520:
703:
907:
646:
492:
the rest of what is now
Indonesia, the first settlers were Australoid. Today many Maluku tribes still are ethnically Melanesian and closely represent the original settlers, most of these are what can be considered highlander communities that live in the mountain areas. In contrast, much of the coastal areas have seen a change in the make-up of the population since the original inhabitants have often mixed with the later influx of Austronesian migrations – ultimately causing modern day Moluccans to have a varying degree of Melanesian paternal and Austronesian maternal ancestry. It is widely considered that this area was the place of origin for the Polynesian expansion, and the genetic makeup of the people, cultural and linguistic background, alongside their outrigger canoe (catamaran and trimaran) technology, only further support this.
787:
re-establish their status in the new circumstances. The housing situation in the camps resembled in many ways the barracks of the colonial army, where the soldiers were housed, together with their families, under the direct supervision of non-commissioned officers. This specific housing situation contributed greatly to the isolation of the
Moluccan population from Dutch society. The camps, and later the neighbourhoods, became enclaves where the schools, though officially Dutch in programme and language, became exclusively Moluccan and where access to the labour market was geographically often restricted. Even when it became more and more obvious that there was no possibility to repatriate the ex-servicemen to Indonesia, the Dutch government did not formulate a radically different policy.
895:
where
Moluccans were significantly underrepresented. The recognition that employment, education and social welfare in general were important fields where the situation of the Moluccan population, and especially of the new generation, had to be improved, was a positive development. Partly because the second generation was already much more oriented to Dutch society, partly as a result of the policy of affirmative action, participation in the labour market and in the school system developed positively after 1980. Levels of educational attainment rose, unemployment levels were lower and the jobs fulfilled were also somewhat higher in scale. In general the second-generation Moluccans made a great leap forward in this period, compared to the first 'soldier generation'.
758:
734:: RMS, Republik Maluku Selatan) was proclaimed at Ambon. The RMS had strong support among the Ambonese and former Moluccan KNIL soldiers. As a consequence the Moluccan soldiers located outside the South Moluccas demanded to be discharged at Ambon. But Indonesia refused to let the Dutch transport these soldiers to Ambon as long as the RMS was not repressed, fearing prolonged military struggle. When after heavy fighting the RMS was repressed at Ambon, the soldiers refused to be discharged there. They now demanded to be demobilised at Seram, where pockets of resistance against Indonesia still existed. This was again blocked by Indonesia.
141:
657:. After the downfall of the VOC and the collapse of the trade in cloves, they were fully dependent on the colonial structure and found occupation in the colonial army. The Ambonese were regarded as fierce fighters, reliable soldiers and absolutely loyal to the Dutch Crown. It was precisely this reputation that made them unpopular with other Indonesian nationalities. All of this put them in a difficult position during both the Japanese occupation and the Indonesian national revolution. During the Japanese occupation in the Second World War, most of the Moluccan soldiers were only briefly interned as
661:(POWs). Initially, the Japanese occupation force decided to release them from military duty and send them home. However, the Japanese quickly discovered their miscalculation when the Moluccans became among the most active in the resistance movement against them. Throughout the occupied Dutch East Indies, Moluccan soldiers created underground resistance cells aiding the Allied forces. Some of these cells were active in gathering intelligence; other sleeper cells hid weapons in strategic locations waiting to take up arms during an Allied invasion. The Japanese secret police (
887:
social situation left much to be desired; school attainment was low and unemployment high. Earlier attempts to set up a communal platform for the government and
Moluccan representatives had not been successful, because of antagonism within the Moluccan communities and impossible political demands made at the outset by the Moluccans. In 1976 a platform was formed where government policy measures could be discussed with representatives of the Moluccan community, the IWM (Dutch abbreviation for: Inspraakorgaan Welzijn Molukkers). In 1978 a substantial White Paper (
749:
APRMS fled from the town of Ambon before the invading
Indonesian troops had taken up positions in old Dutch fortifications in the hills overlooking the town. From here they waged guerrilla warfare. The TNI took control of northern half of the island, but were halted by fierce Ambonese resistance at the one-kilometre wide isthmus, which links the southern half. On 5 November, the city of Ambon fell to APRIS. The RMS government went to Ceram in December to continue the RMS battle in the form of a guerrilla war.
611:
987:, so the present situation need not be changed. He rejects full Moluccan independence. Habibie's comments come in response to a decision by the designated new president of the Moluccan government-in-exile, John Wattilete's words that an independent Moluccan state is no longer its absolute priority. Although independence is still the ultimate goal, he says he would be satisfied with a form of autonomy similar to that introduced in Aceh. "The most important thing is that Moluccans themselves are in charge."
669:
82:
730:. Herein lay the source of the discontent among the Moluccan soldiers as, according to the KNIL policy, soldiers had the right to choose the place where they were to be discharged at the end of their contract. The political situation in the new Republic of Indonesia was initially unstable and, in particular, controversy over a federal or centralised form of the state resulted in armed conflicts in which Ambonese ex-KNIL men were involved. In 1950 an independent Republic of the South Moluccas (
1225:
70:
2560:
726:, this was an extremely difficult choice for the Protestant Ambonese, and only a minority chose to serve with the Indonesian Army. Disbanding proved a complicated process and, in 1951, two years after the transfer of sovereignty, not all soldiers had been demobilised. The Dutch were under severe international pressure to disband the colonial army and temporarily made these men part of the regular Dutch army, while trying to demobilise them in
2548:
821:. The ex-soldiers were deeply frustrated by the demise of the colonial army. The KNIL had offered not only an income, but also a whole way of life in which their status was secure. They had always been loyal to the Dutch Crown and had felt betrayed when their services were no longer rewarded. In response they had pinned their hopes on an independent RMS and had expected that the Dutch would help them to realise it.
