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stars orbit the galaxy on average with the disk rotation), and a metal-poor, outer, retrograde (rotating against the disc) component. However, these findings have been challenged by other studies, arguing against such a duality. These studies demonstrate that the observational data can be explained without a duality, when employing an improved statistical analysis and accounting for measurement uncertainties.
4328:
4352:
924:. A retrograde black hole – one whose spin is opposite to that of its disk – spews jets much more powerful than those of a prograde black hole, which may have no jet at all. Scientists have produced a theoretical framework for the formation and evolution of retrograde black holes based on the gap between the inner edge of an accretion disk and the black hole.
4304:
4340:
468:, the region of stability for retrograde orbits at a large distance from the primary is larger than that for prograde orbits. This has been suggested as an explanation for the preponderance of retrograde moons around Jupiter. Because Saturn has a more even mix of retrograde/prograde moons, however, the underlying causes appear to be more complex.
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Venus to the Sun and atmospheric tides trying to spin Venus in a retrograde direction. In addition to maintaining this present day equilibrium, tides are also sufficient to account for evolution of Venus's rotation from a primordial fast prograde direction to its present-day slow retrograde rotation.
656:
in a retrograde orbit around the Sun hit the Earth with a faster relative speed than prograde meteoroids and tend to burn up in the atmosphere and are more likely to hit the side of the Earth facing away from the Sun (i.e. at night) whereas the prograde meteoroids have slower closing speeds and more
483:
to their host planet, so they have zero rotation relative to their host planet, but have the same type of rotation as their host planet relative to the Sun because they have prograde orbits around their host planet. That is, they all have prograde rotation relative to the Sun except those of Uranus.
861:
with a retrograde orbit and with a retrograde or zero rotation. The structure of the halo is the topic of an ongoing debate. Several studies have claimed to find a halo consisting of two distinct components. These studies find a "dual" halo, with an inner, more metal-rich, prograde component (i.e.
824:
of accreted planets ranging from 0 to 180 degrees with any direction as likely as any other with both prograde and retrograde spins equally probable. Therefore, prograde spin with small axial tilt, common for the solar system's terrestrial planets except for Venus, is not common for terrestrial
276:
passing through the object's centre. An object with an axial tilt up to 90 degrees is rotating in the same direction as its primary. An object with an axial tilt of exactly 90 degrees, has a perpendicular rotation that is neither prograde nor retrograde. An object with an axial tilt between 90
329:
It is unlikely that Venus was formed with its present slow retrograde rotation, which takes 243 days. Venus probably began with a fast prograde rotation with a period of several hours much like most of the planets in the Solar System. Venus is close enough to the Sun to experience significant
251:
is measured from the equator of the planet they orbit. An object with an inclination between 0 and 90 degrees is orbiting or revolving in the same direction as the primary is rotating. An object with an inclination of exactly 90 degrees has a perpendicular orbit that is neither prograde nor
730:
destined for low inclination orbits are usually launched in the prograde direction, since this minimizes the amount of propellant required to reach orbit by taking advantage of the Earth's rotation (an equatorial launch site is optimal for this effect). However, Israeli
524:
often result in large discrepancies. The asteroid spin vector catalog at Poznan
Observatory avoids use of the phrases "retrograde rotation" or "prograde rotation" as it depends which reference plane is meant and asteroid coordinates are usually given with respect to the
434:. If an object is formed elsewhere and later captured into orbit by a planet's gravity, it can be captured into either a retrograde or prograde orbit depending on whether it first approaches the side of the planet that is rotating towards or away from it. This is an
755:
within the cluster and this can lead to disks and their resulting planets having inclined or retrograde orbits around their stars. Retrograde motion may also result from gravitational interactions with other celestial bodies in the same system (See
833:
The pattern of stars appears fixed in the sky, insofar as human vision is concerned; this is because their massive distances relative to the Earth result in motion imperceptible to the naked eye. In reality, stars orbit the center of their galaxy.
38:
419:
460:
to some degree. The only satellite in the Solar System for which this effect is non-negligible is
Neptune's moon Triton. All the other retrograde satellites are on distant orbits and tidal forces between them and the planet are negligible.
973:
Venus's retrograde rotation is measurably slowing down. It has slowed by about one part per million since it was first measured by satellites. This slowing is incompatible with an equilibrium between gravitational and atmospheric
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4059:
771:
has parts rotating in opposite directions. This is the first known example of a counterrotating accretion disk. If this system forms planets, the inner planets will likely orbit in the opposite direction to the outer planets.
174:, its material takes a shape similar to that of a disk. Most of the material orbits and rotates in one direction. This uniformity of motion is due to the collapse of a gas cloud. The nature of the collapse is explained by
4054:
80:
is more normal motion in the same direction as the primary rotates. However, "retrograde" and "prograde" can also refer to an object other than the primary if so described. The direction of rotation is determined by an
318:
is 177°, which means it is rotating almost exactly in the opposite direction to its orbit. Uranus has an axial tilt of 97.77°, so its axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System.
760:) or a near-collision with another planet, or it may be that the star itself flipped over early in their system's formation due to interactions between the star's magnetic field and the planet-forming disk.
681:
Retrograde motion, or retrogression, within the Earth's atmosphere is seen in weather systems whose motion is opposite the general regional direction of airflow, i.e. from east to west against the
793:
had orbits that were misaligned with the rotation axis of their parent stars, with six having backwards orbits. One proposed explanation is that hot
Jupiters tend to form in dense clusters, where
4049:
2707:
182:
with backward orbits called into question the theories about the formation of planetary systems. This can be explained by noting that stars and their planets do not form in isolation but in
4211:
1586:
4076:
2244:
Daniela
Carollo; et al. (2010). "Structure and Kinematics of the Stellar Halos and Thick Disks of the Milky Way Based on Calibration Stars from Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR7".
30:
This article is about retrograde motions of celestial bodies relative to a gravitationally central object. For the apparent motion as seen from a particular vantage point, see
4103:
487:
If there is a collision, material could be ejected in any direction and coalesce into either prograde or retrograde moons, which may be the case for the moons of dwarf planet
3888:
3883:
1280:; Weaver, H. A.; Steff, A. J.; Mutchler, M. J.; et al. (2006-02-23). "A giant impact origin for Pluto's small moons and satellite multiplicity in the Kuiper belt".
