1479:, some of them badly equipped, rarely survived three months of air missions, reaching only about 80 knots against enemy fighters flying at more than 250 knots. Few of the fighters proved to be airworthy, and were delivered intentionally without guns or gun-sights. The French Ministry of Defense had feared that modern types of planes would easily be captured by the Germans fighting for Franco, and the lesser models were a way of maintaining official "neutrality". In the end the French planes were surpassed by more modern types introduced in late 1936 on both sides and their fate was that many of them crashed or were shot down. The crash of Spanish Republican Air Force serial '
3410:
1585:, Malraux helped the Spanish Republic to acquire military aircraft through third countries. The Spanish Republican government circulated photos of Malraux's standing next to some Potez 540 bombers suggesting that France was on their side, at a time when France and the United Kingdom had declared official neutrality. Malraux, however, was not there at the behest of the French Government. Aware of the Republicans' inferior armaments, of which outdated aircraft were just one part of the problem, he toured the United States to raise funds for the Spanish Republican cause. In 1937 he published
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105:
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48:
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845:(The Glorious One). But, according to some historians, the command structure of the Spanish loyalist forces was marred by ineptitude and lack of decision-making throughout the Civil War. Starting from the crucial first weeks of the conflict in July 1936, the rebel side was able to undertake a massive
3166:
1284:
Innovative, and often lethal, aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by Condor Legion German expeditionary forces against loyalist areas on
Spanish soil with the permission of GeneralĂsimo Franco. The pilots of the Spanish Republican Air Force were unable to check these modern-warfare attacks.
1602:
charged exorbitant rates to the
Republican Government for their services. Other biographical sources, including fellow combatants, praise Malraux's leadership and sense of camaraderie. At any rate, Malraux's participation in such an historical event as the Spanish Civil War inevitably brought him
888:
was relentlessly strafing the loyalist positions with accurate low-level attacks, the republican military airplanes were practically absent from the skies. Moreover, when they appeared and attacked, they did so in an unorganized and inadequate manner that mostly failed to achieve positive effects.
1635:
and assisted the beleaguered
Republican government by providing weapons and pilots. Some of the most effective pilots in Spain were young men from the Soviet Union. The Spanish Republican Air Force lacked modern planes and experienced pilots. Unlike most other foreign pilots in the service of the
1639:
Many Soviet airmen came in the fall 1936, along with the new aircraft that the
Spanish Republic had purchased from Russia. After the western democracies refused military assistance to the established Spanish Government in the name of so-called "Non-Intervention", the Soviet Union and Mexico were
1277:. Some sources give this date as the date of the creation of the Spanish Republican Air Force, although it had been previously operative as an air force already. The Republican Air Force would keep this structure until this disbandment two years later. Many planes belonging to the fleet of the
3159:
1734:
From about 772 Russian airmen that served the
Spanish Republican Air Force for over two years, a total of 99 lost their lives. Little gratitude or recognition were shown to the surviving pilots despite their effort and, to compound their sad lot, many would later become victims of the
3011:
2826:
1302:... on the other side, the fabled military support provided by the Soviet Union was too little and too late â and generally of poor quality. In addition, whilst the Nationalists received vast supplies on credit from the US and Britain, Stalin's assistance came with strings attached.
1110:, among other military aircraft, for the value of 12 million francs. All these planes were largely obsolete at the time, so that in the first four months after the start of the hostilities, the only aircraft of the Republican government that could be considered modern were three
3004:
2819:
1330:
led a great part of the planes of the
Spanish Republican Air Force to France. The orders had been given in haste by the beleaguered authorities of the doomed Republican Government who wanted to prevent the aircraft from falling into the enemy's hands. The planes landed in
1683:
There were about 300 Russian pilots in or around Madrid by the end of
November 1936. The improved defensive capacity of the Spanish Republic boosted the morale of the areas of Spain under loyalist control. The Russian pilots gave their best performance in the
3409:
1557:
would suffer a chronic shortage of spare parts and supplies. The number of planes in combat condition was greatly reduced by accidents, lack of quality and by being shot down in action. André Marty, unhappy with the group's autonomy, plotted to bring the
1679:
that had modified exhaust pipes, so that the flames in front would not impair the pilot's night vision. M. Yakushin would become the leader of the Night
Fighter Squadron that would be quite effective against the Condor Legion Ju 52 night bombing raids.
1097:
planes that the
Spanish Air Force had before the hostilities, for the Republic had the control of the majority of the territory. Nevertheless, confronted with a war of attrition in the same month, the Spanish Republican government bought in France 14
2861:
2868:
2854:
2882:
2889:
2875:
1663:
pilots took advantage for the time being of their aircraft's relatively higher speed, but the plane was vulnerable and its fuel tanks easily caught fire when shot at. Furthermore, when the Condor Legion brought the speedier
1178:
aircraft during the monarchy in the 1920s, before the time of the
Republic. In the same month the first serious air combat took place over Madrid when Italian bombers attacked the city in a massive bombing operation.
1411:
in France. Upon hearing the news of General Franco's rebellion that marked the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, he put himself at the service of the Spanish Republic. Despite opposition from French president
1562:
under his command. Finally the situation was resolved by means of the integration of the squadron in the regular Spanish armed forces. Once the contracts of the professional pilots was severed, the
4735:
4652:
4519:
Laureau, Patrick (June 1978). "Polikarpov I-15 "Chato": Un chasseur russe au destin exotique..., partie 2" [Polkarpov I-15 "Chato": A Russian Fighter in an Exotic Destination, Part 2].
1659:
military airfield used by the Legionary Nazi and Italian planes that dropped their bombs over Madrid every day. This action made the Russian pilots very popular among the people in Madrid. The
4502:
Laureau, Patrick (May 1978). "Polikarpov I-15 "Chato": Un chasseur russe au destin exotique..., partie 1" [Polkarpov I-15 "Chato": A Russian Fighter in an Exotic Destination, Part 1].
1315:
in 1938, when the spine of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces was broken. Finally the Spanish Republican Air Force was completely disbanded after the decisive rebel victory on 1 April 1939.
4730:
4675:
3355:
1297:) by loyalist pilots. The rebel side, however, claimed that both air forces were almost equal, since the Soviet Union was helping the loyalist air force, but the fact was that:
4710:
3458:
748:
857:, without any Spanish Republican interference. This was the world's first long-range combat airlift and the military planes on the Spanish Republican side failed to check it.
1648:
saw the acquisition of first-hand combat experience in Spain by Soviet pilots and technicians as essential for his plans regarding the capability and combat readiness of the
3390:
1141:) gave the rebels the upper hand in airpower over Spain. The first German and Italian bombers arrived to increase the size of the rebel air force already in July 1936 and
1469:
1085:, the Republican government lost the military planes that were in aerodromes under rebel control. The loyalist areas of Spain retained, however, a great part of the 60
4634:
4292:
3334:
1385:. Even though it was largely ineffective, this squadron became something of a legend after the writer's claims of nearly annihilating part of the rebel army in the
4395:
4202:
4099:
1416:, Malraux helped to organize the aid to the Republican air force helped by his contacts with highly placed personalities within the French Air Ministry, such as
3375:
1636:
Spanish Republican Air Force, Russian pilots were technically volunteers. They received no incentives, like combat bonuses, to supplement their modest wages.
1357:
Aircraft supplied by France at the beginning of the conflict were obsolete and slow, an easy target for the more modern and faster Italian and German fighters
4595:
3884:
3775:
3062:
1652:. Therefore, much emphasis was placed on detailed reporting of the results of the testing of the new Russian military equipment and air-warfare techniques.
