Reza Shah - Knowledge (XXG)

1712: 2609: 1953: 966: 1279:, the first Iranian university, was established. The number of modern industrial plants increased 17-fold under Reza Shah (excluding oil installations), and the number of miles of highway increased from 2,000 to 14,000. He founded 100,000-man army (previously, the shah had relied on tribal forces who were rewarded with plunder from the enemy), 90,000-man civil service. He set up free, compulsory education for both males and females and shut down private religious schools—Islamic, Christian, Jewish, etc. He confiscated land and real estate from the wealthy shrine endowments at Mashhad and Qom, etc. In Mashhad, the revenues of the sanctuary of Imam Reza helped finance secular education, build a modern hospital, improve the water supply of the city, and underwrite industrial enterprises." 1941:. By 28–29 August, the Iranian military situation was in complete chaos. The Allies had complete control over the skies of Iran, and large sections of the country were in their hands. Major Iranian cities (such as Tehran) were suffering repeated air raids. In Tehran itself, the casualties had been light, but the Soviet Air Force dropped leaflets over city, warning the population of an upcoming massive bombing raid and urging them to surrender before they suffered imminent destruction. Tehran's water and food supply had faced shortages, and soldiers fled in fear of the Soviets killing them upon capture. Faced with total collapse, the royal family (except the Shah and the Crown Prince) fled to 4804: 1393:. His account of building the university and the medical school’s first dissection hall reveals the cultural challenges faced during Iran's modernization. In a 1934 ministerial meeting, Hekmat pointed out that Tehran lacked a university. Reza Shah immediately tasked Hekmat with establishing one, allocating a budget of 250,000 Toman. Before, Shah had ordered ten students annually to study in Europe and the United States. Reza Shah advised against sending more students abroad, suggesting the establishment of a university in Tehran instead. From 1937, the University of Tehran admitted both men and women to study law, medicine, pharmacology, and literature. 1235:—would be "free of clerical influence, nomadic uprisings, and ethnic differences", on the one hand, and on the other hand would contain "European-style educational institutions, Westernized women active outside the home, and modern economic structures with state factories, communication networks, investment banks, and department stores." Reza is said to have avoided political participation and consultation with politicians or political personalities, instead embracing the slogan "every country has its own ruling system and ours is a one man system." He is also said to have preferred punishment to reward in dealing with subordinates or citizens. 4812: 1704:, who acted as the nation's finance minister. Reza Shah also purchased ships from Italy and hired Italians to teach his troops the intricacies of naval warfare. He also imported hundreds of German technicians and advisors for various projects. Mindful of Persia's long period of subservience to British and Russian authority, Reza Shah was careful to avoid giving any one foreign nation too much control. He also insisted that foreign advisors be employed by the Persian government, so that they would not be answerable to foreign powers. This was based upon his experience with Anglo-Persian, which was owned and operated by the 1506:

state bureaucracy of Iran was another source of support. Its ten civilian ministries employed 90,000 full-time government workers. Patronage controlled by the Shah's royal court served as the third "pillar". This was financed by the Shah's considerable personal wealth which had been built up by forced sales and confiscations of estates, making him "the richest man in Iran". On his abdication Reza Shah "left to his heir a bank account of some three million pounds sterling and estates totaling over 3 million acres."

1260: 1419: 1782:, the Shah circumscribed contacts with foreign embassies. Relations with the Soviet Union had already deteriorated because of that country's commercial policies, which in the 1920s and 1930s adversely affected Iran. In 1932, the Shah cancelled the agreement under which the Anglo-Persian Oil Company produced and exported Iran's oil. Although a new and improved agreement was eventually signed, it did not satisfy Iran's demands and left bad feeling on both sides. 2317: 2092: 4259: 588: 1120: 814: 925:'s command. Farman Farma noted that Reza had potential and sent him to military school where he gained the rank of gunnery sergeant. In 1911, he gave a good account of himself in later campaigns and was promoted to First Lieutenant. His proficiency in handling machine guns elevated him to the rank equivalent to captain in 1912. By 1915, he was promoted to the rank of Colonel. His record of military service eventually led him to a commission as a 1634: 1899:

his rivals and into his own estates. The corruption continued under his rule and even became institutionalized. Progress toward modernization was spotty and isolated as it could only take place with Shah's approval. Eventually the Shah became totally dependent on the military and secret police to retain power; in return, these state organs regularly received funding up to 50 percent of available public revenue to ensure their loyalty.

2100: 1582:. Women were allowed to study in the colleges of law and medicine, and in 1934 a law set heavy fines for cinemas, restaurant, and hotels that did not open their doors to both sexes. Doctors were permitted to dissect human bodies, in defiance of the Quranic ban on necropsy (the Shah even forced his cabinet members to "accompany him to the university's pathology lab to view two cadavers in a vat") He restricted public 1354: 1283: 2026: 1224: 1136: 1307:, wanted a garden, she chose a design by French architect André Godard. However, the shah's approval was required for construction within the royal compound. Upon seeing a Latin name on the plans, Reza Shah became visibly angry. Despite assurances that Godard had lived in Iran long enough to be considered virtually Iranian, the shah tore up the plans and insisted that an Iranian architect design the garden. 1975:

firing squad. When he entered into negotiations with the British, instead of negotiating a favorable settlement, Foroughi implied that both he and the Iranian people wanted to be "liberated" from the Shah's rule. The British and Foroughi agreed that for the Allies to withdraw, Iran would have to expel the German minister and his staff should leave Tehran; the German, Italian, Hungarian and Romanian

