1431:
place throughout the country, they were essentially local phenomena, breaking out spontaneously from similar local causes. The occasional coordination between and among local movements did not result in any national organization or leadership. Moreover, most of the uprisings were conservative, in that the leaders supported the restoration of the Lê dynasty. They did, however, put forward demands for land reform, more equitable taxes, and rice for all. Landless peasants accounted for most of the initial support for the various rebellions, but they were often joined later by craftsmen, fishermen, miners, and traders, who had been taxed out of their occupations. Some of these movements enjoyed limited success for a short time, but it was not until 1771 that any of the peasant revolts had a lasting national impact.
1550:
1427:
military adventures. Having to meet their tax obligations had forced many peasants off the land and facilitated the acquisition of large tracts by a few wealthy landowners, nobles, and scholar—officials. Because scholar—officials were exempted from having to pay a land tax, the more land they acquired, the greater was the burden that fell on those peasants who had been able to retain their land. In addition, the peasantry faced new taxes on staple items such as charcoal, salt, silk, and cinnamon, and on commercial activities such as fishing and mining. The disparate condition of the economy led to neglect of the extensive network of irrigation systems as well.
831:. The offensive failed after seven months of fighting and a peace treaty between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn was agreed. This began the long 100-year peace between the north and south of Vietnam. During that time, the Nguyễn continued its southward expansion into lands held, or formerly held, by the Cham and the Khmer. The Trinh, meanwhile, consolidated its authority in the north, instituting administrative reforms and supporting scholarship. The nobility and scholar-officials of both north and south, however, continued to block the development of manufacturing and trade, preferring to retain a feudal, peasant society, which they could control.
473:
1479:
795:. In 1643 he abdicated the throne in favor of his son. In order to repulse invading Trinh forces, the Nguyễn in 1631 completed the building of two great walls, six meters high and eighteen kilometers long, on their northern frontier. The Trinh, with 100,000 troops, 500 elephants, and 500 large junks, were numerically far superior to their southern foe. The Nguyễn, however, were better equipped, having by this time acquired Portuguese weapons and gunpowder, and, as the defending force, had the support of the local people.
1534:
1602:
43:
459:
1403:
685:) of Vietnam and crowned Lê Trang Tông as the next Lê emperor. In official Vietnamese history, this date marks the end of the Mạc dynasty though the reality was quite different. Mạc Đăng Dung ruled in Hanoi till his death in 1541 and his descendants ruled in Hanoi until 1592. The country was divided into two portions though gradually the Trịnh-Nguyễn alliance took over more and more of the country from the Mạc (for more complete histories of this time: see the
1622:
1586:
1502:, a French Jesuit who was sent to Hanoi in 1627, where he quickly learned the language and began preaching in Vietnamese. Initially, Rhodes was well received by the Trinh court, and he reportedly baptized more than 6,000 converts; however, his success probably led to his expulsion in 1630. He is credited with perfecting a romanized system of writing the Vietnamese language (
1574:
719:(1533–48) – A son of Prince Ý named Ninh. Crowned Emperor at the "Winter palace" in 1533. Officially recognized as the King by a Ming delegation in 1536. An attack on the Mac forces led by the Le general Nguyễn Kim resulted in the partition of Vietnam in 1545, with the Nguyễn family seizing control of the southern part of the country as far north as what is now
704:
759:(1573–99) – By the late sixteenth century the Trinh family had ousted the Mac family and had begun to rule the northern half of the country also in the name of the Lê dynasty. When Hanoi was captured for the second (and final) time in 1592, the Court moved back to the old capital. The Emperor gave Trịnh Tùng the title
1430:
As they fell into disrepair, disastrous flooding and famine resulted, unleashing great numbers of starving and landless people to wander aimlessly about the countryside. The widespread suffering in both north and south led to numerous peasant revolts between 1730 and 1770. Although the uprisings took
1490:
The seventeenth century was also a period in which
European missionaries and merchants became a serious factor in Vietnamese court life and politics. Although both had arrived by the early sixteenth century, neither foreign merchants nor missionaries had much impact on Vietnam before the seventeenth