3048:
1655:
The first planes that came to Spain were Tupolev SB bombers; the fighters would arrive later. Their first action was a morale-lifting bombing raid on the
3322:
3069:
4715:
4015:
3055:
3034:
872:
would be the only scenarios where the loyalist air force took part in an effective manner. In other important republican military actions, such as the
4720:
3041:
1632:
1206:
helped the Spanish government effectively. At the end of October, four months after the rebels had been supplied with German and Italian aircraft by
914:
The Civil War reorganization of the forces that remained loyal to the established republican government dictated by the pressing needs of the moment.
1699:, Soviet pilots were phased out in the fall of 1938 and trained Spanish airmen took their places after having been trained at the flying schools of
903:
Like all the branches of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces, the Spanish Republican Air Force went through two clear phases during its existence:
4665:
1172:
as minister. For identification purposes the Republican tricolor roundel was replaced by red bands, an insignia that had previously been used on
976:
Aviation was developing in those years in Spain; in 1931 Captain Cipriano RodrĂguez DĂaz and Lieutenant Carlos de Haya GonzĂĄlez flew non-stop to
4427:
Arde el Cielo: Memorias de un Piloto de Caza Participante en la Guerra de España (1936-1939) y en la Gran Guerra Patria de la URSS (1941-1945).
1307:
The Spanish Republican Air Force was unable to counteract the deadly low-level attacks and close support of the infantry tactics developed by
4370:
3799:
3697:
3660:
1822:
4705:
1504:
In order to give the whole operation an official character, the Spanish Republican War Ministry authorities gave André Malraux the rank of
836:. This defunct Air Force is largely known for the intense action it saw during the Civil War, from July 1936 till its disbandment in 1939.
1523:
commander-in-chief. The writer thus helped to hire crews for the planes, mainly volunteers and professional pilots who had served in the
4572:
Falco, José (February 1989). "Mes derniers victoires; Villajuiga, Février 1939" [My Last Victories; Villajuiga, February 1939].
1508:, even though he was not a pilot and hadn't even been through military service. This title gave Malraux authority as Squadron Leader of
1182:
The western democracies, like France, the United Kingdom and the United States, did not help the young Spanish Republic. Afraid of the "
1056:. The rebellion succeeded only in fractioning Spain and Franco went ahead and began a bloody war of attrition, the Spanish Civil War.
4222:
3965:
3713:
3606:
3463:
1149:
fighter planes began operating in August. These planes helped the rebel army side to gain full control of the air, as did the Italian
1118:, the Republican airline in March 1935. These were requisitioned by the Spanish Republican Air Force and used as military transports.
996:
4549:
1527:. After the pilots and the planes arrived to Madrid in August 1936, Malraux himself took charge of the organization of the squadron.
4559:
3928:
3296:
4433:. (Memoirs of a Spanish Republican Air Force fighter pilot and squadron leader, who later fought for the Soviet Union during WW2).
1289:, a highly vulnerable plane that proved itself a failure in Spanish skies during the Civil War, was labelled as 'Flying Coffin' (
1010:
became new chief-commander of the air force. On the same year a major restructuring of the Spanish military air wing took place.
832:, after it was reorganized following the restructuring of the Republican Armed Forces in September 1936, at the beginning of the
4237:
3741:
1281:
LAPE (LĂneas AĂ©reas Postales Españolas) were requisitioned by the Spanish Republican Air Force and used as military transports.
3852:
3822:
785:
128:
3568:
1424:
leader. Even though President Albert Lebrun opposed direct assistance to the threatened fellow republic, LĂ©on Blum, then the
1386:
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3553:
4725:
4392:
4255:
4093:
3953:
1401:
reached a maximum of 130 members and would fly a total of 23 combat missions before it was wrapped up in February 1937.
1059:
During the Civil War the Air Force of the Spanish republican government would have to fight against the better equipped
2023:
1327:
579:
173:
3468:
3308:
1752:
1516:
168:
1007:
1339:, where the French authorities impounded them, arrested the Spanish Republican pilots, and swiftly interned them in
2578:
1696:
1582:
1278:
639:
619:
289:
3881:
3810:
3772:
3526:(FARE) was only used later by some pilots such as Francisco Tarazona in their memories (Francisco Tarazona TorĂĄn,
3221:
3200:
3193:
1640:
practically the only nations that helped Republican Spain in its struggle. In a similar manner as Hitler with his
3580:
3207:
2551:
1524:
908:
551:
547:
3214:
3186:
2088:
955:. Once the Republican Government was established, General Luis Lombarte Serrano replaced pro-monarchist General
2426:
1931:
1425:
968:
567:
2505:
2179:
952:
305:
252:
4182:
Derek Allan, Art and the Human Adventure, André Malraux's Theory of Art (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009). pp. 25-27.
2526:
2234:
183:
4012:
3424:
3344:
3147:
2994:
2313:
2289:
2005:
1896:
1628:
1594:
Malraux has often been criticized by opponents for his involvement or motivations in the Spanish Civil War.
1045:
1022:
948:
940:
806:
794:
789:
723:
335:
241:
110:
64:
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in honor of its founder. The losses, however, escalated, and after covering the flight from enemy-occupied
1456:
planes were sent to Spain at the beginning of the conflict. Thirteen more Dewoitine D.371 are mentioned by
230:
198:
2936:
2634:
2155:
2044:
1535:
1408:
1308:
1094:
792:, the legally established government of Spain between 1931 and 1939. Initially divided into two branches:
711:
699:
687:
603:
599:
595:
527:
487:
423:
331:
208:
193:
2655:
2611:
2207:
1566:
would become part of the official Republican Air Force, losing its former status, but taking the name of
889:
Most of the Spanish Republican planes that survived the conflict were repainted with the markings of the
60:
2730:
2616:
2476:
2383:
1781:
1757:. During the Civil War the instruction bases and centres were scattered throughout the republican zone:
1685:
1261:
The Republican air arm was restructured again in May 1937. The new structure included two branches, the
861:
514:
371:
188:
2122:
1747:
The training of pilots, as well as other air force personnel, was trusted to the Instruction Services (
1542:
who tried to impose discipline. The only thing that held together the writer's motley group of pilots,
178:
4485:
Herr, Allen (JanuaryâFebruary 1999). "Eagles over Malaga: American Pilots in the Spanish Civil War".
4410:
4066:
3473:
2265:
1712:
1665:
1656:
1174:
1150:
1138:
1061:
885:
769:
695:
675:
407:
403:
3761:
2699:
2337:
273:
3811:
11-III-1935 Llega a Barajas el primer Douglas DC-2 para las LĂneas AĂ©reas Postales Españolas (LAPE)
3061:
2601:
1390:
1187:
956:
924:
203:
4685:
4147:
1978:
3483:
2918:
2751:
2675:
2255:
2068:
1770:
1641:
1505:
1340:
1312:
1090:
988:
881:
591:
587:
542:
419:
327:
4618:
4544:
4462:
4437:
Green, William & Swanborough, Gordon (FebruaryâMay 1979). "A Grumman by Any Other Name...".