2220: 53: 5926: 2069:. When he accepted the unpleasant responsibility of acting as defense attorney for a group of officers accused of torturing political prisoners, he stated; "Our young intellectuals cannot possibly understand and cannot judge the reign of Reza Shah. They cannot because they were too young to remember the chaotic and desperate conditions out of which arose the autocrat named Reza Shah." 1914: 1828: 1567: 5914: 1294:, the main site of French excavation in Iran. Enraged by the sight of a large European castle with a French flag, he remarked, "Did they intend to position an army there up on the hill?" He also received multiple reports of French looting of Susa's antiquities and taking them to France. When Reza Khan ascended the throne in 1925, his court minister, 1819:. Caught off guard, out gunned and diplomatically isolated, Reza Shah was defeated by Anglo-Soviet invasion, ordering his forces to surrender to prevent the world war from reaching Iran, and w as forced to abdicate the throne in favor of his son. Reza Shah then was banished into exile while Iran would remain under Allied occupation until 1946. 828: 1403:’s poems praising knowledge. Despite strong opposition from conservative clerics who opposed the dissection hall, efforts by figures like Hekmat ensured the school’s opening. Dr. Bakhtiar, a surgeon and deputy, had to discreetly visit hospitals, retrieve corpses, load them into his car, and transport them to the dissection hall. 3402: 1860: 1155:, and that Reza Khan would wear civilian clothing instead of the military attire. This erroneous calculation by Zia ol Din Tabatabaee backfired and instead it was apparent to people who observed Reza Khan, including members of parliament, that he (and not Zia ol Din Tabatabaee) was the one who wielded power. 2151:

about which he had been complaining for many years. His personal doctor had boosted the King's morale in exile by telling him that he was suffering from chronic indigestion and not heart ailment. He lived on a diet of plain rice and boiled chicken in the last years of his life. He was sixty-six years

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The Anglo-Soviet invasion was instigated in response to Reza for having denied the request to remove the German residents, who could threaten the Abadan refinery. Reza Shah further refused the Allies' requests to expel German nationals residing in Iran and denied the use of the railway to the Allies.

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would be closed; and all remaining German nationals (including all families) would be handed over to the British and Soviet authorities. The last order would mean almost certain imprisonment or, in the case of those handed to the Soviets, possible death. Reza Shah stalled on the last demand, choosing

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The collapse of the army that Reza Shah had spent so much time and effort creating was humiliating. Many Iranian commanders behaved incompetently, others secretly sympathized with the British and sabotaged Iranian resistance. The army generals met in secret to discuss surrender options. When the Shah

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Not all observers agree that the Shah minimized foreign influence. Reza Shah built a 1392 km-long rail line connecting the Persian Gulf with the Caspian Sea, using foreign technicians from countries with no historic interest in Iran—principally Germany, Scandinavia, and the United States—and not

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to beat a cleric who had angrily admonished Reza Shah's wife for temporarily exposing her face a day earlier while on pilgrimage to Qom. In December of that year he instituted a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) to wear Western clothes.

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but from Iran's: "tribes, the clergy, and the young generation of the new intelligentsia. The tribes bore the brunt of the new order." Among the tribes forcibly settled where the Bakhtiari, Qashqai, Lur, Kurd, Baluchi. According to Sandra Mackey, the settling "shattered tribal economic and undermined

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Within days, Reza Shah ordered the military to cease resistance and entered into negotiations with the British and Soviets. Foroughi was disobliged towards Reza Shah, having been previously forced into retirement years earlier for political reasons with his daughter's father in-law being executed by

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Support for the Shah came principally from three sources. The central "pillar" was the military, where the shah had begun his career. The annual defense budget of Iran "increased more than fivefold from 1926 to 1941." Officers were paid more than other salaried employees. The new modern and expanded

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His legacy remains controversial to this day. His defenders say that he was an essential reunifying and modernizing force for Iran, while his detractors (particularly the Islamic Republic of Iran) assert that his reign was often despotic, with his failure to modernize Iran's large peasant population

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Reza Shah's foreign policy, which had consisted largely on playing the Soviet Union off against the United Kingdom, failed when the German invasion of the USSR in 1941, resulted in those two powers becoming sudden allies in the fight against the Axis powers. Seeking to scold this new Axis ally, and

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from Iranian working society. Supporters held that the veil impeded physical exercise and the ability of women to enter society and contribute to the progress of the nation. This move met opposition from the Mullahs from the religious establishment. The unveiling issue and the Women's Awakening are

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with an iron fist; as a result his state-owned industries remained underproductive and inefficient. The bureaucracy fell apart, since officials preferred sycophancy, when anyone could be whisked away to prison for even the whiff of disobeying his whims. He confiscated land from the Qajars and from

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The later years of his reign were dedicated to institutionalizing the educational system of Iran and also to the industrialization of the country. He knew that the system of the constitutional monarchy in Iran after him had to stand on a solid basis of the collective participation of all Iranians,

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and a large number of modern educated Iranians, proved adept at masterminding the implementation of many reforms demanded since the failed constitutional revolution of 1905–1911. The preservation and promotion of the country's historic heritage, the provision of public education, construction of a

1805:"to convince the Persians of the kinship between Germans and the Persians, the modern Aryans and the ancient Aryans". In various pro-Nazi publications, lectures, speeches, and ceremonies, parallels were drawn between the Shah and Hitler, and praises were given to the charisma and the virtue of the 1453:"), the endonym of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word "Iran" has become more common. This also changed the usage of the names for the Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from 1158:

By 1923, Reza Khan had largely succeeded in securing Iran's interior from any remaining domestic and foreign threats. Upon his return to the capital he was appointed prime minister, which prompted Ahmad Shah to leave Iran for Europe, where he would remain (at first voluntarily, and later in exile)

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However, according to the British embassy reports from Tehran in 1940, the total number of German citizens in Iran from technicians to spies was no more than one thousand. Because of its strategic importance to the Allies, Iran was subsequently called "The Bridge of Victory" by Winston Churchill.