4044:
3507:
2493:
355:
In the past, various alternative hypotheses have been proposed to explain Venus's retrograde rotation, such as collisions or it having originally formed that way.
3811:
1970:
Anderson, D. R.; Hellier, C.; Gillon, M.; Triaud, A. H. M. J.; et al. (2010-01-20). "WASP-17b: An ultra-low density planet in a probable retrograde orbit".
378:
with the Sun, but they have not reached an equilibrium state like
Mercury and Venus because they are further out from the Sun where tidal forces are weaker. The
370:
of its orbit. Mercury's prograde rotation is slow enough that due to its eccentricity, its angular orbital velocity exceeds its angular rotational velocity near
520:
analyse the rotation of most asteroids. As of 2012, data is available for less than 200 asteroids and the different methods of determining the orientation of
901:
A galaxy called
Complex H, which was orbiting the Milky Way in a retrograde direction relative to the Milky Way's rotation, is colliding with the Milky Way.
3782:
3365:
912:
is an example of a galaxy that has a bulge that is rotating in the opposite direction to the rest of the disk, probably as a result of infalling material.
322:
The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is not known with certainty, but the usual speculation is that it was caused by a collision with an Earth-sized
124:
have prograde orbits around their planets. Prograde satellites of Uranus orbit in the direction Uranus rotates, which is retrograde to the Sun. Nearly all
735:
satellites are launched in a westward, retrograde direction over the
Mediterranean to ensure that launch debris does not fall onto populated land areas.
4098:
3050:
933:
820:
is far larger than the size of planetary embryos so collisions are equally likely to come from any direction in three dimensions. This results in the
722:
4081:
3918:
673:
of the Solar System is complicated by perturbations from the planets. Every few hundred years this motion switches between prograde and retrograde.
555:
are orbiting in the same direction as the objects they are in resonance with, however a few retrograde asteroids have been found in resonance with
1683:"Discovery of A New Retrograde Trans-Neptunian Object: Hint of A Common Orbital Plane for Low Semi-Major Axis, High Inclination TNOs and Centaurs"
509:
Some asteroids with retrograde orbits may be burnt-out comets, but some may acquire their retrograde orbit due to gravitational interactions with
2116:
Kravtsov, Valery V. (2002). "Second parameter globulars and dwarf spheroidals around the Local Group massive galaxies: What can they evidence?".
782:
that was discovered to be orbiting its star opposite to the direction the star is rotating. A second such planet was announced just a day later:
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1805:
1348:
1184:
1123:
1098:
2684:
998:
3908:
3898:
3944:
3878:
2992:
2022:
1882:"Pluto's beating heart regulates the atmospheric circulation: results from high resolution and multi-year numerical climate simulations"
1929:
1542:
4236:
4086:
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3770:
532:
Asteroids with satellites, also known as binary asteroids, make up about 15% of all asteroids less than 10 km in diameter in the
306:. Six of the planets also rotate about their axis in this same direction. The exceptions – the planets with retrograde rotation – are
1881:
1055:
277:
degrees and 180 degrees is rotating in the opposite direction to its orbital direction. Regardless of inclination or axial tilt, the
4269:
3903:
2907:
3964:
3954:
3442:
1441:
175:
1656:
4039:
3990:
3913:
3818:
3794:
3765:
3752:
3055:
2572:
Prada, F.; C. Gutierrez; R. F. Peletier; C. D. McKeith (14 March 1996). "A Counter-rotating Bulge in the Sb Galaxy NGC 7331".
2462:
374:, causing the motion of the sun in Mercury's sky to temporarily reverse. The rotations of Earth and Mars are also affected by
3995:
395:
2876:
Liou, J (1999). "Orbital
Evolution of Retrograde Interplanetary Dust Particles and Their Distribution in the Solar System".
2497:
4221:
3868:
3823:
2788:, Steven M. Kreyche, Jason W. Barnes, Billy L. Quarles, Jack J. Lissauer, John E. Chambers, Matthew M. Hedman, 30 Mar 2020
1880:
Bertrand, T.; Forget, F.; White, O.; Schmitt, B.; Stern, S.A.; Weaver, H.A.; Young, L.A.; Ennico, K.; Olkin, C.B. (2020).
1465:
S. Greenstreet, B. Gladman, H. Ngo, M. Granvik, and S. Larson, "Production of Near-earth
Asteroids on Retrograde Orbits",
4282:
2069:"Globular clusters and dwarf spheroidal galaxies of the outer galactic halo: On the putative scenario of their formation"
1026:
869:
is thought to have ended up with its high-velocity retrograde orbit around the galaxy as a result of being ripped from a
155:
of Earth have been placed in a prograde orbit, because in this situation less propellant is required to reach the orbit.
3858:
938:
303:
278:
194:
collides with or steals material from a cloud this can result in retrograde motion of a disk and the resulting planets.
69:
1479:
Paolicchi, P.; Kryszczyńska, A. (2012). "Spin vectors of asteroids: Updated statistical properties and open problems".
4201:
4000:
1147:
82:
594:
objects have prograde orbits around the Sun. The first Kuiper belt object discovered to have a retrograde orbit was
4034:
4029:
4019:
3777:
3437:
1740:
C. de la Fuente Marcos; R. de la Fuente Marcos (2014). "Large retrograde
Centaurs: visitors from the Oort cloud?".
948:
694:
31:
1947:"Evolution of Spin Direction of Accreting Magnetic Protostars and Spin-Orbit Misalignment in Exoplanetary Systems"
41:
Retrograde orbit: the satellite (red) orbits in the direction opposite to the rotation of its primary (blue/black)
4264:
4014:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3672:
3667:
3467:
3351:
1373:
Astakhov, S. A.; Burbanks, A. D.; Wiggins, S.; Farrelly, D. (2003). "Chaos-assisted capture of irregular moons".
503:
441:
In the Solar System, many of the asteroid-sized moons have retrograde orbits, whereas all the large moons except
273:
220:
2519:
Lockman, Felix J. (2003). "High-velocity cloud Complex H: a satellite of the Milky Way in a retrograde orbit?".
4024:
3969:
3830:
3637:
3617:
3377:
3020:
794:
4246:
4206:
3949:
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3447:
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921:
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of the Solar System are too massive and too far from the Sun for tidal forces to slow down their rotations.
