
178:
153:
142:
121:West Florida
118:
114:Jacksonville
103:
66:West Florida
62:East Florida
57:
53:
51:
45:
1246:(1894–1898)
1240:(1893–1894)
1234:(1863–1865)
1190:Mississippi
1153:1861–1865;
1145:(1850–1856)
1133:(1849–1850)
1121:(1841–1848)
1109:(1836–1846)
1103:(1834–1907)
1097:(1832–1835)
1085:(1826–1827)
1077:, 1836–1846
1071:, 1824–1835
1065:, 1824–1830
1059:, 1821–1846
1053:, 1821–1836
1047:, 1821–1824
1043:1835–1846;
1022:(1812–1813)
1004:(1799–1803)
998:(1795–1893)
986:(1784–1788)
980:(1777–1791)
974:(1776–1783)
968:(1775–1776)
962:(1772–1777)
954:, 1804–1821
948:, 1769–1801
946:La Luisiana
942:, 1783–1821
936:, 1783–1821
930:, 1776–1821
924:, 1690–1821
918:, 1598–1821
912:, 1565–1821
910:New Navarre
842:28 December
715:27 December
687:Wyllys 1928
675:Wyllys 1928
663:Wyllys 1928
648:23 December
617:27 December
586:22 December
523:27 December
492:23 December
441:22 December
199:Jared Irwin
161:War of 1812
1278:Categories
575:(4): 302.
549:0910923590
260:References
181:Fernandina
157:Charleston
100:Background
1210:Tennessee
1185:Louisiana
886:sovereign
422:(1): 45.
357:9 January
1263:Category
1220:Virginia
1195:Missouri
1180:Kentucky
1165:Arkansas
776:July 25,
739:09021923
581:40575973
436:27733714
395:19 April
390:30150723
125:Patriots
1175:Georgia
1170:Florida
1160:Arizona
1155:Alabama
884:Former
644:(1): 15
613:(1): 18
519:(1): 56
1139:(1850)
1127:(1846)
1115:(1840)
1091:(1827)
1034:(1819)
1028:(1817)
1016:(1812)
1010:(1810)
992:(1794)
737:
579:
546:
483:
434:
388:
325:
283:
240:Legacy
230:Monroe
1215:Texas
922:Tejas
577:JSTOR
432:JSTOR
386:JSTOR
216:booty
844:2022
778:2018
735:LCCN
717:2022
650:2022
619:2022
588:2022
544:ISBN
525:2022
494:2022
481:ISBN
443:2022
397:2022
359:2023
323:ISBN
281:ISBN
64:and
52:The
888:or
424:doi
34:or
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