1518:
continued to be used by the court and the bureaucracy. The French later supported the use of Quốc ngữ, which, because of its simplicity, led to a high degree of literacy and a flourishing of
Vietnamese literature. After being expelled from Vietnam, Rhodes spent the next thirty years seeking support
1434:
The Tây Sơn were not content to simply conquer the southern provinces of
Quangnam. After a decade of fairly successful fighting in the south against the Nguyễn Lords, Nguyễn Huệ (the leading general of the Tây Sơn and no relation to the Nguyễn ruling family) and his army marched north in 1785. The
1467:
he was appointed a
Chinese mandarin of the fourth rank and was enrolled under the Tatar banners. His family also remained in China, and from that date many former Lê followers, who had not lost their hatred for the Tây Sơn, expected to find in every rebel who raised the flag of rebellion in their
1426:
that began at the end of the 17th century did not, however, mark the beginning of a period of peace and prosperity. Instead the decades of continual warfare between the two families had left the ruists and peasantry in a weakened state, the victim of taxes levied to support the courts and their
606:
as a tributary nation against the Lê dynasty. The
Revival Lê dynasty eventually recaptured three-quarters of their former kingdom. Inasmuch as the Mac dynasty ruled the northern portion of Đại Việt while the Lê dynasty ruled the remainder of the country, this time became known as the period of
877:
foolishly convinced the
Chinese government to give him the title Supreme King of Annam (An Nam Thượng Vương). This was widely seen as a usurpation of the Lê emperor's position and rebellion started throughout north Vietnam. Trịnh Giang gave up his power in 1738, the king abdicated just a year
582:
summoned the people who were still loyal to the Lê emperor and formed a new army to begin a revolt against Mạc Đăng Dung. Subsequently, Nguyễn Kim returned to Đại Việt and led the Lê royalists in a six-year civil war before the Lê were able to capture territories in Thanh Hóa. This marked the
1549:
1526:
The art forms of that time prospered and produced items of great artistic value, despite the upheavals and wars. Woodcarving was especially highly developed and produced items that were used for daily use or worship. Many of these items can be seen in the
National Museum in Hanoi.
700:, Vietnamese emperor Lê Thế Tông, was installed in the ancient capital. The Lê emperors sat as figurehead rulers in Đông Kinh until the Tây Sơn Revolt finally swept the Trịnh and the Le out of power. The following is the official list of Lê emperors from 1533 until 1789:
1435:
Royal army under Trịnh Tông vanquished by Nguyễn Huệ. Trịnh Tông committed suicide and the Lê Emperor submitted to the wishes of the victorious Huệ by giving his daughter in marriage to him. Huệ returned south and a few months later, the old emperor died.
1456:
At the beginning of the war, Nguyễn Huệ's troops retreated to the South, refused to engage the Qing army. He raised a large army of his own and defeated the invader in the Lunar New year Eve of 1789. Lê Chiêu Thống fled north into China, never to return.
777:, one of the Nguyễn Lords refused to accept imperial edicts from Le Kinh Tong. After 19 years as a figurehead, Le Kinh Tong was involved in a conspiracy to kill Trịnh Tùng and take power. He was executed and a new Emperor appointed.
1819:
837:(1676–1704) – This was a peaceful reign though in 1677 the last remnants of the Mạc attacked Vietnam out of China. They were defeated. This Emperor was forced to abdicate his throne in favor of his son by the new Trịnh Lord,
42:
1533:
807:(again: 1649–62) – Regained the throne after the early death of his son. This was a time of many defeats for the Royal army (i.e. the Trịnh) in their long war against the Nguyễn. But by the old Emperor's death,
1441:(1786–1788). The last Lê emperor. At the start of his reign the Trịnh tried to reassert control over the government. This provoked another march north from Nguyễn Huệ and so the Emperor and the Trịnh fled from
623:
emperor of Đại Việt. The title was given to Lê Trang Tông, however, only as a figurehead. Nguyễn Kim retained the real power for himself and ruled the kingdom. In 1545, Nguyễn Kim was poisoned by
1498:
European missionaries had occasionally visited
Vietnam for short periods of time, with little impact, beginning in the early sixteenth century. The best known of the early missionaries was
1601:
1402:
1495:
by 1680. Fighting among the
Europeans and opposition by the Vietnamese made the enterprises unprofitable, however, and all of the foreign trading posts were closed by 1700.