108:, are prograde. They orbit around the Sun in the same direction as the sun rotates about its axis, which is
281:
in the Solar System is defined as the pole that is in the same celestial hemisphere as Earth's north pole.
3959:
3840:
3452:
3402:
347:
144:, which is large and close. All retrograde satellites are thought to have formed separately before being
3928:
3572:
3472:
3306:
2792:
Gayon, Julie; Eric Bois (21 April 2008). "Are retrograde resonances possible in multi-planet systems?".
2040:
842:
798:
544:
causing an asteroid to spin so fast that it breaks up. As of 2012, and where the rotation is known, all
488:
65:
1142:
Correia, Alexandre C. M.; Laskar, Jacques (2010). "Tidal Evolution of Exoplanets". In S. Seager (ed.).
406:
are tidally locked to each other. It is suspected that the Plutonian satellite system was created by a
252:
retrograde. An object with an inclination between 90 degrees and 180 degrees is in a retrograde orbit.
4216:
4196:
3806:
3477:
3392:
3088:
3015:
2931:
2885:
2848:
2811:
2755:
2708:"What's more powerful than a supermassive black hole? A supermassive black hole that spins backwards"
2648:
2591:
2538:
2428:
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2135:
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1989:
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1704:
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1235:
537:
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152:
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2786:
Retrograde-rotating exoplanets experience obliquity excitations in an eccentricity-enabled resonance
1527:
4356:
4009:
3557:
3537:
3492:
3462:
3271:
3266:
3065:
2409:
R. Schoenrich; M. Asplund; L. Casagrande (2014). "Does SEGUE/SDSS indicate a dual Galactic halo?".
1958:"Still-Forming Solar System May Have Planets Orbiting Star in Opposite Directions, Astronomers Say"
1681:
Chen, Ying-Tung; Lin, Hsing Wen; Holman, Matthew J; Payne, Matthew J; et al. (5 August 2016).
817:
748:
706:
686:
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191:
133:
57:
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2332:
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2279:
2253:
2219:
2185:
2169:
Daniela Carollo; Timothy C. Beers; Young Sun Lee; Masashi Chiba; et al. (13 December 2007).
2151:
2125:
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2005:
1979:
1912:
1862:
1834:
1775:
1749:
1722:
1694:
1623:
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1315:
1259:
1151:
895:
813:
809:
625:
606:
457:
407:
171:
2170:
1563:
268:
is prograde or retrograde. Axial tilt is the angle between an object's rotation axis and a line
3853:
3697:
3642:
3512:
3487:
3235:
3230:
3179:
3029:
2211:
1801:
1398:
1307:
1251:
1226:
1180:
1119:
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866:
858:
614:
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125:
121:
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3432:
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2893:
2856:
2852:
2819:
2815:
2763:
2656:
2599:
2546:
2436:
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2271:
2203:
2143:
2139:
2091:
2087:
1997:
1904:
1852:
1767:
1763:
1712:
1613:
1539:
1496:
1492:
1390:
1299:
1282:
1243:
1218:
943:
363:
359:
299:
236:
224:
168:
145:
109:
61:
1077:"A natural formation scenario for misaligned and short-period eccentric extrasolar planets"
4384:
3722:
3517:
3417:
3341:
3331:
3110:
2911:
2053:
Sean N. Raymond, Eiichiro Kokubo, Alessandro Morbidelli, Ryuji Morishima, Kevin J. Walsh,
1546:
768:
757:
752:
472:
446:
187:
1200:
402:
has retrograde rotation; its axial tilt is approximately 120 degrees. Pluto and its moon
60:, that is, the central object (right figure). It may also describe other motions such as
2935:
2904:
2889:
2759:
2652:
2595:
2542:
2432:
2377:
2320:
2267:
2199:
1993:
1900:
1848:
1708:
1609:
1386:
1295:
1239:
1075:
Ingo Thies, Pavel Kroupa, Simon P. Goodwin, Dimitris Stamatellos, Anthony P. Whitworth,
4368:
4296:
3582:
3577:
3427:
3382:
3291:
2839:
Kalvouridis, T. J. (May 2003). "Retrograde Orbits in Ring Configurations of N Bodies".
2481:"Making Counter-Orbiting Tidal Debris – The Origin of the Milky Way Disc of Satellites"
891:
764:
670:
526:
435:
232:
129:
2275:
2001:
1717:
1682:
449:
are thought to have a retrograde orbit because they originate from the irregular moon
4378:
3712:
3387:
3326:
3281:
3220:
3215:
3190:
3125:
3115:
3105:
2868:
2768:
2734:"The evolution of radio-loud active galactic nuclei as a function of black hole spin"
2733:
2670:
2448:
2386:
2351:
2328:
2297:
Timothy C. Beers; et al. (2012). "The Case for the Dual Halo of the Milky Way".
1916:
1857:
1822:
1779:
1627:
1173:
874:
850:
846:
533:
480:
450:
442:
403:
351:
331:
269:
141:
2831:
2611:
2558:
2440:
2395:
2336:
2283:
2155:
2009:
1866:
1410:
1263:
4363:
4320:
3863:
3848:
3742:
3732:
3624:
3547:
3316:
3296:
3286:
3184:
3120:
2223:
1726:
1514:
1319:
953:
870:
805:
744:
698:
521:
476:
431:
391:
295:
228:
183:
93:
1823:"Sun's retrograde motion and violation of even-odd cycle rule in sunspot activity"
956:, a toy involving simultaneous circular motion of two balls in opposite directions
2823:
2147:
445:(the largest of Neptune's moons) have prograde orbits. The particles in Saturn's
3789:
3737:
3682:
3677:
3567:
3562:
3532:
3502:
3497:
3457:
3412:
3407:
3336:
3321:
3311:
3256:
3200:
3195:
3161:
3146:
3141:
3135:
1214:
838:
790:
702:
661:
and tend to hit the Sun-facing side of the Earth. Most meteoroids are prograde.