3047:
2451:
1497:
1488:
1484:
719:
3068:
2403:
4577:
4555:
4540:
4524:
4507:
4490:
4473:
4458:
4442:
4366:
4218:
3900:
3795:
3693:
3656:
3444:
3439:
3278:
3269:
2224:
1875:
1807:
1649:
1421:
1082:
1038:
992:
977:
873:
833:
148:
4082:
3054:
3033:
1285:
Their planes were mostly obsolete and often in a bad state of disrepair. The ungainly French
1226:
fighter planes arrived to alleviate the lack of operational planes in the loyalist side, the
1025:, following which in 1936 the Air Force regional units became restructured. Accordingly, the
3690:
Luftwaffe Fighter-Bombers Over Britain: The German Air Force's Tip and Run Campaign, 1942-43
3498:
3251:
3040:
2768:
2305:
2147:
1919:
1854:
1785:
1720:
1716:
1382:
1290:
1211:
1169:
1134:
1122:
1053:
964:
877:
663:
535:
427:
390:
17:
3969:
3717:
3610:
1353:
4430:
4399:
4381:
4259:
4241:
4103:
4030:
4019:
3888:
3779:
3745:
3557:
3493:
3488:
3314:
3242:
3233:
2282:
1441:
1437:
1370:
1235:
1227:
1103:
1099:
1066:
1049:
869:
850:
523:
474:
443:
439:
435:
411:
399:
318:
56:
960:
3932:
2860:
4306:
4001:
3420:
2595:
2408:
1955:
1675:
fighter squadron along with Mikhail Yakushin. This night-flight section would use I-15
1598:
sources, for example, described him as an 'adventurer'. The professional pilots of the
1539:
1465:
1251:
1247:
1195:
944:
760:
731:
727:
715:
671:
659:
626:
563:
519:
459:
455:
367:
70:
4680:
4350:
47:
4699:
4317:
4281:
4270:
4234:
4114:
3907:, Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, coll. 'Références', 1981
3738:
3648:
3478:
3400:
2954:
1766:
1736:
1728:
1645:
1587:
1413:
1146:
1130:
854:
707:
691:
583:
575:
571:
451:
3860:
3830:
3631:
959:
as chief-commander of the air force, but he would be quickly succeeded by Commander
4191:
3340:
1724:
1492:
1405:
1223:
1207:
1203:
1126:
1111:
1026:
703:
655:
651:
647:
643:
631:
495:
483:
479:
415:
363:
359:
78:
2867:
1311:
during the Civil War. As an air force it became practically ineffective after the
1191:
4328:
4125:
776:. He scored four victories in this aircraft. Occasionally he flew No. 58 as well.
3550:
3396:
3366:
2881:
2853:
2846:
2039:
Supreme commander of the fighter squadrons of the Spanish Republic in Dec. 1938
1620:
1547:
1433:
1428:, decided to help the Spanish Republicans with discretion. Thus 20 Potez 540, 5
1417:
1394:
1199:
1086:
1070:
683:
679:
635:
615:
611:
607:
503:
395:
383:
379:
375:
323:
4647:
4639:
4339:
4252:
2888:
2874:
4613:
4608:
3916:
3260:
2945:
1543:
1457:
1215:
1142:
739:
531:
491:
447:
431:
355:
82:
4691:
Biography of Vicente MonclĂșs Guallar, republican pilot imprisoned in the USSR
4581:
4528:
4511:
4494:
4477:
4446:
927:
that led to the proclamation of the Spanish Republic, the Spanish Air Force (
4690:
2927:
1603:
adversaries, as well as supporters, resulting in a polarization of opinion.
1595:
1476:
1445:
1429:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1286:
1183:
1107:
1044:
Five years after the proclamation of the Spanish republic, a section of the
984:
735:
351:
267:
138:
4453:
Green, William & Swanborough, Gordon. "Soviet Flies in Spanish Skies".
3917:
Stalin and the Spanish Civil War - Soviet Hardware Supplied to the Republic
1571:
2260:
Exiled in Russia, joined the Soviet Air Forces. Returned to Spain in 1958
4676:
La Senia Town Hall - Types of aeroplanes which were in the aviation field
4215:
The Effectiveness of Airpower in the 20th Century: Part One (1914 - 1939)
2500:
After escaping he reached the USSR where he joined the Soviet Air Forces
1751:). All the different units of the Instruction Services depended from the
1704:
1700:
1531:
1464:
and the Amiot 143 ended up not being delivered, for aircraft constructor
1453:
1449:
1336:
1003:
559:
555:
507:
463:
339:
1475:
The French planes, however, were not up to the enemy aircraft. The slow
4468:
Howson, Gerald (AugustâNovember 1990). "Fokker's Trimotors Go to War".
2909:
2900:
2606:
Returned to Russia and fought in World War II in the Soviet Air Forces
2495:
1803:
1553:
Malraux had to pay a heavy price for his freedom of action though. The
1513:
846:
667:
297:
281:
3584:
967:, a national hero who had earlier made a Trans-Atlantic flight in the
895:
after the defeat of the Spanish Republic in the Iberian battlefields.
3990:
1708:
1472:, sympathized with the enemies of Republican Spain in the civil war.
1381:, was a Spanish Republican Air Force unit organized by French writer
865:
346:
74:
52:
2771:
pilots in the Spanish Republican Air Force. 4 victories unconfirmed
1546:, mechanicians and airfield assistants and guards, was their common
951:, included mainly French planes, some of which were remnants of the
2114:
Exiled in the USSR he took part in World War II as a Soviet pilot.
1668:
fighters later in the war, the SB squadrons suffered heavy losses.
1611:
1065:, created by the fraction of the army in revolt and their powerful
4670:
2492:
Had engine trouble during a mission protecting Tupolev SB bombers;
2468:
1818:
1610:
759:
499:
467:
4293:
JosĂ© MarĂa Bravo FernĂĄndez, el Ășltimo gran 'as' de la RepĂșblica.
1591:(Man's Hope), a novel influenced by his Spanish war experiences.
4614:
Cuatro Vientos, Madrid - Polikarpov planes in the Museo del Aire
3449:
3075:
1923:
1480:
1115:
2715:
Nicknamed "CapitĂĄn Antonio". Some authors claim Tarkhov flew a
1534:
he recruited his own personnel, who escaped the control of the
1795:), located at Santiago de la Ribera and Los AlcĂĄzares as well.
1483:' Potez 540 plane that was shot down by rebel planes over the
4600:
3762:
Memoria republicana â SBHAC. Estructura orgĂĄnica de las FARE
1692:
and pounding the Fascist militias incessantly from the air.
1121:
Within the month of his military coup, the help received by
2353:
Nicknamed "Ahmed Amba". Returned to the USSR in April 1937
987:
surveys of Spain were carried out using modern methods of
4083:
Aircraft that didn't participate in the Spanish Civil war
2229:
He returned to Madrid as an old man in 1990 and retired.
1671:
Anatol Serov, nicknamed "Mateo Rodrigo", established the
77:. Other characters on Spanish Republican planes included
4635:
List of Spanish Republican Air Force pilots (incomplete)
4048:
Vol. 1, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co. 1972, p. 15
3679:, Budiansky, Stephen, Penguin Group, London England 2005
1194:
were ready to sacrifice Spain, as they later sacrificed
1013:
Following a Government decree dated 2 October 1935, the
839:
The Spanish Republican Air Force was popularly known as
4033:
The Battle for Spain: the Spanish Civil War 1936-1939
3792:
Arms for Spain: Untold Story of the Spanish Civil War
3427:
which was merged with the Air Force in September 1936
4736:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1939
3757:
3755:
3753:
3675:
Per photograph caption pg.146 and also text pg.201,
3643:
3641:
3639:
3459:
List of aircraft of the Spanish Republican Air Force
2567:
Nicknamed "RamĂłn", "Antonio AragĂłn". or "Alexandrio"
1912:
Reputed to be the most skilled Spanish pilot on the
1017:
was placed under the authority of the War Ministry,
911:
that would fracture the Spanish military institution
749:
List of aircraft of the Spanish Republican Air Force
625:
541:
513:
473:
389:
345:
317:
312:
296:
280:
266:
222:
217:
159:
154:
144:
134:
124:
116:
98:
90:
31:
3714:"Aircraft that took part in the Spanish Civil War"
2494:was taken prisoner following emergency landing at
1404:During the 1930s, André Malraux was active in the
4731:Military units and formations established in 1931
4626:
2521:Claims 8 victories in his autobiographical book.