821:(1663–71) – During his time, the Mạc were driven from their last bit of territory in the far north of Vietnam. In the south, there was no activity in the Trịnh-Nguyen war.
787:, leader of the Nguyễn Lords, refused to acknowledge the new Emperor. After seven years of increasing tension, the great war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn started (see
651:, and started a revolt against the reign of the Trịnh lords. As such, Đại Việt was divided for 232 years as the two lords fought each other in what is now known as the
1941:
801:(1643–49) – Died after only six years, just after the Royal (Trịnh) army suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Nguyễn. His father took the throne again.
373:
101:
1506:), which was probably developed as the joint effort of several missionaries, including Rhodes. He wrote the first catechism in Vietnamese and published a
1621:
608:
584:
345:
554:
This period marked the end of the second or Later Lê dynasty which had flourished for 100 years from 1428 to 1527 until a high-ranking mandarin
1961:
1409:
892:
revolt started in the south in 1772 and the
Imperial force under Trịnh lord seized the opportunity to end the 100-year truce and conquered
950:
1468:
country a descendant of the old royal bloodline. The last of these insurrections was that of the Brigadier General Li Hung Tsai in 1878
1892:
1880:
547:
that existed between 1533 and 1789. The Primal Lê dynasty (1428–1527) and the Revival Lê dynasty (1533–1789) collectively formed the
736:
115:
578:). The Right Commander-General of the Five Armies and Marquess of An Thanh (Vietnamese: Hữu vệ Điện tiền tướng quân An Thanh hầu)
1956:
1951:
1946:
1966:
896:. However, decimated by diseases, Trịnh army was forced to retreat to the North, leaving a power vacuum for the rising Tây Sơn.
445:
420:
1872:
749:
captured Hanoi. But a year later, the Trịnh army was thrown out of Hanoi. The Emperor took advantage of the chaos to flee to
1931:
812:
788:
652:
1936:
784:
753:
to escape the control of Trịnh Tùng. However, Trịnh Tùng simply appointed a new Emperor and had Lê Anh Tông assassinated.
1647:
594:
In 1592, unable to resist the forces of the Lê, the Mạc dynasty retreated to the north and established a new capital at
544:
1585:
192:
1573:
1503:
1453:
of the Qing Empire under the pretense of restoring Lê dynasty dispatched a large force to invade Northern Vietnam.
763:(Binh An Vương) in recognition of his great victory over the Mạc. The Trinh, who, like the Nguyễn, took the title
627:), a surrendered general of the Mạc dynasty. The power of royal court was then passed to Nguyễn Kim's son-in-law
77:
1478:
660:
226:
159:
1458:
1438:
1391:
1251:
1235:
1128:
864:
854:
818:
555:
1297:
1099:
1050:
881:
804:
780:
1510:; these works were the first books printed in Quốc ngữ. Quốc ngữ was used initially only by missionaries;
588:
1564:
616:
595:
998:
838:
756:
179:
1657:
1560:
1077:
1022:
798:
770:
750:
720:
656:
466:
1204:
844:
624:
567:
774:
640:
359:
1499:
628:
516:
287:
137:
72:
1358:
928:
792:
716:
620:
559:
332:
211:
1869:
Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin
1377:
828:
808:
636:
1559:
Bodhisattva, crimson and gilded wood, Revival Lê dynasty, autumn of Bính Thân year (1656), from
1539:
Woodcut paintings "Thánh Cung vạn tuế" ("Long live his Imperial Majesty") from the 18th-century
1483:
1273:
870:
1707:
1385:
746:
1876:
1507:
1370:
1152:
972:
824:
742:
184:
1687:
1423:
885:
827:(1672–75) – During his time, the last great offensive took place against the Nguyễn walls by
690:
676:
648:
644:
452:
56:
1592:
1450:
639:
was assassinated by Trịnh Kiểm. Nguyễn Kim's second son, the Marquis of Hạ khê (Hạ khê hầu)
147:
1682:
1677:
1640:
1178:
874:
858:
834:
686:
672:
632:
563:
524:
438:
425:
309:
272:
48:
1556:
391:
1612:
1491:
century. The Portuguese, Dutch, English, and French had all established trading posts in
697:
579:
260:
1515:
1511:
540:
1520:
1492:
302:
851:
were persecuted. The Emperor and Trịnh Cương died within months of each other in 1728.