2536:
2524:
873:
899:
persons who can be classified as
Moluccan. A majority of this population identifies itself to a certain extent with the Moluccan islands where their families once came from, but this identification seems less and less an impediment to integration in Dutch society. In this sense the Moluccans have at last become 'normal immigrants'.
804:
2314:
805:
807:
2077:"On 9 May 2024, Moluccan youngster Khoider Ali Ringirfuryaan alias Dede was arrested by the occupational Indonesian policeforce, only for holding the national South-Moluccan flag. This is a disgrace, Indonesia. Having a flag is not a crime. Dede needs to be released and returned to his family immediately!"
816:
This situation dragged on until 1970 when the CAZ was finally dissolved and normal ministerial and other agencies became responsible. The Dutch government had at last admitted that the
Moluccans were not temporary residents and that their future lay in the Netherlands. Still, in 1968 more than 80 per
491:
The original settlers of the
Moluccan Islands were similar to neighbouring islands like West Papua, East Nusa Tengarra and East Timor. They were ancestors of the Aboriginal Australians, then the ancestors of the Papuans, and lastly the Austronesian settlers from the Philippines by way of Taiwan. Like
1656:
In this article the words
Ambonese and Moluccans are used synonymously. This is strictly speaking not correct. The Protestant Ambonese form about 90 per cent of the Moluccans in the Netherlands and have played a decisive role. There is also a small number of Muslim Ambonese and of Moluccans from the
1203:
as head of state (1993–2010). However it no longer advocates violent action towards either the
Netherlands or Indonesia. The president in exile has said that the young generations should focus on their education and development opportunities in the Netherlands if they want to potentially support and
902:
Notwithstanding Moluccan integration into modern Dutch society has halted terrorist radicalisation, up to the 1990s the Netherlands were reminded yearly of the traumatic side of their colonial past, when celebrations of the RMS independence declaration frequently resulted in angry sentiments or even
898:
The situation of the Moluccans in the Netherlands is at present remarkably different from that in 1970. Practically all Moluccans are now Dutch citizens. This makes it more difficult to give the precise number of Moluccans in the Netherlands, though research shows that there are to date about 40,000
886:
Towards the end of this period of terrorist violence, the Dutch government had already dropped the idea that the Moluccans were temporary residents, but had not been able to create a channel of communication through which to discuss and implement policy measures that opened a way to the future. The
774:
repatriates. Whereas the latter were defined as fellow-citizens who had to be integrated as quickly and as fully as possible, the Moluccans were considered to be temporary residents who had to be repatriated to Indonesia. They were 'temporarily' housed in camps, mostly in rural areas and near small
748:
At the time of the proclamation, 1,739 KNIL troops, including 1,080 Ambonese, were stationed at Ambon. These soldiers became the backbone of the Armed Forces of RMS (APRMS). After a naval blockade by the Indonesian navy, Federal Indonesia Armed Forces (APRIS) invaded Ambon on 28 September 1950. The
786:
To deal with all kinds of daily matters the CAZ created 'representatives' in the camps who regulated the lives of the inhabitants in accordance with the rules. These representatives were (mostly) recruited from among the non-commissioned officers, who were in this way able, to a certain extent, to
1026:
was signed to end conflict and create peace in the Moluccas, asking Moluccans "to reject and oppose all kinds of separatist movements, among others the Republic of South Moluccas (RMS), that threaten the unity and sovereignty of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia". However, during the
637:
As early as 1605 armed Dutch merchantmen of the VOC captured the Portuguese fort at the location of Ambon city in the South Moluccas. It was an area already strongly influenced by the Portuguese (Portuguese family names, religion and language were common) and the Dutch developed it into the first
894:
The IWM has proved a valuable communication channel for communal projects. A case in point was the plan to create thousands of jobs for Moluccans in government service. The primary goal was to combat high unemployment, but a secondary goal was to open up a particular section of the labour market
1568:
Note: Both the Hongi and Nuku raiding tactics were based on the common practice of slave raiders that existed well before the arrival of European traders. Widjojo, Muridan S. "Cross-Cultural Alliance-Making and Local Resistance in the Moluccas during the Revolt of Prince Nuku, c. 1780–1810" PhD
833:
This situation led to growing tension and to splits within the RMS movement. The older generation of leaders of the RMS movement saw their authority challenged. Finally the crisis in the Ambonese communities exploded in a decade of violence against internal rivals and Dutch society. A series of
859:
in 1977 led to a final escalation of the violence. The Dutch government saw no other way out than to use military force to end the action. Meanwhile, support for this kind of action within the Moluccan community was ebbing. Instead of reuniting the Moluccans in the Netherlands, this radicalism
1220:
The RMS flag is vertical blue, white, green, red (1:1:1:6) and has proportions 2:3. It was first hoisted 2 May 1950 at 10.00 AM. Two days later the government gave the explanation of the flag. Blue symbolises the sea and loyalty, white stands for purity, peace and the white beaches, green the
824:
These feelings continued and were even strengthened in the years of isolated settlement in the Netherlands. There seemed to be only one worthwhile ideal and that was the creation of the RMS. But whatever the merits of this ideal, the Moluccans in the Netherlands could do nothing to bring its
769:
The Dutch government finally decided to transport the remaining men and their families to the Netherlands. They were discharged on arrival and 'temporarily' housed in camps until it was possible for them to return to the Moluccan islands. In this way around 12,500 persons were settled in the
808:
995:'s planned state visit to the Netherlands, the first such visit since 1970, Wattilete issued legal proceedings to have him arrested upon entering the country. Although legal experts called this action senseless and without much chance of success, Yudhoyono cancelled his visit the next day.
