818:
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947:
967:
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through the volcanism is released every 800-1000 years through the fissure eruptions. The fissure swarms are the origin of underground near vertical dykes. The
Reykjanes' dykes travel near vertically through Quaternary and Tertiary sediments. These dykes generate permeability in rock that would otherwise be impermeable. This increased permeability creates the potential for geothermal extraction at an economic level. The dykes underground reach up to 300 meters to the surface. Every tens of years, microearthquakes move the strike-slip plate boundaries.
46:
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78:
1025:
1002:
106:
613:
88:
898:
127:
850:
833:(IMO), with one registering at 5.7. The alert phase of Iceland's Civil Protection was activated, because even bigger earthquakes could not be excluded in this earthquake series. The whole region has been under close scrutiny of scientists. A magnitude 5.1 earthquake was recorded on 1 March 2021. In addition, satellite pictures showed a pronounced uplift near the mountain
31:
926:
Further brief effusive eruptions with a very rapid outflow of large quantities of lava took place on 14 January and 8 February 2024, damaging the outskirts of
Grindavik and other infrastructure in the area. On 16 March 2024 a fourth eruption began north–east of Hagafell. This eruption was expected by
918:
Beginning in late
October 2023, an intense series of earthquakes in and around Grindavík prompted the evacuation of the town, as a large underground magmatic intrusion indicated that an eruption in the area was imminent. The eruption began on 18 December at 10pm local time, north–east of Grindavík at
292:
basalt lava layers cover much of the ground around and under
Reykjavík, but their origin is unknown. It is thought that the small hills within the city, some of which were islands during periods of glaciation, could be small shield volcanoes from warm spells of the glaciations. But it is known that
764:
M6, but most of the earthquakes are small. These earthquakes often take place within the volcanic systems, but there are also many faults, fractures and fissures in the N-S direction on the peninsula. Additionally, the region is influenced by the South
Iceland seismic zone. This southern transform
799:
The
Reykjanes Peninsula lies within a transtensional rift zone. The rate of spread is about 1.8 cm/year (0.71 in/year). The spreading that occurs generates NE-SE trending fissure swarm faulting and connects the area with the other surrounding rift zones. The stress that is accumulated
808:
that deposited substantial amounts of lava and tephra across the peninsula. The volcanoes in the region were subsequently dormant for nearly 800 years. The second episode began in 2020 and has been dubbed the "New
Reykjanes Fires" in recognition of the similarity with the previous episode.
656:, i.e. more or less side by side, and in an average 40° angle to the spreading direction NE–SW over the peninsula. One of the reasons for the varying number of systems in the literature is that geothermal areas, magnetic anomalies, eruptive centers, and geochemistry do not all align.
647:
glaciation (15,000–11,000 years ago in the region), Holocene volcanoes have contributed to the basaltic lava fields of the peninsula. The
Reykjanes volcanic belt (previously also known as the Reykjanes Peninsula ridge, or Reykjanes Peninsula volcanic zone), one of the present day
337:
and even completely ice covered during parts of them. As a result, there are hundreds of subglacially formed volcanoes on
Iceland. On Reykjanes Peninsula, glaciers were present until around 15,000 -12,000 years ago. Most subglacial edifices are thought to be
879:. A volcanic eruption began at Fagradalsfjall on the evening of 19 March 2021. The eruption was small and effusive, from a 500–800 m long fissure; National Geographic predicted that this volcano was unlikely to threaten "any population centers".
829:. It was followed up by over 1,000 aftershocks and is part of a series stretching over nearly one year. On 24 February 2021, a new earthquake series comprising hundreds of earthquakes and including two earthquakes over 5 were registered by the
1197:
1040:
803:
Since
Iceland's settlement in the 9th century CE, the peninsula has undergone two periods of prolonged volcanism. The first, from 950 to 1240, culminated in the lengthy series of eruptions between 1210–1240 called the
1001:
946:
186:
A great deal of volcanic activity was occurring in the Reykjanes Peninsula in 2020 and into 2021, after nearly 800 years of inactivity. After the eruption of the Fagradalsfjall volcano on 19 March 2021,
191:'s experts predicted that this "may mark the start of decades of volcanic activity". The eruption was small leading to a prediction that this volcano was unlikely to threaten "any population centers".