1925:
1672:
707:
Map of Vietnam showing (roughly) the areas controlled by the Trịnh, Nguyen, Mac, and
548:
89:
889:
1731:
1446:
848:
599:
163:
95:
83:
1540:
659:
eventually conquering the entire kingdom in 1789. The last emperor of Lê dynasty
60:
1608:
708:
1907:
1894:
655:. This conflict only ended then the Tây Sơn brothers led the peasants in the
1630:(mythological beast) figurines, crimson and gilded wood, eighteenth century.
173:
1412:Đoan Môn, the main gate to the palatial complex of the Revival Lê emperors
571:
503:
151:
126:
893:
767:, spent most of the seventeenth century attempting to depose the Nguyễn.
703:
1735:
Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East ...
1627:
1607:
Model of Vietnamese gunboat, seventeenth century, object of worship at
1462:
1445:. The Emperor's mother and the Trịnh went to the imperial court of the
491:
1848:
176:
155:
52:
884:(1740–86) – This was a time of many revolts but the new Trịnh Lord,
857:(1729–32) – The new Emperor was put in prison by the new Trịnh lord
1278:Ôn Gia Trang Túc Khải Túy Minh Mẫn Khoan Hồng Uyên Duệ Huy hoàng đế
1209:
Thuần Chính Huy Nhu Ôn Giản Từ Tường Khoan Huệ Tôn Mẫu Hòa hoàng đế
1183:
Thông Mẫn Anh Quả Đôn Khoát Khoan Dụ Vĩ Độ Huy Cung Chương hoàng đế
1133:
Khoát Đạt Duệ Thông Cương Nghị Trung Chính Ôn Nhu Hoà Lạc Khâm Minh
1477:
1442:
1157:
Khoan Minh Mẫn Đạt Anh Quả Huy Nhu Khắc Nhân Đốc Nghĩa Mỹ hoàng đế
811:
had restored the situation and defeated the Nguyễn offensive (see
612:
603:
495:
729:
575:
499:
1708:"國朝正編撮要 • Quốc triều chính biên toát yếu (q.01-02) • Page 48"
739:(1548–56) – During his reign, the war with the Mạc continued.
1800:Đại Việt Sử ký Tục Biên, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Thuần Tông Giản hoàng đế
791:). Le Thần Tong saw the death of Trịnh Tùng and the rule by
1809:Đại Việt Sử ký Tục Biên, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Hiển Tông Vĩnh hoàng đế
1764:Đại Việt Sử ký Toàn Thư, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Huyền Tông Mục hoàng đế
1746:Đại Việt Sử ký Toàn Thư, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Thần Tông Uyên hoàng đế
1523:
hierarchy as well as making several more trips to Vietnam.
681:
In 1533, the Nguyễn-Trịnh alliance captured the Đông Kinh (
1830:Đại Việt Sử ký Toàn Thư, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Anh Tông Tuấn hoàng đế
1256:
Khoan Hào Đôn Mẫn Nhu Tốn Cẩn Khác Trần Tiềm Giản hoàng đế
1782:Đại Việt Sử ký Tục Biên, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Dụ Tông Hòa hoàng đế
1773:Đại Việt Sử ký Toàn Thư, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Gia Tông Mỹ hoàng đế
1519:
for his missionary work from the Vatican and the French
102:
Rump state under Qing dynasty's protection (1788–1789)
867:(1732–35) – Nothing of import during his short rule.
487:
387:
370:
356:
342:
329:
317:
297:
278:
266:
251:
239:
220:
205:
191:
169:
143:
133:
122:
109:
68:
21:
1839:Đại Việt Sử ký Tục Biên, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Chiêu Thống Đế
847:(1705–28) – A peaceful time though some Christian
733:), continued to profess loyalty to the Lê dynasty.
