Retrovirus - Knowledge (XXG)

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cycle. The promoter of the provirus DNA can also cause over expression of regulatory genes. Retroviruses can cause diseases such as cancer and immunodeficiency. If viral DNA is integrated into host chromosomes, it can lead to permanent infections. It is therefore important to discover the body's response to retroviruses. Exogenous retroviruses are especially associated with pathogenic diseases. For example, mice have mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), which is a retrovirus. This virus passes to newborn mice through mammary milk. When they are 6 months old, the mice carrying the virus get mammary cancer because of the retrovirus. In addition, leukemia virus I (HTLV-1), found in human T cell, has been found in humans for many years. It is estimated that this retrovirus causes leukemia in the ages of 40 and 50. It has a replicable structure that can induce cancer. In addition to the usual gene sequence of retroviruses, HTLV-1 contains a fourth region, PX. This region encodes Tax, Rex, p12, p13 and p30 regulatory proteins. The Tax protein initiates the leukemic process and organizes the transcription of all viral genes in the integrated HTLV proviral DNA.

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includes RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase; RT), DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, Ribonuclease H (RNase H) Integrase and Protease. The retroviral RNases H encoded by all retroviruses, including HIV have been demonstrated to show three different modes of cleavage: internal, DNA 3′ end-directed, and RNA 5′ end-directed. All three modes of cleavage constitute roles in reverse transcription. Therefore, The RNase H activity is essential in several aspects of reverse transcription. The use of an RNase H activity during retroviral replication displays a unique strategy to copy a single-stranded RNA genome into a double-stranded DNA, since the minus-strand DNA are complementary and make base pairing to retrovirus genome in the first cycle of DNA synthesis. The RNase H ribonuclease activity is also required in the retroviral life cycle, since it generates and removes primers essential by the Reverse Transcriptase (RT) for the initiation of DNA synthesis. Retroviruses that are lacking RNase H activity are noninfectious.

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to the receptor protein (2). Once these have been bound, the cell membrane degrades, becoming part of the host cell, and the RNA strands and enzymes enter the cell (3). Within the cell, reverse transcriptase creates a complementary strand of DNA from the retrovirus RNA and the RNA is degraded; this strand of DNA is known as cDNA (4). The cDNA is then replicated, and the two strands form a weak bond and enter the nucleus (5). Once in the nucleus, the DNA is integrated into the host cell's DNA with the help of integrase (6). This cell can either stay dormant, or RNA may be synthesized from the DNA and used to create the proteins for a new retrovirus (7). Ribosome units are used to translate the mRNA of the virus into the amino acid sequences which can be made into proteins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This step will also make viral enzymes and capsid proteins (8). Viral RNA will be made in the nucleus. These pieces are then gathered together and are pinched off of the cell membrane as a new retrovirus (9).

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leukemia virus (BLV) genus, and a newly introduced fish virus genus are retroviruses classified as complex. These viruses have genes called accessory genes, in addition to gag, pro, pol and env genes. Accessory genes are located between pol and env, downstream from the env, including the U3 region of LTR, or in the env and overlapping portions. While accessory genes have auxiliary roles, they also coordinate and regulate viral gene expression. In addition, some retroviruses may carry genes called oncogenes or onc genes from another class. Retroviruses with these genes (also called transforming viruses) are known for their ability to quickly cause tumors in animals and transform cells in culture into an oncogenic state.

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signals for vital tasks to be carried out such as initiation of RNA production or management of the rate of transcription. This way, LTRs can control replication, hence, the entire progress of the viral cycle. Although located in the nucleus, the non-integrated retroviral cDNA is a very weak substrate for transcription. For this reason, an integrated provirus is a necessary for permanent and an effective expression of retroviral genes.

3094: 3342: 3330: 485:, which are about 2000–4000 copies per virion. Gag possesses two nucleic acid binding domains, including matrix (MA) and nucleocapsid (NC). Specifically recognizing, binding, and packaging the retroviral genomic RNA into assembling virions is one of the important functions of Gag protein. Gag interactions with cellular RNAs also regulate aspects of assembly. The expression of 3366: 853:

stem and progenitor cells. Retroviral vector particles with tropism for various target cells have been designed. Gammaretroviral and lentiviral vectors have so far been used in more than 300 clinical trials, addressing treatment options for various diseases. Retroviral mutations can be developed to make transgenic mouse models to study various cancers and their

3354: 755:. Recombination involves template strand switching between the two genome copies (copy choice recombination) during reverse transcription. From 5 to 14 recombination events per genome occur at each replication cycle. Genetic recombination appears to be necessary for maintaining genome integrity and as a repair mechanism for salvaging damaged genomes. 9075: 909: 54: 597:

A retrovirus has a membrane containing glycoproteins, which are able to bind to a receptor protein on a host cell. There are two strands of RNA within the cell that have three enzymes: protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase (1). The first step of replication is the binding of the glycoprotein

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Several protein species are associated with the RNA in the retrovirus virion. Nucleocapsid (NC) protein is the most abundant protein, which coats the RNA; while other proteins, present in much smaller amounts and have enzyme activities. Some enzyme activities that are present in the retrovirus virion

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One difficulty faced with some retroviruses, such as the Moloney retrovirus, involves the requirement for cells to be actively dividing for transduction. As a result, cells such as neurons are very resistant to infection and transduction by retroviruses. This gives rise to a concern that insertional

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gene is translated from spliced mRNAs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, into molecules of the envelope protein. When the envelope protein molecules are carried to the Golgi complex, they are divided into surface glycoprotein and transmembrane glycoprotein by a host protease. These two glycoprotein

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to ensure correct end-to-end transfer in the growing chain. U5, on the other hand, is a short unique sequence between R and PBS. PBS (primer binding site) consists of 18 bases complementary to 3' end of tRNA primer. L region is an untranslated leader region that gives the signal for packaging of the

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that triggers tumor formation. Later it was found that a similar gene in cells is involved in cell signaling, which was most likely excised with the proviral DNA. Nontransforming viruses can randomly insert their DNA into proto-oncogenes, disrupting the expression of proteins that regulate the cell

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Retroviruses have been the focus of several recent claims and assertions which have been largely discredited by the science community. An initial study in 2009 seemed to make new findings which might change some of the established knowledge on this topic. However, although later research disproved

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into the host genome. These inserts are transcribed by enzymes of the host into new RNA molecules that enter the cytosol. Next, some of these RNA molecules are translated into viral proteins. The proteins encoded by the gag and pol genes are translated from genome-length mRNAs into Gag and Gag–Pol

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have been developed that mediate stable genetic modification of treated cells by chromosomal integration of the transferred vector genomes. This technology is of use, not only for research purposes, but also for clinical gene therapy aiming at the long-term correction of genetic defects, e.g., in

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region encodes enzymes necessary for viral replication, such as reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase. Depending on the virus, the genes may overlap or fuse into larger polyprotein chains. Some viruses contain additional genes. The lentivirus genus, the spumavirus genus, the HTLV / bovine

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The DNA formed after reverse transcription (the provirus) is longer than the RNA genome because each of the terminals have the U3 - R - U5 sequences called long terminal repeat (LTR). Thus, 5' terminal has the extra U3 sequence, while the other terminal has the U5 sequence. LTRs are able to send

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end and a poly(A) tail at the 3' end. Genomic RNA (gRNA) is produced as a result of host RNA polymerase II (Pol II) activity and by adding a 5' methyl cap and a 3' poly-A tail is processed as a host mRNA. The RNA genome also has terminal noncoding regions, which are important in replication, and

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are made such that they target specific sites and sequences within their respective enzymes. However these drugs can quickly become ineffective due to the fact that the gene sequences that code for the protease and the reverse transcriptase quickly mutate. These changes in bases cause specific

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gene; it is translated into molecules of reverse transcriptase. Retroviruses need a lot more of the Gag proteins than the Pol proteins and have developed advanced systems to synthesize the required amount of each. As an example, after Gag synthesis nearly 95 percent of the ribosomes terminate

320:. The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, transcribing and translating the viral genes along with the cell's own genes, producing the proteins required to assemble new copies of the virus. Many retroviruses cause serious diseases in humans, other mammals, and birds. 657:, which states that information can be transferred from nucleic acid to nucleic acid but cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid. Reverse transcriptase activity outside of retroviruses has been found in almost all 1316:

have DNA genomes contained within the invading virus particles. The DNA genome is transcribed into both mRNA, for use as a transcript in protein synthesis, and pre-genomic RNA, for use as the template during genome replication. Virally encoded

495:(pro) is expressed differently in different viruses. It functions in proteolytic cleavages during virion maturation to make mature gag and pol proteins. Retroviral Gag proteins are responsible for coordinating many aspects of virion assembly. 2131:

Peters, P. J., Marston, B. J., Weidle, P. J., & Brooks, J. T. (2013). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease, 217–247. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4390-4.00027-8

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synthesis, they are classified into two groups: Group VI: single-stranded RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate in their life cycle, and Group VII: double-stranded DNA viruses with an RNA intermediate in their life cycle.

515:. The ability of the retrovirus to bind to its target host cell using specific cell-surface receptors is given by the surface component (SU) of the Env protein, while the ability of the retrovirus to enter the cell via 1451:

some of the claims made about retroviruses, there are several controversial figures who continue to make claims which overall are considered to not have any valid basis or consensus in support of these claims.