1024:
558:(4.5 km). Sandfellshæð is a very regularly constructed shield volcano and the largest in the southern part of Reykjanes Peninsula. Another important shield volcano on Reykjanes Peninsula is
982:
927:
some by analogy to be similarly short-lived, but was only declared over on the 9th May. An eruption that started on 29th May finished on 22nd June 2024.An eruption started on 22 August 2024.
966:
1938:
773:. The larger earthquakes are felt and registered on Reykjanes Peninsula, and they can also trigger medium-sized quakes in this region, as last seen in 2008 and especially in 2000.
1201:
1577:
Decriem, J.; Árnadóttir, T.; Hooper, A.; Geirsson, H.; Sigmundsson, F.; Keiding, M.; Ófeigsson, B. G.; Hreinsdóttir, S.; Einarsson, P.; LaFemina, P.; Bennett, R. A. (2010).
1627:. Icelandic Meteorological Office, Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Iceland, Civil Protection Department of the National Commissioner of the Iceland Police
1558:. Icelandic Meteorological Office, Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Iceland, Civil Protection Department of the National Commissioner of the Iceland Police
1891:
722:
components. It is tectonically the current locus of accretion in the south of Iceland propagating southward at between 3.5–5 cm/year (1.4–2.0 in/year).
1416:
Foulger, G.R.; Toomey, D.R. (1989). "Structure and evolution of the Hengill-Grensdalur Volcanic Complex, Iceland: Geology, geophysics, and seismic tomography".
512:
constitute about 60% by volume of all post-glacial lava products on the Reykjanes Peninsula." The postglacial shield volcanoes are situated at the periphery of
1334:
1825:"Trace element composition in olivine from the 2022 Meradalir eruption of the Fagradalsfjall Fires, SW-Iceland (Short Communication) by Krmicek L., etal"
409:
The tuyas are often sorted according to their form (morphology) into flat-topped tuyas, elongated tuyas, conical tuyas and complex tuyas. The prominent
817:
882:
The next small fissure eruption in the Fagradalsfjall volcanic system started in the Meradalir valleys on 1 August 2022 and ceased on 22 August 2022.
266:, so that there is a pronounced continuation between the volcanism of Reykjanes Ridge, a part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the Reykjanes Peninsula.
527:, the younger, bigger ones from olivine-tholeiite. They were probably formed in long-lived eruptions (years to decades). The best known edifices are
2087:
1073:
1946:
1675:
1657:
219:
rift had drifted so far to the west and away from the presumed steady place hot spot, that activity shifted eastwards in direction of this
1997:
1968:
1939:"One month since the start of the eruption at the Sundhnúkur crater row Second longest eruption in the Reykjanes peninsula since 2021"
725:
Otherwise, the volcanic systems, because they are on top of a rift segment, show a tendency for basaltic fissure eruptions. There are
1586:
1305:
1085:
208:
1460:
Sæmundsson, K.; Sigurgeirsson, M.Á.; Friðleifsson, G.Ó. (2020). "Geology and structure of the Reykjanes volcanic system, Iceland".
906:
794:
1578:
1145:"Morphometry of subaerial shield volcanoes and glaciovolcanoes from Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: Effects of eruption environment"
652:, is connected to the submarine Reykjanes Ridge and consists (depending on author) of 3 to 6 or even 7 volcanic systems, arranged
1008:
826:
680:
629:
99:
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of the Atlantic mid-oceanic ridge to the trans-tensional plate boundary in the Reykjanes Peninsula. These volcanic systems are:
2031:
1758:
1739:
830:
988:
399:
1883:
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2092:
770:
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707:
692:
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180:
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567:
Selected post-glaciation geological features in the Reykjanes Peninsula allowing fuller context. Other shading shows:
1319:
Glacioisostacy controls chemical and isotopic characteristics of tholeiites from the Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland.
1810:
733:
eruptions, some of whom were from volcanoes of the Reykjanes volcanic system, and the most recent Hengill eruption.