1636:
The complicated story of the disbanding of the KNIL is set out briefly here. For a more extended analysis see Manuhutu (1987); Steylen (1996: 33-63); van Amersfoort (1982: 101-8). The psychological impact of the dissolution of the KNIL on the Ambonese servicemen is described in Wittermans
574:
lasted from 1945 until 1949. After international pressure, the Dutch acknowledged a federal Indonesian republic on 27 December 1949. In the first instance, the Netherlands only acknowledged the independence of Indonesia as a federation of autonomous states, of which one was South Maluku.
790:
There was little integration from these camps into the wider Dutch population. The purported government-in-exile was not recognised by the government, but due to Dutch antipathy to Indonesian authorities, did not face serious opposition in its activities. Following the settlement of the
942:, who toured the Netherlands in 2008 and acknowledged Daniel Sahuleka as one of his main inspirations. In the 21st century, new generations of South Moluccans in the Netherlands have chosen ways to manifest their heritage and express themselves, by performing traditional Tifa music and
543:
were uprooted and most wealth was looted by the 'Hongi' warriors. Survivors who escaped had to start from scratch and, during two centuries of resistance, the East Seramese increasingly suffered impoverishment. However, their independent trading network was never completely destroyed.
1551:
Widjojo, Muridan S. "Cross-Cultural Alliance-Making and Local Resistance in the Moluccas during the Revolt of Prince Nuku, c. 1780–1810" PhD Dissertation, Leiden University, 2007 (Publisher: KITLV, Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 1, 2008) Pp. 141–149
1166:, the previous Indonesian ambassador to the Netherlands and brother to the third president of Indonesia, has said that he would do all he can to facilitate the repatriation of first generation Moluccans to their homeland, if they would stop aiming at an independent state.
567:, a former sergeant in the army of Britain, who had ruled the islands for a short time before returning them to the Dutch in 1816. After reinforcements were sent from the colonial capital Batavia, the insurgents were captured and Pattimura was executed in 1817.
855:, the aims of these actions were not very clear; apart from restoring unity within the RMS movement, it is difficult to see any concrete objectives in the vague rhetoric and impossible political demands made by the attackers. Attacks on a train and on a
1646:
The history of the Indos and their emigration from Indonesia after World War II is also reflected in interesting ways in the Dutch literature: the circumstances of the repatriation are, for instance, spiritedly evoked in the stories of Springer (2001:
1241:
depicts the white Moluccan dove called 'Pombo'. The white dove is seen as a symbol of positivity and a good omen. The 'Pombo' is shown, about to start flying, the wings half opened and in its beak a peace branch, the chest tattooed with a crossed
676:
After the capitulation of the Imperial Japanese Army to the Allied forces, the Moluccan soldiers acted equally defiantly towards the Indonesian revolutionaries trying to fill the power vacuum left by the Japanese. Smaller scale conflicts in the
770:
Netherlands, more or less against their will and certainly also against the original plans of the Dutch government. The reaction of the Dutch government to the settlement of the Moluccan soldiers was exactly the opposite of the reaction to the
686:(Republican Indonesian army, TNI) encountered the military prowess of the Moluccan special troops. The heavy fighting triggered them to create their own special troops. At that time the Moluccan special troops' only contemporaries were the
799:
to Indonesia, Dutch relations with Indonesia improved, and the South Moluccan movement lost support. A small number returned to Indonesia as part of a voluntary repatriation, but some of these returned due to the difficulty of adjusting.
1257:
of the RMS coat of arms state the words 'Mena – Moeria'. This slogan is derived from the original Melanesian Moluccan language. Since ancient times it is yelled by the steerer and paddlers of the traditional Moluccan rowing boats called
990:
John Wattilete became RMS president in April 2010. He is the first to come from the second generation of Moluccans in the Netherlands and is regarded as more pragmatic than previous leaders. However one day before Indonesian President
825:
realisation any nearer. Moreover, the isolated situation in the camps and neighbourhoods had given rise to a type of expressive leadership that could only manifest itself in opposing and confronting the CAZ and the Dutch in general.
1011:. The South Moluccan Republic, however, was also supported by some Moluccan Muslims in the region at that time. Today the memory of the RMS and its separatist objectives still resonates in Indonesia. Moluccan Christians, during the
681:
period between regrouped Moluccan fighting units and Permuda groups usually left the well-trained Moluccan fighters victorious. In their efforts to subdue the counter revolutionary RMS movement on Ambon, the newly established
534:
were only subdued after the indigenous power structure and organisation of trade and politics was destroyed with the extermination and eviction of the Bandanese population in 1621. To repress the autonomous traders of East
2652:
838:
attacks started in 1970 with a raid on the residence of the Indonesian ambassador in Wassenaar. The Dutch reaction to this attack was restrained. The attackers received mild sentences and were still seen as misguided
516:(VOC) emerged as the dominant merchant power in Maluku. Through an effective combination of force and diplomacy, the VOC achieved a structure of indirect rule in northern Maluku and direct rule in southern Maluku.
1124:
During their exile parts of the RMS movement have committed terror attacks in the Netherlands. Most research argues that the attacks were caused by frustration over the lack of support from the Dutch government.
519:
702:
1128:
The first attack took place in 1970 at the Indonesian Ambassador's house at Wassenaar, during which a Dutch policeman was shot and killed. This attack was followed up in 1975 with the hijacking of a train at
512:. At one point, cloves were worth their weight in gold, and Portuguese, Spanish, British and Dutch traders all fought to control the incredibly profitable spice trade monopoly. Eventually, the traders of the
806:
906:
558:
Maluku islanders staged various rebellions during the Dutch colonisation of the Indonesian archipelago in the 19th century following the collapse of the VOC. In a famous revolt on the south Maluku island
1120:
in the Netherlands. The following year some 12,000 Moluccan soldiers accompanied by their families went to the Netherlands, where they established a "Republic of the South Moluccas" government-in-exile.