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This DNA can be incorporated into host genome as a provirus that can be passed on to progeny cells. The retrovirus DNA is inserted at random into the host genome. Because of this, it can be inserted into

792:. In this way some retroviruses can convert normal cells into cancer cells. Some provirus remains latent in the cell for a long period of time before it is activated by the change in cell environment. 8255: 4430: 489:

alone gives rise to assembly of immature virus-like particles that bud from the plasma membrane. In all retroviruses the Gag protein is the precursor to the internal structural protein.

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in length. The two molecules are present as a dimer, formed by base pairing between complementary sequences. Interaction sites between the two RNA molecules have been identified as a "

877:. Cancer can be triggered by proto-oncogenes that were mistakenly incorporated into proviral DNA or by the disruption of cellular proto-oncogenes. Rous sarcoma virus contains the 1431:

Endogenous retroviruses are not formally included in this classification system, and are broadly classified into three classes, on the basis of relatedness to exogenous genera:

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The specialized DNA-infiltration enzymes in retroviruses make them valuable research tools in molecular biology, and they have been used successfully in gene delivery systems.

997:, an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, to produce DNA from the initial virion RNA genome. This DNA is often integrated into the host genome, as in the case of retroviruses and 8248: 808:. It has been speculated that the RNA to DNA transcription processes used by retroviruses may have first caused DNA to be used as genetic material. In this model, the 9177: 800:

Studies of retroviruses led to the first demonstrated synthesis of DNA from RNA templates, a fundamental mode for transferring genetic material that occurs in both

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transcribes RNA into DNA. The term "retro" in retrovirus refers to this reversal (making DNA from RNA) of the usual direction of transcription. It still obeys the

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Medstrand P, van de Lagemaat LN, Dunn CA, Landry JR, Svenback D, Mager DL (2005). "Impact of transposable elements on the evolution of mammalian gene regulation".

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genome RNA. The 3' end includes three regions, which are PPT (polypurine tract), U3, and R. The PPT is a primer for plus-strand DNA synthesis during

452:. The 5' end includes four regions, which are R, U5, PBS, and L. The R region is a short repeated sequence at each end of the genome used during the 9164: 3260: 854: 687:, otherwise it is unable to utilize the enzymes of the infected cell to carry out the task, due to the unusual nature of producing DNA from RNA. 542:

The retroviral genome is packaged as viral particles. These viral particles are dimers of single-stranded, positive-sense, linear RNA molecules.

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translation, while other ribosomes continue translation to synthesize Gag–Pol. In the rough endoplasmic reticulum glycosylation begins and the

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is imparted by the membrane-anchored trans-membrane component (TM). Thus it is the Env protein that enables the retrovirus to be infectious.

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An estimate of the date of evolution of the foamy-like endogenous retroviruses placed the time of the most recent common ancestor at >

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Burrell, C. J., Howard, C. R., & Murphy, F. A. (2017). Retroviruses. In Fenner and White's Medical Virology (pp. 317–344). Elsevier.

622:". However, many endogenous retroviruses play important roles in host biology, such as control of gene transcription, cell fusion during 4392: 3871: 2777: 2794:

Rutherford GW, Sangani PR, Kennedy GE (2003). "Three- or four- versus two-drug antiretroviral maintenance regimens for HIV infection".

3616: 1494: 654: 444: 369:(inherited provirus DNA in animal genomes) suggests that retroviruses have been infecting vertebrates for at least 450 million years. 1540: 3668: 2964: 959: 634:, and resistance to exogenous retroviral infection. Endogenous retroviruses have also received special attention in the research of 1470:. Combination of several (typically three or four) antiretroviral drugs is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). 9203: 695:

codons and sites with the enzymes to change and thereby avoid drug targeting by losing the sites that the drug actually targets.

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Exogenous retroviruses are infectious RNA- or DNA-containing viruses that are transmitted from one organism to another. In the

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The polyproteins are cleaved into smaller proteins each with their own function. The nucleotides encoding them are known as

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The genomic and subgenomic organization of a prototypical retrovirus. Abbreviations are explained in the file description.

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Ross, S. R. (2018). Cellular Immune Responses to Retroviruses. In Retrovirus-Cell Interactions (pp. 401–420). Elsevier.

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in diameter. The outer lipid envelope consists of glycoprotein. The virions also contain two identical single-stranded

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products stay in close affiliation, and they are transported to the plasma membrane after further glycosylation.

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ones, now make up 5–8% of the human genome. Most insertions have no known function and are often referred to as "

422:. The retroviral envelope serves three distinct functions: protection from the extracellular environment via the 2617:"Deciphering the Origin and Evolution of Hepatitis B Viruses by Means of a Family of Non-enveloped Fish Viruses" 2037:

Moelling K, Broecker F, Kerrigan JE (2014). "RNase H: specificity, mechanisms of action, and antiviral target".

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resource for all viral families, providing general molecular and epidemiological information (follow links for

1490: 1336: 1002: 973: 930: 752: 462: 1825:"Retroviral Gag protein-RNA interactions: Implications for specific genomic RNA packaging and virion assembly" 646:, although endogenous retroviruses have not yet been proven to play any causal role in this class of disease. 380:, viruses in the form of independent particles of retroviruses, consist of enveloped particles about 100 2717:

Fact-checking Judy Mikovits, the controversial virologist attacking Anthony Fauci in a viral conspiracy video

8788: 8564: 3469: 3047: 2910:"Effect of Small Polyanions on In Vitro Assembly of Selected Members of Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaretroviruses" 31: 9091: 9016: 8332: 4158: 4143: 3464: 3253: 699: 478: 309: 3480: 2464: 2318:"Recombination is required for efficient HIV-1 replication and the maintenance of viral genome integrity" 9246: 9231: 8776: 8749: 4369: 4058: 3906: 3891: 3851: 3417: 3390: 3382: 3004: 1773: 1479: 1467: 1426: 1318: 1255: 1171: 1157: 1151: 1096:

is now commonly used to describe a cancer-causing virus. This family now includes the following genera:

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play a role in association and entry of virions into the host cell. Possessing a functional copy of an

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Vargiu L, Rodriguez-Tomé P, Sperber GO, Cadeddu M, Grandi N, Blikstad V, et al. (January 2016).

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mutagenesis due to integration into the host genome might lead to cancer or leukemia. This is unlike

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are packaged into each retrovirus particle, but, after an infection, each virus generates only one

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It is important to note that a retrovirus must "bring" its own reverse transcriptase in its

593: 461:. U3 is a sequence between PPT and R, which serves as a signal that the provirus can use in 2668:

Krupovic M, Blomberg J, Coffin JM, Dasgupta I, Fan H, Geering AD, et al. (June 2018).

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are responsible for synthesis of viral DNA and integration into host DNA after infection.

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Belshaw R, Pereira V, Katzourakis A, Talbot G, Paces J, Burt A, Tristem M (April 2004).

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Coffin JM (1992). "Structure and Classification of Retroviruses". In Levy JA (ed.).

728:, which are able to integrate their RNA into the genome of non-dividing host cells. 9011: 8854: 8814: 8781: 8553: 8539: 8437: 8183: 8128: 8063: 8032: 7999: 7849: 7821: 7639: 7611: 7590: 7576: 7569: 7559: 7395: 7329: 7258: 7106: 7076: 7065: 7012: 6968: 6958: 6939: 6915: 6866: 6778: 6691: 6649: 6488: 6420: 6398: 6378: 6368: 6178: 6094: 6005: 5976: 5964: 5954: 5942: 5932: 5910: 5868: 5858: 5831: 5810: 5788: 5764: 5754: 5732: 5629: 5580: 5541: 5527: 5506: 5275: 5253: 5231: 5098: 5000: 4988: 4945: 4934: 4841: 4830: 4795: 4701: 4553: 4408: 4287: 4169: 3901: 3574: 3248: 3243: 3207: 3192: 3171: 3027: 2005: 1608: 1413: 1401: 1222: 1044: 1013: 849: 546: 144: 304:

enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus

9143: 2383: 2366: 1990:"RNase H Activity: Structure, Specificity, and Function in Reverse Transcription" 1840: 1642: 61:

HIV retrovirus schematic of cell infection, virus production and virus structure

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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to antiviral pharmaceuticals quickly, and impedes the development of effective

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Dostálková, A; Vokatá, B; Kaufman, F; Ulbrich, P; Ruml, T; Rumlová, M (2021).

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While transcription was classically thought to occur only from DNA to RNA,

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are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily

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gene; it is translated into molecules of the capsid protein, and for the

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Rawson JM, Nikolaitchik OA, Keele BF, Pathak VK, Hu WS (November 2018).

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Svarovskaia ES, Cheslock SR, Zhang WH, Hu WS, Pathak VK (January 2003).

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uses the pre-genomic RNA as a template for the creation of genomic DNA.

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Not the "Retroviridae" taxon the article talks about; suggest move into

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Class II are most similar to the betaretroviruses and alpharetroviruses

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Cromer D, Grimm AJ, Schlub TE, Mak J, Davenport MP (January 2016).

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encode polyproteins, each managing the capsid and replication. The

396:". Although virions of different retroviruses do not have the same 8534: 8526: 8344: 8306: 3413: 3031: 889: 592: 528: 345: 341: 277: 83: 2556:

Lentiviruses and Macrophages: Molecular and Cellular Interactions

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International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine

2290: 2273: 2041:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1087. pp. 71–84. 349: 9089: 8237: 8101: 7972: 7462: 6536: 6213: 5613: 4464: 4412: 3386: 3000: 2602: 1725:

Coffin, John M.; Hughes, Stephen H.; Varmus, Harold E. (1997).

