606:
689:
653:
677:
665:
641:
629:
617:
281:, abbreviated RTR, is the retraction of the base of the tongue in the pharynx during the pronunciation of a vowel, the opposite articulation of advanced tongue root. This type of vowel has also been referred to as
204:
can often involve non-contrastive tongue root advancement whose results can be seen occasionally in sound changes relating stop voicing and vowel frontness such as voicing stop consonants before
288:
The neutral position of the tongue during the pronunciation of a vowel, contrasting with advanced tongue root and thus marked -ATR, is also sometimes referred to as retracted tongue root.
227:
appear to be incompatible with advanced tongue root, i.e. they are inherently . Combined with the above tendency for voiced stops to be , that motivates the extreme rarity of the
551:) are often not distinguished and are approximately equivalent to European and , as reflected in the orthography; for such people, the second harmonization rule does not apply.
245:
In languages in which they occur, advanced-tongue-root vowels very often contrast with retracted tongue root (RTR) vowels in a system of
586:, has a vocalic distinction that had been assumed to be one of tongue root. However, it turned out to be a phonation distinction of
292:
235:
807:
The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register, and stress: laryngoscopic case studies
548:
544:
536:
532:
524:
504:
500:
496:
474:
455:
442:
437:
425:
410:
405:
393:
378:
373:
359:
201:
85:
76:
48:
39:
527:
is harmonically neutral, occurring with either set of vowels. In addition, the two vowels written
228:
157:
149:
583:
839:
282:
217:
213:
194:
587:
224:
688:
652:
507:). (It is not reflected in the orthography; underlying and surface vowels are both spelled
855:
705:
676:
664:
640:
628:
616:
304:
161:
145:
312:
197:
141:
137:
469:
There are two harmonization rules that govern the vowels that may co-occur in a word:
849:
316:
308:
246:
188:
180:
129:
17:
597:
It is not yet clear whether that is characteristic of ±ATR distinctions in general.
563:
560:
256:
and jaw as well; the ear can often perceive this tension as a "brightness" (narrow
209:
260:) compared to RTR vowels. Nonetheless, phoneticians do not refer to ATR vowels as
187:
during the pronunciation of a vowel. The lowering of the larynx sometimes adds a
591:
320:
205:
605:
93:
56:
495:
As long as it does not conflict with the previous rule, the +ATR mid vowels (
567:
520:
266:
239:
153:
152:. ATR vs RTR was once suggested to be the basis for the distinction between
105:
579:
319:, which has fifteen vowels: five +ATR vowels, five −ATR vowels, and five
575:
257:
473:
All −ATR vowels become +ATR when followed by a peripheral +ATR vowel (
571:
184:
125:
216:: the fronting of vowels after voiced stops in certain dialects of
604:
133:
311:
based on tongue root position. That is illustrated here with the
252:
ATR vowels involve a certain tension in the tongue, often in the
183:
by moving the base of the tongue forward and often lowering the
708:, an effect of tongue-root retraction in some click consonants.
516:
253:
249:, which occurs commonly in large parts of West Africa.
753:
Vaux, Bert (1999). "A Note on
Pharyngeal Features".
303:
As mentioned above, many
African languages, such as
270:
already has several meanings in
European phonetics.
92:
83:
74:
69:
55:
46:
37:
32:
779:
767:
737:
725:
566:at the end of the twentieth century, new types of
795:. Foreign Service Institute (Hippocrene reprint).
578:. One of the few languages studied thus far, the
519:language, the ±ATR distinction has merged in the
27:Tongue position when pronouncing certain vowels
805:Edmondson, Jerold A.; John H. Esling (2005).
8:
124:) are contrasting states of the root of the
503:) when preceded by a −ATR non-high vowel (
824:Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996).
570:were discovered that involve more of the
748:
746:
327:
231:compared to its voiceless counterpart .
791:J.E. Redden and N. Owusu (1963, 1995).
718:
612:
175:, abbreviated ATR or +ATR, also called
299:Tongue root position and vowel harmony
66:
29:
755:Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics
7:
164:, but that no longer seems tenable.
826:The Sounds of the World's Languages
238:represents ATR with a "left tack"
25:
136:in some languages, especially in
687:
675:
663:
651:
639:
627:
615:
179:, involves the expansion of the
293:International Phonetic Alphabet
236:International Phonetic Alphabet
842:, with audio examples of and
780:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
768:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
738:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
726:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
1:
291:The diacritic for RTR in the
499:) become −ATR high vowels (
70:Retracted tongue root (RTR)
872:
33:Advanced tongue root (ATR)
706:The back-vowel constraint
555:Tongue root and phonation
477:). That is, orthographic
610:
295:is the right tack, .
191:quality to the vowel.
608:
489:and sometimes before
279:Retracted tongue root
274:Retracted tongue root
118:retracted tongue root
18:Retracted tongue root
828:. Oxford: Blackwell.
173:Advanced tongue root
168:Advanced tongue root
154:tense and lax vowels
110:advanced tongue root
770:, p. 300; 306.