591:
541:
465:
375:
323:
208:
179:
86:
17:
516:
Due to their small size and their large distance from Earth it is difficult to
430:
will orbit the planet in the same direction as the planet is rotating and is a
3760:
3527:
3301:
3225:
3151:
3130:
2944:
2919:
2860:
2095:
1771:
1500:
1277:
1030:
821:
693:
easterlies. Prograde motion with respect to planetary rotation is seen in the
690:
682:
658:
653:
575:
371:
315:
261:
37:
3717:
3707:
3210:
3205:
3171:
3156:
3045:
1618:
1581:
1247:
854:
779:
727:
596:
517:
499:
418:
379:
2897:
2643:
2215:
2057:, Submitted on 5 Dec 2013 (v1), last revised 28 Jan 2014 (this version, v3)
1957:
1402:
1311:
1255:
3727:
3600:
2964:
2586:
2533:
2130:
1908:
1839:
909:
783:
775:
635:
53:
2661:
2626:
2207:
1394:
1303:
398:
have prograde orbits around the Sun, but some have retrograde rotation.
215:
is prograde or retrograde. The inclination of a celestial object is the
3612:
556:
510:
426:
If formed in the gravity field of a planet as the planet is forming, a
137:
2920:"On the observed excess of retrograde orbits among long-period comets"
548:
orbit the asteroid in the same direction as the asteroid is rotating.
3923:
3251:
3075:
3010:
571:
560:
343:
311:
164:
132:
and thus have prograde rotation. Retrograde satellites are generally
117:
101:
816:'s rotation rate. During the giant impact stage, the thickness of a
4315:
2785:
2603:
2550:
1699:
2958:
2952:
2806:
2750:
2480:
2423:
2368:
2311:
2258:
2190:
2054:
1984:
1946:
1754:
1600:
1424:
1156:
1076:
710:
417:
399:
307:
248:
240:
216:
113:
105:
56:
motion of an object in the direction opposite the rotation of its
49:
36:
898:
in either prograde or retrograde orbits around larger galaxies.
732:
339:
120:, planetary rotations around their axis are also prograde. Most
2974:
2953:
Dynamical Effects on the Habitable Zone for Earth-like Exomoons
502:
usually have a prograde orbit around the Sun. Only a few dozen
298:
orbit the Sun in the direction of the Sun's rotation, which is
244:
97:
2970:
1540:"Rotational breakup as the origin of small binary asteroids"
1114:
Bergstralh, Jay T.; Miner, Ellis; Matthews, Mildred (1991).
1582:"Asteroids in retrograde resonance with Jupiter and Saturn"
1564:"Asteroids with satellites: Analysis of observational data"
2965:
The Formation and Role of Vortices in Protoplanetary Disks
1538:
Kevin J. Walsh, Derek C. Richardson & Patrick Michel,
112:
when observed from above the Sun's north pole. Except for
4212:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
2732:
Garofalo, D.; Evans, D.A.; Sambruna, R.M. (August 2010).
1960:, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, February 13, 2006
1587:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters
999:"Planet found orbiting its star backwards for first time"
713:
should be dominated by winds retrograde to its rotation.
2041:"Trading spaces: How swapping stars create hot Jupiters"
1089:
McBride, Neil; Bland, Philip A.; Gilmour, Iain (2004).
605:. Other Kuiper belt objects with retrograde orbits are
2023:"Second backwards planet found, a day after the first"
578:
are much more likely than asteroids to be retrograde.
4280:
2171:"Two stellar components in the halo of the Milky Way"
1528:
Documentation for Asteroid Spin Vector Determinations
1515:"Physical studies of asteroids at Poznan Observatory"
1349:"Science: Neptune's new moon baffles the astronomers"
491:, although Haumea's rotation direction is not known.
920:
The center of a spiral galaxy contains at least one
540:
population and most are thought to be formed by the
4189:
3978:
3937:
3839:
3751:
3658:
3591:
3364:
3244:
3170:
3096:
3083:
3038:
894:can pull material out of galaxies and create small
2959:What collisional debris can tell us about galaxies
2494:"Galaxy Orbiting Milky Way in the Wrong Direction"
1172:
1071:
1069:
1056:"Stars that steal give birth to backwards planets"
231:, inclination of the planets is measured from the
3889:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3884:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
2924:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2738:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2350:R. Schoenrich; M. Asplund; L. Casagrande (2011).
2055:"Terrestrial Planet Formation at Home and Abroad"
1827:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
346:. Venus's present slow retrograde rotation is in
3508:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
1118:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 485–86.
2479:M. S. Pawlowski, P. Kroupa, and K. S. de Boer,
1945:Dong Lai, Francois Foucart, Douglas N. C. Lin,
743:Stars and planetary systems tend to be born in
362:is not tidally locked because it has entered a
1442:"Nearby asteroid found orbiting Sun backwards"
1425:"On the Dynamics and Origin of Haumea's Moons"
1137:
1135:
1021:
1019:
709:. Simulations indicate that the atmosphere of
641:. All of these orbits are highly tilted, with
350:balance between gravitational tides trying to
2986:
2967:, Patrick Godon, Mario Livio, 22 October 1999
2955:, Duncan Forgan, David Kipping, 16 April 2013
2352:"On the alleged duality of the Galactic halo"
1930:"Tilting stars may explain backwards planets"
1657:"Distant object found orbiting Sun backwards"
1423:Matija Ćuk, Darin Ragozzine, David Nesvorný,
837:Stars with an orbit retrograde relative to a
801:of planets by neighboring stars is possible.
789:In one study more than half of all the known
8:
2685:"Some black holes make stronger jets of gas"
1797:Meteorites: A Journey Through Space and Time
1580:Morais, M. H. M.; Namouni, F. (2013-09-21).
890:Close-flybys and mergers of galaxies within
358:Despite being closer to the Sun than Venus,
2076:Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions
1570:, May 2013, Volume 47, Issue 3, pp. 196–202
1093:. Cambridge University Press. p. 248.
3093:
2993:
2979:
2971:
2905:How large is the retrograde annual wobble?
1171:Strom, Robert G.; Sprague, Ann L. (2003).
529:rather than the asteroid's orbital plane.
326:during the formation of the Solar System.
3051:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
2943:
2805:
2767:
2749:
2660:
2642:
2585:
2532:
2422:
2385:
2367:
2310:
2257:
2189:
2129:
1983:
1856:
1838:
1753:
1716:
1698:
1617:
1599:
1435:
1433:
1155:
934:Artificial satellites in retrograde orbit
723:Artificial satellites in retrograde orbit
422:The orange moon is in a retrograde orbit.
3919:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
1889:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
992:
990:
751:can collide with or steal material from
223:and another reference frame such as the
27:Relative directions of orbit or rotation
4287:
2625:Merritt, D.; Milosavljević, M. (2005).