663:fled to exile in China and the dynasty collapsed.
1791:Đại Việt Sử ký Tục Biên, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Hôn Đức Công
615:, Nguyễn Kim made the son of the former emperor
26:
1482:Portrait of Nguyễn Quý Đức (1648–1720) wearing
643:relocated to the south, became the Viceroy of
1579:Wooden art pieces of the seventeenth century.
570:. The Lê royalists escaped to the Kingdom of
8:
723:. The Nguyễn, who took the hereditary title
587:. The Lê and Mạc would continue the lengthy
47:an 18th-century map of Vietnam, showing the
1634:
745:(1556–73) – In 1572, the Royal army under
41:
18:
1135:Văn Tứ Doãn Cung Khắc Nhượng Mục hoàng đế
1027:Hiển Nhân Dụ Khánh Tuy Phúc Huệ hoàng đế
1875:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1867:Dror, Olga; Taylor, K. W., eds. (2006).
1449:to ask for aid against the Tây Sơn. The
1422:The stalemate between the Trịnh and the
1340:
904:
702:
1699:
1529:
861:and was then murdered after four years.
773:(1600–19) – At the start of his reign,
1942:Former countries in Vietnamese history
1820:Khâm định Việt Sử Thông giám Cương mục
1508:Vietnamese-Latin-Portuguese dictionary
783:(1619–43) – At the start of his rule,
635:. Later, the first son of Nguyễn Kim,
369:
355:
341:
328:
324:
277:
265:
250:
246:
238:
219:
204:
200:
190:
121:
7:
585:Southern and Northern dynasties era
888:managed to suppress them all. The
14:
1873:Studies on Southeast Asia Series
1620:
1600:
1584:
1572:
1548:
1532:
1401:
566:, ruling the whole territory of
471:
457:
443:
418:
392:Copper-alloy and zinc cash coins
609:Northern and Southern dynasties
901:Naming conventions of emperors
696:In 1592, with the conquest of
631:who became the founder of the
611:. After capturing the capital
535:in historiography, officially
16:Vietnamese dynasty (1533–1789)
1:
1962:Tributaries of Imperial China
1591:Eighteenth century blades in
1850:Annam and its Minor Currency
562:in 1527 and established the
558:stole the throne of emperor
113:Tây Đô (Vạn Lại) (1546–1592)
1983:
670:
1654:
1645:
1637:
591:over the next 40 years.
397:
383:
325:
293:
247:
235:
201:
40:
35:
27:
1737:Volume 1 2004 – Page 780
1957:18th century in Vietnam
1952:17th century in Vietnam
1947:16th century in Vietnam
1755:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư
331:• Inauguration of
307:(until 1545; from 1786)
55:(in the North) and the
1967:Military dictatorships
1487:
1223:Cổ Đô Lăng, sau chuyển
1218:Vĩnh Thịnh (1706–1719)
1170:Đức Nguyên (1674–1675)
1040:Hoằng Định (1601–1619)
1014:Quang Hưng (1578–1599)
712:
653:Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War
647:province, founded the
520:
1481:
1196:Chính Hoà (1680–1705)
1168:Dương Đức (1672–1673)
1116:Thịnh Đức (1653–1657)
1114:Khánh Đức (1649–1652)
1069:Dương Hoà (1634–1643)
990:Hồng Phúc (1572–1573)
988:Chính trị (1558–1571)
706:
671:Further information:
180:military dictatorship
134:Common languages
1937:Vietnamese dynasties
1225:sang Kim Thạch Lăng
1220:Bảo Thái (1720–1729)
1194:Vĩnh Trị (1678–1680)
1118:Vĩnh Thọ (1658–1661)
1067:Đức Long (1629–1634)
1012:Gia Thái (1573–1577)
711:about the year 1650.