622:(KNIL) were recruited among the population of Ambon and the surrounding South Moluccan islands. The South Moluccan islands were among the first to come under European influence in the 16th century. The
450:
prescribing a federal form of statehood. When that treaty, agreed between the Dutch government and the Indonesian government in December 1949, was broken, they unilaterally declared a fully independent
1586:
356:
can be translated variously. The phrase literally means "Front-Back" or "Onward-Backward", but it is often interpreted as "To lead, to follow", "I go, you follow", and "One for all, all for one".
1207:
John Wattilete became RMS president in April 2010. He is the first to come from the second generation of Moluccans in the Netherlands and is regarded as more pragmatic than previous leaders.
645:
458:
After the defeat of the RMS on Ambon by Indonesian forces in November 1950, the self-declared government withdrew to Seram, where an armed struggle continued on until 2 December 1963. The
446:. Early organised indigenous resistance came from the South Moluccas with support and aid from the Dutch government and military. The South Moluccan rebels initially clung on to an early
398:
154:
1956:
2662:
1971:
891:) was sent by the government to parliament. It offered measures to enhance Moluccan participation in Dutch society, in particular in the fields of education and the labour market.
757:
1141:. Three hostages were executed in the train and one Indonesian man was mortally wounded while trying to escape the consulate. In 1977 another train was hijacked, this time at
2667:
1262:', to synchronise their strokes during off shore expeditions. It literally means 'Front – Back', but is also translated as 'I go – We follow' or 'One for all – All for One'.
983:
in 2009 that Indonesia was pleased that the exiled Moluccan government is no longer striving for an independent state. According to the ambassador, Moluccans already have
598:
to the House of Representatives, was retained. This was a source of political instability in the young republic, with frequent changes in government until the rise of the
582:(KNIL) soldiers and other South Moluccan men who remained loyal to the Dutch crown, staged a revolt and proclaimed an independent "Republic of South Maluku" (Indonesian:
140:
547:
From 1780 to 1802, the people of Seram joined an alliance of North Moluccan, Papuan and British forces in a combined revolt. Resistance leader prince Nuku (the exiled
775:
towns. A special agency was set up to manage all matters concerning these temporary residents, the 'Commissariaat Ambonezenzorg' (CAZ). the camps included the former
2224:
475:
474:, the group has never carried acts of violence against the Indonesian government in the present day. The Republic of South Maluku has been a member state of the
2622:
1590:
2049:
447:
2632:
2009:
1926:
539:, the VOC organised 'Hongi' raiding expeditions with warrior bands from other south Maluku islands. During 'Hongi' raids, houses and vessels were burnt,
570:
During the independence movement of Indonesia, Indonesian republicans included South Maluku as part of the independent Indonesia they declared in 1945.
455:(RMS) in April 1950. The South Moluccan leaders based their decision on the treaty, which stipulated autonomy for each of the states of the federation.
2617:
1073:
1015:
in the Moluccas, were accused by Muslim groups of having independence as their goal. This accusation has been useful in galvanising Muslims to fight (
1900:
1134:
2023:
1154:
861:
2642:
1077:
552:
295:
1116:
until 1962. The defeat on Ambon however resulted in the flight of the self-declared RMS government from the islands, and the formation of a
555:
under the Dutch sphere of influence. When the British left the arena in 1802 his plans were foiled and the Dutch restored their dominance.
1968:
1569:
Dissertation, Leiden University, 2007 (Publisher: KITLV, Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 1, 2008) Pp. 141–149
653:
During the era of the VOC, the Moluccans were not only forced to trade with the VOC only, but also to focus solely on the production of
1455:
880:
81:
2612:
1042:, stockpiling weapons and flying the RMS flag in public places. The leader of the FKM organisation, Alex Manuputty, has fled to the
1027:
visit to Ambon of the Indonesian president in the summer of 2007, RMS sympathisers disturbed ceremonies by performing the Moluccan
2657:
2184:
1146:
856:
1709:
Smeets, H. and Veenman, J. (2000) "Three generations of Moluccans in the Netherlands." iI Vermeulen, H. and Penninx, R. (eds),
1181:
island. He was only captured by the Indonesian Army in Ceram on 2 December 1962. Brought to trial before a military tribunal in
2423:
1142:
1130:
1019:), and the situation has not been aided by the fact that some diaspora Moluccan Christian groups have taken up the RMS banner.
848:
844:
2076:
2418:
2214:
910:
Image showing traditional cakalele dance performance; nowadays Moluccans are rediscovering their ancient cultural traditions.
711:
591:
571:
443:
1722:
Beets, G., Walhout, E. and Koesoebjono, S. (2002) "Demografische ontwikkeling van de Molukse bevolkingsgroep in Nederland."
551:) established himself on Seram and aimed at uniting the North and South Moluccas under his leadership. His raiders targeted
2573:
1997:
1986:
1049:
On 26 October 2020, three activists were jailed for three years after being charged with treason for flying the RMS flag.
2514:
438:
were formed through colonial expansion finalised in the 20th century. After the occupation by the Japanese Empire during
668:
619:
579:
1270:
The RMS anthem is called "Maluku tanah airku", which translates to English as "Maluku my homeland," and was written by
2109:
980:
843:. Within the Moluccan community the 'boys of action' gained great prestige. This fuelled further terrorist actions in
69:
2627:
1450:
466:'s capture and execution by Indonesian authorities. The exiled government claimed their continued existence, with
2637:
1465:
1012:
513:
2192:
1668:
1053:
1035:
992:
963:
876:
639:
109:
1930:
2647:
1097:
792:
780:
530:
Throughout much of the VOC era (17th and 18th centuries), the south Moluccans resisted Dutch dominance. The
2501:
2343:
1735:
van Amersfoort, H. (2004) "The waxing and waning of a diaspora: Moluccans in the Netherlands, 1950-2002."