1514: 1282:

has been divided into five genera, and its former type species

976:

system, which groups viruses together based on their manner of

3937: 2274:"Retroviral mutation rates and reverse transcriptase fidelity" 1463: 1199: 1050: 902: 817: 813: 737: 436: 385: 316:

enzyme, at which point the retroviral DNA is referred to as a

285: 281: 9156: 1746:. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). New York: Plenum. p. 20. 1668:

Zheng, Jialu; Wei, Yutong; Han, Guan-Zhu (1 February 2022).

602:

When retroviruses have integrated their own genome into the

2499:"Marine origin of retroviruses in the early Palaeozoic Era" 1913:"Emergence of vertebrate retroviruses and envelope capture" 1357:

The latter family is closely related to the newly proposed

426:, enabling the retrovirus to enter/exit host cells through 323:

Retroviruses have many subfamilies in three basic groups.

1644:

Retroviruses: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Pathogenesis

1292:

with not less than 14 species, including new type species

1772:

Painter, Mark M.; Collins, Kathleen L. (1 January 2019),

661:, enabling the generation and insertion of new copies of 1950: 1948: 400:

or biology, all the virion components are very similar.

1911:

Kim FJ, Battini JL, Manel N, Sitbon M (January 2004).

9063: 1519:

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

931:

Baltimore classification#Reverse transcribing viruses

30:"Retrovirology" redirects here. For the journal, see 348:, the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( 9098: 8972: 8900: 8813: 8681: 8563: 8552: 8525: 8497: 8447: 8436: 8409: 8398: 8343: 8272: 8181: 8159: 8148: 8137: 8126: 8115: 8030: 8019: 8008: 7997: 7986: 7959: 7909: 7898: 7802: 7752: 7741: 7715: 7704: 7671: 7660: 7557: 7546: 7520: 7509: 7498: 7487: 7476: 7413: 7383: 7361: 7350: 7310: 7239: 7126: 7115: 7104: 7074: 7063: 7037: 7026: 7000: 6989: 6956: 6913: 6902: 6891: 6847: 6836: 6803: 6792: 6766: 6755: 6701: 6637: 6594: 6583: 6572: 6561: 6550: 6476: 6418: 6407: 6396: 6366: 6355: 6329: 6318: 6271: 6260: 6249: 6238: 6227: 6200: 6152: 6114: 6103: 6092: 6081: 6040: 6029: 6003: 5974: 5952: 5930: 5908: 5897: 5886: 5856: 5845: 5819: 5808: 5797: 5786: 5752: 5741: 5730: 5719: 5671: 5660: 5649: 5638: 5627: 5480: 5458: 5422: 5411: 5404: 5352: 5341: 5330: 5319: 5285: 5263: 5241: 5219: 5208: 5182: 5171: 5145: 5134: 5123: 5079: 5057: 5035: 5024: 4998: 4976: 4965: 4954: 4943: 4932: 4894: 4872: 4861: 4850: 4839: 4828: 4699: 4688: 4677: 4633: 4622: 4611: 4600: 4589: 4551: 4522: 4511: 4500: 4489: 4478: 4451: 4368: 4339: 4322: 4302: 4285: 4268: 4251: 4234: 4217: 4197: 4167: 4132: 4121: 4110: 4073: 4056: 4036: 4019: 4002: 3991: 3926: 3880: 3860: 3819: 3794: 3769: 3758: 3747: 3726: 3709: 3692: 3681: 3657: 3640: 3629: 3605: 3594: 3583: 3572: 3547: 3512: 3495: 3478: 3453: 3442: 3431: 3226: 3185: 3149: 3101: 3066: 690:Industrial drugs that are designed as protease and 2592:https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-375156-0.00023-0 2580:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811185-7.00011-X 1435:Class I are most similar to the gammaretroviruses 481:(gag) proteins are major components of the viral 448:internal regions that encode virion proteins for 2469:(Fourth ed.). Academic Press. p. 250. 2463:MacLachlan, N. James; Dubovi, Edward J. (2011). 465:. R is the terminal repeated sequence at 3' end. 418:process) as well as glycoprotein encoded by the 2729:Neil, Stuart J.D.; Campbell, Edward M. (2020). 2076: 2074: 1441:Class III are most similar to the spumaviruses. 1072:was previously divided into three subfamilies ( 3918:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus 1959:. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. 1636: 1634: 1607:Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Varmus HE, eds. (1997). 698:Because reverse transcription lacks the usual 8249: 4424: 3398: 3012: 2311: 2309: 1778:Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Fourth Edition) 865:Retroviruses that cause tumor growth include 410:: composed of lipids (obtained from the host 8: 1829:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 1823:Olson ED, Musier-Forsyth K (February 2019). 2796:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2497:Aiewsakun P, Katzourakis A (January 2017). 1957:Virology : principles and applications 706:very often. This enables the virus to grow 296:of that cell. After invading a host cell's 9086: 8560: 8444: 8406: 8256: 8242: 8234: 8156: 8145: 8134: 8123: 8112: 8098: 8027: 8016: 8005: 7994: 7983: 7969: 7965: 7906: 7749: 7712: 7668: 7554: 7517: 7506: 7495: 7484: 7473: 7459: 7358: 7123: 7112: 7071: 7034: 6997: 6910: 6899: 6844: 6800: 6763: 6591: 6580: 6569: 6558: 6547: 6533: 6415: 6404: 6363: 6326: 6268: 6257: 6246: 6235: 6224: 6210: 6206: 6111: 6100: 6089: 6037: 5905: 5894: 5853: 5816: 5805: 5794: 5749: 5738: 5727: 5668: 5657: 5646: 5635: 5624: 5610: 5419: 5408: 5349: 5338: 5327: 5216: 5179: 5142: 5131: 5032: 4973: 4962: 4951: 4940: 4869: 4858: 4847: 4836: 4696: 4685: 4630: 4619: 4608: 4597: 4519: 4508: 4497: 4486: 4475: 4461: 4457: 4431: 4417: 4409: 4129: 4118: 3999: 3766: 3755: 3689: 3637: 3602: 3591: 3580: 3450: 3439: 3405: 3391: 3383: 3019: 3005: 2997: 2778:Virus Conspiracists Elevate a New Champion 751:occurs and this process is accompanied by 52: 41: 2935: 2925: 2754: 2693: 2640: 2530: 2439: 2382: 2341: 2289: 2205: 2195: 2108: 2098: 2013: 1928: 1848: 1701: 960:Learn how and when to remove this message 511:is what makes retroviruses distinct from 3261:Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections 2141:Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Varmus HE (1997). 1872:Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Varmus HE (1997). 9070: 2149:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 1878:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 1506: 2895:"Annals of Science: Darwin's Surprise" 1898: 1731:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 1062:– a VII group virus family (see below) 475:(PR), pol proteins, and env proteins. 330:(cancer-causing retroviruses) include 1988:Champoux JJ, Schultz SJ (June 2009). 1767: 1765: 1763: 1577:Virology: principles and applications 1295:Eastern chimpanzee simian foamy virus 7: 3974:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus 3353: 2735:AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 1780:, Academic Press, pp. 613–628, 1728:The Place of Retroviruses in Biology 1570: 1568: 1566: 1474:Treatment of veterinary retroviruses 9237:Modification of genetic information 4393:Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus 3872:Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus 3365: 714:and inhibitors for the retrovirus. 292:that it invades, thus changing the 3617:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus 1786:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.66202-5 1495:Lymphocyte T-Cell Immune Modulator 666:polyproteins. In example, for the 655:central dogma of molecular biology 549:in general) follow a layout of 5'– 25: 3669:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus 2965:Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics 2870:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 1641:Kurth R, Bannert N, eds. (2010). 1611:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 1375:African cichlid hepatitis B virus 1084:), but are now divided into two: 702:of DNA replication, a retrovirus 626:development in the course of the 610:to a following generation. These 9073: 3940:(human immunodeficiency viruses) 3364: 3352: 3341: 3340: 3328: 3092: 907: 692:reverse-transcriptase inhibitors 403:The main virion components are: 312:into the host cell genome by an 308:(backward). The new DNA is then 70: 3944:Simian immunodeficiency viruses 3539:Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus 3524:Ground squirrel hepatitis virus 2993:(online biology textbook pages) 2231:Cytogenetic and Genome Research 1955:Carter JB, Saunders VA (2007). 1776:, in Schmidt, Thomas M. (ed.), 1575:Carter JB, Saunders VA (2007). 1515:"Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release" 280:that inserts a DNA copy of its 8910:Last universal common ancestor 8505:Defective interfering particle 4314:Soybean chlorotic mottle virus 3962:Equine infectious anemia virus 2006:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.12.007 1200:Human immunodeficiency virus 1 638:-related pathologies, such as 471:: consisting of gag proteins, 1: 9046:Clonally transmissible cancer 8482:Satellite-like nucleic acids 4398:Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W 4189:Strawberry vein banding virus 3968:Bovine immunodeficiency virus 3950:Feline immunodeficiency virus 3897:Abelson murine leukemia virus 2987:Retrovirus life cycle chapter 2893:Specter M (3 December 2007). 1831:. SI: Human dendritic cells. 1486:Feline immunodeficiency virus 1370:African cichlid nackednavirus 1001:, where it is replicated and 4154:Kalanchoe top-spotting virus 3781:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus 2969:"Retro-transcribing viruses" 2466:Fenner's Veterinary Virology 2384:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000936 1841:10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.03.015 1489:infections are treated with 4179:Carnation etched ring virus 3846:Simian-T-lymphotropic virus 3811:Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus 2432:10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.031 2047:10.1007/978-1-62703-670-2_7 1930:10.1016/j.virol.2003.09.026 927:. The specific problem is: 772:Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus 9268: 8602:Class II or DNA transposon 8597:Class I or retrotransposon 3831:Human T-lymphotropic virus 2784:, May 9, 2020, nytimes.com 2633:10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.019 1686:10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.019 1424: 1305: 1178:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1138:Mouse mammary tumour virus 923:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s 332:human T-lymphotropic virus 29: 8915:Earliest known life forms 8789:Repeated sequences in DNA 8111: 8097: 7982: 7968: 7472: 7458: 6546: 6532: 6223: 6209: 5623: 5609: 4474: 4460: 4209:Cassava vein mosaic virus 4149:Cacao swollen shoot virus 3806:Mouse mammary tumor virus 3534:Woodchuck hepatitis virus 3324: 3090: 3053:Social history of viruses 3038: 2804:10.1002/14651858.CD002037 2100:10.1186/s12977-015-0232-y 1545:Oxford English Dictionary 1288:is now upgraded to genus 894:Phylogeny of Retroviridae 874:mouse mammary tumor virus 443:RNA. It has a cap at the 300:, the virus uses its own 169: 164: 65: 60: 51: 44: 8762:Endogenous viral element 8580:Horizontal gene transfer 4184:Cauliflower mosaic virus 1373:(ACNDV), formerly named 1337:Cauliflower mosaic virus 1215:immunodeficiency viruses 974:Baltimore classification 614:(ERVs), contrasted with 8459:dsDNA satellite virus ( 3470:Heron hepatitis B virus 2621:Cell Host & Microbe 2554:Desport M, ed. (2010). 2278:Frontiers in Bioscience 2197:10.1073/pnas.0307800101 1272:Note that according to 1175:and the cancer-causing 828: million years ago 612:endogenous retroviruses 565:–3' in the RNA genome. 367:endogenous retroviruses 340:(slow viruses) include 165:Subfamilies and genera 9017:Helper dependent virus 8333:Biological dark matter 4159:Rubus yellow net virus 4144:Banana streak MY virus 3465:Duck hepatitis B virus 3254:Helper dependent virus 2414:Jolly C (March 2011). 2322:Nucleic Acids Research 2143:"Genetic Organization" 1774:"HIV and Retroviruses" 1647:. Horizon Scientific. 895: 599: 534: 479:Group-specific antigen 8777:Endogenous retrovirus 8750:Origin of replication 8466:ssDNA satellite virus 8456:ssRNA satellite virus 3907:Feline leukemia virus 3892:Murine leukemia virus 3852:Bovine leukemia virus 2825:Gingerich DA (2008). 2747:10.1089/aid.2020.0095 2503:Nature Communications 1480:Feline leukemia virus 1427:Endogenous retrovirus 1411:constitute the order 1319:reverse transcriptase 1172:Bovine leukemia virus 1158:Feline leukemia virus 1152:Murine leukemia virus 1048:– Retroviruses, e.g. 995:reverse transcriptase 893: 749:reverse transcription 651:reverse transcriptase 596: 532: 459:reverse transcription 454:reverse transcription 302:reverse transcriptase 8721:Secondary chromosome 8716:Extrachromosomal DNA 8592:Transposable element 4444:virus classification 3418:Reverse transcribing 3306:Virus quantification 3301:Virus classification 2975:Retrovirus Animation 2686:10.1128/JVI.00515-18 2558:. Caister Academic. 