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However, according to Makki Hossein, this north–south railway line was uneconomical, only serving the British, who had a military presence in the south of Iran and desired the ability to transfer their troops north to Russia, as part of their strategic defence plan. Instead, the Shah's government

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of 1856. Abbas-Ali died suddenly on 26 November 1878, when Reza was barely 8 months old. Upon his father's death, Reza and his mother moved to her brother's house in Tehran. She remarried in 1879 and left Reza to the care of his uncle. In 1882, his uncle in turn sent Reza to a family friend, Amir

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arrived and broke into the shrine, killing dozens and injuring hundreds, and marking a final rupture between the clergy and the Shah. Some of the Mashed clergy even left their jobs, such as the Keeper of the Keys of the shrine Hassan Mazloumi, later named Barjesteh, who stated he did not want to

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Like his son after him, Reza Shah died in exile. After the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Iran on 25 August 1941, the British offered to keep his family in power if Reza Shah agreed to a life of exile. Reza Shah abdicated and the British forces quickly took him and his

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Parliamentary elections during the Shah's reign were not democratic. The general practice was to "draw up, with the help of the police chief, a list of parliamentary candidates for the interior minister. The interior minister then passed the same names onto the provincial governor-general. ...

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and many other western-educated Iranians emerged to implement modernist plans, such as the construction of railways, a modern judiciary and educational system, and the imposition of changes in traditional attire, and traditional and religious customs and mores. In the second half of his reign

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In his campaign against foreign influence, he annulled the 19th-century capitulations to Europeans in 1928. Under these, Europeans in Iran had enjoyed the privilege of being subject to their own consular courts rather than to the Iranian judiciary. The right to print money was moved from the

4805:"آمار ترانزیت کالا از کشور و میزان کالاهاى عبورى نشان دهنده نقش و اهمیت کریدور شمال و جنـوب درترانزیت کشور است که با کامل شدن زیرساخت هاى لازم این نقش به مراتب افزایش خواهد یافت.ولى بـا دقـت در ایـن آمارها مشاهده مى شود که نقش کریدور شرق به غرب در کشور، همچنان کمرنگ و بى رونق است" 1369:, was accused and convicted of corruption, bribery, misuse of foreign currency regulations, and plans to overthrow the Shah. He was removed as the minister of court in 1932 and died under suspicious circumstances while in prison in September 1933. The minister of finance, Prince 1377:, his minister of justice, was suspected of similar charges and committed suicide in February 1937. The elimination of these ministers "deprived" Iran "of her most dynamic figures ... and the burden of government fell heavily on Reza Shah" according to historian Cyrus Ghani. 2052:

Reza Shah's main critics were the so-called "new intelligentsia", often educated in Europe, for whom the Shah "was not a state-builder but an 'oriental despot' ... not a reformer but a plutocrat strengthening the landed upper class; not a real nationalist but a jack-booted

1465:, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son and successor, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably, nonetheless use of "Iran" continued to supplant "Persia", especially in the West. Though the predominant and official language of the country was the 1748:

should have developed what critics believe was an economically justifiable east–west railway system. (However, in the decades that followed and continuing into the present, north-south transit is considered far more economically vital in comparison to west–east transit.)

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Two years after the coup, Seyyed Zia appointed Reza Pahlavi as Iran's prime minister, backed by the compliant national assembly of Iran. In 1925, Reza Pahlavi was appointed as the legal monarch of Iran by the decision of Iran's constituent assembly. The assembly deposed

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learned of the generals' actions, he beat armed forces chief General Ahmad Nakhjavan with a cane and physically stripped him of his rank. Nakhjavan was nearly shot by the Shah on the spot, but at the insistence of the Crown Prince, he was sent to prison instead.

914:. Maurits Wagenvoort, who met and spoke to Reza at a meeting of the "Babi-circle of Hadsji Achont" in Tehran in 1903, in a publication from 1926 speaks of him as the "gholam of His Presence the Dutch Consul" and noted his very keen interest in Western politics. 1098:

Reza Khan spent the rest of 1921 securing Iran's interior, responding to a number of revolts that erupted against the new government. Among the greatest threats to the new administration were the Persian Soviet Socialist Republic, which had been established in

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handed down the list to the supervisory electoral councils that were packed by the Interior Ministry to oversee the ballots. Parliament ceased to be a meaningful institution, and instead became a decorative garb covering the nakedness of military rule."

2202:. During this rampage, happening all over the nation, any construction depicting or even citing the name of the Shah and his family was destroyed. This included the destruction of Reza Shah's mausoleum, but they were unable to find his dead body. 1739:

to the Iranian government, in addition to the collection of customs by Belgian officials. He eventually fired Millspaugh, and prohibited foreigners from administering schools, owning land or traveling in the provinces without police permission.

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In response to the Shah's defiance, the Red Army on 16 September moved to occupy Tehran. Fearing execution by the Communists, many people (especially the wealthy) fled the city. Reza Shah, in a letter handwritten by Foroughi, announced his

2083:: "Reza Shah Pahlavi, posthumously entitled 'The Great' in the annals of his country was indeed, if not the greatest, at any rate one of the strongest and ablest men Iran has produced in all the two and a half milleniums of her history". 1298:, suggested ending the French monopoly on excavation granted by Qajar government and appointing a Frenchman as the director of a new archaeological institute. Consequently, the French monopoly was abolished in 1927, and as a compromise, 906:

Tuman Kazim Khan, an officer in the Persian Cossack Brigade, in whose home he had a room of his own and a chance to study with Kazim Khan's children with the tutors who came to the house. When Reza was sixteen years old, he joined the

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was appointed director of the archaeological service. The Iranian Parliament voted on April 29, 1928, to hire Godard for five years starting from November 18, 1928. Reza Shah preferred Iranian architects. When his favorite daughter,