1218:bombers arrived from Russia. They were nicknamed
1037:divisions which are still operative today in the
4535:Leyvastre, Pierre. "The Day of the Dewoitine".
1299:
4340:III.dĂl. Ć panÄlsko. FaĆĄismus 1936 aĆŸ 1939. Ä 9
1574:, the last two bombers were shot down and the
1164:), both part of the National Defence Ministry
823:Fuerzas AĂ©reas de la RepĂșblica Española (FARE)
39:Fuerzas AĂ©reas de la RepĂșblica Española (FARE)
3276:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3167:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3012:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2827:
1973:Arrested and executed in Stalin's 1941 purge
1731:that had been set up by the Soviet military.
1156:In September 1936 the Navy and Air Ministry (
890:
868:against Nationalist bombing raids during the
840:
827:
821:
811:
799:
37:
8:
1530:Malraux was given considerable autonomy, in
4711:Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic
4596:Ejército del Aire, how to get to the museum
3929:"Unidades de la FARE que actuaron con I-15"
3708:
3706:
3289:Aircraft, insignia and historical documents
983:In 1933, under Capitan Warlela, systematic
4601:Museo del Aire de Madrid non-official page
4271:Russian War Heroes - Sergei I. Gritsevets
3905:LĂ©on Blum, chef de gouvernement. 1936-1937
3174:
3160:
3019:
3005:
2834:
2820:
1615:Model of a Spanish Republican Tupolev SB2
1326:, from where on 6 February 1939 Commander
46:
4653:La ayuda material a la RepĂșblica Española
4666:Aerial Warfare and the Spanish Civil War
3823:"Blackburn T.1/T.2 Swift/Dart with 1927
3399:.2 of the military training facility at
2116:Some documents ascribe him 23 victories
1833:
1352:
1318:The last Republican military airport in
4627:AsociaciĂłn de Aviadores de la RepĂșblica
4619:Fuerzas AĂ©reas de la RepĂșblica Española
4382:Biplane fighter aces - BoĆŸidar PetroviÄ
3991:EL Potez 54 en la Guerra Civil Española
3543:
3524:Fuerzas AĂ©reas de la RepĂșblica Española
3511:
3292:
3157:
3002:
2817:
1631:of the Spanish Republic imposed by the
816:), the Republican Air Force became the
4661:The War Between the Wars - Smithsonian
4539:, No. 1, n.d., pp. 17â19, 84â96.
4192:Soviet Pilots in the Spanish Civil War
3182:
2223:Exiled in Russia, Arias fought in the
1791:The Multiple-engined Aircraft School (
1168:were established under the command of
991:. The following year Spanish engineer
939:, the former being the air arm of the
28:
4552:Los Ăltimos Aviadores de la RepĂșblica
4282:Spanish Civil War - U.S.S.R. Air Aces
4235:Soviet Air Force (VVS) Reference List
3365:standard and pilot's summer uniform.
3343:of the Spanish Republican Air Force.
3029:
3027:
2842:
1258:in the Spanish Republican Air Force.
1254:reconnaissance bombers were known as
1202:. In the void thus created, only the
1198:, in the belief that Hitler could be
1114:that had been purchased recently for
1052:rebelled under the orders of General
7:
4681:Aviacion en la Guerra Civil Española
4671:Spanish Republican Air Force emblems
4609:Polikarpovs dans la guerre d'Espagne
4411:Abraham Lincoln Brigade - James Peck
3794:, John Murray Publishers Ltd, 1998,
3302:Fighter pilot wings in the Civil War
963:, younger brother of later dictator
907:The pre-Civil War phase, before the
4429:Edited by A. Delgado Romero, 1995.
3328:A Polikarpov I-16 "Mosca" in flight
2664:2ÂȘ, 4ÂȘ & 5ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2216:1ÂȘ, 3ÂȘ & 4ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2018:Flew more than 100 combat missions
1627:The Soviet Union profited from the
1495:inspired André Malraux to make his
1166:(Ministerio de la Defensa Nacional)
980:, then a Spanish colonial outpost.
4365:Editorial San MartĂn, Madrid 1974
4351:Air Aces: Francisco Tarazona TorĂĄn
4318:Spanish Civil War Air Aces - Spain
3966:"LAPE Poster with Airline Network"
3464:List of Spanish Civil War air aces
3453:(LĂneas AĂ©reas Postales Españolas)
1870:His total victory count may be 42
1763:Escuela de Vuelo de Alta Velocidad
864:and the defence of the skies over
818:Air Forces of the Spanish Republic
25:
4393:ADAR - Sergei Fyodorovich Tarkhov
1242:(housefly) by the loyalists and
1160:) and the Air Undersecretariat, (
63:, commander of the 4th squadron.
4721:History of the Spanish Air Force
3408:
3389:
3381:Polikarpov I-16 restored by the
3374:
3354:
3333:
3321:
3307:
3295:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3141:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
2988:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2801:
2604:and made prisoner on 17/Jan/1938
1739:after their return to the USSR.
1512:, for he was only answerable to
1015:DirecciĂłn General de AeronĂĄutica
304:
288:
272:
251:
240:
229:
103:
4146:John Sturrock (9 August 2001).
3853:"Blackburn T.3 Velos with 1927
2514:1ÂȘ & 3ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2471:over the CĂłrdoba-Granada front
2435:1ÂȘ & 6ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2392:4ÂȘ & 2ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2322:5ÂȘ & 3ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2298:5ÂȘ & 3ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2097:1ÂȘ & 3ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
1940:3ÂȘ & 2ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
1905:3ÂȘ & 4ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
1798:The Aircraft Mechanics School (
129:Spanish Republican Armed Forces
4457:, No. 1, n.d., pp. 1â16.
2721:However, he was most likely a
2573:between May and October 1937.
1761:The High-speed Flying School (
1387:Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe
1153:and the German Condor Legion.
923:At the time of the democratic
1:
3361:Spanish Republican Air Force
2629:Nicknamed "Fernandez Garcia"
2579:Evgeny Nikolayevitch Stepanov
1695:Following the demands of the
1673:Escuadrilla de Vuelo Nocturno
1581:Even after France joined the
4716:Soviet UnionâSpain relations
4154:. Vol. 23, no. 15.
4073:; New revised edition (2011)
4046:Terror from the Sky: Airwar,
3607:"Spanish Civil War Aircraft"
3518:Some authors favor the name
3455:, Spanish Republican Airline
3383:FundaciĂłn Infante de Orleans
2808:Spanish Republican Air Force
2746:Fought also in World War II
1222:. One month later the first
782:Spanish Republican Air Force
32:Spanish Republican Air Force
18:Republican Spanish Air Force
4706:Spanish Air and Space Force
4648:Axis History - Bibliography
4363:Yo fui piloto de caza rojo.
4307:Lista incompleta de aviones
4203:Los chatos nocturnos - ADAR
4126:Air Aces - Semyon Desnitsky
3632:Memoria Republicana - SBHAC
3528:Yo fui piloto de caza rojo.
3469:Deutschland incident (1937)
2691:Nicknamed "Rubio". Also in
2552:Ivan Trofimovich Yeryomenko
2378:(1937); KIA on 23/Apr/1937
1971:Nicknamed "Pablo Palancar".
1754:Ministerio de Marina y Aire
1633:non-intervention agreements
1538:run by hard-line Stalinist
1517:Ignacio Hidalgo de Cisneros
1468:, who would later become a
1158:Ministerio de Marina y Aire
169:Ignacio Hidalgo de Cisneros
4752:
4576:(in French) (231): 18â19.
4523:(in French) (103): 42â45.
4506:(in French) (102): 34â41.
