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218:), on posters, postcards, and stamps; on plates, teapots, wash basins, cigarette packages, vases, and calendars. They were performed or played from loudspeakers in schools, factories, and fields by special performing troupes. The Eight Model Operas dominated the stage in all parts of the country during these years, leading to the joke "Eight hundred million people watched eight shows."
365:
political art. Many ordinary
Chinese citizens were familiar with the arias in these model operas and would sing them at home or on the streets. Mobile film units brought cinematic recordings of the operas into the countryside and played an important role in popularizing and standardizing the art form. The revolutionary operas were regarded as some of the
405:
The operas are often taken by its critics as paradigmatic of the proletarian-dominated art of the
Cultural Revolution, and have been condemned by some as an aesthetic and cultural aberration. Author Huo Wang, a citizen in China at the time, wrote in 1998 in reference to the Cultural Revolution era:
397:
journal under a pen name stated, "The glorious achievement of revolutionary operas marked a revolution in art by the proletariat. It is the major component of our country's proletarian cultural revolution. . . . In the series of revolutionary model operas nurtured by beloved
Comrade Jiang Qing, the
699:
Although these works bear unmistakable political overtones of the time when they were created, they nonetheless had significant artistic values, and for this reason, some of the works remain popular decades after the
Cultural Revolution. As academic Kazushi Minami observes, many people, especially
417:
describes her experiences with revolutionary operas. She became a fan initially because there were not many other forms of diversion. "Entertainment was a 'dirty bourgeois word'," but the revolutionary operas were supposed to be something else, "a proletarian statement." To love or not to love the
401:
The major characters of the yangbanxi demonstrated the behaviors which government officials were supposed to demonstrate: accepting hardship first and enjoyment later, focusing on the livelihood of the masses, denouncing oppressive behavior, and using persuasion to deal with difficult people. Thus
422:
I listened to the operas when I ate, walked and slept. I grew up with the operas. They became my cells. I decorated the porch with posters of my favorite opera heroines. I sang the operas wherever I went. My mother heard me singing in my dreams; she said that I was preserved by the operas. It was
364:
Model operas were performed on stages, broadcast on the radio, made into films, and sung by millions. They were the only form of mass theatrical entertainment in China at the time. Unlike
European opera, which was essentially entertainment for the elite, revolutionary opera had become a popular
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true. I could not go on a day without listening to the operas. I pasted my ear close to the radio, figuring out the singer's breaths. I imitated her. The aria was called 'I won't quit the battle until all the beasts are killed.' It was sung by Iron Plum a teenage character in an opera called
245:
as her "laboratory experimentation" for accomplishing this radical change in theater art. The traditional Peking opera was revolutionized in both form and content. Eight model plays were produced in the first three years of the
Cultural Revolution. They consisted of five modern operas
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image of proletarian heroes is established; the stage that has been controlled by landlords and representatives of the bourgeoisie for the past thousand years is now gone. The real master of history has entered the field of art and started a new era in the history of art".
380:, one way China promoted its policy of state feminism was through revolutionary opera. Most of the eight model dramas in this period featured women as their main characters. The narratives of these women protagonists begin with them oppressed by
2192:
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operas was a serious political question, Min writes, and "meant to be or not to be a revolutionary." For a decade the same eight operas were taught on radio and in school, and were promoted by neighborhood organizations. Min recalls:
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as its grand finale, which caused postmodern audiences in Los
Angeles and New York to marvel at the opera's innovative multipositionality and hybridity, in which revolutionary ideologies, exotic nativist music and dances of the
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rural people, cherished the yangbaxi and still do today. Some of the eight model revolutionary operas have been sent on tours around the world without much of its original political content. According to Liu Kang from
406:"Model operas are the only art form left in the whole of China. You cannot escape from listening to them. You hear them every time you turn on the radio. You hear them from loudspeakers every time you go outside".
1601:
384:, class position, and imperialism before liberating themselves through the discovery of their own internal strength and the Communist Party. Villains in the revolutionary operas were consistently male.