711:
672:
621:
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70:
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1914:
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seismically active areas. Clicking on the image enlarges to full window and enables mouse-over with more detail.
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represent the great bulk of magma production in this part of Iceland and form the base of many other volcanic
825:
On 20 October 2020, a magnitude 5.6 volcanism-related earthquake was registered at Núpshlíðarháls within the
761:
66:
45:
339:
105:
1752:
1523:
1350:
664:
1539:
Thor Thordarson, Armann Hoskuldsson: Iceland. Classic geology of Europe 3. Harpenden 2002, p.14 and 63.
207:, were responsible for the existence of Reykjanesskagi. Reykjanes Peninsula originated in a so-called
1595:
1469:
1425:
1380:
1159:
1063:
746:
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and composed of a low-sloping lava cone surrounded by a lava apron; the older shields are made from
381:
537:
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188:
91:
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Within the belt is a region of transition from the mainly extensional structure of the underwater
550:
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2097:
1498:
Volcanic hazard and risk assessment at Reykjanes, vulnerability of infrastructure. Masters thesis
1080:
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541:
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2063:
Geologist Páll Einarsson explains the geology of Reykjanes as well as the 2020 earthquake series
469:
357:) which means elongated subglacially formed volcanic edifices of different sizes, and cone-like
314:
309:
and the smaller mountains near Reykjavík and the hills on the islands and small peninsulas like
81:
2026:
448:
431:
2005:
1976:
1660:
Surface effects of triggered fault slip on Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland. Tectonophysics 369
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109:
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38:
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1012:
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As of February 2024, there have so far been three eruptions on and around the mountain of
805:
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259:
204:
120:
50:
886:
546:
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1473:
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1384:
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897:
536:(height 176 m, basal width 4.8 km, summit width 0.7 km, volume 0.64 km),
349:(bigger edifices whose upper parts are covered by the products of subaerial eruptions),
126:
973:
872:
866:
862:
858:
838:
790:
786:
782:
676:
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524:
498:
377:
361:(very rare). There are many hyaloclastite ridges, with most consisting of mixtures of
334:
255:
224:
212:
176:
116:
17:
675:(often thought to be a part of Reykjanes volcanic system as geochemistry is similar),
2076:
1608:
1481:
1368:
1172:
920:
403:
350:
251:
1700:
1528:
Jarðvísindadeild Háskóli Íslands 2011. MS ritgerð. Leiðbeinendur Ólafur Ingólfsson.
1355:
Jarðvísindadeild Háskóli Íslands 2011. MS ritgerð. Leiðbeinendur Ólafur Ingólfsson.
513:
410:
220:
1824:
912:
876:
275:
885:
On 10 July 2023 at 16:40 UTC, a fissure eruption began adjacent to the summit of
644:
362:
1144:
1799:
explanations by geophysicist and professor emeritus Páll Einarsson in Kastljós
1625:"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes - Reykjanes and Svartsengi volcanic systems"
1392:
992:
849:
757:
239:
62:
1624:
1555:
1437:
911:
As of June 2024, there have so far been five eruptions immediately north of
753:
617:
509:
322:
235:
The topography of Reykjanes Peninsula was formed by glaciers and volcanism,
163:
is the continuation of the mostly submarine Reykjanes Ridge, a part of the
1294:
In: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., Rymer, H., Stix, J., McNutt, S. (Eds.),
1837:
730:
719:
715:
502:
495:
418:
310:
289:
113:
1198:"Eruption in Iceland may mark the start of decades of volcanic activity"
957:
699:
688:
637:
506:
440:
366:
318:
301:
were active in the Reykjavík region, Viðey volcano and Stardals volcano
172:
160:
130:
Other subglacial volcanoes on Reykjanes Peninsula: Litla Sandfell with
1676:"Volcanoes don't just erupt on schedule—but they have been in Iceland"
1046:
Typical volcano-tectonic environment on Reykjanes Peninsula (from air)
2058:
Geotourism on Reykjanes Peninsula. Visit Reykjanes. Official website.
726:
559:
236:
227:. Outcropping rocks have ages from 3.2 million years to the present.