1219:"A Giant Impact Origin of Pluto-Charon"
1049:
1047:
986:
966:
582:has a retrograde orbit around the Sun.
338:to create thermally driven atmospheric
2914:, N. E. King, Duncan Carr Agnew, 1991.
1027:"NAM2010 at the University of Glasgow"
4227:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
2627:"Massive Black Hole Binary Evolution"
2463:"Backward star ain't from round here"
456:All retrograde satellites experience
7:
3909:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3899:Habitability of neutron star systems
812:tend to be the main determiner of a
477:regular planetary natural satellites
104:and most other objects, except many
4252:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
3879:Habitability of binary star systems
2039:Paul M. Sutter (December 9, 2022).
1794:Alex Bevan; John De Laeter (2002).
1091:An Introduction to the Solar System
845:are more likely to be found in the
178:. In 2010 the discovery of several
4237:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3894:Habitability of natural satellites
1175:Exploring Mercury: the iron planet
747:rather than forming in isolation.
25:
3904:Habitability of red dwarf systems
2521:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1562:N. M. Gaftonyuk, N. N. Gorkavyi,
1467:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
997:Grossman, Lisa (13 August 2008).
302:when viewed from above the Sun's
198:Orbital and rotational parameters
4362:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4290:
4001:Stars with proto-planetary discs
3965:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
3955:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
3443:Extraterrestrial sample curation
3074:
2769:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16797.x
2496:. Universe Today. Archived from
2387:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19003.x
1858:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09403.x
1655:Hecht, Jeff (5 September 2008).
1334:Encyclopedia of the solar system
1054:Lisa Grossman (23 August 2011).
642:
279:north pole of any planet or moon
227:of the object's primary. In the
176:conservation of angular momentum
3914:Habitable zone for complex life
3632:
3352:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
3056:Methods of detecting exoplanets
2961:, Pierre-Alain Duc, 10 May 2012
2706:Atkinson, Nancy (1 June 2010).
1936:, 1 September 2010, Issue 2776.
551:Most known objects that are in
264:indicates whether the object's
211:indicates whether the object's
4095:Discovered exoplanets by year
2841:Astrophysics and Space Science
1821:Javaraiah, J. (12 July 2005).
1742:Astrophysics and Space Science
1469:, 749:L39 (5pp), 2012 April 20
828:
504:asteroids in retrograde orbits
334:, and also has a thick enough
159:Formation of celestial systems
1:
4222:Extrasolar planets in fiction
3869:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2712:The Christian Science Monitor
1201:"Pluto (minor planet 134340)"
48:in astronomy is, in general,
4242:Planets in globular clusters
3859:Circumstellar habitable zone
2918:Fernandez, Julio A. (1981).
2631:Living Reviews in Relativity
2492:Cain, Fraser (22 May 2003).
2118:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1347:Mason, John (22 July 1989).
939:Gravitomagnetic clock effect
414:Natural satellites and rings
4202:Exoplanet naming convention
3312:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
2276:10.1088/0004-637X/712/1/692
2002:10.1088/0004-637X/709/1/159
1718:10.3847/2041-8205/827/2/L24
1481:Planetary and Space Science
1148:University of Arizona Press
669:The Sun's motion about the
136:from their planets, except
83:inertial frame of reference
4401:
3438:Extraterrestrial materials
3072:
2824:10.1051/0004-6361:20078460
2794:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2329:10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/34
2148:10.1051/0004-6361:20021404
1800:. UNSW Press. p. 31.
1440:Hecht, Jeff (1 May 2009).
949:Apparent retrograde motion
720:
701:of Earth and in the upper
695:atmospheric super-rotation
32:Apparent retrograde motion
29:
4265:Discoveries of exoplanets
4260:
3468:Interplanetary dust cloud
3006:
2574:The Astrophysical Journal
2441:10.1088/0004-637X/786/1/7
2411:The Astrophysical Journal
2299:The Astrophysical Journal
2246:The Astrophysical Journal
2096:10.1080/10556790108208191
1972:The Astrophysical Journal
1772:10.1007/s10509-014-1993-9
1687:The Astrophysical Journal
1501:10.1016/j.pss.2012.02.017
342:that create a retrograde
294:All eight planets in the
3970:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
3945:Nearby Habitable Systems
3831:Transit-timing variation
2067:Kravtsov, V. V. (2001).
1553:, Vol. 454, 10 July 2008
1179:. Springer. p. 37.
645:in the 100°–125° range.
479:in the Solar System are
364:3:2 spin–orbit resonance
96:, the orbits around the
4247:Small planet radius gap
3950:Exoplanet Data Explorer
3874:Galactic habitable zone
3448:Giant-impact hypothesis
2945:10.1093/mnras/197.2.265
2861:10.1023/A:1023332226388
2853:2003Ap&SS.284.1013K
2816:2008A&A...482..665G
2140:2002A&A...396..117K
2088:2001A&AT...20...89K
1764:2014Ap&SS.352..409D
1493:2012P&SS...73...70P
1336:. Academic Press. 2007.
1248:10.1126/science.1106818
922:supermassive black hole
905:Counter-rotating bulges
857:'s outer halo has many
546:satellites of asteroids
396:dwarf planet candidates
4207:Exoplanet phase curves
4045:Terrestrial candidates
3996:Multiplanetary systems
3960:NASA Exoplanet Archive
3643:Mean-motion resonances
3453:Gravitational collapse
3403:Circumstellar envelope
2898:10.1006/icar.1999.6170
829:Stars' galactic orbits
471:With the exception of
423:
42:
4082:Potentially habitable
3987:Exoplanetary systems
3929:Superhabitable planet
3688:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
3573:Sample-return mission
3473:Interplanetary medium
1619:10.1093/mnrasl/slt106
1568:Solar System Research
799:gravitational capture
728:Artificial satellites
721:Further information:
717:Artificial satellites
677:Planetary atmospheres
421:
260:A celestial object's
247:. The inclination of
207:A celestial object's
153:artificial satellites
151:Most low-inclination
40:
4217:Extragalactic planet
4197:Carl Sagan Institute
3478:Interplanetary space
3393:Circumplanetary disk
3066:Planet-hosting stars
1909:10.1029/2019JE006120
877:with the Milky Way.