4361:Francisco Tarazona TorĂĄn,
4152:The London Review of Books
4096:La Soledad de la RepĂșblica
3226:
3080:
2974:
2893:
2787:
2700:Sergei Fyodorovich Tarkhov
2331:Escuadrilla Vuelo Nocturno
2089:JosĂ© MarĂa Bravo FernĂĄndez
1998:Escuadrilla Vuelo Nocturno
1697:Non-Intervention Committee
1583:Non-Intervention Committee
1279:Spanish Republican Airline
55:on the Spanish Republican
4253:I-16 in Spanish Civil War
3522:, claiming that the term
3275:
3266:
3257:
3248:
3239:
3230:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2427:Francisco Meroño Pellicer
1994:Nicknamed "Mateo Rodrigo"
1932:Leopoldo Morquillas Rubio
1379:Escuadrilla Internacional
1267:SubsecretarĂa de AviaciĂłn
1246:(rat) by the rebels. The
1006:C-30P. In 1934 Commander
45:
36:
4537:Air Enthusiast Quarterly
4455:Air Enthusiast Quarterly
4398:3 September 2011 at the
4329:Jan FerĂĄk - ÂĄNo pasaran!
4240:13 February 2012 at the
3887:20 December 2014 at the
3882:Ejército del Aire - 1939
3778:20 December 2014 at the
3773:Ejército del Aire - 1936
3363:2a Escuadrilla, Grupo 24
2975:General / flag officers
2788:General / flag officers
2760:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Chatos
2739:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Chatos
2622:2ÂȘ Escuadrilla, Grupo 12
2612:BoĆŸidar "BoĆĄko" PetroviÄ
2587:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Chatos
2560:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Chatos
2506:Francisco Tarazona TorĂĄn
2485:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Chatos
2460:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Chatos
2274:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Chatos
2252:3ÂȘ Escuadrilla, Grupo 21
2243:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Chatos
2180:Miguel Zambudio Martinez
2062:3ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Moscas
2053:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla, Grupo 21
2032:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Chatos
1987:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Chatos
1964:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Chatos
1863:4ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Moscas
1749:Servicios de InstrucciĂłn
1578:was formally dissolved.
1462:Recontres avez Leon Blum
1426:prime minister of France
1008:Eduardo SĂĄenz de Buruaga
568:British Aircraft Swallow
4031:Review: Antony Beevor,
3425:Spanish Republican Navy
2527:José Pascual Santamaria
2235:Vicente BeltrĂĄn Rodrigo
1918:Exiled in the USSR and
1642:Third Reich re-armament
1629:international isolation
1023:prime minister of Spain
1021:, instead of under the
1019:Ministerio de la Guerra
995:took off and landed on
949:Spanish Republican Navy
941:Spanish Republican Army
790:Second Spanish Republic
784:was the air arm of the
336:Gourdou-Leseurre GL-633
184:Antonio Camacho BenĂtez
4258:18 August 2011 at the
4148:"The Man from Nowhere"
4018:11 August 2011 at the
3899:Pierre Renouvin &
3277:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3232:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2708:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2693:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2643:2ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2535:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2421:Dewoitine D.372 pilot
2314:JosĂ© FalcĂłn San MartĂn
2290:Sabino Cortizo Bertolo
2197:3ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2164:4ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2131:3ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2106:3ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
2024:AndrĂ©s GarcĂa La Calle
2000:night-flight squadron
1897:Manuel Zarauza Clavero
1884:5ÂȘ Escuadrilla de Caza
1793:Escuela de polimotores
1688:, routing the Italian
1624:
1607:Soviet pilots in Spain
1536:International Brigades
1374:
1358:
1328:AndrĂ©s GarcĂa La Calle
1309:Wolfram von Richthofen
1305:
1294:
1162:Subsecretaria del Aire
1095:Hispano-Nieuport Ni-52
1033:model was replaced by
891:
853:using mostly the slow
841:
828:
822:
812:
800:
777:
712:General Aircraft ST-25
700:Consolidated Fleetster
688:British Aircraft Eagle
604:Morane-Saulnier MS.230
600:Morane-Saulnier MS.181
596:Miles M.2 Hawk Trainer
580:GonzĂĄlez Gil-PazĂł GP-1
528:Savoia-Marchetti SM.62
424:Hispano-Nieuport Ni-52
332:Beechcraft Staggerwing
174:AndrĂ©s GarcĂa La Calle
38:
4574:Le Fana de l'Aviation
4521:Le Fana de l'Aviation
4504:Le Fana de l'Aviation
4425:Antonio Arias Arias,
4071:The Spanish Civil War
3954:Polikarpov RZ Natacha
3556:19 March 2012 at the
2594:Knew how to use the "
2359:Felipe del RĂo Crespo
1813:The Weaponry School (
1782:Santiago de la Ribera
1686:Battle of Guadalajara
1614:
1356:
862:Battle of Guadalajara
763:
372:Hawker Spanish Osprey
199:Miguel NĂșñez de Prado
4726:Disbanded air forces
4640:Enlaces Republicanos
4102:30 June 2015 at the
4002:Biplane fighter aces
3653:The Battle for Spain
3474:Aviazione Legionaria
2635:Rafael Magrina Vidal
2346:Escuadrilla Palancar
2266:Frank Glasgow Tinker
2227:during World War II.
2156:Emilio Ramirez Bravo
2104:Became Commander of
2045:Manuel Aguirre LĂłpez
1876:Sergei I. Gritsevets
1800:Escuela de mecĂĄnicos
1778:Escuela de bombardeo
1690:Aviazione Legionaria
1666:Messerschmitt Bf 109
1657:Talavera de la Reina
1234:(Snubnosed) and the
1151:Aviazione Legionaria
1139:Aviazione Legionaria
929:Aeronåutica Española
870:capital's long siege
795:Military Aeronautics
770:Frank Glasgow Tinker
724:Lioré et Olivier 213
696:Caudron C.600 Aiglon
209:Manuel CascĂłn Briega
194:Ăngel Pastor Velasco
4550:Carmen Calvo Jung,
3972:on 26 December 2013
3744:24 May 2011 at the
3115:Jefe de Escuadrilla
2995:AeronĂĄutica Militar
2684:Escuadrilla Lacalle
2656:Julio Pereiro Peréz
2650:KIA on 16/Jul/1937
2208:Antonio Arias Arias
2173:Escuadrilla Lacalle
2140:Escuadrilla Lacalle
1996:He established the
1926:on 12/October/1942
1891:Nicknamed "Sergio"
1776:The Bomber School (
1576:Escuadrilla Malraux
1568:Escuadrilla Malraux
1521:Ministerio del Aire
1369:, Squadron España,
1341:concentration camps
1271:AeronĂĄutica Militar
1188:Neville Chamberlain
1081:After 18 July 1936
953:Rif War (1920â1926)
943:and the latter the
933:AeronĂĄutica Militar
931:), under the names
925:municipal elections
801:AeronĂĄutica Militar
640:De Havilland DH-89M
204:Virgilio Leret Ruiz
61:Antonio Arias Arias
4044:Edward Jablonski,
3863:on 20 October 2012
3833:on 20 October 2012
3739:Hispano Suiza E-30
3720:on 5 February 2015
3688:Chris Goss et al.
