38:
377:
not least because style in architecture is easier to replicate by following a set of rules than style in figurative art such as painting. Terms originated to describe architectural periods were often subsequently applied to other areas of the visual arts, and then more widely still to music, literature and the general culture. In architecture stylistic change often follows, and is made possible by, the discovery of new techniques or materials, from the Gothic
439:
414:
In the middle of the 19th century мultiple aesthetic and social factors forced architects to design the new buildings using a selection of styles patterned after the historical ones (working "in every style or none"), and style definition became a practical matter. The choice of an appropriate style
376:
Semper, Wölfflin, and Frankl, and later
Ackerman, had backgrounds in the history of architecture, and like many other terms for period styles, "Romanesque" and "Gothic" were initially coined to describe architectural styles, where major changes between styles can be clearer and more easy to define,
158:
as one of the approaches ("style and period") that are used to organize the history of architecture (Leach lists five other approaches as "biography, geography and culture, type, technique, theme and analogy"). Style provides an additional relationship between otherwise disparate buildings, thus
170:
was mostly considered timeless, either as a divine revelation or an absolute truth derived from the laws of nature, and a great architect was the one who understood this "language". The new interpretation of history declared each historical period to be a stage of growth for the humanity (cf.
397:
Although style was well-established as a central component of art historical analysis, seeing it as the over-riding factor in art history had fallen out of fashion by World War II, as other ways of looking at art were developing, and a reaction against the emphasis on style developing; for
208:
Works of architecture are unlikely to be preserved for their aesthetic value alone; with practical re-purposing, the original intent of the original architect, sometimes his very identity, can be forgotten, and the building style becomes "an indispensable historical tool".
217:
Styles emerge from the history of a society. At any time several styles may be fashionable, and when a style changes it usually does so gradually, as architects learn and adapt to new ideas. The new style is sometimes only a rebellion against an existing style, such as
229:
ideas emerged in Italy around 1425 and spread to all of Europe over the next 200 years, with the French, German, English, and
Spanish Renaissances showing recognisably the same style, but with unique characteristics. An architectural style may also spread through
385:
construction. A major area of debate in both art history and archaeology has been the extent to which stylistic change in other fields like painting or pottery is also a response to new technical possibilities, or has its own impetus to develop (the
193:. In their opinion, by concentrating on the appearance of the building, style classification misses the hidden from view ideas that architects had put into the form. Studying history of architecture without reliance on styles usually relies on a "
188:
Style has been subject of an extensive debate since at least the 19th century. Many architects argue that the notion of "style" cannot adequately describe the contemporary architecture, is obsolete and ridden with
31:
205:, 1943). Nonetheless, the traditional and popular approach to the architectural history is through chronology of styles, with changes reflecting the evolution of materials, economics, fashions, and beliefs.
340:
are among the art historians who followed Riegl in proposing grand schemes tracing the transmission of elements of styles across great ranges in time and space. This type of art history is also known as
296:
390:
of Riegl), or changes in response to social and economic factors affecting patronage and the conditions of the artist, as current thinking tends to emphasize, using less rigid versions of
406:"In the later 20th century criticisms of style were aimed at further reducing the Hegelian elements of the concept while retaining it in a form that could be more easily controlled".
225:
Architectural styles often spread to other places, so that the style at its source continues to develop in new ways while other countries follow with their own twist. For instance,
185:). This approach allowed to classify architecture of each age as an equally valid approach, "style" (the use of the word in this sense became established by the mid-18th century).
302:
Constructing schemes of the period styles of historic art and architecture was a major concern of 19th century scholars in the new and initially mostly German-speaking field of
353:, "art history without names", where an architect's work has a place in history that is independent of its author. The subject of study no longer was the ideas that
146:(also "vernacular architecture") is not a style, but an application of local customs to small-scale construction without clear identity of the builder.
239:
222:(meaning "after modernism"), which in 21st century has found its own language and split into a number of styles which have acquired other names.