1470:
1112:
was defeated by Indonesian forces in November 1950, while a smaller scale guerrilla struggle continued on
796:
595:
209:
1904:
2338:
1163:
719:
683:
599:
934:
in the Netherlands. Also from the South Moluccan community in the Netherlands is the singer songwriter
714:, the Dutch had to disband the reinstated KNIL, and the native soldiers had the choice of either being
946:
dances, but also by expressing themselves with contemporary music like hip-hop. In addition, in Dutch
610:
947:
1117:
1069:
1061:
731:
691:
548:
471:
459:
192:
158:
36:
2100:
Note that its head of state remained C.Soumokil who continued to lead the armed struggle on Ceram.
2564:
2328:
2207:
2151:
2125:
1875:
1849:
1823:
1779:
1753:
1200:
509:
269:
1574:
1557:
1153:(BBE) in which six hijackers and two hostages died. The last action took place in 1978 when the
665:) responded by torturing and beheading any suspect, which usually did not deter the Moluccans.
2050:"Jonge RMS-activist in Ambon geslagen en opgepakt na vertoon RMS-vlag tijdens voetbalwedstrijd"
1224:
2388:
2363:
1570:
1553:
1460:
1089:
923:
743:
431:
417:
2148:"MALUKU TANAH AIRKU – LAGU KEBANGSAAN R.M.S. – 25 APRIL 2009 25 04 2009 MENA MURIA APELDOORN"
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2373:
2353:
2293:
1683:
1023:
818:
590:, proclaimed the restoration of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia's
233:
1624:
1177:
was the RMS president in 1954 who went into hiding and led the armed guerrilla struggle on
2552:
2378:
2333:
1975:
1096:
account expressed its concern over the arrest of a 15 year old teenager and condemned the
1085:
1056:
alias "Dede" who was 15 years old was detained by Maluku Regional Police for carrying the
935:
658:
914:
In the 1950s and 1960s Moluccan musicians made their mark together with artists from the
722:. Due to a deep distrust of the Republican leadership, which was predominantly Javanese
2528:
2454:
2398:
2348:
1275:
1271:
1243:
1193:
1174:
959:
951:
927:
919:
467:
463:
281:
257:
245:
187:
182:
50:
2547:
2606:
2298:
2200:
1611:
This initiative by former KNIL officer Evert Kawilarang developed into the notorious
1445:
1081:
1043:
623:
531:
169:
2358:
2273:
1238:
1178:
1113:
1109:
1039:
1016:
1004:
939:
931:
776:
536:
500:
The Maluku Islands were the only place in the world that grew the prized spices of
439:
413:
405:
401:
950:
many South Moluccans in the Netherlands have made names for themselves, including
1927:"Indonesia approves Moluccan change of course | Radio Netherlands Worldwide"
2243:
955:
915:
771:
715:
627:
427:
423:
2368:
2288:
2238:
2147:
2121:
1871:
1845:
1819:
1775:
1749:
1687:
1150:
2588:
2575:
1901:"Moluccan exiles will settle for autonomy | Radio Netherlands Worldwide"
2449:
2087:
1259:
1138:
1093:
1028:
852:
835:
662:
631:
564:
540:
462:
moved to the Netherlands in 1966, following resistance leader and president
435:
2024:"Ini Kronologis Pelajar SMP Bawa Bendera RMS untuk Semaraki Nobar di Ambon"
979:
The Indonesian ambassador to the Netherlands, Yunus Effendi Habibie, told
938:. In Indonesia, many famous musicians are ethnic Moluccans, like pop star
860:
threatened to lead to more division. When, in 1978, a group of youngsters
2444:
2439:
2303:
1700:
Siahaya (1972) paints a good picture of the mind of a Moluccan terrorist.
1612:
1247:
984:
943:
840:
524:
205:
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which was spontaneously supported by another, improvised, attack on the
2459:
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2283:
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1952:
1517:
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1182:
872:
678:
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560:
1998:
Live video footage interview with Alex Manuputty in exile, in the USA.
1092:. The Government of the Republic of South Maluku through its official
618:
A relatively large number of the professional soldiers serving in the
2413:
2278:
2268:
2253:
2248:
2010:"Three activists in Maluku convicted of treason for raising RMS flag"
1254:
723:
687:
654:
505:
817:
cent of the Moluccans were still without official citizenship, i.e.
2464:
2403:
1223:
1008:
905:
871:
756:
701:
667:
644:
609:
518:
501:
470:
as its incumbent president since April 2010. However, unlike the
442:
ended in 1945, nationalist leaders on Java unilaterally declared
430:
control across the archipelago in the 19th century, establishing
2496:
2408:
1627:
Video footage showing the official ceremony disbanding the KNIL.
1490:
1060:
flag of the Republic of South Maluku during the watch together (
727:
508:, making it a prime destination for European traders during the
409:
2313:
2196:
2653:
Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
626:
mission had been more successful there than elsewhere in the
1281:
1007:, unlike most regions in Indonesia which are overwhelmingly
802:
1625:
De plechtigheden in Djakarta bij de opheffing van het KNIL.
1221:
vegetation, and red the ancestors and blood of the people.
2185:
Provisional Constitution of the Republic of South Moluccas
1801:
753:
Demobilisation of the Moluccan soldiers to the Netherlands
1185:, he was sentenced to death and executed under President
1157:
was occupied. This action too was ended by BBE marines.
1149:. These actions were ended with force by marines of the
868:
Second and third generation Moluccans in the Netherlands
1518:"Integration and Conflict in Indonesia's Spice Islands"
1084:. This sparked controversy in Indonesia, especially in
2512:
1872:"FURIUZ STYLEZ – KEPALA BATU videoclip (Molukse Rap)"
862:
raided the seat of the provincial government in Assen
98:
2489:
2473:
2432:
2321:
2231:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1108:The main stronghold of the rebellious RMS group on
606:
South Moluccan career soldiers of the colonial army
325:
315:
305:
291:
275:
263:
251:
239:
227:
215:
201:
175:
165:
150:
23:
829:South Moluccan terrorist action in the Netherlands
1199:The government-in-exile continues to exist, with
416:, which currently make up most of the Indonesian
145:Territory claimed by the Republic of South Maluku
586:). On 17 August 1950, the Indonesian President,
351:
121:
28:
1951:Images of 1970 state visit by former President
903:serious rioting in the streets of the capital.