533:Later Lê Restoration
1904: /
1500:Alexandre de Rhodes
1065:Vĩnh Tộ (1620–1628)
531:), also called the
529:Lê trung hưng triều
73:Government in exile
1932:Revival Lê dynasty
1908:16.467°N 107.600°E
1648:Dynasty of Vietnam
1488:
1382:Diên Emperor (衍皇帝)
1363:Nhân Emperor (仁皇帝)
785:Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên
721:Thanh Hóa Province
713:
545:Vietnamese dynasty
513:Revival Lê dynasty
1712:nomfoundation.org
1664:
1663:
1655:Succeeded by
1565:Bắc Ninh Province
1397:
1396:
1339:
1338:
657:Tây Sơn rebellion
598:allying with the
596:Cao Bằng Province
583:beginning of the
521:Nhà Lê trung hưng
509:
508:
483:
482:
479:
478:
431:
430:
358:• Return of
283:
280:• 1786-1789
268:• 1545-1786
256:
253:• 1533–1545
240:Military Dictator
231:
222:• 1786–1789
216:
207:• 1533–1548
185:Absolute monarchy
1974:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1886:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1704:
1638:Preceded by
1635:
1624:
1604:
1588:
1576:
1552:
1536:
1451:Qianlong Emperor
1405:
1341:
1120:Vạn Khánh (1662)
1038:Thuận Đức (1600)
986:Thiên Hựu (1557)
905:
813:Trịnh–Nguyễn War
789:Trịnh–Nguyễn War
761:Pacifying Prince
751:Nghệ An Province
689:article and the
549:Later Lê dynasty
475:
474:
461:
460:
447:
446:
435:
434:
422:
421:
415:
414:
399:
398:
281:
254:
229:
214:
148:Neo-Confucianism
123:Capital-in-exile
45:
30:
29:
19:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1922:
1921:
1913:16.467; 107.600
1912:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1866:
1863:
1861:Further reading
1858:
1857:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1669:
1660:
1658:Tây Sơn dynasty
1651:
1643:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1605:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1577:
1568:
1561:Bút Tháp Temple
1557:Avalokiteshvara
1553:
1544:
1537:
1476:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1347:Posthumous name
1335:Bàn Thạch Lăng
1325:
1314:Bàn Thạch Lăng
1282:
1224:
1219:
1195:
1187:
1169:
1161:
1147:Quả Thịnh Lăng
1134:
1123:Quần Ngọc Lăng
1119:
1117:
1115:
1072:Quần Ngọc Lăng
1068:
1066:
1044:
1039:
1028:
1013:
989:
987:
911:Posthumous name
903:
683:Eastern Capital
679:
669:
625:Dương Chấp Nhất
502:
498:
494:
472:
467:Tây Sơn dynasty
458:
444:
419:
376:
363:
362:to Thuận–Quảng
349:
335:
312:
308:
306:
284:
269:
257:
223:
208:
183:
114:
78:Tributary state
76:
64:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1888:
1887:
1882:978-0877277415
1881:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1724:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1521:Roman Catholic
1475:
1472:
1419:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1268:Bình Ngô Lăng
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1162:(Lê Duy Khoái)
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:Thuận hoàng đế
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
995:
994:
991:
984:
981:
978:
975:
969:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
947:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
925:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
902:
899:
898:
897:
879:
868:
862:
852:
842:
832:
822:
816:
802:
796:
778:
768:
754:
740:
734:
668:
665:
661:Lê Chiêu Thống
507:
506:
489:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
469:
463:
462:
455:
449:
448:
441:
432:
429:
428:
423:
411:
410:
405:
395:
394:
389:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:Kỷ Dậu Victory
371:
368:
367:
364:
357:
354:
353:
350:
343:
340:
339:
336:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
315:
314:
303:rule by decree
299:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
279:
276:
275:
270:
267:
264:
263:
258:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
233:
232:
227:Lê Chiêu Thống
224:
221:
218:
217:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
189:
188:
171:
167:
166:
160:Folk religions
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
124:
120:
119:
111:
107:
106:
100:
99:
93:
87:
70:
66:
65:
63:(in the South)
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1979:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1853:, chapter 16.