1025:
965:
936:
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133:
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197:" of important architects and buildings. The lesser objects in this approach do not deserve attention: "A bicycle shed is a building;
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78:) based on a set of characteristics and features, including overall appearance, arrangement of the components, method of
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234:, either by foreign colonies learning from their home country, or by settlers moving to a new land. One example is the
427:, so that the local architects and builders can go through the paces repeating the architectural history of England.
452:
365:, instead the questions now were about the continuity and changes observed when the architecture transitioned from
246:
55:
51:
467:
307:
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46:
by Thomas Cole (1840) shows a vision of buildings in the historical styles of the
Western tradition, including
42:
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219:
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250:
257:. Each time it is revived, it is different. The Spanish mission style was revived 100 years later as the
155:
75:
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110:
102:
87:
59:
128:
The 21st century construction uses a multitude of styles that are sometimes lumped together as a "
167:
83:
960:. Texts & Documents. Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities. pp. 1–60.
756:
1012:
1045:
1021:
996:
961:
932:
889:
868:
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402:, "the normal invocation of style in art history is a depressing affair indeed". According to
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3d edition, ed. Amy H. Wilson (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017): 697-98.
908:
292:
194:
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in the 16th century shifted the narrative to biographies of the great artists in his "
1058:
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358:
345:, or the study of forms or shapes in art. Wölfflin declared the goal of formalism as
137:
867:, Nelson, Robert S. and Shiff, Richard, 2nd Edn. 2010, University of Chicago Press,
162:
The concept of style was foreign to architects until the 18th century. Prior to the
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that was passed on to the next generation of architects by their forefathers.
17:
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354:
280:
181:
279:
Early writing on the subjects of architectural history, since the works of
885:
Sources of
Architectural Form: A Critical History of Western Design Theory
71:
958:
In What Style Should We Build?: The German Debate on
Architectural Style
915:, ed. D. L. Sills, xv (New York, 1968), reprinted in Preziosi, D. (ed.)
831:
438:
97:
Architectural styles are frequently associated with a historical epoch (
391:
370:
118:
854:, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, accessed March 6, 2013,
805:"Style Debates in Early 20th-Century German Architectural Discourse"
821:
804:
238:, brought by Spanish priests in the late 18th century and built in
32:
National
Register of Historic Places architectural style categories
297:
Lives of the Most
Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
306:. Important writers on the broad theory of style including
415:
was subject of elaborate discussions; for example, the
485:
483:
245:
After an architectural style has gone out of fashion,
154:
The concept of architectural style is studied in the
132:" based on the common trait of extreme reliance on
109:), and are influenced by the corresponding broader
929:American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia
253:has been revived many times and found new life as
117:even declared an analogy between a building and a
913:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
741:Alcock, N. W. (2003), "Vernacular architecture",
715:Elkins, s. 2 (quoted); see also Gombrich, 135-136
30:For the US register of architectural styles, see
525:J. Philip Gruen, "Vernacular Architecture", in
269:History of the concept of architectural style
8:
1042:The Art of Art History: A Critical Anthology
917:The Art of Art History: A Critical Anthology
332:continued the debate into the 20th century.
995:, 1987, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,
1044:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998,
919:(see below), whose page numbers are used.
830:
820:
757:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t088875
586:
562:
159:serving as a "protection against chaos".
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419:had argued that the churches in the new
36:
479:
121:: an "architectural style reflects the
1007:; includes essays by Alpers and Kubler
513:
489:
105:), or an earlier architectural style (
815:(1). Open Library of the Humanities.
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667:
646:
634:
622:
610:
598:
550:
538:
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150:Styles in the history of architecture
7:
986:Towards a Reductive Theory of Style
134:computer-aided architectural design
123:attitude and the movement of people
113:and the "general human condition".
803:Barnstone, Deborah Ascher (2018).
776:, "Style is What You Make It", in
25:
351:Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe
261:, and that soon evolved into the
437:
931:. W.W. Norton. pp. 12–13.
888:. Manchester University Press.
688:Gombrich, 131-136; Elkins, s. 2
247:revivals and re-interpretations
179:that much later developed into
27:Specific method of construction
1014:What is Architectural History?