889:"De Problematiek van de Molukkers in Nederland"
572:Indonesia's struggle to secure its independence
563:, the Dutch fort was taken by the rebel leader
2225:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
2030:(in Indonesian). Referensi Maluku. 10 May 2024
630:; half the Ambonese population adhered to the
476:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
2663:States and territories disestablished in 1963
2208:
2110:Dutch television interview with Junus Habibie
812:Video footage of the arrival of KNIL soldiers
8:
1820:"Daniel Sahuleka at Java Jazz Festival 2006"
1228:Coat of Arms of the Republic of South Maluku
1160:From the 1980s no such actions re-occurred.
1034:Since 1999, a new organisation known as the
1003:The South Moluccan people are predominantly
594:of government, whereby the cabinet would be
1278:, with Melanesian Moluccan words mixed in.
864:, they received not the slightest support.
795:in 1963, after which the Netherlands ceded
42:
2668:States and territories established in 1950
2215:
2201:
2193:
366:Due to the government-in-exile's location.
139:
20:
2056:(in Dutch). Saka Mese Maluku. 10 May 2024
1046:, but continues to support independence.
1929:. Rnw.nl. 17 August 2009. Archived from
1903:. Rnw.nl. 17 August 2009. Archived from
16:Former secessionist country in Indonesia
2519:
2481:District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
1737:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
1482:
1427:That our sacred call may forever live.
496:European conquest of the South Moluccas
404:that originally claimed the islands of
376:In exile in the Netherlands since 1966.
1895:
1893:
1711:Immigrant Integration. The Dutch Case.
1090:Moluccans community in the Netherlands
761:South Moluccans disembarking the ship
2154:from the original on 22 December 2021
2128:from the original on 22 December 2021
1878:from the original on 22 December 2021
1852:from the original on 22 December 2021
1826:from the original on 22 December 2021
1782:from the original on 22 December 2021
1756:from the original on 22 December 2021
1409:Onwards without fear, the higher call
1013:sectarian violence of 1999–2002
324:
314:
304:
300:
274:
262:
250:
238:
226:
222:
214:
7:
1776:"RMS Demonstration – April 25, 1995"
1667:Warmenhoven, Henri J. (March 1978).
1147:primary school hijack at Bovensmilde
918:community. In the 1980s, bands like
649:KNIL recruits being trained on Ambon
2623:1963 disestablishments in Indonesia
1713:Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis. pp. 36-63.
2633:Former countries in Southeast Asia
1456:List of people from Maluku Islands
922:were popular. Massada's hit song "
14:
1516:Stott, David Adam (1 June 2017).
1419:And above all in great resilience
1192:The first president in exile was
578:On 25 April 1950, demobilised ex-
2618:1950 establishments in Indonesia
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2312:
2122:"Junus Effendi Habibie – Part 2"
1724:Maandstatistiek van de bevolking
1669:"Who Are These South Moluccans?"
1385:Above all thy harrowing history.
1052:On 9 May 2024, a teenager named
881:National Team of the Netherlands
80:
68:
1398:Have shed their blood for thee.
2075:@pemerintahrms (10 May 2024).
1421:I will sacrifice and struggle.
1392:Through this road of suffering
966:, whose mothers are Moluccan.
712:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
2643:Former unrecognized countries
1404:Above all I will protect thee
614:Decorated KNIL soldiers, 1927
523:South Moluccan warriors from
434:. The borders of present-day
1657:islands of Kei and Tanimbar.
1371:I devote my strength to thee
1204:develop the South Moluccas.
1155:provincial building in Assen
1151:Bijzondere Bijstands Eenheid
698:Disbanding the colonial army
620:Royal Dutch East Indies Army
580:Royal Dutch East Indies Army
2177:Official government website
1396:Thy true sons and daughters
1334:Mena-Muria, printah leluhur
1031:and hoisting the RMS flag.
981:Radio Netherlands Worldwide
718:or joining the army of the
706:South Moluccan KNIL soldier
131:
44:Republiek der Zuid-Molukken
2684:
1970:Retrieved 5 October 2010.
1451:Free South Moluccan Youths
1406:And thy harrowing history.
1375:Thou art my great heritage
1340:Seperti laskar yang jujur.
1325:Ku bersumpah trus berbakti
1189:'s rule on 12 April 1966.
926:" is the only song in the
741:
684:Tentara Nasional Indonesia
371:
361:
346:
2310:
1688:10.1017/S0084255900027200
1587:"Verzetsmuseum – Stories"
1466:Maluku sectarian conflict
1425:And above all I will pray
1415:As an army just and true.
1379:I will always honour thee
1054:Khoider Ali Ringirfuryaan
975:Events in the Netherlands
879:playing football for the
634:branch of Protestantism.
592:liberal democratic system
514:Dutch East Indies Company
339:
335:
301:
287:
223:
138:
116:
94:
64:
59:
2613:Republic of South Maluku
1522:The Asia-Pacific Journal
1402:To keep thy future safe.
1400:I am sworn to dedication
1344:Behkan harap yang teguh.
1342:Dengan prisai dan imanku
1274:and O. Sahalessy in the
1036:Maluku Sovereignty Front
964:Giovanni van Bronckhorst
877:Giovanni van Bronckhorst
851:. As with the attack in
640:Dutch East India Company
453:Republic of South Maluku
432:a unitary administration
395:Republic of South Maluku
110:One for all, all for one
25:Republic of South Maluku
2658:Separatism in Indonesia
1987:Dutch television report
1974:3 February 2017 at the
1750:"RMS demonstratie 1971"
1413:I hasten to defend thee
1383:I will recall in memory
1346:Ku berkurban dan berasa
1327:Serta tanggung nasibmu.