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Following the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty and becoming the Shahanshah of Iran, he commanded all offices of Iran to address him with his surname and title, "Reza Shah Pahlavi". In the spring of 1950, after the foundation of the

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to one day, banned self-flagellation during Ashura, and required mosques to use chairs instead of the traditional sitting on the floors of mosques. By the mid-1930s, Reza Shah's rule had caused intense dissatisfaction of the

1539:. He announced that female teachers could no longer come to school with head coverings. One of his daughters reviewed a girls' athletic event with an uncovered head.Reza Shah confiscated some religious madrasas from clerics. 705:, and also served in the army. In 1911, he was promoted to first lieutenant, by 1912 he was elevated to the rank of captain and by 1915 he became a colonel. In February 1921, as leader of the entire Cossack Brigade based in 1090:. It is thought that the British provided "ammunition, supplies and pay" for Reza's troops. On 8 June 1932, a British Embassy report states that the British were interested in helping Reza Shah create a centralizing power. 1043:, promoted Reza Khan, who had been leading the Tabriz battalion, to lead the entire brigade. About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan led his 3,000-4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade, based in 1514:

the traditional social structure. ... people and herds, ill adapted to a sedentary lifestyle and dependent for hygiene and health on moving campsites from time to time, died in terrible numbers. None have forgotten."

1481:) was geographically confusing at times as it was also the name of one of Iran's significant cultural provinces. Although (internally) the country had been referred to as Iran throughout much of its history since the 1711: 1603:. Responding to a cleric who denounced the Shah's "heretical" innovations, corruption and heavy consumer taxes, many bazaaris and villagers took refuge in the shrine, chanting slogans such as "The Shah is a new 1380:

Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Hekmat funded the construction of key cultural and educational sites in Iran, including the University of Tehran, the Ancient Iran Museum (later the Iran National Museum), and the tombs of

2179:, in the southern suburbs of the capital, Tehran. The Iranian parliament (Majlis) later designated the title "the Great" to be added to his name. There were reports that on 14 January 1979, shortly before the 5615:, Resources for feminist research (RFR) / Documentation sur la recherche féministe (DRF), Vol. 22, n. 3/4, pp. 5–18, Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE), 1952: 2205:

In 2018, a mummified body believed to be Reza Shah's was found in the vicinity of his former mausoleum site in Tehran. An official said that the body belonged to Reza Shah and was buried in the same area.

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gave a situation report to the British War Office saying that a capable Persian officer was in command of the Cossacks and this "would solve many difficulties and enable us to depart in peace and honour".

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Would His Highness kindly abdicate in favour of his son, the heir to the throne? We have a high opinion of him and will ensure his position. But His Highness should not think there is any other solution.

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and the suicide of Davar, ensured that any progress towards democratization was stillborn and organized opposition to the Shah, impossible. Reza Shah treated the urban middle class, the managers, and

1801:, as they were considered to be the only people besides germans to be "pure Aryans". In 1939, Hitler also provided Iran with their German Scientific Library. The library contained over 7500 books on 1399:

enlisted Godard to design the University of Tehran, using the 200,000-square-meter Jalaliyah Garden for the project. In 1935, the Ebne Sina Medical School opened first, adorned with calligraphy from

1251:(1933–41), which the Shah described as "one-man rule", strong personalities like Davar and Teymourtash were removed, and secularist and Western policies and plans initiated earlier were implemented. 6894: 2583:

was historically the common name for Iran. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence.

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listen to the orders of a dog. From 1925 to 1941 enrollment of "theology students in the traditional madresehs"—roughly the equivalent in age level of secondary schools—declined from 5984 to 785.

7169: 1071:), or Commander-in-Chief of the Army, by which he was known until he became Shah. While Reza Khan and his Cossack brigade secured Tehran, the Persian envoy in Moscow negotiated a treaty with the 3636:(in Persian and English). Gronsveld and Rotterdam: Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn & Co's Uitgeversmaatschappij. Initiated by the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Tehran. pp. 254–256. 1852:

national railway, abolition of capitulation agreements, and the establishment of a national bank had all been advocated by intellectuals since the tumult of the constitutional revolution.

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His Imperial Majesty – Reza Shah Pahlavi – Shahanshah of Iran – With the Best Wishes – Berlin, 12 March 1936 –

6887: 1151:, who was prime minister at the time. Zia ol Din Tabatabaee wrongly calculated that when Reza Khan was appointed as the minister of war, he would relinquish his post as the head of the 2608: 1001:

was often unable to control. By 1920, the government had lost virtually all power outside its capital: British and Soviet forces exercised control over most of the Iranian mainland.

1693:), which was slated to expire in 1961. The concession granted Persia 16% of the net profits from APOC oil operations. The Shah wanted 21%. The British took the dispute before the 6056: 1886:

The parliament assented to his decrees, the free press was suppressed, and the swift incarceration of political leaders like Mossadegh, the murder of others such as Teymourtash,

663: 186: 965: 737:, and amended Iran's 1906 constitution to allow selection of Reza Pahlavi as the Shah of Iran. He founded the Pahlavi dynasty that lasted until overthrown in 1979 during the 1815:

to guarantee the continued supply for United Kingdom and in order to secure a route of supply to provide Soviet forces with war material, the two allies jointly launched a

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Reza Shah initiated change in foreign affairs as well. He worked to balance British influence with other foreigners and generally to diminish foreign influence in Iran.