112:
subglacial cone, surrounded by lavas and other volcanic landforms of
2066:
223:
which is now thought to be situated under the big glacier shield of
1255:
Háskóla Íslands, Raunvísindadeild, Jarð- og landfræðiskor. (2007)
896:
848:
816:
740:
706:
and this volcano is complex as it is at the intersection with the
611:
183:) is an administrative unit covering part of Reykjanes Peninsula.
168:
125:
104:
86:
76:
29:
1859:"Latest news on the volcanic eruption on the Reykjanes Peninsula"
1701:"State of emergency declared in Iceland after volcanic eruption"
1016:
520:
369:
346:
345:
The subglacial volcanoes can be identified according to type as
306:
247:
200:
131:
54:
34:
242:
covering a good part of the peninsula, in between volcanoes of
30:
1884:"Magma intrusion possibly extending beneath Grindavík | News"
199:
The two most important factors for the existence of Iceland,
1192:
1190:
702:
volcanic system, the most eastern system, has an additional
616:
Volcanic systems of the Reykjanes Peninsula (SW-Iceland): 1→
901:
Lava flows and fire fountains at Sundhnúkur in January 2024
595:
subglacial terrain above 1,100 m (3,600 ft), and
859:
Fagradalsfjall § 2019 to 2021 activity and eruptions
841:
to the southwest Keilir has a length of about 5 km.
783:
Fagradalsfjall § 2019 to 2021 activity and eruptions
519:
These shields are mostly circular in form, built up from
1998:"Eldgosið sem hófst 29. maí er lokið | Hættumat uppfært"
875:, in an uninhabited region some 15 km northeast of
853:
Cinder cone produced by the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption
2027:"Volcanic eruption has started at Sundhnúks crater row"
1623:
Sigurgeirsson, Magnús Á.; Einarsson, Sigmundur (2019).
1290:
Edwards, B.R., Gudmundsson, M.T., Russell, J.K., 2015.
1969:"Engin virkni í gígnum. Þessu eldgosi lokið | Fréttir"
915:, with one partly occurring within the town's limits.
372:. There are also elongated pillow structures, called
1788:. RÚV. 24 February 2021. Accessed 24 February 2021.
1526:
Eldfjallagarður og jarðminjasvæði á Reykjanesskaga.
1353:
Eldfjallagarður og jarðminjasvæði á Reykjanesskaga.
714:, forming the Hengill triple junction. It has some
1579:"The 2008 May 29 earthquake doublet in SW Iceland"
1699:Casey, Kathryn Armstrong & Ian (2024-02-08).
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
516:. They erupted after the Weichselian glaciation.
821:5.2 earthquake near Fagradalsfjall, 7 March 2021
443:. Examples for tuyas on Reykjanes Peninsula are
1549:
1547:
1545:
1369:"Geothermal fields of Hengill volcano, Iceland"
1030:The so-called bridge between continents over a
756:play an important role on Reykjanes Peninsula.
321:at some places around Reykjavík, especially in
1811:Helstu tíðindi: Eldgos hafið í Fagradalsfjalli
1801:(RÚV) on March 3, 2021 Accessed March 3, 2021
1773:, 24 February 2021. Accessed 24 February 2021.
1724:Stór jarðskjálfti á Reykjanesskaga fannst vel.
1504:(Thesis). University of Iceland. pp. 1–89
1462:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1411:
1409:
1152:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
691:(which stretches up to the north and into the
8:
1556:"Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes - Hengill"
1418:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
867:Fagradalsfjall § 2023 eruptive activity
791:Fagradalsfjall § 2023 eruptive activity
889:and ended by the beginning of August 2023.
760:are often registered. They may reach up to
333:Iceland was heavily ice covered during the
1915:"Eruption on Reykjanes Peninsula - RÚV.is"
777:Volcano-tectonic situation in modern times
1836:
1781:
1779:
1647:Reykjanes Peninsula. Icelandic Met Office
1607:
1171:
745:Reykjanes Volcanic Belt (RVB) within the
211:6-7 million years ago. At this time, the
1786:Verðum að vera búin undir stærri skjálfa
57:from the 13th century, acidic lake from
44:
1754:Skjálfti af stærð 5,6 á Reykjanessskaga
1367:Zakharova, O.K.; Spichak, V.V. (2012).