1852:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1366:Lê Duy Khoáng
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:Lê Duy Khiêm
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1302:Vĩnh hoàng đế
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1283:(Lê Duy Chấn)
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:Lê Duy Phường
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1188:(Lê Duy Hiệp)
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:Phúc An Lăng
1172:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1105:Uyên hoàng đế
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:Hoa Phố Lăng
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1056:Uyên hoàng đế
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:(Bố Vệ Lăng)
1043:Hoa Loan Lăng
1042:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:(Giản Huy đế)
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:Nghị hoàng đế
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
985:
982:
979:
977:Tuấn hoàng đế
976:
974:
971:
970:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
906:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
880:
876:
872:
869:
866:
865:Lê Thuần Tông
863:
860:
856:
853:
850:
846:
843:
840:
836:
833:
830:
826:
823:
820:
819:Lê Huyền Tông
817:
815:for details).
814:
810:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
776:
772:
769:
766:
762:
758:
755:
752:
748:
744:
741:
738:
737:Lê Trung Tông
735:
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
717:Lê Trang Tông
715:
714:
710:
705:
701:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
678:
674:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:Lê Trang Tông
618:
617:Lê Chiêu Tông
614:
610:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:Lê Cung Hoàng
557:
556:Mạc Đăng Dung
552:
550:
546:
543:: 大越), was a
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
488:Today part of
486:
470:
468:
465:
464:
456:
454:
451:
450:
442:
440:
437:
436:
433:
427:
424:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
396:
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
375:
365:
361:
351:
348:of Đông Kinh
347:
337:
334:
333:Lê Trang Tông
320:
316:
311:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
286:
274:
271:
262:
259:
242:
234:
228:
225:
213:
212:Lê Trang Tông
210:
196:
194:
186:
181:
178:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
128:
125:
117:
112:
108:
105:
103:
97:
94:
91:
90:Southern Ming
88:
85:
82:
81:
79:
74:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
34:
23:Đại Việt Quốc
20:
1889:
1868:
1849:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1734:
1732:Keat Gin Ooi
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1688:Nguyễn lords
1646:
1525:
1504:Chữ Quốc ngữ
1497:
1489:
1484:áo giao lĩnh
1466:
1455:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:Nguyễn lords
1421:
1321:Mẫn hoàng đế
1292:Phù Lê Lăng
1259:Lê Duy Tường
1232:Hôn Đức công
1212:Lê Duy Đường
958:Lê Duy Huyên
882:Lê Hiển Tông
873:(1735–40) –
855:Hôn-đức Duke
849:missionaries
805:Lê Thần Tông
799:Lê Chân Tông
781:Lê Thần Tông
775:Nguyễn Hoàng
771:Lê Kính Tông
764:
760:
728:
724:
695:
691:Nguyễn lords
682:
680:
677:Nguyễn lords
649:Nguyễn lords
641:Nguyễn Hoàng
600:Ming dynasty
593:
553:
536:
532:
528:
512:
510:
453:Nguyễn lords
408:Succeeded by
407:
402:
360:Nguyễn Hoàng
182:(1533-1787)
164:Christianity
104:
75:(1533–1540)
59:-controlled
51:-controlled
1911: /
1683:Trịnh lords
1678:Mạc dynasty
1641:Mạc dynasty
1447:Qing Empire
1371:Lê Anh Tông
1344:Temple name
1332:Chiêu Thống
1326:(Lê Duy Kỳ)
1305:Lê Duy Diêu
1281:Lê Duy Thận
993:Bố Vệ Lăng
980:Lê Duy Bang
955:Vũ hoàng đế
936:Lê Duy Ninh
933:Dụ hoàng đế
908:Temple name
875:Trịnh Giang
859:Trịnh Giang
839:Trịnh Cương
825:Lê Gia Tông
793:Trịnh Tráng
757:Lê Thế Tông
743:Lê Anh Tông
687:Trịnh lords
673:Trịnh lords
637:Nguyễn Uông
633:Trịnh lords
564:Mạc dynasty
439:Trịnh lords
426:Mạc dynasty
403:Preceded by
313:(1545-1786)
310:Trịnh lords
298:Legislature
273:Trịnh lords
187:(1787–1789)
129:(1531–1540)
118:(1593–1789)
98:(1662–1788)
92:(1644–1662)
86:(1540–1644)
80:of China:
61:Cochinchina
1926:Categories
1694:References
1673:Lê dynasty
1652:1533–1789
1609:Keo Temple
1555:Statue of
1390:Father of
1369:Father of
1252:Thuần Tông
1243:Vĩnh Khánh
1186:Lê Duy Cáp
1160:Lê Duy Cối
1129:Huyền Tông
1085:Lê Duy Hựu
1032:Lê Duy Tân
1017:chưa biết
1006:Lê Duy Đàm
967:Diên Lăng
964:Thuận Bình
951:Trung Tông
945:Cảnh Lăng
942:Nguyên Hòa
929:Trang Tông
845:Lê Dụ Tông
835:Lê Hi Tông
747:Trịnh Tùng
727:(English:
709:Panduranga
693:article).