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Under Reza Shah's reign, a number of new concepts were introduced between 1923 and 1941. Some of these significant changes, achievements, concepts and laws included:

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Along with the modernization of the nation, Reza Shah was the ruler during the time of the Women's Awakening (1936–1941). This movement sought the elimination of the

7134: 4048: 2694:(1905–1995), was a member of the Qajar dynasty. She married Reza Shah in 1923 and accompanied him to his exile. Esmat was Reza Shah's favorite wife, who resided at 4601: 7159: 6910: 6080: 1839:

The Shah's reign is sometimes divided into periods. All the efforts of Reza Shah's reign were either completed or conceived in the 1925–1938 period. Abdolhossein

2751:) (1 November 1925 – 13 June 1926), was a close colleague / friend of Reza Shah (before he became king), was probably also Reza Shah's favorite prime minister. 1086:

was partially assisted by the British government, which wished to halt the Bolsheviks' penetration of Iran, particularly because of the threat it posed to the

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While the Shah left behind no major thesis, or speeches giving an overarching policy, his reforms indicated a striving for an Iran which—according to scholar

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allowed the Soviets to invade and occupy Persia, should they believe foreign troops were using it as a staging area for an invasion of Soviet territory.

6181: 1076: 2636:(1896–1982). The couple married in 1916 and when Reza Khan became king, Queen Tadj ol-Molouk was his official wife. They had four children together: 1522:

As his reign became more secure, Reza Shah clashed with Iran's clergy and devout Muslims on many issues. In March 1928, he violated the sanctuary of

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He forbade photographing aspects of Iran he considered backwards such as camels, and he banned clerical dress and chadors in favor of Western dress.

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He previously hired American consultants to develop and implement Western-style financial and administrative systems. Among them was U.S. economist

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be appointed prime minister. Reza Khan's first role in the new government was as commander of the Iranian Army, which he combined with the post of

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instead to secretly evacuate German nationals from the country. By 18 September, most of the German nationals had escaped via the Turkish border.

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This angered devout Muslims because it included a hat with a brim which prevented the devout from touching their foreheads on the ground during

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until his death. It induced the Parliament to grant Reza Khan dictatorial powers, who in turn assumed the symbolic and honorific styles of

2131:. The Chateau Val Ory is still an Iranian property, albeit in a decrepitated state with the Iranian government refusing to sell it to the 1509:

Although the landed aristocracy lost most of their influence during Reza Shah's reign, his regime aroused opposition not from them or the

1789:, Germany was Iran's largest ally and trading partner. The Germans agreed to give the Shah the steel factory he coveted and considered a 7164: 6435: 3695: 1697:. However, before a decision was made by the League, the company and Iran compromised and a new concession was signed on 26 April 1933. 1091: 1040: 977:, Persia had become a battleground. In 1917, Britain used Iran as the springboard to launch an expedition into Russia as part of their 6270: 6118: 4916: 2065:, a contemporary intellectual and historian of constitutional movement, who had strongly criticized participation of Reza Shah in the 1316: 1180:

to depose and formally exile Ahmad Shah, and instate him as the next Shah of Iran. Initially, he had planned to declare the country a

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Mohammad Gholi Majd, August 1941: The Anglo-Russian Occupation of Iran and Change of Shahs, University Press of America, 2012, p. 12.

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lbrecht Schnabel and Amin Saikal (2003), Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges, and Modernization.

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as the new prime minister. Reza Khan's first role in the new government was commander-in-chief of the army and the minister of war.

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on 28 October 1923. He quickly established a political cabinet in Tehran to help organize his plans for modernization and reform.

7174: 7119: 7104: 6364: 5090: 7129: 6392: 6031: 4740: 129: 5584: 3806: 3254: 2827: 2526: 2407: 2241: 1988:, as the Soviets entered the city on 17 September. The British wanted to restore the Qajar dynasty to power, but the heir to 755: 694:, but also introduced many social, economic, and political reforms during his reign, ultimately laying the foundation of the 587: 2576:), an edict that was swiftly and forcefully implemented. The government also banned many types of male traditional clothing. 1083: 1048: 960: 714: 4315: 4229: 3830: 7139: 7109: 6174: 2441: 1908: 1816: 683: 4056: 3056:

Ghani, Cyrus. (1998), Iran and the rise of Reza Shah : from Qajar collapse to Pahlavi rule. Tauris publisher, London

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Military commanders of the Iranian armed forces, government officials and their wives commemorating the abolition of the

1184:, as his contemporary Atatürk had done in Turkey, but abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition. 7094: 6511: 6471: 6141: 4598: 3765: 3303: 2663: 2284: 1196: 486: 4677: 7154: 6241: 5945: 5660: 2854: 2256: 1370: 1243: 5178: 3471:(..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...) 6943: 6930: 6849: 6805: 6496: 5636: 4230:"Andre Godard and Maxime Siroux: Disentangling the Narrative of French Colonialism and Modern Architecture in Iran" 3308: 2648: 2625: 2237: 2195: 2183:, the remains were moved back to Egypt and buried in the Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo. However, in a 2015 documentary 1895: 1844: 1651:

One of the first acts of the new government after the 1921 entrance into Tehran was to tear up the treaty with the

1607:." For four full days local police and army refused to violate the shrine. The standoff was ended when troops from 1592: 1462: 1342:. Contradicting this are claims that he was behind anti-Jewish incidents in parts of Tehran during September 1922. 1128: 1056: 922: 470: 69: 35: 31: 3672: 2230: 1793:

of progress and modernity. they began to form a stronger alliance as Iran started helping the axis forces and the

1147:

From the beginning of the appointment of Reza Khan as the minister of war, there was ever increasing tension with

7184: 6526: 6466: 6414: 6344: 5684: 5058: 2794:(26 October 1939 – 26 June 1940). Reza Shah removed him from office and imprisoned him in 1940 for spying on the 2263: 1690: 1579: 5930: 1238:

Reza Shah's reign has been said to have consisted of "two distinct periods". From 1925 to 1933, figures such as

6440: 6425: 6167: 5707:

Katouzian, Homa (2003). "2. Riza Shah's Political Legitimacy and Social Base, 1921–1941" in Cronin, Stephanie:

1366: 1295: 1271:

During Reza Shah's sixteen years of rule, major developments, such as large road construction projects and the

1239: 1009: 910:. In 1903, when he was 25 years old, he is reported to have been guard and servant to the Dutch consul general 845: 2172: 1663: 1638: 790: 3087:"Crowning the "Sun of the Aryans": Mohammad Reza Shah's Coronation and Monarchical Spectacle in Pahlavi Iran" 1543:, the Minister of Culture, converted the Marvi Madrasa into a new art college (Honar Kadeh) in Tehran, where 7149: 6951: 6936: 6445: 6430: 6108: 5999: 5549: 2840: 2620:, who was his cousin, in 1895. The marriage lasted until Maryam's death in 1911, the couple had a daughter: 2509: 2389: 2336: 2329: 1728: 1152: 1028:. This, along with various other unrest in the country, created "an acute political crisis in the capital." 930: 911: 907: 702: 621: 255: 5476: 5301: 4078: 3071:

SINCONA Auction 49: The Kian Collection (Machine Struck Coins and Medals of the Qajar and Pahlavi Dynasties

2487:

Eradication of corruption in civil servants, paying wages in time so people did not have to rely on bribes.

2270: 1625:

and ordering all citizens, rich and poor, to bring their wives to public functions without head coverings.

6844: 6387: 2695: 2382: 2148: 2103: 1922: 1736: 1686: 1486: 667: 344: 340: 4599:

Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII

7001: 6989: 6634: 6614: 6598: 6546: 6264: 6212: 6151: 6100: 6090: 6041: 6009: 2847: 2744: 2445: 2361: 2168: 2041: 1968: 1732: 1685:. The next year, 1932, he surprised the British by unilaterally canceling the oil concession awarded to 1552: 1527: 1272: 1208: 1148: 1052: 718: 478: 219: 174: 107: 20: 5918: 2617: 2252: 7069: 7064: 6541: 5829: 5214:

Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikhe-Mashrothe Iran (The history of constitutional movement of Iran), pp. 825, 855.

3197: 2717: 2467: 2171:). In May 1950, the remains were flown back to Iran where the embalming was removed, and buried in a 2066: 1891: 1667: 1583: 1556: 1276: 1264: 1188: 997:. The Soviets extracted ever more humiliating concessions from the Qajar government, whose ministers 502: 5153: 4404: 4128: 1967:, whom he blamed for demoralising the military, to resign, replacing him with former prime minister 1871:

Reza Shah attempted to forge a regional alliance with Iran's Middle Eastern neighbors, particularly

1199:. Three days later, on 15 December, he took his imperial oath and thus became the first shah of the 7020: 6854: 6714: 6694: 6624: 6604: 6566: 6521: 6491: 6476: 6456: 6312: 6133: 5736: 5716: 5688: 5423: 5120: 2791: 2754: 2683: 2671: 2350: 2343: 2160: 1682: 1474: 1259: 862: 774: 490: 415: 329: 231: 179: 6879: 6995: 6839: 6790: 6785: 6775: 6755: 6735: 6725: 6659: 6609: 6327: 6322: 4699: 3422: 2764: 2731: 2710: 2703: 2478: 2180: 1993: 1938: 1887: 1608: 974: 894: 890: 782: 763: 738: 687: 510: 498: 494: 5620: 1418: 1365:

Reza Shah discredited and eliminated a number of his ministers. His minister of Imperial Court,

576: 2316: 2091: 7026: 6780: 6770: 6750: 6699: 6654: 6516: 6486: 5865: 5772: 5748: 5720: 5692: 5664: 5640: 5616: 5580: 5132: 5062: 5027: 4994: 4970: 4912: 4883: 4720: 4610: 4374: 4247: 4028: 3877: 3812: 3802: 3745: 3739: 3701: 3637: 3605: 3599: 3578: 3553: 3518: 3512: 3488: 3460: 3374: 3347: 3322: 3312: 3298: 3278: 3250: 3222: 3148: 3108: 2950: 2930: 2799: 2691: 2491: 2433: 2076: 1701: 1694: 1494: 1442: 1396: 1232: 1119: 1108: 982: 926: 813: 781:, resulted in the suppression of several ethnic and social groups. Although he was of Iranian 639: 465: 444: 4022: 3711: 6958: 6795: 6740: 6531: 6506: 6073: 5992: 5963: 5613:

The Veil in Their Minds and on Our Heads: The Persistence of Colonial Images of Muslim Women

5252: 4237: 3545: 3448: 3414: 3368: 3098: 2886: 2874: 2544: 2448:

conducted excavations for eight seasons, beginning in 1930, and included other nearby sites.

2415: 2396: 2001: 1989: 1880: 1876: 1807: 1764: 1678: 1671: 1633: 1596: 1466: 1124: 1064: 998: 902: 835: 767: 726: 550: 530: 207: 150: 97: 5384: 4346:

A Rich Record: The Cultural, Political and Social Transformation of Iran Under the Pahlavis

3456: 6709: 6293: 6287: 6235: 6190: 5435: 5430: 5098: 4829: 4748: 4605: 4411: 4263: 4258: 4151: 3003: 2724: 2460: 2452: 2199: 2072: 2030: 1997: 1934: 1864: 1848: 1832: 1482: 1374: 1335: 1247: 1200: 937: 858: 778: 771: 706: 695: 659: 506: 6745: 6720: 5813: 2911: 1544: 1299: 4277: 4262: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 2612:

Reza Shah and his children (from left to right: Mohammad Reza, Shams, and Ashraf), 1920s

6817: 6765: 6689: 6674: 6664: 6229: 5433: – Hardline cleric known as the "hanging judge" of Iran", Adel Darwish, 4144: 3508: 2795: 2781: 2656: 2633: 2437: 2277: 2099: 1961: 1926: 1798: 1555:, later relocated the art college to the basement of the faculty of engineering at the 1470: 1400: 1013: 986: 878: 802: 786: 482: 390: 5765:

State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis

5528:

Town and Country in the Middle East: Iran and Egypt in the Transition to Globalization

4323: 3969: 3838: 3514:

State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis

1353: 1282: 658:(15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was an Iranian military officer and the founder of the 7058: 6571: 6556: 6536: 6481: 6247: 6024: 5128: 4018: 3426: 2785: 2675: 2641: 2557: 2533: 2400: 2188: 2062: 1785:

Unlike British and Soviet, Germany was always in good terms with Iran. On the eve of

1617: 1548: 1478: 1430: 1390: 1304: 794: 734: 474: 227: 162: 5354: 5023: 4790: 2198:, Iran faced a series of rampages at the hand of an extremist mob led by the cleric 2025: 1473:, whereas "Iranians" made for a much more neutral and unifying reference to all the 1223: 1135: 7032: 6975: 6619: 6586: 5735:

Katouzian, Homa (2004). "1. State and Society under Reza Shah" in Atabaki, Touraj;

5608: 4962: 4895: 2807: 2803: 2580: 2537: 2474: 2369: 2144: 2005: 1930: 1794: 1786: 1779: 1772: 1718: 1652: 1540: 1338:. Reza Shah's reforms opened new occupations to Jews and allowed them to leave the 1331: 1212: 1021: 990: 866: 679: 611: 315: 5885: 3673:"History of Iran : Reza Shah Pahlavi – Reza Shah Kabir (Reza Shah The Great)" 3449: 6356: 5941: 5859: 5502:"عضو شورای شهر پایتخت ایران: جسد مومیایی شده متعلق به رضاشاه بود و دوباره دفن شد" 4988: 3341: 3069: 1735:(Bank-i Melli Iran), as was the administration of the telegraph system, from the 6730: 6684: 6679: 6669: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6561: 6551: 5768: 5744: 4777:

History of Iran in Twenty Years, Vol. II, Preparation for the Change of Monarchy

3249:(چاپ ششم ed.). تهران: حکایت قلم نوین. pp. 15–16, 21–33, 39–40, 43–45. 2777: 2365: 2219: 1840: 1588: 1087: 841: 691: 223: 52: 3893:

For fine discussions of this period and Ironside's key role, see R. H. Ullman,

3403:"Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926" 2678:. The couple married in 1922 but divorced in 1923 and together they had a son: 1615:

The Shah intensified his controversial changes following the incident with the

6922: 6704: 6629: 6402: 4691: 3418: 3103: 3086: 2813: 2456: 2429: 2037: 1985: 1964: 1913: 1827: 1751:

On 21 March 1935, he issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term

1566: 1423: 1322:

Reza Shah was the first Iranian Monarch in 1400 years who paid respect to the

1204: 882: 671: 607: 84: 4251: 3769: 3112: 2976: 789:

trying to create a single, united and largely homogeneous nation, similar to

6760: 5925: 5767:, 2nd ed, Library of modern Middle East studies, Vol. 28, London; New York: 5712: 5501: 3816: 2569: 2354: 2191:, claimed that the remains of the late Reza Shah remain in the town of Ray. 2176: 2132: 2120: 2107: 1072: 1017: 348: 5016: 3539: 3326: 2505:

Establishment of the first Iranian kindergarten and school for deaf people.

2075:, a British civil servant who accompanied Reza Shah on his 1941 journey to 1856:

and that it was indispensable to create educational centers all over Iran.

1207:

took place much later, on 25 April 1926. It was at that time that his son,

5913: 4119:(ed.) Gholamali Haddad Adel, Mohammad Jafar Elmi, Hassan Taromi-Rad, p. 15 3549: 1681:

to fly in Persian airspace, instead giving the concession to German-owned

3799:

Iran and the rise of Reza Shah : from Qajar collapse to Pahlavi rule

2927:

Superstition as Ideology in Iranian Politics: From Majlesi to Ahmadinejad

2515:

Creation of birth certificates and Identification cards for all Iranians.

2411: 2140: 1976: 1802: 1767:. It was, however, attributed more to the Iranian people than others, as 1382: 1181: 1051:. He forced the dissolution of the previous government and demanded that 1039:

On 14 January 1921, the commander of the British Forces in Iran, General

1025: 898: 886: 298: 5477:"Iran Unearths Mummy That Could Belong to One of its Last Royal Leaders" 4242: 3741:

Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power

2518:

Creation of the first Iranian airplane factory with buying license from

5741:

Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernisation in Turkey and Iran, 1918–1942

5709:

The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941

5380: 5378: 5376: 3177: 2519: 2244: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2058: 2054: 1942: 1604: 1600: 1560: 1327: 1044: 545: 5597:

The Iranian Labyrinth: Journeys Through Theocratic Iran and Its Furies

2061:

and brought to power by British imperialists." His defenders included

2029:

Reza Shah's legs statue after the original statue was destroyed after

1535:

as required by Islamic law. The Shah also encouraged women to discard

1031: 5841: 2573: 2136: 2111: 1872: 1659: 1642: 1622: 1571: 1510: 1490: 1450: 1339: 1311: 1177: 1168: 1140: 870: 854: 818: 798: 710: 294: 4278:"(Link is down, needs verification) A Brief History of Iranian Jews" 2044:

who replaced his father as Shah on the throne on 16 September 1941.