825:planets in general.
797:are more common and
749:Protoplanetary disks
243:'s orbit around the
3558:Protoplanetary disk
3538:Planetary migration
3493:Interstellar medium
3272:Circumtriple planet
3267:Circumbinary planet
2936:1981MNRAS.197..265F
2890:1999Icar..141...13L
2760:2010MNRAS.406..975G
2662:10.12942/lrr-2005-8
2653:2005LRR.....8....8M
2596:1996ApJ...463L...9P
2543:2003ApJ...591L..33L
2433:2014ApJ...786....7S
2378:2011MNRAS.415.3807S
2321:2012ApJ...746...34B
2268:2010ApJ...712..692C
2208:10.1038/nature06460
2200:2007Natur.450.1020C
1994:2010ApJ...709..159A
1901:2020JGRE..12506120B
1849:2005MNRAS.362.1311J
1833:(2005): 1311–1318.
1709:2016ApJ...827L..24C
1610:2013MNRAS.436L..30M
1395:10.1038/nature01622
1387:2003Natur.423..264A
1304:10.1038/nature04548
1296:2006Natur.439..946S
1240:2005Sci...307..546C
916:Central black holes
818:protoplanetary disk
810:planetary formation
586:Kuiper belt objects
285:Solar System bodies
203:Orbital inclination
192:protoplanetary disk
3523:Nebular hypothesis
3498:Interstellar space
3483:Interstellar cloud
3463:Internal structure
3398:Circumstellar disc
2910:2012-09-20 at the
2687:. UPI. 1 June 2010
2644:astro-ph/0410364v2
2500:on August 19, 2008
1545:2016-03-04 at the
896:satellite galaxies
886:Satellite galaxies
814:terrestrial planet
458:tidal deceleration
424:
148:by their planets.
126:regular satellites
122:natural satellites
85:, such as distant
43:
4278:
4277:
3854:Astrooceanography
3488:Interstellar dust
3360:
3359:
3236:Ultra-hot Neptune
3231:Ultra-hot Jupiter
3180:Eccentric Jupiter
3030:Planetary science
2043:. Universe Today.
1807:978-0-86840-490-5
1381:(6937): 264–267.
1290:(7079): 946–948.
1234:(5709): 546–550.
1186:978-1-85233-731-5
1125:978-0-8165-1208-9
1100:978-0-521-54620-1
859:globular clusters
767:of the protostar
687:from west to east
553:orbital resonance
408:massive collision
332:tidal dissipation
134:small and distant
46:Retrograde motion
16:(Redirected from
4392:
4367:
4366:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4294:
4286:
4232:Neptunian desert
3618:Tidally detached
3553:Planet formation
3543:Planetary system
3433:Exozodiacal dust
3423:Disrupted planet
3347:Ultra-cool dwarf
3277:Disrupted planet
3262:Chthonian planet
3094:
3078:
3061:Planetary system
2995:
2988:
2981:
2972:
2949:
2947:
2901:
2872:
2847:(3): 1013–1033.
2835:
2809:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2753:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2646:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2589:
2587:astro-ph/9602142
2569:
2563:
2562:
2536:
2534:astro-ph/0305408
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2426:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2371:
2362:(4): 3807–3823.
2347:
2341:
2340:
2314:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2261:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2193:
2184:(7172): 1020–5.
2175:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2133:
2131:astro-ph/0209553
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:, 13 August 2009
2020:
2014:
2013:
1987:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1842:
1840:astro-ph/0507269
1818:
1812:
1811:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1757:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1702:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1603:
1577:
1571:
1560:
1554:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1428:
1427:, 12 August 2013
1421:
1415:
1414:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1223:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1178:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1029:. Archived from
1023:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
994:
975:
971:
944:Yarkovsky effect
843:general rotation
753:molecular clouds
633:
631:
630:
626:(468861) 2013 LU
622:
620:
619:
615:(342842) 2008 YB
607:(471325) 2011 KT
604:
602:
601:
475:, all the known
300:counterclockwise
225:equatorial plane
188:molecular clouds
169:planetary system
110:counterclockwise
21:
18:Retrograde orbit
4400:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4289:
4281:
4279:
4274:
4270:Search projects
4256:
4185:
3974:
3933:
3835:
3807:Radial velocity
3747:
3703:K/Orange dwarfs
3693:G/Yellow dwarfs
3654:
3648:Titius–Bode law
3587:
3518:Molecular cloud
3418:Detached object
3369:
3367:
3356:
3342:Toroidal planet
3332:Sub-brown dwarf
3240:
3166:
3138:(Super-Mercury)
3111:Coreless planet
3087:
3085:
3079:
3070:
3034:
3002:
2999:
2917:
2912:Wayback Machine
2875:
2838:
2791:
2782:
2780:Further reading
2777:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2021:
2017:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1561:
1557:
1547:Wayback Machine
1537:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1460:
1450:
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1327:
1276:
1275:
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1208:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1067:
1053:
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1045:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1007:
1005:
996:
995:
988:
984:
979:
978:
972:
968:
963:
930:
918:
907:
892:galaxy clusters
888:
883:
831:
769:IRAS 16293-2422
758:Kozai mechanism
741:
725:
719:
679:
667:
651:
639:
628:
627:
624:
617:
616:
613:
610:
599:
598:
595:
588:
569:
497:
416:
388:
292:
287:
258:
235:, which is the
205:
200:
161:
70:rotational axis
68:of an object's
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4398:
4396:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4311:
4299:
4276:
4275:
4273:
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4267:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
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4187:
4186:
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4183:
4182:
4181:
4176:
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4166:
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4156:
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4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
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4111:
4106:
4101:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3984:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3819:Transit method
3816:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3766:Direct imaging
3763:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3583:Star formation
3580:
3578:Scattered disc
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3428:Excretion disk
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Accretion disk
3380:
3374:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3292:Eyeball planet
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2930:(2): 265–273.
2915:
2902:
2873:
2836:
2800:(2): 665–672.
2789:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2744:(2): 975–986.
2724:
2698:
2676:
2617:
2604:10.1086/310044
2564:
2551:10.1086/376961
2527:(1): L33–L36.
2511:
2484:
2472:
2454:
2401:
2342:
2289:
2252:(1): 692–727.
2236:
2161:
2108:
2059:
2046:
2031:
2015:
1978:(1): 159–167.