1551:on 26 September 2018 1460:Antiretroviral drugs 1324:Group VII includes: 1118:Avian leukosis virus 993:use virally encoded 942:improve this section 810:RNA world hypothesis 747:. After infection, 431:membrane trafficking 67:Virus classification 8957:Model lipid bilayer 8799:Interspersed repeat 7426:Permutotetraviridae 5185:Orthopolintovirales 4660:Malacoherpesviridae 3481:Herpetohepadnavirus 3296:Virus-like particle 2674:Journal of Virology 2523:10.1038/ncomms13954 2515:2017NatCo...813954A 2328:(20): 10535–10545. 2188:2004PNAS..101.4894B 1008:Group VI includes: 770:Airborne, like the 640:autoimmune diseases 8267:organic structures 5744:Malgrandaviricetes 5379:Sphaerolipoviridae 5365:Matshushitaviridae 4957:Nucleocytoviricota 4085:Simian foamy virus 4059:Prosimiispumavirus 4048:Feline foamy virus 3786:Rous sarcoma virus 2983:Scientific journal 2334:10.1093/nar/gky910 2039:Human Retroviruses 1285:Simian foamy virus 1256:Prosimiispumavirus 1124:Rous sarcoma virus 896: 868:Rous sarcoma virus 644:multiple sclerosis 606:, their genome is 600: 545:Retroviruses (and 535: 253:Prosimiispumavirus 9242:Molecular biology 9219: 9218: 9092:Taxon identifiers 9061: 9060: 9002:Non-cellular life 8809: 8808: 8548: 8547: 8521: 8520: 8475:ssRNA satellite ( 8231: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8072: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7901:Yunchangviricetes 7894: 7893: 7737: 7736: 7700: 7699: 7656: 7655: 7542: 7541: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7346: 7345: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7059: 7058: 7022: 7021: 6985: 6984: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6860:Carmotetraviridae 6832: 6831: 6788: 6787: 6751: 6750: 6735:Gammaflexiviridae 6728:Deltaflexiviridae 6714:Alphaflexiviridae 6607:Alphatetraviridae 6528: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6351: 6350: 6314: 6313: 6263:Chrymotiviricetes 6196: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6025: 6024: 5921:Bacilladnaviridae 5882: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5841: 5840: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5563:Portogloboviridae 5476: 5475: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5204: 5203: 5167: 5166: 5126:Preplasmiviricota 5119: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5020: 5019: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4719:Autographiviridae 4673: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4646:Alloherpesviridae 4585: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4406: 4405: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4090:Human foamy virus 3994:Spumaretrovirinae 3987: 3986: 3979:Visna-maedi virus 3863:Epsilonretrovirus 3761:Orthoretrovirinae 3743: 3742: 3677: 3676: 3625: 3624: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3529:Hepatitis B virus 3515:Orthohepadnavirus 3380: 3379: 3271:Neurotropic virus 3116:Viral replication 2927:10.3390/v13010129 2877:978-0-87969-571-2 2627:(3): 387–399.e6. 2565:978-1-904455-60-8 2476:978-0-12-375159-1 2243:10.1159/000084966 2156:978-0-87969-571-2 2056:978-1-62703-669-6 1966:978-0-470-02386-0 1885:978-0-87969-571-2 1795:978-0-12-811737-8 1753:978-0-306-44074-8 1674:Virologica Sinica 1654:978-1-904455-55-4 1617:978-0-87969-571-2 1586:978-0-470-02386-0 1351:Hepatitis B virus 1312:Both families in 1302:Group VII viruses 1223:Spumaretrovirinae 1186:Epsilonretrovirus 1103:Orthoretrovirinae 1090:Spumaretrovirinae 1086:Orthoretrovirinae 970: 969: 962: 925:quality standards 916:This section may 855:metastatic models 538:Genomic structure 394:kissing stem-loop 270: 269: 225:Spumaretrovirinae 209:Epsilonretrovirus 174:Orthoretrovirinae 27:Family of viruses 16:(Redirected from 9259: 9212: 9211: 9199: 9198: 9186: 9185: 9173: 9172: 9160: 9159: 9147: 9146: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9087: 9078: 9077: 9069: 8738:Gene duplication 8561: 8557:self-replication 8445: 8407: 8265:Self-replicating 8258: 8251: 8244: 8235: 8157: 8146: 8135: 8124: 8113: 8105:dsDNA-RT viruses 8099: 8028: 8017: 8006: 7995: 7984: 7976:ssRNA-RT viruses 7970: 7966: 7907: 7750: 7718:Serpentovirales 7713: 7691:Orthomyxoviridae 7669: 7619:Peribunyaviridae 7555: 7518: 7512:Chunqiuviricetes 7507: 7496: 7485: 7474: 7466:(–)ssRNA viruses 7460: 7359: 7202:Nanghoshaviridae 7124: 7113: 7087:Botourmiaviridae 7072: 7035: 7029:Howeltoviricetes 6998: 6992:Amabiliviricetes 6911: 6900: 6845: 6801: 6764: 6721:Betaflexiviridae 6592: 6581: 6570: 6559: 6548: 6540:(+)ssRNA viruses 6534: 6452:Picobirnaviridae 6416: 6410:Duplopiviricetes 6405: 6364: 6358:Vidaverviricetes 6327: 6321:Resentoviricetes 6291:Megabirnaviridae 6269: 6258: 6252:Duplornaviricota 6247: 6236: 6225: 6211: 6207: 6112: 6106:Huolimaviricetes 6101: 6090: 6038: 6032:Repensiviricetes 5906: 5895: 5889:Cressdnaviricota 5854: 5817: 5806: 5795: 5750: 5739: 5728: 5669: 5658: 5647: 5636: 5625: 5611: 5420: 5409: 5350: 5339: 5328: 5217: 5211:Tectiliviricetes 5180: 5174:Polintoviricetes 5148:Priklausovirales 5143: 5132: 5106:Marseilleviridae 5033: 4974: 4963: 4952: 4941: 4907:Papillomaviridae 4897:Zurhausenvirales 4870: 4859: 4848: 4837: 4712:Ackermannviridae 4697: 4686: 4631: 4620: 4609: 4598: 4564:Tristromaviridae 4535:Lipothrixviridae 4520: 4509: 4498: 4487: 4476: 4462: 4458: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4410: 4130: 4119: 4113:dsDNA-RT viruses 4000: 3912:Koala retrovirus 3767: 3756: 3690: 3638: 3603: 3592: 3586:ssRNA-RT viruses 3581: 3550:Parahepadnavirus 3498:Metahepadnavirus 3451: 3440: 3407: 3400: 3393: 3384: 3368: 3367: 3356: 3355: 3344: 3343: 3332: 3167:Phenotype mixing 3103:Viral life cycle 3096: 3021: 3014: 3007: 2998: 2977:(Flash Required) 2949: 2939: 2929: 2904: 2889: 2850: 2849: 2831: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2791: 2785: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2758: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2697: 2665: 2659: 2654: 2644: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2534: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2443: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2386: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2345: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2293: 2284:(1–3): d117–34. 2269: 2263: 2262: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2209: 2199: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2112: 2102: 2078: 2069: 2068: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2017: 1994:The FEBS Journal 1985: 1979: 1978: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1932: 1908: 1902: 1901:, pp. 26–34 1896: 1890: 1889: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1852: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1769: 1758: 1757: 1744:The Retroviridae 1739: 1733: 1732: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1705: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1638: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1572: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1547:. Archived from 1537: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1511: 1381:whilst families 985:Group VI viruses 965: 958: 954: 951: 945: 911: 910: 903: 829: 663:retrotransposons 439:: consists of a 328:Oncoretroviruses 284:genome into the 75: 74: 56: 42: 21: 9267: 9266: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9215: 9207: 9202: 9194: 9189: 9181: 9176: 9168: 9163: 9155: 9150: 9142: 9137: 9128: 9127: 9122: 9113: 9112: 9107: 9094: 9084: 9072: 9064: 9062: 9057: 9007:Synthetic virus 8995:Artificial cell 8968: 8896: 8805: 8694:RNA replication 8689:DNA replication 8677: 8668:Group II intron 8566: 8556: 8544: 8535:Mammalian prion 8517: 8493: 8472:dsRNA satellite 8469:ssDNA satellite 8439: 8432: 8401: 8394: 8339: 8268: 8262: 8232: 8199: 8177: 8151:Revtraviricetes 8107: 8069: 8022:Revtraviricetes 7978: 7927: 7890: 7857:Paramyxoviridae 7805:Mononegavirales 7798: 7779:Crepuscuviridae 7733: 7696: 7674:Articulavirales 7663:Insthoviricetes 7652: 7538: 7501:Negarnaviricota 7468: 7438: 7401: 7379: 7353:Stelpaviricetes 7342: 7306: 7301:Polycipiviridae 7294:Dicistroviridae 7235: 7118:Pisoniviricetes 7092: 7055: 7018: 6981: 6952: 6879: 6839:Tolucaviricetes 6828: 6784: 6769:Amarillovirales 6747: 6697: 6657:Closteroviridae 6640:Martellivirales 6633: 6575:Kitrinoviricota 6542: 6512: 6496:Polymycoviridae 6464: 6384: 6347: 6310: 6219: 6184: 6172:Finnlakeviridae 6132: 6127:Pleolipoviridae 6065: 6021: 5999: 5970: 5948: 5926: 5874: 5848:Quintoviricetes 5837: 5770: 5703: 5619: 5593: 5472: 5454: 5384: 5355:Halopanivirales 5303: 5281: 5259: 5237: 5200: 5163: 5137:Maveriviricetes 5111: 5075: 5053: 5048:Phycodnaviridae 5016: 4994: 4968:Pokkesviricetes 4912: 4890: 4864:Papovaviricetes 4808: 4775:Rountreeviridae 4665: 4569: 4547: 4470: 4447: 4437: 4407: 4402: 4352: 4335: 4318: 4298: 4281: 4264: 4247: 4230: 4213: 4193: 4163: 4094: 4076:Simiispumavirus 4069: 4052: 4032: 4015: 3983: 3956:Puma lentivirus 3922: 3883:Gammaretrovirus 3876: 3856: 3822:Deltaretrovirus 3815: 3790: 3772:Alpharetrovirus 3739: 3722: 3705: 3673: 3653: 3621: 3560: 3543: 3508: 3491: 3474: 3456:Avihepadnavirus 3427: 3423:Revtraviricetes 3411: 3381: 3376: 3320: 3222: 3181: 3177:Viral evolution 3162:Antigenic shift 3157:Antigenic drift 3145: 3141:Lysogenic cycle 3097: 3088: 3062: 3034: 3025: 2989:From Kimball's 2957: 2952: 2907: 2892: 2878: 2863: 2859: 2857:Further reading 2854: 2853: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2798:(4): CD002037. 2793: 2792: 2788: 2776: 2772: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2237:(1–4): 342–52. 2228: 2227: 2223: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2057: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2000:(1–2): 86–103. 1987: 1986: 1982: 1967: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1875:Virion Proteins 1871: 1870: 1866: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1808: 1806: 1796: 1771: 1770: 1761: 1754: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1655: 1640: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1606: 1602: 1587: 1574: 1573: 1564: 1554: 1552: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1524: 1522: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1476: 1457: 1448: 1429: 1423: 1364:Nackednaviridae 1310: 1304: 1290:Simiispumavirus 1264:Simiispumavirus 1166:Deltaretrovirus 1146:Gammaretrovirus 1112:Alpharetrovirus 989:All members of 987: 966: 955: 949: 946: 939: 935:Revtraviricetes 912: 908: 901: 888: 863: 839:Gammaretroviral 836: 824: 798: 796:Early evolution 781: 761: 734: 591: 540: 517:membrane fusion 450:gene expression 412:plasma membrane 388:molecules 7–10 375: 260:Simiispumavirus 202:Deltaretrovirus 195:Gammaretrovirus 181:Alpharetrovirus 134:Revtraviricetes 69: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9265: 9263: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9224: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9200: 9187: 9174: 9161: 9148: 9135: 9120: 9104: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9083: 9082: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9020: 9019: 9014: 9004: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8982: 8976: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8959: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8917: 8912: 8906: 8904: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8874: 8872:Kappa organism 8869: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8819: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8801: 8796: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8743:Non-coding DNA 8740: 