629:Trịnh Kiểm
580:Nguyễn Kim
517:Vietnamese
346:Reconquest
288:Nguyễn Huệ
261:Nguyễn Kim
170:Government
1613:Thái Bình
1459:Lê Mẫn Đế
1439:Lê Mẫn Đế
1392:Lê Mẫn Đế
1386:Lê Duy Vĩ
1359:Hiếu Tông
1350:Real name
1329:1786–1789
1311:Cảnh Hưng
1308:1740–1786
1298:Hiển Tông
1286:1735–1740
1262:1732–1735
1240:1729–1732
1215:1706–1729
1199:Phú Lăng
1191:1675–1705
1165:1672–1675
1141:1663–1671
1138:Lê Duy Vũ
1111:1649–1662
1108:Lê Duy Kỳ
1100:Thần Tông
1091:Phúc Thái
1088:1643–1649
1078:Chân Tông
1062:1619–1643
1059:Lê Duy Kỳ
1051:Thần Tông
1035:1599–1619
1023:Kính Tông
1009:1573–1599
983:1556–1573
961:1548–1556
939:1533–1548
914:Real name
886:Trịnh Sâm
871:Lê Ý Tông
829:Trịnh Tạc
809:Trịnh Tạc
698:Đông Kinh
645:Thuận Hoá
613:Đông Kinh
589:civil war
174:Monarchic
144:Religion
116:Đông Kinh
36:1533–1789
1899:107°36′E
1717:13 April
1667:See also
1593:Việt Nam
1493:Phố Hiến
1461:went to
1443:Dongkinh
1418:Military
1378:Hựu Tông
1289:Vĩnh Hựu
1265:Long Đức
1153:Gia Tông
1144:Cảnh Trị
1102:(second)
999:Thế Tông
973:Anh Tông
920:Era name
572:Lan Xang
568:Đại Việt
537:Đại Việt
525:Hán-Việt
504:Cambodia
388:Currency
152:Buddhism
138:Annamese
127:Xam Neua
1896:16°28′N
1541:Nghệ An
1516:chữ Nôm
1512:chữ Hán
1474:Culture
1465:where "
1463:Beijing
1246:Kim Lũ
1205:Dụ Tông
1179:Hy Tông
1053:(first)
923:Temple
890:Tây Sơn
667:History
574:(today
541:Chữ Hán
527:: 黎中興朝
492:Vietnam
372:•
344:•
318:History
255:(first)
215:(first)
193:Emperor
110:Capital
1879:
1353:Cause
1274:Ý Tông
878:later.
523:茹黎中興;
321:
301:None (
282:(last)
243:
230:(last)
197:
177:feudal
156:Taoism
69:Status
57:Nguyễn
53:Tonkin
1818:Theo
604:China
496:China
49:Trịnh
1877:ISBN
1719:2017
1628:Nghê
1514:and
917:Time
765:chúa
730:lord
725:chúa
675:and
576:Laos
511:The
500:Laos
379:1789
366:1600
352:1592
338:1533
96:Qing
84:Ming
1611:in
1563:in
1470:".
894:Huế
602:of
28:大越國
1928::
1871:.
1710:.
619:,
551:.
519::
162:,
158:,
154:,
150:,
1885:.
1721:.
1615:.
1595:.
1567:.
1543:.
1486:.
841:.
539:(
515:(
305:)
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