1339:Okustofnun. Greinar starfsmanna. (2003)
1337:Postglacial lava production in Iceland.
1323:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 164
1104:
942:
729:deposits from both offshore explosive
413:is basalt, though there are also some
376:. Examples on Reykjanes peninsula are
297:(from 3.2 – 1.8 million years BP) two
119:Þráinskjóldur as well as fissures and
94:displaying its very gentle slope with
1894:from the original on 11 November 2023
1813:. RÚV. ruv.is Accessed 20 March 2021
1373:Journal of Volcanology and Seismology
1237:Iceland. Classic geology of Europe 3.
1235:Thor Thordarson, Armann Hoskuldsson:
1224:Iceland. Classic geology of Europe 3.
1222:Thor Thordarson, Armann Hoskuldsson:
1143:Pedersen, G.B.M.; Grosse, P. (2014).
1074:List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland
553:
540:
531:
481:
472:
451:
434:
425:
393:
384:
283:
154:
7:
1674:Andrews, Robin George (2023-08-21).
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
246:as well as subaerial origin, namely
1247:
1245:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1034:near the tip of Reykjanes Peninsula
1007:Aerial photograph of the center of
863:Fagradalsfjall § 2022 eruption
787:Fagradalsfjall § 2022 eruption
845:Fagradalsfjall eruptions (2021-23)
49:Volcanism at Reykjanes Peninsula:
25:
2069:. 20 October 2020. (in Icelandic)
1771:Icelandic Met Office. Earthquakes
1587:Geophysical Journal International
1495:Andrésdóttir, Þóra Björg (2018).
1086:Geological deformation of Iceland
685:Brennisteinsfjöll volcanic system
562:, formed around 5,000 years ago.
317:. Volcanic and glacial sediments
1829:Czech Polar Reports, Vol.12,No.2
1609:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04565.x
1482:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.11.022
1173:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.008
1039:
1023:
1000:
981:
965:
945:
305:Both volcanoes partially formed
2032:Icelandic Meteorological Office
1943:Icelandic Meteorological office
1888:Icelandic Meteorological office
1863:Icelandic Meteorological office
1736:earthquakes/reykjanespeninsula/
1279:Vegavísir um jarðfræði Íslands.
1266:Vegavísir um jarðfræði Íslands.
1253:Jarðfræði Reykjavíkursvæðisins.
831:Icelandic Meteorological Office
765:zone of Iceland is between the
752:As is usual within rift zones,
179:in the west. Suðurnes (transl.
2004:(in Icelandic). Archived from
1975:(in Icelandic). Archived from
907:2023-2024 Sundhnúkur eruptions
893:Sundhnúkur eruptions (2023-24)
795:2023-2024 Sundhnúkur eruptions
677:Fagradalsfjall volcanic system
468:are flat-topped tuyas whereas
1:
1554:Sæmundsson, Kristján (2019).
813:Tectonic precursors (2020-21)
708:West volcanic zone of Iceland
421:volcanoes on Reykjanes, like
386:[ˈnupsˌl̥iːðarˌhauls]
156:[ˈreiːcaˌnɛːsˌskaijɪ]
2088:Southern Peninsula (Iceland)
1069:List of volcanoes in Iceland
490:Postglacial shield volcanoes
262:. Some volcanic systems are
167:, on land and reaching from
1913:Adam, Darren (2023-12-18).
937:Reykjanes Peninsula Geology
542:[ˈθrauːɪnˌscœltʏr̥]
2114:
991:, Valahnúkar, postglacial
904:
856:
780:
712:South Iceland seismic zone
673:Svartsengi volcanic system
555:[ˈsantˌfɛlsˌhaiːθ]
533:[ˈsɛlˌvɔksˌheiːðɪ]
483:[ˈsɪtliŋkarˌfɛtl̥]
342:, with a few being older.
1393:10.1134/S074204631201006X
1281:Reykjavík 2015, p. 31-33
989:Helgafell (Hafnarfjörður)
747:volcanic zones of Iceland
669:Reykjanes volcanic system
650:volcanic zones of Iceland
395:[ˈʏntɪrˌl̥iːðar̥]
231:Volcanism and glaciations
71:Reykjanes volcanic system
1664:Accessed 21 August 2020.