865:Critical Terms for Art History
527:Encyclopedia of Local History,
236:Spanish missions in California
1:
201:is a piece of architecture" (
463:List of architectural styles
287:, treated architecture as a
1020:. What is History?. Wiley.
952:Herrmann, Wolfgang (1996).
1091:
679:Gombrich, 129; Elsner, 104
453:Historicism (architecture)
272:
101:), geographical location (
94:, and regional character.
29:
923:Harris, Cyril M. (1998).
468:Revivalism (architecture)
361:who in turn learned from
308:Carl Friedrich von Rumohr
249:may occur. For instance,
130:contemporary architecture
125:in the period concerned.
911:. "Style" (1968), orig.
882:Gelernter, Mark (1995).
786:Cornell University Press
417:Cambridge Camden Society
263:Spanish Colonial Revival
809:Architectural Histories
749:Oxford University Press
458:History of architecture
423:should be built in the
220:postmodern architecture
173:Johann Gottfried Herder
70:is a classification of
1011:Leach, Andrew (2013).
350:
76:nonbuilding structures
63:
1075:Architectural history
925:"architectural style"
156:architectural history
43:The Architect's Dream
40:
1070:Architectural design
1065:Architectural styles
993:The Concept of Style
778:The Concept of Style
381:to modern metal and
164:era of Enlightenment
1040:Preziosi, D. (ed.)
991:Lang, Berel (ed.),
706:Alpers in Lang, 137
697:Kubler in Lang, 163
565:, pp. 164–165.
445:Architecture portal
383:reinforced concrete
283:in the 1st century
275:Style (visual arts)
103:Italian Villa style
68:architectural style
980:"Kubler in Lang":
788:, 1987), 137–162,
772:"Alpers in Lang":
213:Evolution of style
168:architectural form
84:building materials
64:
1027:978-0-7456-7377-6
1003:, 9780801494390,
967:978-0-89236-199-1
938:978-0-393-73103-3
895:978-0-7190-4129-7
875:, 9780226571690,
766:978-1-884446-05-4
727:, pp. 41–42.
649:, pp. 19–20.
637:, pp. 13–14.
338:Josef Strzygowski
326:Heinrich Wölfflin
199:Lincoln Cathedral
144:Folk architecture
115:Heinrich Wölfflin
99:Renaissance style
92:structural design
16:(Redirected from
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203:Nikolaus Pevsner
107:Neo-Gothic style
48:ancient Egyptian
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575:Herrmann 1996
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1031:. Retrieved
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1005:google books
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909:Gombrich, E
861:Elsner, Jas
784:, (Ithaca:
514:Alcock 2003
490:Harris 1998
388:kunstwollen
367:Renaissance
330:Paul Frankl
316:Alois Riegl
304:art history
232:colonialism
227:Renaissance
191:historicism
1059:Categories
1033:2024-02-09
1001:0801494397
973:2024-02-09
944:2024-02-09
901:2024-02-12
873:0226571696
798:0801494397
782:Berel Lang
735:References
725:Leach 2013
668:Leach 2013
647:Leach 2013
635:Leach 2013
623:Leach 2013
611:Leach 2013
599:Leach 2013
551:Leach 2013
539:Leach 2013
502:Leach 2013
321:Stilfragen
251:classicism
177:Volksgeist
988:, in Lang
841:2050-5833
379:rib vault
355:Borromini
343:formalism
289:patrimony
281:Vitruvius
182:Zeitgeist
72:buildings
431:See also
90:, size,
392:Marxist
371:Baroque
359:Maderno
318:in his
119:costume
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1024:
999:
964:
935:
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871:
839:
796:
780:, ed.
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347:German
314:, and
166:, the
86:used,
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58:, and
1018:(PDF)
474:Notes
195:canon
136:(cf.
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1046:ISBN
1022:ISBN
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962:ISBN
933:ISBN
890:ISBN
869:ISBN
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761:ISBN
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328:and
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