8735: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8685: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8663:Group I intron 8660: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8629: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8599: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8585:Genomic island 8582: 8571: 8569: 8565:Mobile genetic 8558: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8537: 8531: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8480: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8457: 8453: 8451: 8442: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8423: 8415: 8413: 8404: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8390:dsDNA-RT virus 8387: 8385:ssRNA-RT virus 8382: 8380:(−)ssRNA virus 8377: 8375:(+)ssRNA virus 8372: 8367: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8349: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8320:Incertae sedis 8316: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8253: 8246: 8238: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8197: 8194:Caulimoviridae 8189: 8187: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8172:Hepadnaviridae 8167: 8165: 8154: 8143: 8140:Artverviricota 8132: 8121: 8109: 8108: 8102: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8067: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8038: 8036: 8025: 8014: 8011:Artverviricota 8003: 7992: 7980: 7979: 7973: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7917: 7915: 7912:Goujianvirales 7904: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7810: 7808: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7760: 7758: 7755:Jingchuvirales 7747: 7744:Monjiviricetes 7739: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7723: 7721: 7710: 7707:Milneviricetes 7702: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7694: 7687: 7679: 7677: 7666: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7598:Leishbuviridae 7594: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7565: 7563: 7552: 7549:Ellioviricetes 7544: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7528: 7526: 7515: 7504: 7493: 7482: 7470: 7469: 7463: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7433:Sarthroviridae 7429: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7391: 7389: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7369: 7367: 7356: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7323:Alvernaviridae 7318: 7316: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7269: 7266:Solinviviridae 7262: 7255: 7252:Picornaviridae 7247: 7245: 7242:Picornavirales 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7209:Nanhypoviridae 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7181:Medioniviridae 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7153:Cremegaviridae 7149: 7142: 7134: 7132: 7121: 7110: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7090: 7082: 7080: 7069: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7045: 7043: 7032: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7008: 7006: 7003:Wolframvirales 6995: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6972: 6964: 6962: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6921: 6919: 6908: 6897: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6855: 6853: 6842: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6823:Sinhaliviridae 6819: 6811: 6809: 6798: 6795:Magsaviricetes 6790: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6774: 6772: 6761: 6758:Flasuviricetes 6753: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6717: 6709: 6707: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6664:Endornaviridae 6660: 6653: 6645: 6643: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6602: 6600: 6589: 6578: 6567: 6556: 6544: 6543: 6537: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6507:Botybirnavirus 6499: 6492: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6459:Partitiviridae 6455: 6448: 6441: 6438:Curvulaviridae 6434: 6426: 6424: 6413: 6402: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6374: 6372: 6361: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6337: 6335: 6324: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6279: 6277: 6266: 6255: 6244: 6233: 6221: 6220: 6214: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6122: 6120: 6109: 6098: 6087: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6046: 6043:Geplafuvirales 6035: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6016:Redondoviridae 6011: 6009: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5990: 5982: 5980: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5938: 5936: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5916: 5914: 5903: 5892: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5862: 5851: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5827: 5825: 5814: 5803: 5792: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5760: 5758: 5747: 5736: 5725: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5698:Plectroviridae 5694: 5691:Paulinoviridae 5687: 5679: 5677: 5666: 5663:Faserviricetes 5655: 5652:Hofneiviricota 5644: 5633: 5621: 5620: 5614: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5584: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5556:Polydnaviridae 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5521:Globuloviridae 5517: 5514:Fuselloviridae 5510: 5503: 5500:Bicaudaviridae 5496: 5493:Ampullaviridae 5484: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5445: 5442:Hytrosaviridae 5438: 5430: 5428: 5417: 5414:Naldaviricetes 5406: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5360: 5358: 5347: 5344:Laserviricetes 5336: 5333:Dividoviricota 5325: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5298:Corticoviridae 5293: 5291: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5271: 5269: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5249: 5247: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5227: 5225: 5214: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5190: 5188: 5177: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5153: 5151: 5140: 5129: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5087: 5085: 5082:Pimascovirales 5077: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5065: 5063: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5043: 5041: 5030: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5006: 5004: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4984: 4982: 4971: 4960: 4949: 4938: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4902: 4900: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4885:Polyomaviridae 4880: 4878: 4867: 4856: 4845: 4834: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4782:Salasmaviridae 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4754:Herelleviridae 4750: 4743: 4740:Drexlerviridae 4736: 4733:Demerecviridae 4729: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4705: 4694: 4691:Caudoviricetes 4683: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4639: 4628: 4625:Herviviricetes 4617: 4606: 4603:Heunggongvirae 4595: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4559: 4557: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4528: 4525:Ligamenvirales 4517: 4506: 4495: 4484: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4127: 4124:Caulimoviridae 4116: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4039:Felispumavirus 4034: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022:Equispumavirus 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005:Bovispumavirus 3997: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3934: 3932: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3886: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3802: 3800: 3797:Betaretrovirus 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3764: 3753: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3687: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3635: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3611: 3600: 3589: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3520: 3518: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3448: 3445:Hepadnaviridae 3437: 3429: 3428: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3266:Marine viruses 3263: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3234:Antiviral drug 3230: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3121:Viral shedding 3118: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3079:Viral envelope 3076: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2956: 2955:External links 2953: 2951: 2950: 2905: 2900:The New Yorker 2890: 2876: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2817: 2786: 2770: 2741:(7): 545–549. 2721: 2709: 2660: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2564: 2546: 2489: 2475: 2455: 2406: 2357: 2305: 2264: 2221: 2182:(14): 4894–9. 2162: 2155: 2133: 2124: 2070: 2055: 2029: 1980: 1965: 1944: 1903: 1891: 1884: 1864: 1815: 1794: 1759: 1752: 1734: 1717: 1660: 1653: 1630: 1621: 1600: 1585: 1562: 1532: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1475: 1472: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1425:Main article: 1422: 1419: 1408:Caulimoviridae 1379: 1378: 1355: 1354: 1345:Hepadnaviridae 1340: 1331:Caulimoviridae 1308:dsDNA-RT virus 1306:Main article: 1303: 1300: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1259: 1251: 1248:Felispumavirus 1243: 1240:Equispumavirus 1235: 1232:Bovispumavirus 1218: 1217: 1216: 1189: 1181: 1161: 1141: 1132:Betaretrovirus 1127: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1059:Caulimoviridae 1054: 1040: 1032: 1024: 986: 983: 968: 967: 915: 913: 906: 900: 897: 887: 886:Classification 884: 862: 859: 835: 832: 797: 794: 780: 777: 776: 775: 768: 765: 760: 757: 733: 730: 590: 589:Multiplication 587: 539: 536: 527: 526: 525: 524: 520: 502: 496: 490: 466: 434: 374: 371: 365:Evidence from 360: 359: 353: 335: 268: 267: 266: 265: 264: 263: 256: 249: 246:Felispumavirus 242: 239:Equispumavirus 235: 232:Bovispumavirus 221: 220: 219: 212: 205: 198: 191: 188:Betaretrovirus 184: 167: 166: 162: 161: 154: 150: 149: 142: 138: 137: 130: 126: 125: 122:Artverviricota 118: 114: 113: 106: 102: 101: 94: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 63: 62: 58: 57: 49: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9264: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9210: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9125: 9121: 9116: 9110: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9067: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9026: 9025:Nanobacterium 9022: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8990:Cell division 8988: 8987: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8838: 8834: 8833:Hydrogenosome 8831: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8823:Mitochondrion 8821: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8815:Endosymbiosis 8812: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8794:Tandem repeat 8792: 8791: 8790: 8787: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8763: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8682:Other aspects 8680: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8562: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8427:Avsunviroidae 8424: 8422: 8421: 8420:Pospiviroidae 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8274:Cellular