344:, following the original model in content and form. However it was the original eight plays that were most commonly performed. Toward the end of the Cultural Revolution, the ballet
1155:
Mittler, Barbara. "Popular
Propaganda? Art and Culture in Revolutionary China", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia: Dec 2008. Vol. 152, Iss. 4; pg. 466
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Liu, Kang. "Popular
Culture and the Culture of the Masses in Contemporary China", 2, Vol. 24, No. 3, Postmodernism and China (Autumn, 1997), pp. 99-122. Duke University Press
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427:. I would not stop singing the aria until my vocal cords hurt. I went on pushing my voice to its highest pitch. I was able to recite all the librettos...
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An official yangbanxi popularization campaign began in 1970. The release of filmed versions of yangbanxi prompted the re-organization and expansion of
859:
Barbara
Mittler, ""Eight Stage Works for 800 Million People": The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in Music — A View from Revolutionary Opera."
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787:(1993), set in a Peking Opera company, shows the tension and debates within the group when the revolutionary opera replaced the old.
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was adapted to a ballet. These did not have a chance to become as popular as their earlier versions, and the ballet version of
305:, although many of them were subsequently adapted to local provincial types of operas. The ballets were produced by either the
302:
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as playing the central role in the victory of communism in China. Although they originated as operas, they soon appeared on
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2129:
1991:
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481:
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134:
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165:. They were considered revolutionary and modern in terms of thematic and musical features when compared with traditional
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1946:
1936:
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1361:. A sympathetic eyewitness account. Includes texts of several plays, and a glossary of Chinese theater and dance terms.
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was the chief advocate and engineer of the transformation from traditional operas to revolutionary ones, and chose the
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450:
The yangbanxi were a staple of cultural exchanges in the years leading to China-United States rapprochement. American
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they both provided a standard of conduct for officials and expressed a standard for ordinary people to hold them to.
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20:
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Maoist Model Theatre : The Semiotics of Gender and Sexuality in the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
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was musically expanded to a symphony with a full Western orchestra, a format similar to the ninth symphony of
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The new revolutionary theatrical forms were praised as "shining victories" of the Cultural Revolution and
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2006:
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Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: the impact on Chinese thought, culture, and communication
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2011:
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2001:
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People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War
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The promotion of yangbanxi through official channels also surged in 1974 in connection with the
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1368:(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2012).
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The official versions of the operas were all Peking operas and were produced by either the
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192:, which was banned as "feudalistic and bourgeois," they told stories from China's recent
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This article is about the Chinese opera genre. For the North Korean opera genre, see
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Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China
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Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world : a concise history
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Island, and high European styles and modalities coalesce in a neo-Wagnerian
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The unknown cultural revolution : life and change in a Chinese village
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176:, 八个样板戏) were produced, eighteen by the end of the period. Instead of the "
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Stephan Landsberger's Chinese Propaganda Poster Pages, "Model Operas"
1366:
A Continuous Revolution: Making Sense of Cultural Revolution Culture.
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The eight model plays were the subject of the 2005 documentary film
2090:
Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
1343:. Explores the culture produced including the eight "model operas."
744:. And the ballet that still shows a considerable vitality today is
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in their itineraries. Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger viewed the
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2624:
2402:
225:
329:, which was basically a cycle of arias excerpted from the opera.
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and the bravery of the common people, and showed Mao Zedong and
2235:
1602:
Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
1437:
764:. This performance was reenacted in a slightly surreal form in
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After 1969 several other model operas were produced, including
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was also adapted to a piano-accompanied cantata by the pianist
1351:
China on Stage: An American Actress in the People's Republic
973:
China on Stage: An American Actress in the People's Republic
879:(Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
1236:
Newborn socialist things : materiality in Maoist China
1168:
Newborn socialist things : materiality in Maoist China
1070:
Newborn socialist things : materiality in Maoist China
1031:
Newborn socialist things : materiality in Maoist China
992:
Newborn socialist things : materiality in Maoist China
153:) were a series of shows planned and engineered during the
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during the early 1970s typically included at least one of
839:. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 143–150.