1530:Accessed 17. ágúst 2020.
1341:Accessed 06 August 2020.
1268:Reykjavík 2015, p. 28-30
1093:Global Volcanism Program
1009:Krýsuvík volcanic system
681:Krýsuvík volcanic system
203:in combination with the
100:Krýsuvík Volcanic System
27:Volcanic area of Iceland
1438:10.1029/JB094iB12p17511
1357:Accessed 17 August 2020
1226:Harpenden 2002, p. 8-10
689:Hengill volcanic system
608:Reykjanes volcanic belt
549:(volume 6 km) and
474:[ˈθɔrðarˌfɛtl̥]
453:[ˈceiːtaˌfɛtl̥]
441:Hengill volcanic system
436:[ˈstaːpaˌfɛtl̥]
285:[ˈkrauːˌkriːtɪ]
67:hydrothermal alteration
18:Reykjanes Volcanic Belt
1277:Snæbjörn Guðmundsson:
1264:Snæbjörn Guðmundsson:
1011:with high temperature
960:beaches at Reykjanestá
902:
854:
822:
749:
640:
581:central volcanoes and
545:(volume 5.2 km),
274:Famous in the area of
151:
139:
123:
102:
84:
74:
42:
1726:RÚV, 20 October 2020.
1239:Harpenden 2002, p. 48
905:Further information:
900:
857:Further information:
852:
820:
781:Further information:
744:
665:Eldey volcanic system
643:Since the end of the
620:(volcanic system), 2→
615:
427:[ˈhuːsˌmuːlɪ]
129:
108:
98:and mountains of the
90:
80:
48:
33:
2093:Volcanism of Iceland
1838:10.5817/CPR2022-2-16
1658:Clifton, A., etal.:
1524:Helgi Páll Jónsson:
1424:(B12): 17511–17522.
1351:Helgi Páll Jónsson:
1064:Volcanism of Iceland
667:(mostly submarine),
365:, hyaloclastite and
353:ridges (also called
329:Subglacial volcanoes
288:, Gray Lava). These
1600:2010GeoJI.181.1128D
1474:2020JVGR..39106501S
1430:1989JGR....9417511F
1385:2012JVolS...6....1Z
1317:M.A.M. Gee et al.:
1296:The Encyclopedia of
1164:2014JVGR..282..115P
486:are complex tuyas.
252:hyaloclastic ridges
189:National Geographic
144:Reykjanes Peninsula
41:activity in Iceland
2083:Geology of Iceland
2002:Veðurstofa Íslands
1973:Veðurstofa Íslands
1742:, 21 October 2020.
1081:Geology of Iceland
903:
855:
823:
771:East volcanic zone
767:West volcanic zone
750:
693:West volcanic zone
641:
622:Eldvörp–Svartsengi
181:Southern Peninsula
165:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
140:
124:
103:
85:
75:
43:
2035:. 25 October 2023
1335:Árni Hjartarson:
1204:on March 22, 2021
995:and fault systems
954:submarine volcano
952:Eroded partially
634:Brennisteinsfjöll
458:Brennisteinsfjöll
415:basaltic andesite
359:subglacial mounds
299:central volcanoes
171:in the north and
136:Brennisteinsfjöll
16:(Redirected from
2105:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1949:on 16 April 2024
1945:. Archived from
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1761:20 October 2020.
1749:
1743:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1671:
1665:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1594:(2): 1128–1146.
1583:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1551:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1457:
1442:
1441:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1364:
1358:
1348:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1292:Glaciovolcanism.