life 8271: 8266: 8259: 8254: 8252: 8247: 8245: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8162:Blubervirales 8158: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8100: 8096: 8066: 8065: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8057:Pseudoviridae 8054: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8043:Belpaoviridae 8040: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8012: 8007: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7924: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7871:Rhabdoviridae 7868: 7866: 7865: 7864:Pneumoviridae 7861: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7843:Mymonaviridae 7840: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7793:Natareviridae 7790: 7788: 7787: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7745: 7740: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7693: 7692: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7684:Amnoonviridae 7681: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7649: 7648: 7647:Wupedeviridae 7644: 7642: 7641: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7633:Phenuiviridae 7630: 7628: 7627: 7626:Phasmaviridae 7623: 7621: 7620: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7490:Orthornavirae 7486: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7457: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7386:Stellavirales 7382: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7364:Patatavirales 7360: 7357: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7339: 7338: 7337:Solemoviridae 7334: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7313:Sobelivirales 7309: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7273:Caliciviridae 7270: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7230:Tobaniviridae 7227: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7195:Mononiviridae 7192: 7190: 7189: 7188:Mesoniviridae 7185: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7174:Gresnaviridae 7171: 7169: 7168: 7167:Euroniviridae 7164: 7162: 7161: 7160:Coronaviridae 7157: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7146:Arteriviridae 7143: 7141: 7140: 7139:Abyssoviridae 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7040:Cryppavirales 7036: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6978: 6977: 6976:Steitzviridae 6973: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6947:Solspiviridae 6944: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6926:Atkinsviridae 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6905:Leviviricetes 6901: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6894:Lenarviricota 6890: 6876: 6875: 6874:Tombusviridae 6871: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6806:Nodamuvirales 6802: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6791: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6628:Matonaviridae 6625: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6597:Hepelivirales 6593: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6586:Alsuviricetes 6582: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6564:Orthornavirae 6560: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6531: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6431:Amalgaviridae 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6307: 6306: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6298:Quadriviridae 6295: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6284:Chrysoviridae 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6274:Ghabrivirales 6270: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6241:Orthornavirae 6237: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6217:dsRNA viruses 6212: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6165:Anelloviridae 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6117:Haloruvirales 6113: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6062: 6061: 6060:Genomoviridae 6057: 6055: 6054: 6053:Geminiviridae 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5987:Metaxyviridae 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5900:Arfiviricetes 5896: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5800:Cossaviricota 5796: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5674:Tubulavirales 5670: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5617:ssDNA viruses 5612: 5608: 5590: 5589: 5588:Rhizidiovirus 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5570:Thaspiviridae 5567: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5549:Plasmaviridae 5546: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5535:Halspiviridae 5532: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5435:Baculoviridae 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5372:Simuloviridae 5369: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5322:Helvetiavirae 5318: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5244:Kalamavirales 5240: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5222:Belfryvirales 5218: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5197: 5196: 5195:Adintoviridae 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5160: 5159: 5158:Lavidaviridae 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5060:Imitervirales 5056: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5027:Megaviricetes 5023: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4875:Sepolyvirales 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4853:Cossaviricota 4849: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4805: 4804: 4803:Zobellviridae 4800: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4789:Schitoviridae 4786: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4747:Guelinviridae 4744: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4653:Herpesviridae 4650: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4636:Herpesvirales 4632: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4614:Peploviricota 4610: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4592:Duplodnaviria 4588: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4514:Tokiviricetes 4510: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4503:Taleaviricota 4499: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4468:dsDNA viruses 4463: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4109: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3684:Pseudoviridae 3680: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3597:Belpaoviridae 3593: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3434:Blubervirales 3430: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3373: 3372: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3286:Viral disease 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3198:Bacteriophage 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3131:Virus latency 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3085: 3084:Viral protein 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2981:Retrovirology 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2603:ICTV Taxonomy 2599: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2490: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2377:(2): 185–92. 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087:Retrovirology 2084: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2033: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1923:(1): 183–91. 1922: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1745: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1661: 1656: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1452: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1396:Pseudoviridae 1392: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1384:Belpaoviridae 1376: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1037:Pseudoviridae 1033: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1021:Belpaoviridae 1017: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005:by the host. 1004: 1000: 999:pseudoviruses 996: 992: 984: 982: 979: 978:messenger RNA 975: 964: 961: 953: 950:February 2021 943: 938: 936: 932: 926: 922: 921: 914: 905: 904: 898: 892: 885: 883: 880: 876: 875: 870: 869: 860: 858: 856: 851: 847: 844: 840: 833: 831: 827: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 795: 793: 791: 785: 778: 773: 769: 766: 763: 762: 758: 756: 754: 753:recombination 750: 746: 742: 739: 732:Recombination 731: 729: 727: 724:, a genus of 723: 722: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 693: 688: 686: 681: 678: 673: 669: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 595: 588: 586: 584: 579: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 537: 531: 521: 518: 514: 513:retroelements 510: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 484: 480: 477: 476: 474: 470: 467: 464: 463:transcription 460: 455: 451: 446: 442: 438: 435: 432: 429: 425: 424:lipid bilayer 421: 417: 413: 409: 406: 405: 404: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 372: 370: 368: 363: 357: 354: 351: 347: 343: 339: 336: 333: 329: 326: 325: 324: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 276:is a type of 275: 262: 261: 257: 255: 254: 250: 248: 247: 243: 241: 240: 236: 234: 233: 229: 228: 227: 226: 222: 218: 217: 213: 211: 210: 206: 204: 203: 199: 197: 196: 192: 190: 189: 185: 183: 182: 178: 177: 176: 175: 171: 170: 168: 163: 160: 159: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 131: 128: 127: 124: 123: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 95: 92: 89: 88: 85: 82: 79: 78: 73: 68: 64: 59: 55: 50: 47: 43: 40: 36: 34: 33:Retrovirology 19: 9247:Ortervirales 9232:Retroviridae 9130:Retroviridae 9100:Retroviridae 9099: 9012:Viral vector 8855:Gerontoplast 8782:Transpoviron 8554:Nucleic acid 8540:Fungal prion 8438:Helper-virus 8425: 8418: 8384: 8325: 8318: 8192: 8184:Ortervirales 8182: 8170: 8160: 8149: 8138: 8129:Pararnavirae 8127: 8116: 8064:Retroviridae 8062: 8055: 8048: 8041: 8033:Ortervirales 8031: 8020: 8009: 8000:Pararnavirae 7998: 7987: 7920: 7910: 7899: 7885:Xinmoviridae 7883: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7850:Nyamiviridae 7848: 7841: 7836:Lispiviridae 7834: 7827: 7822:Bornaviridae 7820: 7813: 7803: 7791: 7786:Myriaviridae 7784: 7777: 7770: 7765:Aliusviridae 7763: 7753: 7742: 7726: 7716: 7705: 7689: 7682: 7672: 7661: 7645: 7640:Tospoviridae 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7612:Nairoviridae 7610: 7603: 7596: 7591:Hantaviridae 7589: 7582: 7577:Arenaviridae 7575: 7570:Cruliviridae 7568: 7560:Bunyavirales 7558: 7547: 7531: 7521: 7510: 7499: 7488: 7477: 7431: 7424: 7420: 7396:Astroviridae 7394: 7384: 7372: 7362: 7351: 7335: 7330:Barnaviridae 7328: 7321: 7311: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7264: 7259:Marnaviridae 7257: 7250: 7240: 7228: 7221: 7216:Olifoviridae 7214: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7127: 7116: 7107:Pisuviricota 7105: 7085: 7077:Ourlivirales 7075: 7066:Miaviricetes 7064: 7048: 7038: 7027: 7013:Narnaviridae 7011: 7001: 6990: 6974: 6969:Blumeviridae 6967: 6959:Timlovirales 6957: 6945: 6940:Fiersviridae 6938: 6931: 6924: 6916:Norzivirales 6914: 6903: 6892: 6872: 6867:Luteoviridae 6865: 6858: 6848: 6837: 6821: 6814: 6804: 6793: 6779:Flaviviridae 6777: 6767: 6756: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6702: 6692:Virgaviridae 6690: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6650:Bromoviridae 6648: 