3613:on 5 February 2015
3484:German re-armament
3279:Alférez de fragata
3252:CapitĂĄn de corbeta
3243:CapitĂĄn de fragata
2965:Preceding agencies
2731:William LabussiĂšre
2477:AndrĂ©s Fierro MenĂș
2414:Escuadrilla España
2384:Juan Lario Sanchez
2256:Battle of the Ebro
2077:Escuadrilla España
1815:Escuela de Armeros
1780:), located at the
1771:Campo de Cartagena
1765:), located at the
1625:
1600:Escuadrilla España
1564:Escuadrilla España
1560:Escuadrilla España
1555:Escuadrilla España
1510:Escuadrilla España
1506:lieutenant colonel
1399:Escuadrilla España
1375:Escadrille Espagne
1363:Escuadrilla España
1359:
1348:Escuadrilla España
1313:Battle of the Ebro
1269:, but unified the
1091:Vickers Vildebeest
989:aerial photography
882:Battle of the Ebro
778:
592:Hispano-Suiza E-34
588:Hispano-Suiza E-30
420:Martinsyde Buzzard
328:Vickers Vildebeest
189:Carlos NĂșñez Mazas
4686:Republican pilots
4371:978-84-7140-069-7
4115:Spanish Potez 540
3855:AeronĂĄutica Naval
3825:AeronĂĄutica Naval
3800:978-0-7195-5556-5
3698:978-0-8117-0691-9
3662:978-0-7538-2165-7
3587:on 8 January 2020
3445:Spanish Civil War
3440:Spanish Air Force
3417:AeronĂĄutica Naval
3415:Fin flash of the
3286:
3285:
3261:Teniente de navĂo
3148:AeronĂĄutica Naval
2962:
2961:
2775:
2774:
2544:Escuadrilla Norte
2444:Escuadrilla Norte
2376:Escuadrilla Norte
2367:Escuadrilla Vasca
2225:Soviet Air Forces
2188:Escuadrilla Vasca
2123:Juan Comas BorrĂĄs
1949:Escuadrilla Vasca
1808:Valencia Province
1650:Soviet Air Forces
1470:Nazi collaborator
1422:French Resistance
1275:AeronĂĄutica Naval
1175:AeronĂĄutica Naval
1077:Spanish Civil War
1062:AviaciĂłn Nacional
1039:Spanish Air Force
997:seaplane carrier
993:Juan de la Cierva
978:Equatorial Guinea
937:AeronĂĄutica Naval
909:coup of July 1936
892:AviaciĂłn Nacional
886:AviaciĂłn Nacional
880:and the decisive
874:Segovia Offensive
834:Spanish Civil War
826:), also known as
813:AeronĂĄutica Naval
807:Naval Aeronautics
755:
754:
676:Blériot-SPAD S.56
632:Fokker F-VII.3m/M
408:Blériot-SPAD S.91
404:Blériot-SPAD S.51
259:
248:
237:
179:Leocadio Mendiola
149:Spanish Civil War
120:Spain (1931â1939)
16:(Redirected from
4743:
4657:
4644:
4631:
4623:
4605:
4585:
4532:
4515:
4498:
4481:
4450:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4390:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4359:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4290:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4250:
4244:
4232:
4226:
4213:John O'Connell,
4211:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4091:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4064:
4058:
4057:Cate, pp.228-242
4055:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4028:
4022:
4010:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3968:. Archived from
3962:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3931:. Archived from
3925:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3897:
3891:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3859:. Archived from
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3829:. Archived from
3819:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3788:
3782:
3770:
3764:
3759:
3748:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3716:. Archived from
3710:
3701:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3645:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3609:. Archived from
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3583:. Archived from
3577:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3548:
3531:
3520:Arma de AviaciĂłn
3516:
3499:Timofey Khryukin
3412:
3393:
3378:
3358:
3349:, Cuatro Vientos
3337:
3325:
3311:
3299:
3282:
3273:
3270:AlfĂ©rez de navĂo
3264:
3255:
3246:
3237:
3234:CapitĂĄn de navĂo
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3101:Jefe de Escuadra
3096:
3089:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2981:Junior officers
2978:Senior officers
2969:
2968:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2919:Teniente coronel
2913:
2904:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2794:Junior officers
2791:Senior officers
2782:
2781:
2769:African-American
2201:26 Grupo de Caza
1855:Lev L. Shestakov
1834:
1769:air base in the
1377:, also known as
1263:Arma de AviaciĂłn
1212:Benito Mussolini
1170:Indalecio Prieto
1123:Francisco Franco
1054:Francisco Franco
965:Francisco Franco
957:Alfredo KindelĂĄn
894:
878:Battle of Teruel
844:
831:
829:Arma de AviaciĂłn
825:
815:
803:
768:No. 56 flown by
664:Airspeed Viceroy
536:Koolhoven F.K.51
428:AEKKEA-RAAB R-29
308:
292:
276:
257:
255:
246:
244:
235:
233:
111:Spanish Republic
109:
107:
106:
50:
41:
29:
21:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4696:
4695:
4655:
4642:
4629:
4621:
4603:
4592:
4571:
4568:
4566:Further reading
4518:
4501:
4484:
4467:
4436:
4431:Silla, Valencia
4422:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4405:
4400:Wayback Machine
4391:
4387:
4380:
4376:
4360:
4356:
4349:
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4334:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4312:
4305:
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4291:
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4280:
4276:
4269:
4265:
4260:Wayback Machine
4251:
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4242:Wayback Machine
4233:
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4212:
4208:
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4190:
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4104:Wayback Machine
4092:
4088:
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4077:
4065:
4061:
4056:
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4043:
4039:
4029:
4025:
4020:Wayback Machine
4011:
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4000:
3996:
3989:
3985:
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3959:
3952:
3948:
3938:
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3889:Wayback Machine
3880:
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3866:
3864:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3805:
3790:Gerald Howson,
3789:
3785:
3780:Wayback Machine
3771:
3767:
3760:
3751:
3746:Wayback Machine
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3704:
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3600:
3590:
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3578:
3574:
3567:
3563:
3558:Wayback Machine
3549:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3494:Yankee Squadron
3489:Some Still Live
3435:
3428:
3413:
3404:
3394:
3385:
3379:
3370:
3359:
3350:
3338:
3329:
3326:
3317:
3315:Dewoitine D.510
3312:
3303:
3300:
3291:
3180:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3142:
3140:
3133:
3122:Oficial Aviador
3025:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2987:
2840:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2780:
2767:One of the few
2720:
2605:
2600:Shot down over
2599:
2568:
2499:
2493:
2308:on 21/Jan/1939
2283:Yankee Squadron
2259:
2254:, shot down in
2228:
2150:on 24/Jan/1939
2113:
2006:Vladimir Bobrov
1995:
1972:
1917:
1832:
1745:
1609:
1489:Sistema Ibérico
1485:Sierra de GĂșdar
1442:Dewoitine D.500
1438:Dewoitine D.371
1367:Escuadra España
1351:
1236:Polikarpov I-16
1228:Polikarpov I-15
1104:Dewoitine D.373
1100:Dewoitine D.371
1079:
1067:Italian Fascist
1050:Spanish Morocco
1046:Republican Army
921:
901:
851:Spanish Morocco
849:of troops from
758:
746:
742:
524:Bellanca CH-300
444:Polikarpov I-16
440:Polikarpov I-15
436:Dewoitine D.372
412:Dewoitine D.510
400:Bristol Bulldog
300:
284:
262:
256:
245:
234:
213:
161:
104:
102:
86:
57:Polikarpov I-16
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4749:
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4708:
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4658:
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4624:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4598:
4591:
4590:External links
4588:
4587:
4586:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4547:
4533:
4516:
4499:
4487:Air Enthusiast
4482:
4470:Air Enthusiast
4465:
4451:
4439:Air Enthusiast
4434:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4403:
4385:
4374:
4354:
4343:
4332:
4321:
4310:
4299:
4285:
4274:
4263:
4245:
4227:
4223:978-0595430826
4206:
4195:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4157:
4138:
4129:
4118:
4107:
4086:
4075:
4059:
4050:
4037:
4023:
4005:
3994:
3983:
3957:
3946:
3935:on 18 May 2009
3920:
3909:
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3702:
3681:
3668:
3661:
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3624:
3598:
3572:
3569:Breguet Br.413
3561:
3551:BLOCH 200/210
3542:
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3539:
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3421:naval aviation
3414:
3407:
3405:
3395:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3373:
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3360:
3353:
3351:
3346:Museo del Aire
3339:
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2681:
2678:
2676:Harold E. Dahl
2672:
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2669:
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2658:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2631:
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2627:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2596:aerial ramming
2592:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2571:1ÂȘ Escuadrilla
2569:Leader of the
2565:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2519:
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2490:
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2454:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2409:Czechoslovakia
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2355:
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2348:
2343:
2340:
2338:Pavel Agafonov
2334:
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2300:
2295:
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2034:
2029:
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2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1956:Pavel Rychagov
1952:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1893:
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1851:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:Basque Country
1817:), located at
1811:
1802:), located at
1796:
1789:
1774:
1744:
1743:Pilot training
1741:
1608:
1605:
1519:, the Spanish
1350:
1345:
1248:Polikarpov R-5
1196:Czechoslovakia
1078:
1075:
1035:RegiĂłn Militar
945:naval aviation
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
900:
897:
772:in the 1st Sq
756:
753:
752:
732:Northrop Gamma
728:Northrop Delta
716:Hanriot LH.437
660:Airspeed Envoy
629:
623:
622:
564:Avro 643 Cadet
552:Monospar ST-12
545:
539:
538:
520:Polikarpov R-5
517:
515:Reconnaissance
511:
510:
488:Lockheed Orion
477:
471:
470:
393:
387:
386:
368:Polikarpov R-Z
349:
343:
342:
321:
315:
314:
313:Aircraft flown
310:
309:
302:
294:
293:
286:
278:
277:
270:
264:
263:
261:
260:
249:
238:
226:
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136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
71:Cuatro Vientos
66:Museo del Aire
51:
43:
42:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4748:
4737:
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4727:
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4709:
4707:
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4703:
4701:
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4682:
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4594:
4593:
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4579:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4560:9788497815444
4557:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4489:(79): 42â53.