16:
Genre of Chinese opera promoting communism and socialism
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was adapted to a Peking opera, while the Peking opera
1308:
Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy Chinese Posters.net
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1335:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
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695:Revolutionary operas after the Cultural Revolution
2085:Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group
172:Originally, eight revolutionary operas (Chinese:
2168:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
1429:Excerpt of revolutionary opera from The Guardian
802:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
760:, seven years before the normalization of the
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188:, maidens, and beauties" of the traditional
1888:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits
877:The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History.
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1333:The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History
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1141:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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732:The three most popular Peking operas are
2193:3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee
373:arising during the Cultural Revolution.
818:
708:During a 1996 North American tour, the
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925:
923:
921:
919:
114:
27:
1104:
1102:
681:The Brother and Sister on the Prairie
169:. Many of them were adapted to film.
7:
321:, with an overture and 8 movements.
1587:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
440:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
14:
1404:69. 4 (November 2010): 1208–1210.
742:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy
508:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy
470:List of revolutionary model plays
259:Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy
2265:and Chinese narrative traditions
2216:
2215:
2151:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
1997:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture
1527:Down to the Countryside Movement
1499:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
1417:Yangbanxi: The Eight Model Works
779:Yangbanxi, The Eight Model Works
748:, the one that was presented to
522:Raid on the White Tiger Regiment
265:Raid on the White Tiger Regiment
1881:Six Articles of Public Security
1353:(New York: Random House, 1972)
356:was never officially released.
2120:Worker-Peasant-Soldier student
2080:Central Case Examination Group
1562:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
1415:Slant Magazine Film Review of
754:President of the United States
391:. An article published in the
113:
99:
85:
55:
41:
1:
2130:Xiang River Storm and Thunder
1992:Learn from Daqing in industry
1867:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
1380:Roberts, Rosemary A. (2010).
734:The Legend of the Red Lantern
482:The Legend of the Red Lantern
323:The Legend of the Red Lantern
249:The Legend of the Red Lantern
1947:Continuous Revolution Theory
1937:Cow demons and snake spirits
1860:Quotations from Chairman Mao
1504:Socialist Education Movement
499:(沙家浜, formerly romanised as
290:, which is more precisely a
714:The Red Detachment of Women
667:Ode to the Yimeng Mountains
371:shehuizhuyi xinsheng shiwu)
303:Shanghai Peking Opera House
232:The Red Detachment of Women
2868:
1233:Coderre, Laurence (2021).
1165:Coderre, Laurence (2021).
1067:Coderre, Laurence (2021).
1028:Coderre, Laurence (2021).
989:Coderre, Laurence (2021).
866:(accessed April 30, 2013).
286:), and one symphony (also
135:People's Republic of China
21:Korean revolutionary opera
18:
2211:
2075:Cultural Revolution Group
1532:Cleansing the Class Ranks
1384:. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
1210:Columbia University Press
930:Karl, Rebecca E. (2010).
686:
672:
658:
638:
624:
610:
596:
567:
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527:
513:
487:
127:
62:
30:
2125:May Seventh Cadre School
1917:Newborn socialist things
1853:Bombard the Headquarters
1663:Shaoyang County Massacre
1597:1975 Banqiao Dam failure
1402:Journal of Asian Studies
1285:Cornell University Press
1279:Minami, Kazushi (2024).
1113:. New York. p. 65.
619:The Warfare on the Plain
605:Song of the Dragon River
367:newborn socialist things
307:National Ballet of China
299:China Peking Opera House
202:People's Liberation Army
36:Traditional Chinese
2845:Maoist China propaganda
2095:Revolutionary committee
1645:Inner Mongolia incident
1612:1976 Tiananmen Incident
1582:Black Painting incident
1547:February Countercurrent
863:26, no. 2 (2010): 377.
746:Red Detachment of Women
653:Interrogating the Chair
646:Red Detachment of Women
548:Red Detachment of Women
464:Red Detachment of Women
460:Red Detachment of Women
452:tourist groups in China
360:National implementation
346:Red Detachment of Women
311:Shanghai Ballet Company
277:Red Detachment of Women
194:revolutionary struggles
161:, the wife of Chairman
50:Simplified Chinese
2065:May Sixteenth elements
1479:Anti-Rightist Campaign
1109:Han, Dongping (2008).