330:
611:
329:Fante ±ATR vowels
328:
307:, have systems of
229:voiced uvular stop
158:European languages
601:Additional images
559:With advances in
465:
464:
225:uvular consonants
181:pharyngeal cavity
102:
101:
65:
64:
16:(Redirected from
863:
829:
811:
810:
802:
796:
793:Twi Basic Course
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
758:
750:
741:
735:
729:
723:
691:
679:
667:
655:
643:
631:
619:
588:faucalized voice
550:
546:
538:
534:
526:
506:
502:
498:
476:
457:
444:
439:
427:
412:
407:
395:
380:
375:
361:
349:Approx. European
331:
212:languages or in
203:
88:
87:
79:
78:
67:
51:
50:
42:
41:
30:
21:
871:
870:
866:
865:
864:
862:
861:
860:
846:
845:
836:
823:
820:
815:
814:
804:
803:
799:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
752:
751:
744:
736:
732:
724:
720:
715:
702:
695:
692:
683:
680:
671:
668:
659:
656:
647:
644:
635:
632:
623:
620:
603:
557:
350:
345:
340:
335:
301:
276:
264:since the word
170:
84:
75:
47:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
869:
867:
859:
858:
848:
847:
844:
843:
835:
834:External links
832:
831:
830:
819:
816:
813:
812:
797:
784:
782:, p. 306.
772:
760:
742:
740:, p. 300.
730:
717:
716:
714:
711:
710:
709:
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
686:
684:
681:
674:
672:
669:
662:
660:
657:
650:
648:
645:
638:
636:
633:
626:
624:
621:
614:
609:Root of tongue
602:
599:
574:than just the
556:
553:
513:
512:
493:
467:
466:
463:
462:
460:
458:
453:
449:
448:
445:
440:
435:
431:
430:
428:
423:
421:
417:
416:
413:
408:
403:
399:
398:
396:
391:
389:
385:
384:
381:
376:
371:
367:
366:
364:
362:
357:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
300:
297:
283:pharyngealized
275:
272:
214:Adjarian's law
169:
166:
144:, but also in
142:Eastern Africa
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
81:
80:
72:
71:
63:
62:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
868:
857:
854:
853:
851:
841:
840:Maasai Vowels
838:
837:
833:
827:
822:
821:
817:
808:
801:
798:
794:
788:
785:
781:
776:
773:
769:
764:
761:
756:
749:
747:
743:
739:
734:
731:
727:
722:
719:
712:
707:
704:
703:
699:
690:
685:
678:
673:
666:
661:
654:
649:
642:
637:
630:
625:
618:
613:
607:
600:
598:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
554:
552:
542:
530:
522:
518:
510:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
471:
470:
461:
459:
454:
451:
450:
446:
441:
436:
433:
432:
429:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
409:
404:
401:
400:
397:
392:
390:
387:
386:
382:
377:
372:
369:
368:
365:
363:
358:
355:
354:
348:
343:
338:
333:
332:
326:
325:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:vowel harmony
306:
298:
296:
294:
289:
286:
284:
280:
273:
271:
269:
268:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
247:vowel harmony
243:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
199:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:pronunciation
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
97:
95:
91:
82:
73:
68:
60:
58:
54:
45:
36:
31:
19:
825:
806:
800:
792:
787:
775:
763:
754:
733:
721:
682:tongue root
596:
564:laryngoscopy
558:
540:
528:
514:
508:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
351:equivalents
321:nasal vowels
302:
290:
287:
278:
277:
265:
262:tense vowels
261:
251:
244:
233:
222:
210:Oghuz Turkic
206:front vowels
193:
176:
172:
171:
121:
117:
113:
109:
103:
694:tongue root
670:tongue root
658:tongue root
646:tongue root
634:Tongue root
622:Tongue root
592:harsh voice
561:fiber-optic
315:dialect of
128:during the
713:References
94:IPA Number
57:IPA Number
582:language
568:phonation
521:low vowel
483:i e a o u
479:e ɛ a ɔ o
240:diacritic
150:Mongolian
106:phonetics
850:Category
700:See also
580:Togolese
475:/i̘a̘u̘/
258:formants
218:Armenian
200:such as
177:expanded
160:such as
818:Sources
590:versus
576:glottis
523:and so
515:In the
485:before
481:become
208:in the
189:breathy
138:Western
856:Vowels
584:Kabiyé
572:larynx
539:) and
497:/e̘o̘/
336:graphy
334:Ortho-
305:Maasai
195:Voiced
185:larynx
162:German
146:Kazakh
134:vowels
126:tongue
116:) and
505:/eao/
346:value
341:value
313:Fante
267:tense
223:True
198:stops
547:and
545:/o̘/
535:and
533:/e̘/
509:e o.
501:/iu/
456:/u̘/
438:/o̘/
406:/a̘/
374:/e̘/
360:/i̘/
344:−ATR
339:+ATR
317:Akan
254:lips
242:, .
234:The
148:and
140:and
549:/u/
537:/i/
525:/a/
517:Twi
487:i u
447:,
443:/u/
426:/o/
415:,
411:/a/
394:/e/
383:,
379:/i/
323:.
285:.
156:in
132:of
122:RTR
114:ATR
104:In
98:418
61:417
852::
745:^
594:.
491:a.
452:u
434:o
420:ɔ
402:a
388:ɛ
370:e
356:i
220:.
202:,,
108:,
86:◌꭫
77:◌̙
49:◌꭪
40:◌̘
809:.
757:.
728:.
543:(
541:o
531:(
529:e
511:)
120:(
112:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.