6638: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6595: 6584: 6573: 6562: 6551: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6489:Birnaviridae 6487: 6483: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6421:Durnavirales 6419: 6408: 6399:Pisuviricota 6397: 6379:Cystoviridae 6377: 6369:Mindivirales 6367: 6356: 6340: 6330: 6319: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6272: 6261: 6250: 6239: 6228: 6179:Spiraviridae 6177: 6170: 6163: 6159: 6125: 6115: 6104: 6095:Saleviricota 6093: 6082: 6058: 6051: 6041: 6030: 6014: 6006:Recrevirales 6004: 5992: 5985: 5977:Mulpavirales 5975: 5965:Smacoviridae 5963: 5955:Cremevirales 5953: 5943:Circoviridae 5941: 5933:Cirlivirales 5931: 5919: 5911:Baphyvirales 5909: 5898: 5887: 5869:Parvoviridae 5867: 5859:Piccovirales 5857: 5846: 5832:Bidnaviridae 5830: 5820: 5811:Mouviricetes 5809: 5798: 5789:Shotokuvirae 5787: 5765:Microviridae 5763: 5755:Petitvirales 5753: 5742: 5733:Phixviricota 5731: 5720: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5672: 5661: 5650: 5639: 5630:Monodnaviria 5628: 5586: 5581:Dinodnavirus 5579: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5542:Ovaliviridae 5540: 5533: 5528:Guttaviridae 5526: 5519: 5512: 5507:Clavaviridae 5505: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5465: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5423: 5412: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5353: 5342: 5331: 5320: 5296: 5286: 5276:Adenoviridae 5274: 5264: 5254:Tectiviridae 5252: 5242: 5232:Turriviridae 5230: 5220: 5209: 5193: 5183: 5172: 5156: 5146: 5135: 5124: 5104: 5099:Iridoviridae 5097: 5090: 5080: 5068: 5058: 5046: 5036: 5025: 5009: 5001:Chitovirales 4999: 4989:Asfarviridae 4987: 4977: 4966: 4955: 4946:Bamfordvirae 4944: 4935:Varidnaviria 4933: 4905: 4895: 4883: 4873: 4862: 4851: 4842:Shotokuvirae 4840: 4831:Monodnaviria 4829: 4801: 4796:Siphoviridae 4794: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4726:Chaseviridae 4724: 4717: 4710: 4702:Caudovirales 4700: 4689: 4678: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4634: 4623: 4612: 4601: 4590: 4562: 4554:Primavirales 4552: 4540: 4533: 4523: 4512: 4501: 4490: 4479: 4342:Vaccinivirus 4340: 4323: 4303: 4288:Solendovirus 4286: 4271:Ruflodivirus 4269: 4254:Rosadnavirus 4252: 4235: 4218: 4198: 4170:Caulimovirus 4168: 4133: 4122: 4074: 4057: 4037: 4020: 4003: 3992: 3927: 3902:Friend virus 3881: 3861: 3820: 3795: 3770: 3759: 3750:Retroviridae 3749: 3748: 3727: 3710: 3693: 3682: 3658: 3643:Errantivirus 3641: 3630: 3606: 3595: 3575:Ortervirales 3573: 3548: 3513: 3496: 3479: 3454: 3443: 3432: 3421: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3333: 3249:Viral vector 3244:Helper virus 3208:Human virome 3193:Animal virus 3172:Reassortment 3048:Introduction 3028:Microbiology 2990: 2968: 2917: 2913: 2898: 2867:Retroviruses 2866: 2840:(2): 61–68. 2837: 2833: 2820: 2795: 2789: 2773: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2712: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2555: 2549: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2480:. Retrieved 2465: 2458: 2426:(2): 251–9. 2423: 2419: 2409: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2325: 2321: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2179: 2175: 2165: 2147:Retroviruses 2146: 2136: 2127: 2090: 2086: 2038: 2032: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1956: 1920: 1916: 1906: 1894: 1874: 1867: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1807:, retrieved 1777: 1743: 1737: 1727: 1720: 1680:(1): 11–18. 1677: 1673: 1663: 1643: 1624: 1609:Retroviruses 1603: 1576: 1555:25 September 1553:. Retrieved 1549:the original 1544: 1541:"retrovirus" 1535: 1523:. Retrieved 1521:. March 2019 1518: 1509: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1458: 1449: 1430: 1414:Ortervirales 1412: 1406: 1402:Retroviridae 1400: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1349: 1343: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1311: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1276:2017, genus 1271: 1262: 1254: 1246: 1238: 1230: 1221: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1197:; including 1192: 1184: 1176: 1170: 1169:; including 1164: 1156: 1150: 1149:; including 1144: 1136: 1135:; including 1130: 1122: 1116: 1115:; including 1110: 1101: 1089: 1085: 1082:Spumavirinae 1081: 1078:Lentivirinae 1077: 1073: 1070:Retroviridae 1069: 1067: 1057: 1049: 1045:Retroviridae 1043: 1035: 1027: 1019: 1014:Ortervirales 1007: 988: 971: 956: 947: 940:Please help 928: 917: 872: 866: 864: 850:gene therapy 837: 834:Gene therapy 822: 799: 786: 782: 764:Cell-to-cell 759:Transmission 735: 726:Retroviridae 725: 719: 716: 700:proofreading 697: 689: 682: 676: 671: 667: 648: 601: 582: 580: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 547:orterviruses 544: 541: 505:Env proteins 499:Pol proteins 486: 402: 376: 364: 361: 356:Spumaviruses 352:) in humans. 338:Lentiviruses 322: 310:incorporated 305: 273: 271: 258: 251: 244: 237: 230: 223: 214: 207: 200: 193: 186: 179: 172: 158:Retroviridae 157: 156: 146:Ortervirales 145: 133: 121: 110:Pararnavirae 109: 97: 90: 80:(unranked): 46:Retroviridae 45: 39: 32: 18:Retroviruses 9252:Virotherapy 9124:Wikispecies 9036:Cancer cell 8902:Abiogenesis 8850:Chromoplast 8845:Chloroplast 8628:Degradative 8370:dsRNA virus 8365:ssDNA virus 8358:Giant virus 8353:dsDNA virus 8050:Metaviridae 7829:Filoviridae 7815:Artoviridae 7728:Aspiviridae 7605:Mypoviridae 7584:Fimoviridae 7374:Potyviridae 7287:Secoviridae 7280:Iflaviridae 7223:Roniviridae 7129:Nidovirales 7050:Mitoviridae 6933:Duinviridae 6850:Tolivirales 6816:Nodaviridae 6742:Tymoviridae 6704:Tymovirales 6685:Togaviridae 6678:Mayoviridae 6671:Kitaviridae 6621:Hepeviridae 6614:Benyviridae 6445:Hypoviridae 6305:Totiviridae 5994:Nanoviridae 5822:Polivirales 5722:Sangervirae 5467:Nimaviridae 5449:Nudiviridae 5425:Lefavirales 5288:Vinavirales 5266:Rowavirales 5092:Ascoviridae 5070:Mimiviridae 5038:Algavirales 4979:Asfuvirales 4768:Podoviridae 4680:Uroviricota 4542:Rudiviridae 4492:Zilligvirae 4325:Tungrovirus 4220:Dioscovirus 4200:Cavemovirus 3848:(types 1-4) 3712:Pseudovirus 3632:Metaviridae 3608:Semotivirus 3371:WikiProject 3239:Giant virus 3218:Plant virus 3136:Lytic cycle 3111:Viral entry 2888:. NBK19376. 2291:10.2741/957 1899:Coffin 1992 1835:: 129–139. 1446:Controversy 1390:Metaviridae 1092:. The term 1074:Oncovirinae 1068:The family 1029:Metaviridae 1003:transcribed 944:if you can. 820:templates. 806:prokaryotes 628:germination 414:during the 9226:Categories 8944:Proteinoid 8939:Coacervate 8892:Nitroplast 8885:Trophosome 8880:Bacteriome 8865:Apicoplast 8860:Leucoplast 8701:Chromosome 8619:Resistance 8327:Parakaryon 7922:Yueviridae 7878:Sunviridae 7772:Chuviridae 7533:Qinviridae 7414:Unassigned 6477:Unassigned 6342:Reoviridae 6332:Reovirales 6153:Unassigned 6084:Trapavirae 5684:Inoviridae 5481:Unassigned 5459:Unassigned 5405:Unassigned 5011:Poxviridae 4761:Myoviridae 4370:Endogenous 4305:Soymovirus 4135:Badnavirus 3929:Lentivirus 3316:Virosphere 3291:Viral load 3281:Satellites 3067:Components 2920:(1): 129. 2782:Davey Alba 1501:References 1468:life cycle 1421:Endogenous 1279:Spumavirus 1220:Subfamily 1194:Lentivirus 1100:Subfamily 843:lentiviral 802:eukaryotes 721:Lentivirus 659:eukaryotes 636:immunology 398:morphology 274:retrovirus 216:Lentivirus 8953:Research 8934:Protocell 8673:Retrozyme 8632:Virulence 8614:Fertility 8461:Virophage 8449:Satellite 8440:dependent 8292:Eukaryota 8118:Riboviria 7989:Riboviria 7523:Muvirales 7479:Riboviria 6553:Riboviria 6230:Riboviria 5641:Loebvirae 4481:Adnaviria 4440:Baltimore 4237:Petuvirus 3729:Sirevirus 3695:Hemivirus 3660:Metavirus 3420:viruses ( 3276:Oncovirus 3213:Mycovirus 3203:Virophage 3126:Viroplasm 2961:ViralZone 2846:1559-470X 2509:: 13954. 1975:124160564 1804:188750910 1694:1995-820X 1595:124160564 1491:biologics 1455:Treatment 1314:Group VII 1094:oncovirus 899:Exogenous 816:from the 790:oncogenes 708:resistant 624:placental 616:exogenous 608:passed on 604:germ line 428:endosomal 390:kilobases 373:Structure 314:integrase 298:cytoplasm 290:host cell 105:Kingdom: 98:Riboviria 35:(journal) 9109:Wikidata 8980:Organism 8973:See also 8949:Sulphobe 8926:Ribozyme 8921:RNA life 8828:Mitosome 8772:Prophage 8767:Provirus 8755:Replicon 8711:Circular 8658:Phagemid 8575:Mobilome 8567:elements 8477:Virusoid 8400:Subviral 8312:Protista 8297:Animalia 8282:Bacteria 7421:Families 6484:Families 6160:Families 5488:Families 3347:Category 3150:Genetics 3058:Virology 2946:33477490 2886:21433340 2812:14583945 2765:32414291 2704:29618642 2651:28867387 2541:28071651 2450:21247613 2420:Virology 2401:20086739 2393:26691546 2352:30307534 2300:12456349 2259:25307890 2251:16093686 2216:15044706 2119:26800882 2065:24158815 2024:18261820 1939:14972546 1917:Virology 1859:29580971 1712:35234634 1525:16 March 1497:(LTCI). 1377:(ACHBV). 991:Group VI 918:require 879:src gene 779:Provirus 745:provirus 712:vaccines 620:junk DNA 583:subgenes 509:env gene 493:Protease 473:protease 469:Proteins 420:env gene 408:Envelope 318:provirus 153:Family: 117:Phylum: 9115:Q189308 9080:Viruses 8962:Jeewanu 8876:Organs 8840:Plastid 8640:Cryptic 8609:Plasmid 8307:Plantae 8287:Archaea 3842:, 3, 4) 3359:Commons 3186:By host 3043:History 2991:Biology 2937:7831069 2914:Viruses 2756:7398426 2695:5974489 2642:5604429 2605:Browser 2532:5512871 2511:Bibcode 2441:3053447 2343:6237782 2184:Bibcode 2110:4724089 2015:2464458 1850:6167211 1703:8922424 1367:— e.g. 1361:Family 1348:— e.g. 1342:Family 1334:— e.g. 1328:Family 1056:Family 1042:Family 1034:Family 1026:Family 1018:Family 920:cleanup 846:vectors 741:genomes 704:mutates 416:budding 378:Virions 141:Order: 129:Class: 9209:600050 9183:113829 9066:Portal 9053:Virome 9031:Nanobe 8728:Genome 8706:Linear 8651:Fosmid 8646:Cosmid 8411:Viroid 8402:agents 6502:Genera 5576:Genera 4383:ERVWE1 4378:ERV-Fc 3964:(EIAV) 3914:(KoRV) 3840:HTLV-2 3835:HTLV-1 3335:Portal 3311:Virome 3074:Capsid 2944: 2934: 2884: 2874: 2844: 2810: 2763: 2753: 2702: 2692: 2680:(12). 2649: 2639: 2562: 2539: 2529: 2473: 2448: 2438: 2399: 2391: 2350: 2340: 2298: 2257: 2249: 2214: 2207:387345 2204: 2153: 2117: 2107: 2063: 2053: 2022: 2012: 1973: 1963: 1937: 1882: 1857: 1847: 1802: 1792: 1750: 1710: 1700: 1692: 1651: 1615: 1593: 1583: 1405:, and 1261:Genus 1253:Genus 1245:Genus 1237:Genus 1229:Genus 1212:Feline 1206:Simian 1191:Genus 1183:Genus 1163:Genus 1143:Genus 1129:Genus 1109:Genus 1080:, and 1012:Order 861:Cancer 767:Fluids 685:capsid 632:embryo 630:of an 483:capsid 294:genome 9204:WoRMS 9196:11632 9178:IRMNG 8527:Prion 8498:Other 8345:Virus 8302:Fungi 8103:VII: 6215:III: 3970:(BIV) 3958:(PLV) 3952:(FIV) 3946:(SIV) 3414:Virus 3227:Other 3032:Virus 2830:(PDF) 2780:, by 2482:6 May 2397:S2CID 2255:S2CID 2093:: 7. 1809:3 May 1800:S2CID 642:like 441:dimer 346:HIV-2 342:HIV-1 306:retro 288:of a 278:virus 91:Realm 84:Virus 9191:NCBI 9170:1940 9165:GBIF 9157:8053 9041:HeLa 8985:Cell 8733:Gene 7974:VI: 6538:IV: 5615:II: 4388:HCP5 2942:PMID 2882:PMID 2872:ISBN 2842:ISSN 2808:PMID 2761:PMID 2700:PMID 2655:and 2647:PMID 2560:ISBN 2537:PMID 2484:2020 2471:ISBN 2446:PMID 2389:PMID 2371:AIDS 2348:PMID 2296:PMID 2247:PMID 2212:PMID 2151:ISBN 2115:PMID 2061:PMID 2051:ISBN 2020:PMID 1971:OCLC 1961:ISBN 1935:PMID 1880:ISBN 1855:PMID 1811:2020 1790:ISBN 1748:ISBN 1708:PMID 1690:ISSN 1649:ISBN 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