730:
429:
235:
2518:Comedic/Light theater
2100:8341 Special Regiment
2007:Five Black Categories
1673:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
1607:1976 Nanjing incident
1241:Duke University Press
1173:Duke University Press
1075:Duke University Press
1036:Duke University Press
997:Duke University Press
938:Duke University Press
784:Farewell My Concubine
758:visited China in 1972
712:repeatedly performed
706:
562:The White Haired Girl
475:The Eight Model Plays
456:The White Haried Girl
420:
283:The White Haired Girl
229:
200:. They glorified the
145:(Simplified Chinese:
2033:Conservative Faction
1962:One Divides into Two
1932:Big-character poster
1484:Great Chinese Famine
1331:Clark, Paul (2008).
762:Sino-US relationship
710:China Central Ballet
435:exhibition network.
338:Battle in the Plains
196:against foreign and
139:revolutionary operas
2840:Cultural Revolution
2691:Revolutionary opera
2012:Five Red Categories
1874:May 16 Notification
1577:10th Party Congress
1465:Cultural Revolution
911:Cultural Revolution
898:Cultural Revolution
861:The Opera Quarterly
797:Propaganda in China
591:The Azalea Mountain
539:(海港, also known as
378:Cultural Revolution
354:The Azalea Mountain
350:The Azalea Mountain
155:Cultural Revolution
2188:Morning Sun (film)
2163:Great Leap Forward
2053:Ultra-Left Faction
2002:Stinking Old Ninth
1650:Guangdong Massacre
1557:9th Party Congress
1509:Taoyuan Experience
1489:Great Leap Forward
913:p. 66, 84-85, etc.
719:Li ethnic minority
389:Mao Zedong Thought
236:
212:, in comic books (
2817:
2816:
2542:Tea-picking opera
2537:Flower-drum opera
2497:Religious theater
2492:
2491:
2229:
2228:
2178:Sino-Soviet split
2038:Little Red Guards
1982:Capitalist roader
1972:Eight model plays
1669:Yunnan Massacres
1592:Hangzhou incident
1572:Lin Biao incident
1494:Lushan Conference
1364:Barbara Mittler.
1347:Lois Wheeler Snow
1341:978-0-521-87515-8
1120:978-1-58367-180-1
969:Lois Wheeler Snow
947:978-0-8223-4780-4
835:Lu, Xing (2004).
584:Later model plays
446:Foreign exchanges
131:
130:
123:
122:
73:Standard Mandarin
2857:
2275:
2271:Dramatic theater
2256:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2219:
2218:
1957:Violent Struggle
1952:Seizure of power
1942:Bloodline theory
1922:Struggle session
1895:On Class Origins
1678:Shadian incident
1658:Daoxian massacre
1654:Hunan Massacres
1640:Guangxi Massacre
1458:
1451:
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1435:
1395:
1319:
1316:
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1299:
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1204:Li, Jie (2023).
1201:
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857:
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727:Gesamtkunstwerk.
689:
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661:
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648:the Peking opera
641:
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274:), two ballets (
174:Ba Ge Yangban Xi
119:
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101:
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58:
57:
44:
43:
28:
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2820:
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2776:
2748:
2695:
2637:
2546:
2513:
2488:
2454:Taiwanese opera
2367:Cantonese opera
2355:
2312:Longjiang opera
2266:
2260:
2230:
2225:
2207:
2203:Scar literature
2198:Boluan Fanzheng
2134:
2115:Barefoot doctor
2105:Sent-down youth
2058:Xiaoyao Faction
2016:
1900:
1840:
1689:
1685:Ruijin Massacre
1633:Daxing Massacre
1616:
1515:
1467:
1462:
1419:by Keith Uhlich
1411:
1398:Colin Mackerras
1392:
1379:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1302:
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1243:. p. 138.
1232:
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1183:
1175:. p. 141.
1164:
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1133:
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1108:
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1100:
1085:
1077:. p. 155.
1066:
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1061:
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1027:
1026:
1022:
1007:
988:
987:
983:
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948:
940:. p. 148.