1321:Putra-putri yang sejati
1313:Oh Maluku, tanah airku,
1302:Yang leluhur dan teguh.
1292:Oh Maluku, tanah airku,
1098:Government of Indonesia
793:West New Guinea dispute
584:Republik Maluku Selatan
444:Indonesian independence
99:
30:Republik Maluku Selatan
2344:Chittagong Hill Tracts
1491:"UNPO: South Moluccas"
1471:Republic of West Papua
1423:For thou art my cradle
1411:I yell wholeheartedly.
1394:Will we reach liberty.
1373:As long as I may live.
1352:Mena-Muria, hiduplah!
1229:
1065:
1038:(FKM) has operated in
911:
883:
813:
797:Netherlands New Guinea
766:
707:
673:
650:
615:
553:South Moluccan islands
527:
352:
317:• Disestablished
210:provisional government
122:
43:
29:
1846:"Maluku Tribal Dance"
1752:. 13 September 2007.
1417:With shield and faith
1390:Land of my ancestors.
1338:Bersegralah membelamu
1331:Sejarahmu yang pedih.
1319:Engkau hidup merdeka.
1310:Sejarahmu yang pedih.
1306:Hingga sampai ajalku.
1304:Aku junjung selamanya
1300:Engkaulah pusaka raya
1294:Tanah tumpah darahku.
1227:
1164:Junus Effendi Habibie
1022:In the Moluccas, the
909:
875:
811:
760:
720:Republic of Indonesia
705:
671:
648:
613:
522:
402:secessionist republic
176:Common languages
2162:– via YouTube.
2136:– via YouTube.
1886:– via YouTube.
1874:. 6 September 2007.
1860:– via YouTube.
1834:– via YouTube.
1790:– via YouTube.
1764:– via YouTube.
1388:Maluku, my homeland,
1367:Maluku, my homeland,
1336:Segenap jiwaku seru.
1329:Aku lindung terlebih
1323:Tumpah darah bagimu.
1315:Tanah datuk-datukku.
1296:Ku berbakti kepadamu
1135:Indonesian consulate
672:KNIL regiment, 1943.
448:post-colonial treaty
277:• 2010–present
2585: /
2389:Southern Azerbaijan
1967:Newspaper article.
1848:. 19 October 2008.
1381:Until my dying day.
1377:Uplifted above all.
1362:English translation
1298:Slama hari hidupku.
1118:government in exile
1070:2024 Paris Olympics
999:Events in Indonesia
692:British Indian Army
638:secure base of the
478:(UNPO) since 1991.
472:Free Papua Movement
460:government-in-exile
307:• Established
159:government in exile
132:Maluku, My Homeland
123:Maluku, Tanah Airku
2054:sakamesemaluku.com
2028:referensimaluku.id
1822:. 9 January 2008.
1369:My land of origin.
1350:Ku doakan terlebih
1348:Karena dikaa ibuku
1308:Aku ingat terlebih
1230:
1201:Frans Tutuhatunewa
1080:at Merdeka Field,
912:
884:
814:
767:
765:, Rotterdam, 1951.
708:
674:
651:
616:
528:
510:Age of Exploration
418:province of Maluku
270:Frans Tutuhatunewa
155:Unrecognized state
2628:Dutch East Indies
2589:3.617°S 128.100°E
2510:
2509:
2399:Southern Mongolia
2364:Iranian Kurdistan
2150:. 29 April 2009.
2124:. 24 March 2008.
1933:on 21 August 2009
1907:on 20 August 2009
1461:Invasion of Ambon
1436:
1435:
1317:Atas via dolorosa
1145:, supported by a
1068:) play-off match
809:
744:Invasion of Ambon
738:Invasion of Ambon
487:Original settlers
426:conquest exerted
393:, officially the
384:
383:
265:• 1993–2010
253:• 1966–1992
241:• 1950–1966
2675:
2638:Former republics
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2590:
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2583:
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2539:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2526:
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2424:West Balochistan
2354:Gilgit Baltistan
2316:
2294:Western Togoland
2284:Rehoboth Basters
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1739:, 30(1): 151-74.
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1600:
1598:
1589:. Archived from
1583:
1577:
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1560:
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1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
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1024:Malino II Accord
810:
659:prisoners of war
549:Sultan of Tidore
375:
365:
355:
350:
234:Johanis Manuhutu
143:
129:
125:
106:
105:(Ambonese Malay)
102:
84:
72:
54:
46:
40:
32:
21:
2683:
2682:
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2674:
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2603:
2602:
2594:-3.617; 128.100
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2223:Members of the
2221:
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2017:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1996:
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1985:
1981:
1976:Wayback Machine
1966:
1962:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
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1778:. 4 July 2007.
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1497:. 25 March 2008
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952:Simon Tahamata
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2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:Bellah people
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2186:
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2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1906:
1902:
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1877:
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1593:on 5 May 2013
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1446:E. U. Pupella
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1287:Original text
1284:
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1250:' and spear.
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1211:State symbols
1210:
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1197:
1196:(1966–1993).