4488:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4472:(13): 43â49.
4471:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
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4364:
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4341:
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4308:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4217:, iUniverse,
4216:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4164:Beevor, p.140
4161:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4094:Ăngel Viñas,
4090:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:Potez 540/542
4009:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3848:
3845:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
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3777:
3774:
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3756:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:, Stackpole,
3691:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3649:Antony Beevor
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3525:
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3515:
3512:
3505:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Condor Legion
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3149:
3137:
3134:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3108:Jefe de Grupo
3102:
3095:
3088:
3087:Jefe Superior
3083:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2956:
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2939:
2938:
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2929:
2921:
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2903:
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2890:
2883:
2876:
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2855:
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2832:
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2818:
2810:
2809:
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2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2466:
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2461:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:Orrin B. Bell
2450:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2417:
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2299:
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2293:
2291:
2288:
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2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:United States
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:Observations
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:Los AlcĂĄzares
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1737:Stalin Purges
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Los AlcĂĄzares
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:Joseph Stalin
1643:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1487:range of the
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:Albert Lebrun
1410:
1409:Popular Front
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:André Malraux
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1295:AtaĂșd Volante
1292:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:, nicknamed
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:Heinkel He 51
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Fascist Italy
1132:
1131:Condor Legion
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1112:Douglas DC-2s
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
974:
972:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
913:
910:
906:
905:
904:
898:
896:
893:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
843:
842:"La Gloriosa"
837:
835:
830:
824:
819:
814:
809:
808:
802:
797:
796:
791:
787:
783:
775:
771:
767:
762:
757:Military unit
751:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:Ford Trimotor
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:Caudron C-440
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:
628:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:Hanriot H.180
581:
577:
576:Caudron C.282
573:
572:Caudron C.270
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:Monospar ST-4
546:
544:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:
516:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
476:
472:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
392:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
320:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
269:
265:
254:
250:
243:
239:
232:
228:
227:
225:
221:
216:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
164:
158:
153:
150:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
54:
49:
44:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
4656:(in Spanish)
4643:(in Spanish)
4630:(in Spanish)
4622:(in Spanish)
4604:(in Spanish)
4573:
4551:
4536:
4520:
4503:
4486:
4469:
4454:
4441:(9): 26â39.
4438:
4426:
4420:Bibliography
4406:
4388:
4377:
4362:
4357:
4346:
4335:
4324:
4313:
4302:
4294:
4288:
4277:
4266:
4248:
4230:
4214:
4209:
4198:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4141:
4132:
4121:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4053:
4045:
4040:
4032:
4026:
4008:
3997:
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3970:the original
3960:
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3933:the original
3923:
3912:
3904:
3895:
3877:
3865:. Retrieved
3861:the original
3854:
3847:
3835:. Retrieved
3831:the original
3824:
3817:
3806:
3791:
3786:
3768:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3718:the original
3689:
3684:
3676:
3671:
3652:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3611:the original
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3585:the original
3575:
3564:
3546:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3452:
3416:
3382:
3362:
3345:
3341:Farman F 402
3139:
3132:
3094:Jefe de Base
2986:
2807:
2799:
2759:
2738:
2722:
2716:
2707:
2692:
2683:
2663:
2642:
2621:
2598:" technique.
2586:
2570:
2559:
2543:
2534:
2513:
2484:
2467:Shot down 7
2459:
2443:
2434:
2413:
2391:
2375:
2366:
2345:
2330:
2321:
2297:
2281:Part of the
2273:
2251:
2242:
2215:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2172:
2163:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2076:
2061:
2052:
2031:
1997:
1986:
1979:Anatol Serov
1963:
1948:
1939:
1913:
1904:
1883:
1862:
1830:Fighter aces
1814:
1799:
1792:
1777:
1762:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1733:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1660:
1654:
1638:
1626:
1616:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1529:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1493:Valdelinares
1474:
1461:
1460:in his book
1406:anti-fascist
1403:
1398:
1378:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1347:
1317:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1230:, nicknamed
1219:
1214:, the first
1208:Adolf Hitler
1204:Soviet Union
1181:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1127:Nazi Germany
1120:
1080:
1073:supporters.
1060:
1058:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1027:Spanish Navy
1018:
1014:
1012:
998:
982:
975:
973:hydroplane.
969:
961:RamĂłn Franco
936:
932:
928:
922:
902:
884:, where the
859:
838:
817:
805:
793:
786:Armed Forces
781:
779:
773:
765:
747:
743:
720:LatécoÚre 28
704:Couzinet 101
656:Junkers K 30
652:Douglas DC-2
648:Douglas DC-1
644:Farman F 402
496:Miles Falcon
484:Spartan Zeus
480:Latecoere 28
448:Grumman G-23
416:Fokker D.XXI
364:Bloch MB.210
360:Bloch MB.200
79:Mickey Mouse
65:
26:
4173:Beevor, id.
4136:Cate, p.235
4067:Hugh Thomas
3901:René Rémond
3581:"Br.460 B4"
3397:Romano R.80
3153:(1931â1936)
2999:(1931â1936)
2972:Rank group
2813:(1936â1939)
2785:Rank group
2602:Ojos Negros
2069:Abel Guidez
1548:antifascist
1540:André Marty
1525:AĂ©ropostale
1466:FĂ©lix Amiot
1434:Breguet XIX
1418:Jean Moulin
1395:Extremadura
1087:Breguet XIX
1083:coup d'Ă©tat
1071:Third Reich
919:First years
684:Breguet 470
680:Breguet 26T
672:Blériot 111
636:Fokker F.XX
616:SAB-SEMA 10
612:Romano R.83
608:Romano R.82
504:Macchi M.18
460:Letov Ć -331
456:Letov Ć -231
396:Hawker Fury
384:Breguet 460
380:Breguet 413
376:Macchi M.18
324:Breguet XIX
301:(1936â1939)
285:(1931â1936)
258:(1936â1939)
247:(1934â1936)
236:(1931â1934)
145:Engagements
4700:Categories
3724:9 November
3538:References
3401:El CarmolĂ
2928:Comandante
2752:James Peck
2617:Yugoslavia
2144:Esc. Vasca
1788:air bases.