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815:
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793:
702:Duke University
697:
662:), Peking opera
642:), Peking opera
628:), Peking opera
614:), Peking opera
600:), Peking opera
586:
543:), Peking opera
531:), Peking opera
517:), Peking opera
503:), Peking opera
491:), Peking opera
477:
472:
448:
425:The Red Lantern
362:
334:Azalea Mountain
224:
157:(1966–1976) by
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2865:
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2797:
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2781:Related topics
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2532:Glove puppetry
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2500:
2498:
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2479:Yangzhou opera
2476:
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2441:
2436:
2434:Shanghai opera
2431:
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2399:
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2392:Huangmei opera
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2173:Class struggle
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2139:Related topics
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2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
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2070:Five Man Group
2067:
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2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:Scarlet Guards
2045:
2040:
2035:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:Democracy Wall
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Feudal fascism
1924:
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1735:Zhang Chunqiao
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1552:Wuhan incident
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1410:
1409:External links
1407:
1406:
1405:
1390:
1377:
1362:
1344:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1300:
1293:
1283:. Ithaca, NY:
1264:
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1225:
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1181:
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1148:
1119:
1098:
1083:
1059:
1044:
1038:. p. 16.
1020:
1005:
999:. p. 30.
981:
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771:Nixon in China
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167:Chinese operas
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103:
96:
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67:Transcriptions
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38:
32:
31:
15:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2835:Peking operas
2833:
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2830:Chinese opera
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2765:Water sleeves
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2459:Teochew opera
2457:
2455:
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2444:Sichuan opera
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2320:
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2310:
2308:
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2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Huaihai opera
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2263:Chinese opera
2257:
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2250:
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2204:
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2183:Two Whatevers
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2043:Rebel Faction
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2026:
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2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
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1977:Loyalty dance
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1776:Wang Dongxing
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1721:Deng Xiaoping
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1542:January Storm
1540:
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1537:12-3 incident
1535:
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1391:9789004177444
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1374:9780674065819
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1294:9781501774157
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750:Richard Nixon
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342:Bay of Panshi
339:
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328:
327:Yin Chengzong
324:
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198:class enemies
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83:
81:
77:
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53:
51:
47:
39:
37:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2769:
2742:
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2712:
2707:
2690:
2683:
2676:
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2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2569:
2562:
2551:
2524:
2504:Ritual opera
2464:Tongzi opera
2449:Suzhou opera
2429:Puxian opera
2409:Liyuan opera
2401:
2372:Gaojia opera
2351:Shanxi opera
2343:
2329:Peking opera
2321:
2304:
2285:Hebei bangzi
2110:61 Renegades
1971:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1811:Yang Chengwu
1745:Wang Hongwen
1726:Gang of Four
1520:Major events
1416:
1396:, Reviewed,
1381:
1365:
1350:
1332:
1314:
1303:
1280:
1235:
1228:
1205:
1199:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1110:
1069:
1062:
1030:
1023:
991:
984:
977:Random House
972:
964:
932:
910:
905:
897:
892:
876:
875:Paul Clark.
871:
860:
855:
836:
808:Bibliography
782:
778:
776:
769:
745:
741:
737:
733:
731:
726:
713:
707:
698:
679:
665:
651:
645:
631:
617:
603:
589:
579:the symphony
574:
560:
546:
540:
536:On the Docks
534:
520:
506:
500:
494:
480:
463:
459:
455:
449:
437:
433:China's film
430:
424:
421:
410:
409:In her book
408:
404:
400:
392:
386:
375:
370:
363:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
331:
322:
314:
296:
287:
281:
275:
271:On the Docks
269:
263:
257:
253:
247:
243:Peking opera
237:
230:
213:
190:Peking opera
184:, generals,
173:
171:
146:
143:model operas
142:
138:
132:
100:yang pan hsi
80:Hanyu Pinyin
25:
2788:Pear Garden
2577:Flower Drum
2556:(narrative)
2382:Hakka opera
2300:Jilin opera
2290:Henan opera
1987:Yiku sitian
1836:Ye Jianying
1831:Hua Guofeng
1826:Mao Yuanxin
1816:Chen Zaidao
1751:Peng Dehuai
1740:Yao Wenyuan
1694:Key figures
1567:Project 571
975:(New York:
936:. Durham :
781:. The film
774:(1985–87).