1288:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1200:. Archived from
1194:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1149:
1140:
1043:
1027:
1013:geothermal areas
1004:
985:
969:
949:
601:
599:
594:
592:
588:fissure swarms,
587:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
557:
544:
535:
499:shield volcanoes
485:
476:
455:
447:(conical tuya),
438:
429:
397:
388:
295:Plio-Pleistocene
287:
270:Reykjavík region
256:shield volcanoes
158:
59:geothermal power
21:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2073:
2072:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2009:
2008:on 24 June 2024
1996:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1750:
1746:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1662:(2003) 145– 154
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1459:
1458:
1445:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1349:
1345:
1333:
1329:
1316:
1312:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1251:Freyr Pálsson:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1106:
1101:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1005:
996:
986:
977:
970:
961:
950:
939:
938:
933:
909:
895:
869:
847:
827:Krýsuvík system
815:
806:Reykjanes Fires
797:
779:
739:
704:central volcano
661:Reykjanes Ridge
610:
605:
604:
603:
597:
596:
590:
589:
583:
582:
576:
575:
569:
568:
514:fissure systems
492:
331:
272:
233:
205:Iceland hotspot
197:
175:in the east to
159:) in southwest
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2053:
2052:External links
2050:
2047:
2046:
2018:
1989:
1960:
1930:
1905:
1875:
1850:
1815:
1803:
1790:
1775:
1763:
1744:
1728:
1716:
1691:
1666:
1650:
1638:
1615:
1569:
1541:
1532:
1515:
1487:
1443:
1405:
1359:
1343:
1327:
1310:
1283:
1270:
1257:
1241:
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1103:
1102:
1100:
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1089:
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1076:
1071:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1006:
999:
997:
987:
980:
978:
974:shield volcano
971:
964:
962:
951:
944:
941:
940:
936:
935:
934:
932:
929:
894:
891:
873:Fagradalsfjall
846:
843:
814:
811:
778:
775:
738:
735:
626:Fagradalsfjall
609:
606:
566:
565:
564:
521:pāhoehoe lavas
491:
488:
382:Núpshlíðarháls
374:pillow tindars
330:
327:
271:
268:
232:
229:
196:
193:
152:Reykjanesskagi
117:shield volcano
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2110:
2099:
2096:
2094:
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2055:
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2034:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1979:on 9 May 2024
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1920:
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1906:
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1338:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:9780123859389
1303:
1300:pp. 377–393.
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
984:
979:
976:Þráinskjöldur
975:
968:
963:
959:
955:
948:
943:
930:
928:
924:
923:crater row.
922:
916:
914:
908:
899:
892:
890:
888:
883:
880:
878:
874:
868:
864:
860:
851:
844:
842:
840:
839:magmatic dike
836:
832:
828:
819:
812:
810:
807:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
776:
774:
772:
768:
763:
759:
755:
748:
743:
736:
734:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
646:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
607:
563:
561:
556:
552:
548:
543:
539:
538:Þráinskjöldur
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
508:
504:
500:
497:
489:
487:
484:
480:
479:Syllingarfell
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
396:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:hyaloclastite
348:
343:
341:
336:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
286:
281:
277:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
192:
190:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
137:
133:
128:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
101:
97:
93:
92:Þráinskjöldur
89:
83:
79:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2037:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
2010:. Retrieved
2006:the original
2001:
1992:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1972:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1947:the original
1942:
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1867:. Retrieved
1865:. 2023-07-10
1862:
1853:
1842:. Retrieved
1828:
1818:
1806:
1793:
1766:
1753:
1751:See also:
1747:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1694:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:
1669:
1659:
1653:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1618:
1591:
1585:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1535:
1525:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1497:
1490:
1465:
1461:
1421:
1417:
1396:. Retrieved
1376:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1346:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1236:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:the original
1177:. Retrieved
1155:
1151:
1053:
972:Postglacial
925:
917:
910:
887:Litli-Hrútur
884:
881:
870:
824:
802:
798:
751:
724:
697:
658:
653:
642:
551:Sandfellshæð
529:Selvogsheiði
518:
493:
411:igneous rock
408:
373:
363:pillow lavas
354:
344:
332:
302:
279:
273:
234:
221:mantle plume
198:
185:
143:
141:
1898:11 November
1631:30 December
1562:30 December
1508:28 December
1398:30 December
1379:(1): 1–14.
1158:: 115–133.