1767:El CarmolĂ
1729:El CarmolĂ
1713:El Palomar
1458:Jules Moch
1220:"Katiuska"
1216:Tupolev SB
1143:Fiat CR.32
970:Plus Ultra
740:Vultee V-1
532:Aero A.101
492:Fokker C.X
452:Letov Ć -31
432:Avia BH-33
356:Tupolev SB
162:commanders
155:Commanders
117:Allegiance
83:Betty Boop
4582:0757-4169
4545:0143-5450
4529:0757-4169
4512:0757-4169
4495:0143-5450
4478:0143-5450
4463:0143-5450
4447:0143-5450
3857:markings"
3827:markings"
3677:Air Power
3655:. Orion.
3651:(2006) .
2498:airfield.
2404:Jan FerĂĄk
1846:Victories
1596:Comintern
1550:resolve.
1477:Potez 540
1446:Amiot 143
1430:Bloch 210
1420:, future
1333:Francazal
1324:Vilajuiga
1320:Catalonia
1287:Potez 540
1256:"Natacha"
1192:LĂ©on Blum
1184:Communist
1108:Potez 540
1002:with his
985:cadastral
736:Potez 560
627:Transport
352:Potez 540
268:Fin flash
139:Air Force
94:1931â1939
4396:Archived
4256:Archived
4238:Archived
4225:, p. 125
4100:Archived
4016:Archived
3976:20 April
3939:21 April
3885:Archived
3776:Archived
3742:Archived
3617:14 April
3591:23 April
3554:Archived
3433:See also
3367:La SĂ©nia
2946:Teniente
2542:Also in
2442:Also in
2374:Also in
2329:Also in
2250:Also in
2195:Also in
2171:Also in
2138:Also in
2110:Grupo 21
2060:Also in
1947:Also in
1705:Alicante
1701:Albacete
1661:Katiuska
1621:La SĂ©nia
1617:Katyuska
1588:L'Espoir
1532:Albacete
1498:L'espoir
1454:Loire 46
1450:Potez 25
1444:/510, 5
1391:MedellĂn
1337:Toulouse
1265:and the
1250:and the
1200:appeased
1186:threat"
1031:Escuadra
1004:autogyro
744:See also
560:Avro 626
556:Avro 594
508:Potez 58
464:Loire 46
340:Potez 25
218:Insignia
4295:El PaĂs
3867:30 July
3837:30 July
3700:, p. 26
3423:of the
2955:Alférez
2937:CapitĂĄn
2910:Coronel
2901:General
2725:pilot.
2546:(1937)
2496:Almenar
2446:(1937)
1843:Service
1840:Country
1804:Godella
1623:Museum.
1544:gunners
1514:general
1501:movie.
1322:was in
1291:Spanish
1240:"Mosca"
1232:"Chato"
1106:and 49
1093:and 56
1029:-based
947:of the
899:History
847:airlift
788:of the
774:Lacalle
668:Avia 51
543:Trainer
391:Fighter
298:Roundel
282:Roundel
160:Notable
99:Country
4580:
4558:
4543:
4527:
4510:
4493:
4476:
4461:
4445:
4369:
4221:
3798:
3696:
3659:
3419:, the
3369:Museum
2735:France
2704:Russia
2583:Russia
2556:Russia
2510:Mexico
2142:&
2073:France
2010:Russia
1983:Russia
1960:Russia
1880:Russia
1859:Russia
1717:Alhama
1709:Murcia
1677:Chatos
1572:MĂĄlaga
1452:and 6
1397:. The
1371:French
1244:"Rata"
1224:Soviet
1133:) and
999:DĂ©dalo
876:, the
866:Madrid
804:) and
620:RSV.32
475:Patrol
347:Bomber
319:Attack
223:Emblem
125:Branch
108:
91:Active
75:Madrid
53:Popeye
3506:Notes
2778:Ranks
2723:Mosca
2717:Chato
2660:Spain
2639:Spain
2531:Spain
2481:Spain
2469:He 51
2431:Spain
2388:Spain
2363:Spain
2342:Spain
2318:Spain
2294:Spain
2239:Spain
2212:Spain
2184:Spain
2160:Spain
2127:Spain
2093:Spain
2049:Spain
2028:Spain
1936:Spain
1922:over
1914:Mosca
1901:Spain
1819:Eibar
1725:Lorca
1491:near
1436:, 17
1432:, 10
1335:near
1125:from
1102:, 10
1089:, 27
855:Ju 52
766:Chato
500:RWD 9
468:Fw 56
4578:ISSN
4556:ISBN
4541:ISSN
4525:ISSN
4508:ISSN
4491:ISSN
4474:ISSN
4459:ISSN
4443:ISSN
4367:ISBN
4219:ISBN
3978:2012
3941:2012
3869:2012
3839:2012
3796:ISBN
3726:2010
3694:ISBN
3657:ISBN
3619:2012
3593:2012
3450:LAPE
2108:and
1924:Baku
1920:KIFA
1837:Name
1784:and
1448:, 5
1440:, 2
1361:The
1273:and
1210:and
1190:and
1145:and
1116:LAPE
1069:and
935:and
860:The
780:The
764:The
135:Type
81:and
2756:USA
2680:USA
2456:USA
2306:KIA
2148:KIA
1727:or
1389:at
1365:or
1252:R-Z
1048:in
59:of
4702::
4150:.
4069:,
3903:,
3752:^
3705:^
3638:^
2199:,
2192:10
2168:10
2146:.
2135:10
2112:.
2101:10
2081:10
2057:11
2036:11
2015:13
1991:16
1968:20
1944:21
1909:23
1888:30
1867:39
1821:,
1806:,
1723:,
1719:,
1715:,
1711:,
1707:,
1703:,
1644:,
1619:,
1393:,
1373::
1343:.
1293::
1041:.
738:,
734:,
730:,
726:,
722:,
718:,
714:,
710:,
706:,
702:,
698:,
694:,
690:,
686:,
682:,
678:,
674:,
670:,
666:,
662:,
658:,
654:,
650:,
646:,
642:,
638:,
634:,
618:,
614:,
610:,
606:,
602:,
598:,
594:,
590:,
586:,
582:,
578:,
574:,
570:,
566:,
562:,
558:,
554:,
550:,
534:,
530:,
526:,
522:,
506:,
502:,
498:,
494:,
490:,
486:,
482:,
466:,
462:,
458:,
454:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
438:,
434:,
430:,
426:,
422:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
402:,
398:,
382:,
378:,
374:,
370:,
366:,
362:,
358:,
354:,
338:,
334:,
330:,
326:,
73:,
69:,
4584:.
4531:.
4514:.
4497:.
4480:.
4449:.
3980:.
3943:.
3871:.
3841:.
3728:.
3665:.
3621:.
3595:.
3530:)
3403:.
3175:e
3168:t
3161:v
3129:-
3020:e
3013:t
3006:v
2835:e
2828:t
2821:v
2764:5
2743:5
2719:.
2712:5
2688:5
2668:5
2647:5
2626:5
2591:6
2564:6
2539:6
2518:6
2489:7
2464:7
2439:7
2418:7
2396:7
2371:7
2350:8
2326:8
2302:8
2278:8
2258:.
2247:9
2220:9
1916:.
1825:.
1810:.
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