501:Shachiapang
376:During the
215:lianhuanhua
206:his thought
186:chancellors
2850:Jiang Qing
2824:Categories
2794:Shengqiang
2700:Role types
2642:Historical
2632:Xiangsheng
2590:Kuaibanshu
2571:Errenzhuan
2474:Wuxi opera
2439:Shao opera
2387:Huai opera
2334:Ping opera
2156:Mango cult
2028:Red Guards
1821:Kang Sheng
1806:Qiu Huizuo
1786:Ji Dengkui
1730:Jiang Qing
1711:Zhou Enlai
1706:Liu Shaoqi
1701:Mao Zedong
1628:Red August
1359:0394468740
1326:References
1259:1250021710
1239:. Durham:
1191:1250021710
1171:. Durham:
1093:1250021710
1073:. Durham:
1054:1250021710
1034:. Durham:
1015:1250021710
995:. Durham:
900:pp. 26-43.
846:1570035431
766:John Adams
738:Shajiabang
576:Shajiabang
541:The Harbor
496:Shajiabang
442:campaign.
415:Anchee Min
411:Red Azalea
315:Shajiabang
288:Shajiabang
254:Shajiabang
239:Jiang Qing
163:Mao Zedong
159:Jiang Qing
147:yangban xi
94:Wade–Giles
2808:Bian lian
2714:Xiaosheng
2618:Shulaibao
2509:Nuo opera
2484:Yue opera
2419:Min opera
2397:Hui opera
2377:Han opera
1912:Four Olds
1845:Documents
1801:Wu Faxian
1781:Xie Fuzhi
1771:Chen Boda
1761:Peng Zhen
1621:Massacres
1137:cite book
1129:227930948
956:503828045
768:'s opera
690:), ballet
676:), ballet
633:Panshiwan
571:), ballet
557:), ballet
319:Beethoven
137:(1949–),
86:yàngbǎnxì
2760:Costumes
2753:Costumes
2650:Canjunxi
2526:Errentai
2469:Wu opera
2424:Ou opera
2414:Lu opera
2360:Southern
2345:Qinqiang
2339:Pu opera
2323:Maoqiang
2317:Lü opera
2306:Liuqiang
2278:Northern
2221:Category
1905:Concepts
1796:Qi Benyu
1716:Lin Biao
979:, 1972).
791:See also
394:Red Flag
382:misogyny
178:emperors
2685:Zidishu
2678:Chuanqi
2657:Yuanben
2611:Pingtan
2604:Pingshu
2597:Naamyam
1791:Wang Li
1766:Tao Zhu
1472:Prelude
909:Clark,
458:or the
309:or the
301:or the
292:cantata
2801:Yunbai
2771:Lingzi
2146:Maoism
2021:Groups
1756:Wu Han
1388:
1372:
1357:
1339:
1291:
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896:Clark
883:
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756:, who
740:, and
723:Hainan
340:, and
268:, and
222:Origin
2728:Wudan
2708:Sheng
2664:Nanxi
2625:Tanci
2564:Baiju
2403:Kunqu
887:p. 2.
813:Notes
554:红色娘子军
528:奇袭白虎团
514:智取威虎山
182:kings
2743:Chou
2736:Jing
2671:Zaju
2583:Guci
2553:Quyi
1386:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1255:OCLC
1245:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1187:OCLC
1177:ISBN
1143:link
1125:OCLC
1115:ISBN
1089:OCLC
1079:ISBN
1050:OCLC
1040:ISBN
1011:OCLC
1001:ISBN
952:OCLC
942:ISBN
881:ISBN
841:ISBN
687:草原儿女
625:平原作战
280:and
2722:Dan
721:on
673:沂蒙颂
659:审椅子
639:磐石湾
611:龙江颂
597:杜鹃山
568:白毛女
488:红灯记
294:).
210:LPs
151:样板戏
141:or
133:In
108:IPA
56:样板戏
42:樣板戲
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