993:lava fields
758:Earthquakes
645:Pleistocene
439:within the
391:Undirhlíðar
378:Sveifluháls
340:Weichselian
335:glaciations
293:during the
260:crater rows
254:(tindars),
240:lava fields
225:Vatnajökull
213:Snæfellsnes
177:Reykjanestá
134:Geitafell (
63:steam vents
2077:Categories
2012:2024-06-24
1983:2024-05-09
1924:2023-12-19
1869:2023-07-13
1844:2023-11-19
1710:2024-02-09
1685:2024-02-10
1468:(106501).
1325:(1998) 1–5
1298:Volcanoes,
1099:References
921:Sundhnúkur
654:en echelon
574:calderas,
510:tholeiites
470:Þorðarfell
404:Vífilsfell
315:Kjarlarnes
244:subglacial
2098:Reykjanes
2039:24 August
1738:See also
1645:See eg.:
1179:21 August
913:Grindavík
877:Grindavík
762:magnitude
754:tectonics
737:Tectonics
698:Only the
618:Reykjanes
547:Heiðin há
503:landforms
462:Geitahlíð
449:Geitafell
432:Stapafell
400:Helgafell
323:Fossvogur
276:Reykjavík
264:submarine
209:rift jump
148:Icelandic
82:Öskjuhlíð
61:station,
1953:17 April
1892:Archived
1831:. 2022.
1822:See eg.
1797:See eg.
1705:BBC News
1522:See eg.
1208:27 March
1058:See also
769:and the
731:Holocene
720:andesite
716:rhyolite
630:Krýsuvík
496:Holocene
466:Þorbjörn
419:andesite
290:tertiary
280:Grágrýti
237:basaltic
138:) behind
114:Holocene
39:hot spot
1680:Premium
1596:Bibcode
1470:Bibcode
1426:Bibcode
1381:Bibcode
1160:Bibcode
958:boulder
931:Gallery
700:Hengill
638:Hengill
525:picrite
507:Olivine
423:Húsmúli
367:lapilli
355:tindars
319:outcrop
278:is the
201:rifting
173:Hengill
161:Iceland
51:Craters
35:Rifting
1304:
865:, and
837:. The
835:Keilir
793:, and
727:tephra
687:, and
600:
598:
593:
591:
586:
584:
579:
577:
572:
570:
560:Leitin
445:Keilir
195:Origin
121:faults
110:Keilir
96:Keilir
1582:(PDF)
1502:(PDF)
1148:(PDF)
1032:fault
1017:maars
347:tuyas
311:Viðey
248:tuyas
217:Skagi
55:lavas
2041:2024
1955:2024
1900:2023
1633:2023
1564:2023
1510:2023
1400:2023
1302:ISBN
1210:2021
1181:2020
1015:and
956:and
919:the
718:and
710:and
695:).
636:, 6→
632:, 5→
628:, 4→
624:, 3→
494:The
477:and
464:and
430:and
402:and
370:tuff
313:and
307:Esja
258:and
169:Esja
142:The
132:tuya
65:and
53:and
37:and
2067:RÚV
1919:RÚV
1833:doi
1759:IMO
1740:IMO
1604:doi
1592:181
1478:doi
1466:391
1434:doi
1389:doi
1168:doi
1156:282
460:),
417:or
2079::
2065:.
2029:.
2000:.
1971:.
1941:.
1917:.
1890:.
1886:.
1861:.
1827:.
1778:^
1703:.
1678:.
1602:.
1590:.
1584:.
1544:^
1476:.
1464:.
1446:^
1432:.
1422:94
1420:.
1408:^
1387:.
1375:.
1371:.
1321:/
1244:^
1189:^
1166:.
1154:.
1150:.
1107:^
861:,
789:,
785:,
683:,
679:,
671:,
505:.
406:.
398:,
389:,
380:,
325:.
250:,
150::
2043:.
2015:.
1986:.
1957:.
1927:.
1902:.
1872:.
1847:.
1835::
1756:.
1713:.
1688:.
1635:.
1612:.
1606::
1598::
1566:.
1512:.
1484:.
1480::
1472::
1440:.
1436::
1428::
1402:.
1391::
1383::
1377:6
1212:.
1183:.
1170::
1162::
456:(
303:.
282:(
215:-
146:(
73:)
69:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