1962:
1950:
1938:
1922:
1872:
1813:
1806:
1785:
1748:(2): 409–419.
1732:
1673:
1647:
1642:"Comet Halley"
1633:
1594:(1): L30–L34.
1572:
1555:
1531:
1520:
1506:
1471:
1458:
1429:
1416:
1365:
1339:
1325:
1269:
1217:(2005-01-08).
1206:
1192:
1185:
1163:
1131:
1124:
1106:
1099:
1081:
1079:, 11 July 2011
1065:
1043:
1015:
985:
983:
980:
977:
976:
965:
964:
962:
959:
958:
957:
951:
946:
941:
936:
929:
926:
917:
914:
906:
903:
887:
884:
882:
879:
867:Kapteyn's Star
830:
827:
778:was the first
765:accretion disk
740:
737:
718:
715:
678:
675:
671:centre of mass
666:
663:
657:often land as
650:
647:
637:
608:
587:
584:
580:Halley's Comet
568:
565:
527:ecliptic plane
518:telescopically
496:
493:
481:tidally locked
436:irregular moon
415:
412:
387:
384:
330:gravitational
291:
288:
286:
283:
257:
254:
233:ecliptic plane
204:
201:
199:
196:
160:
157:
130:tidally locked
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4397:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3743:Yellow giants
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:Merging stars
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Asteroid belt
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3363:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Pulsar planet
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Double planet
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:Super-Neptune
3219:
3217:
3216:Super-Jupiter
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Helium planet
3189:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Hycean planet
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Desert planet
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Carbon planet
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2467:New Scientist
2464:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2027:New Scientist
2024:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1934:New Scientist
1931:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1662:
1661:New Scientist
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1447:
1446:New Scientist
1443:
1436:
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1426:
1420:
1417:
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1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
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1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1354:
1353:New Scientist
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1321:
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1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1060:New Scientist
1057:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1033:on 2011-07-16
1032:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1004:
1003:New Scientist
1000:
993:
991:
987:
981:
970:
967:
960:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
927:
925:
923:
915:
913:
911:
904:
902:
899:
897:
893:
885:
880:
878:
876:
872:
868:
863:
860:
856:
852:
851:galactic disk
848:
847:galactic halo
844:
840:
835:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:giant impacts
804:The last few
802:
800:
796:
795:perturbations
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
761:
759:
754:
750:
746:
745:star clusters
738:
736:
734:
729:
724:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
676:
674:
672:
664:
662:
660:
655:
648:
646:
644:
640:
632:
621:
611:
603:
593:
585:
583:
581:
577:
573:
566:
564:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
523:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
501:
494:
492:
490:
485:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
462:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
420:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:dwarf planets
386:Dwarf planets
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
327:
325:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
284:
282:
280:
275:
274:orbital plane
271:
270:perpendicular
267:
263:
255:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:orbital plane
218:
214:
210:
202:
197:
195:
193:
189:
186:that contain
185:
184:star clusters
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
158:
156:
154:
149:
147:
143:
140:'s satellite
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
79:
78:direct motion
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
4357:Solar System
4087:Proper names
3864:Earth analog
3849:Astrobiology
3841:Habitability
3778:Microlensing
3738:White dwarfs
3708:M/Red dwarfs
3698:Herbig Ae/Be
3683:Brown dwarfs
3625:Rogue planet
3606:Interstellar
3548:Planetesimal
3317:Planetesimal
3297:Giant planet
3287:Ecumenopolis
3185:Mini-Neptune
3121:Dwarf planet
2927:
2923:
2884:(1): 13–28.
2881:
2877:
2844:
2840:
2797:
2793:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2711:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2679:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:the original
2487:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2181:
2177:
2164:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2082:(1): 89–92.
2079:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2034:
2026:
2018:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1892:
1888:
1875:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1796:
1788:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:
1650:
1636:
1591:
1585:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1550:
1534:
1523:
1509:
1487:(1): 70–74.
1484:
1480:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:
1419:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1352:
1342:
1333:
1328:
1287:
1281:
1278:Stern, S. A.
1272:
1231:
1225:
1215:Canup, R. M.
1209:
1195:
1174:
1166:
1143:
1115:
1109:
1090:
1084:
1059:
1035:. Retrieved
1031:the original
1006:. Retrieved
1002:
969:
954:Alaska yo-yo
919:
908:
900:
889:
871:dwarf galaxy
864:
849:than in the
836:
832:
803:
791:hot Jupiters
788:
774:
762:
742:
726:
699:thermosphere
689:through the
680:
668:
652:
643:inclinations
589:
570:
550:
531:
515:
508:
498:
486:
470:
463:
455:
440:
432:regular moon
425:
389:
376:tidal forces
368:eccentricity
357:
352:tidally lock
328:
321:
296:Solar System
293:
265:
259:
229:Solar System
219:between its
212:
206:
180:hot Jupiters
162:
150:
94:Solar System
91:
77:
73:
45:
44:
4345:Outer space
4333:Spaceflight
4099:before 2000
4015:Discoveries
3790:Polarimetry
3678:Binary star
3568:Rubble pile
3563:Ring system
3533:Outer space
3503:Kuiper belt
3458:Hills cloud
3413:Debris disk
3408:Cosmic dust
3337:Sub-Neptune
3322:Protoplanet
3257:Brown dwarf
3245:Other types
3201:Hot Neptune
3196:Hot Jupiter
3187:(Gas dwarf)
3162:Super-Earth
3147:Ocean world
3142:Lava planet
3136:Iron planet
3098:Terrestrial
3039:Main topics
2124:: 117–123.
865:The nearby
839:disk galaxy
703:troposphere
592:Kuiper belt
542:YORP effect
506:are known.
466:Hill sphere
464:Within the
447:Phoebe ring
366:due to the
348:equilibrium
324:protoplanet
209:inclination
87:fixed stars
4010:Exoplanets
3991:Host stars
3938:Catalogues
3761:Astrometry
3723:Subdwarf B
3660:Host stars
3633:Retrograde
3528:Oort cloud
3366:Formation
3302:Mesoplanet
3226:Super-puff
3152:Mega-Earth
3131:Ice planet
3016:Definition
3001:Exoplanets
2580:: L9–L12.
2504:13 October
2229:13 October
2101:13 October
1700:1608.01808
1693:(2): L24.