1195:
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1079:
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1074:Indonesia U23
1071:
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1066:nonton bareng
1063:
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1044:United States
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958:, as well as
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837:
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798:
794:
788:
784:
782:
779:transit camp
778:
773:
764:
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750:
745:
737:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
704:
697:
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690:units of the
689:
685:
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666:
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532:Banda Islands
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388:
374:
373:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
349:
348:
343:
342:
338:
334:
331:12 April 1966
330:
327:• Exile
320:
311:25 April 1950
310:
297:
296:Post-colonial
294:
290:
286:
283:
280:
271:
268:
259:
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111:
101:
97:
93:
83:
71:
63:
58:
52:
45:
38:
31:
22:
19:
2570:
2502:West Papuans
2393:
2156:. Retrieved
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2116:
2105:
2096:
2086:– via
2080:. Retrieved
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2053:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2027:
2018:
2004:
1993:
1982:
1963:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:the original
1880:. Retrieved
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1814:
1805:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1744:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1679:
1675:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1620:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:the original
1581:
1564:
1530:. Retrieved
1525:
1521:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1430:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1269:
1252:
1239:coat of arms
1236:
1233:Coat of arms
1219:
1206:
1198:
1191:
1173:
1162:
1159:
1127:
1123:
1107:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1033:
1021:
1017:Laskar Jihad
1002:
989:
978:
970:21st century
940:Glenn Fredly
913:
901:
897:
893:
888:
885:
832:
823:
815:
789:
785:
768:
762:
747:
709:
675:
652:
636:
617:
583:
577:
569:
557:
546:
529:
499:
490:
457:
452:
440:World War II
422:
399:unrecognised
394:
390:
387:South Maluku
386:
385:
370:
360:
345:
229:• 1950
128:(Indonesian)
117:
96:Motto:
95:
87:Coat of arms
18:
2592: /
2565:Netherlands
2339:Balochistan
2244:Barotseland
2158:10 February
2132:10 February
1882:10 February
1856:10 February
1830:10 February
1786:10 February
1760:10 February
1597:10 February
1532:20 February
1058:Benang Raja
956:Bobby Petta
716:demobilised
710:During the
628:East Indies
596:accountable
2607:Categories
2374:Khuzestani
2369:Khmer Krom
2289:Somaliland
2239:Afrikaners
2188:(in Dutch)
2180:(in Dutch)
1937:9 November
1911:9 November
1806:massada.nu
1477:References
1170:Presidents
1078:Guinea U23
1062:Indonesian
932:number one
781:Westerbork
763:Kota Inten
732:Indonesian
624:Protestant
541:cash crops
353:Mena-Muria
202:Government
193:Indonesian
161:after 1966
100:Mena-Muria
37:Indonesian
2541:Indonesia
2450:Catalonia
2088:Instagram
1802:"Massada"
1682:(3): 10.
1676:Worldview
1647:179-239).
1575:1979-8431
1558:1979-8431
1260:Kora Kora
1139:Amsterdam
1094:Instagram
1029:war dance
1005:Christian
993:Yudhoyono
930:to reach
853:Wassenaar
841:idealists
836:terrorist
819:stateless
663:Kempeitai
632:Calvinist
600:New Order
565:Pattimura
436:Indonesia
216:President
60:1950–1963
2580:128°06′E
2553:Politics
2445:Brittany
2440:Abkhazia
2304:Zambesia
2152:Archived
2126:Archived
1972:Archived
1876:Archived
1850:Archived
1824:Archived
1780:Archived
1754:Archived
1613:Kopassus
1501:26 April
1495:unpo.org
1440:See also
1248:salawaku
1237:The RMS
1088:and the
1076:against
1072:between
985:autonomy
948:football
944:Cakalele
924:Sajang e
525:Tanimbar
428:colonial
208:under a
206:Republic
183:Ambonese
2529:History
2515:Portals
2490:Oceania
2460:Lezghin
2384:Nagalim
2379:Madhesh
2334:Assyria
2264:Kabylia
2259:Haratin
1953:Suharto
1637:(1991).
1187:Suharto
1183:Jakarta
1143:De Punt
1131:Wijster
920:Massada
679:Bersiap
642:(VOC).
588:Sukarno
561:Saparua
482:History
389:, also
166:Capital
118:Anthem:
2577:3°37′S
2433:Europe
2414:Taiwan
2299:Yoruba
2269:Ogaden
2254:Biafra
2232:Africa
2082:3 July
2060:3 July
2034:3 July
1573:
1556:
1431:
1266:Anthem
1255:blazon
1244:parang
1009:Muslim
724:Muslim
688:Gurkha
655:cloves
506:nutmeg
412:, and
219:
151:Status
126:
120:
103:
47:
33:
2465:Savoy
2419:Tibet
2404:Sindh
2359:Hmong
2279:Oromo
2274:Ogoni
1672:(PDF)
1615:unit.
1179:Seram
1114:Ceram
1110:Ambon
1104:Exile
1082:Ambon
1040:Ambon
537:Seram
502:clove
424:Dutch
414:Seram
406:Ambon
188:Dutch
170:Ambon
51:Dutch
2497:Guam
2409:Sulu
2329:Aceh
2322:Asia
2160:2015
2134:2015
2084:2024
2062:2024
2036:2024
1939:2009
1913:2009
1884:2015
1858:2015
1832:2015
1788:2015
1762:2015
1599:2015
1571:ISSN
1554:ISSN
1534:2019
1528:(11)
1503:2019
1253:The
1246:', '
1216:Flag
962:and
954:and
916:Indo
849:1977
847:and
845:1975
777:Nazi
772:Indo
728:Java
504:and
410:Buru
75:Flag
1684:doi
1137:in
2609::
2052:.
2026:.
1955:.
1892:^
1804:.
1680:21
1678:.
1674:.
1542:^
1526:15
1524:.
1520:.
1493:.
1100:.
1064::
783:.
694:.
602:.
420:.
408:,
372:^c
362:^b
347:^a
157:;
2517::
2216:e
2209:t
2202:v
2090:.
2064:.
2038:.
2012:.
1958:.
1941:.
1915:.
1808:.
1690:.
1686::
1601:.
1536:.
1505:.
1258:'
1242:'
134:"
112:"
108:"
53:)
49:(
39:)
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