1666:10 October
1451:10 October
1358:10 October
1144:Exoplanets
1037:2010-04-15
1008:10 October
982:References
822:axial tilt
739:Exoplanets
691:trade wind
683:westerlies
659:meteorites
654:Meteoroids
649:Meteoroids
576:Oort cloud
538:near-Earth
390:All known
380:gas giants
372:perihelion
336:atmosphere
316:axial tilt
314:. Venus's
304:north pole
262:axial tilt
256:Axial tilt
62:precession
54:rotational
4309:Astronomy
4104:2000–2009
4070:1501–2000
4065:1001–1500
3753:Detection
3718:Red giant
3378:Accretion
3370:evolution
3211:Ice giant
3206:Gas giant
3157:Sub-Earth
3046:Exoplanet
2869:117212083
2807:0801.1089
2751:1004.1166
2671:119367453
2449:118357068
2424:1403.0937
2369:1012.0842
2312:1104.2513
2305:(1): 34.
2259:0909.3019
2191:0706.3005
1985:0908.1553
1917:214085883
1780:119255885
1755:1406.1450
1628:119263066
1601:1308.0216
1157:1009.1352
961:Footnotes
855:Milky Way
780:exoplanet
574:from the
534:main belt
500:Asteroids
495:Asteroids
190:. When a
4379:Category
4060:501–1000
4040:Heaviest
4020:Extremes
3728:Subgiant
3601:Exocomet
2908:Archived
2832:15436738
2612:17386894
2559:16129802
2417:(1): 7.
2396:55962646
2337:51354794
2284:15633375
2216:18075581
2156:16607125
2010:53628741
1867:14022993
1543:Archived
1411:16382419
1403:12748635
1312:16495992
1264:19558835
1256:15681378
928:See also
910:NGC 7331
881:Galaxies
784:HAT-P-7b
776:WASP-17b
473:Hyperion
266:rotation
146:captured
74:Prograde
66:nutation
4369:Science
4297:Physics
4283:Portals
4035:Largest
4030:Nearest
3733:T Tauri
3629:Orbits
3613:Exomoon
3593:Systems
3307:Planemo
3172:Gaseous
2932:Bibcode
2886:Bibcode
2849:Bibcode
2812:Bibcode
2756:Bibcode
2649:Bibcode
2592:Bibcode
2539:Bibcode
2429:Bibcode
2374:Bibcode
2317:Bibcode
2264:Bibcode
2224:4387133
2196:Bibcode
2136:Bibcode
2084:Bibcode
1990:Bibcode
1897:Bibcode
1845:Bibcode
1760:Bibcode
1727:4975180
1705:Bibcode
1606:Bibcode
1489:Bibcode
1383:Bibcode
1320:4400037
1292:Bibcode
1236:Bibcode
1227:Science
808:during
697:of the
636:2011 MM
597:2008 KV
557:Jupiter
511:Jupiter
360:Mercury
290:Planets
272:to its
163:When a
138:Neptune
102:planets
100:of all
92:In the
58:primary
50:orbital
4385:Orbits
4050:Kepler
4025:Firsts
3924:Tholin
3795:Timing
3713:Pulsar
3638:Trojan
3252:Blanet
3011:Planet
2878:Icarus
2867:
2830:
2717:1 June
2691:1 June
2669:
2610:
2557:
2447:
2394:
2335:
2282:
2222:
2214:
2178:Nature
2154:
2008:
1915:
1865:
1804:
1778:
1725:
1626:
1551:Nature
1409:
1401:
1375:Nature
1318:
1310:
1283:Nature
1262:
1254:
1183:
1122:
1116:Uranus
1097:
875:merged
853:. The
572:Comets
567:Comets
561:Saturn
489:Haumea
451:Phoebe
443:Triton
404:Charon
344:torque
312:Uranus
165:galaxy
142:Triton
118:Uranus
106:comets
4321:Stars
4190:Other
4055:1–500
3980:Lists
3089:types
3084:Sizes
2865:S2CID
2828:S2CID
2802:arXiv
2746:arXiv
2667:S2CID
2639:arXiv
2637:: 8.
2608:S2CID
2582:arXiv
2555:S2CID
2529:arXiv
2445:S2CID
2419:arXiv
2392:S2CID
2364:arXiv
2356:MNRAS
2333:S2CID
2307:arXiv
2280:S2CID
2254:arXiv
2220:S2CID
2186:arXiv
2174:(PDF)
2152:S2CID
2126:arXiv
2072:(PDF)
2006:S2CID
1980:arXiv
1913:S2CID
1895:(2).
1885:(PDF)
1863:S2CID
1835:arXiv
1776:S2CID
1750:arXiv
1723:S2CID
1695:arXiv
1624:S2CID
1596:arXiv
1407:S2CID
1316:S2CID
1260:S2CID
1222:(PDF)
1152:arXiv
974:tides
873:that
711:Pluto
707:Venus
590:Most
522:poles
400:Pluto
340:tides
308:Venus
249:moons
241:Earth
237:plane
217:angle
213:orbit
172:forms
167:or a
114:Venus
4179:2024
4174:2023
4169:2022
4164:2021
4159:2020
4154:2019
4149:2018
4144:2017
4139:2016
4134:2015
4129:2014
4124:2013
4119:2012
4114:2011
4109:2010
3824:list
3812:list
3800:list
3783:list
3771:list
3368:and
3086:and
2719:2010
2693:2010
2506:2009
2231:2009
2212:PMID
2103:2009
1802:ISBN
1668:2009
1453:2009
1399:PMID
1360:2009
1308:PMID
1252:PMID
1181:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1010:2009
763:The
733:Ofeq
634:and
559:and
536:and
428:moon
394:and
310:and
128:are
116:and
3021:IAU
2940:doi
2928:197
2894:doi
2882:141
2857:doi
2845:284
2820:doi
2798:482
2764:doi
2742:406
2657:doi
2600:doi
2578:463
2547:doi
2525:591
2437:doi
2415:786
2382:doi
2360:415
2325:doi
2303:746
2272:doi
2250:712
2204:doi
2182:450
2144:doi
2122:396
2092:doi
1998:doi
1976:709
1905:doi
1893:125
1853:doi
1831:362
1768:doi
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1713:doi
1691:827
1614:doi
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1497:doi
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1379:423
1300:doi
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