1334:

and made Reza Shah their second most respected Iranian leader after

1290:

In 1923, Reza Khan, then Sardar Sepah (Commander in Chief), visited

3910:(London, 1977), pp. 180–184. Ironside's diary is the main document. 698:. Therefore, he is regarded by many as the founder of modern Iran. 6159: 5635:, Cambridge Middle East studies, Vol. 1, Cambridge, UK; New York: 5328: 5279: 4117:

Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam

2607: 2596: 2565: 2499: 2495: 2315: 2164: 2156: 2098: 2090: 2024: 1951: 1912: 1883:

shortly thereafter, prevented these projects from being realized.

1858: 1826: 1710: 1632: 1565: 1536: 1532: 1417: 1386: 1352: 1326:

by praying in the synagogue when visiting the Jewish community of

1281: 1258: 1222: 1161: 1134: 1118: 1104: 1100: 1030: 1005: 964: 812: 333: 7012: 6827: 5577:

The New Penguin Dictionary of Modern History 1789–1945 (2nd ed.)

4807:[Summary report of road transit goods from the country] 2128: 2008:

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took the oath to become the Shah of Iran.

1705: 1438: 1323: 1291: 1192: 1075:

for the removal of Soviet troops from Persia. Article IV of the

993:

responded by annexing portions of northern Persia, creating the

730: 675: 6883: 6360: 6163: 1859: 30:"Reza Khan" and "Shah Reza" redirect here. For other uses, see 4640:

Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution

3221:(چاپ اول ed.). تهران: نشر البرز. pp. 46–51 جلد اول. 2213: 1523: 869:

Abbas-Ali Khan and wife Noush-Afarin. His mother, Nush Afarin

777:

and cultural unitarism, along with forced detribalization and

5055:

Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers

2484:

Ordering all educational institutions in Iran to admit women.

1008:

prepared to march on Tehran with "a guerrilla force of 1,500

921:. His initial career started as a private under Qajar Prince 893:

several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth. His father was a

817:

Museum of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the house where he was born, in

4909:

Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran

3277:(اول ed.). تهران: روزنه،لندن:اچ انداس. pp. 61–62. 2564:). On 8 January 1936, Reza Shah issued a decree banning all 1778:

Tired of the opportunistic policies of both Britain and the

1489:

knew the country as Persia, largely a legacy of the Ancient

717:. He forced the dissolution of the government and installed 5936: 5657:

Great Britain and Reza Shah: The Plunder of Iran, 1921–1941

2466:

Creation of the first university in Iran which is known as

1551:

were among the teachers. However, the second Pahlavi king,

785:

descent, his government carried out an extensive policy of

4584:

The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

4553:

The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

4481:

The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

3697:

Onomastic Reforms: Family Names and State-Building in Iran

3240: 3238: 5633:

Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran

1937:

Iran by a massive air, land, and naval assault without a

1771:

means "Land of the Aryans". This wisdom of this decision

940:, which later became the name of the dynasty he founded. 885:

when it was forced to cede all of its territories in the

5937:

IRANNOTES.com | High Quality IRANIAN Banknotes and Coins

3577:(in Persian). Tehran: Hekayat Ghalam Novin. p. 31. 3487:. New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 538. 2395:

Rebuilding Iran's historical sites, including the tombs

5864:(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. 2780:(3 December 1935 – 26 October 1939), Mahmoud Jam's son 2494:

and schoolbooks in Iran; before Reza Shah Pahlavi, the

2194:

After the 1979 revolution and during the period of the

1437:(or its cognates) was historically the common name for 5450:"Iranian officials discover body of Reza Shah Pahlavi" 5329:"Diplomacy: what lies behind the Iran-Mauritius thaw?" 5280:"Diplomacy: what lies behind the Iran-Mauritius thaw?" 5154:"Iran, Jews and the Holocaust: An answer to Mr. Black" 4520: 4518: 4516: 3147:، نشر ثالث، ۷۸۶ صفحه، چاپ سوم، ۱۳۸۲، ویژه:منابع کتاب/ 1578:

The devout were also angered by policies that allowed

3634:

Iran and the Netherlands; interwoven through the ages

2455:(with German advice) and other Iranian banks such as 2167:(also the future burial place of his son, the exiled 1035:

Reza Pahlavi portrait during his time as war minister

5842:"Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech" 4495:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

4207:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

3927:(Mohammad-Ali Elmi Press, 1945), pp. 87–90, 358–451. 2451:

Creation of the Iran's first national bank known as

1275:

were built, modern education was introduced and the

1195:(King) of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the 1143:

on the occasion of the coronation of Reza Shah, 1926

744:

In the spring of 1950, he was posthumously named as

682:

from 1925 until he was forced to abdicate after the

7170:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

7011: 6974: 6921: 6826: 6804: 6585: 6401: 6336: 6305: 6280: 6257: 6222: 6199: 5223:A.Kasravi, The case or the defense of the accused, 5179:"Country name calling: the case of Iran vs. Persia" 3031:بزرگداشت رضاشاه بزرگ، بنیانگذار ایران نوین، در لندن 2951:"Historic Personalities of Iran: Reza Shah Pahlavi" 2632:Reza Shah's second wife was Nimtaj Ayromlou, later 2436:, were carried out by the initiative of Reza Shah. 2328:Successful suppression of separatist movements and 2147:, South Africa, where he died on 26 July 1944 of a 1917:

Reza Shah and Crown Prince Mohammad Reza in a train

635: 627: 617: 603: 598: 582: 572: 564: 556: 544: 520: 464: 356: 322: 305: 281: 277: 249: 239: 213: 203: 185: 168: 156: 146: 128: 103: 93: 83: 75: 68: 45: 5015: 3604:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 180–181. 3859:Report dated 8 December 1920. Richard H. Ullman, 2011:The British left the Shah a face-saving way out: 1441:. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates and 5683:, 5th ed, Area handbook series, Washington, DC: 4564: 4562: 3212: 3210: 2830:, he was given the title "Reza Shah the Great". 2036:Reza Shah was forced by the invading British to 1176:By October 1925, he succeeded in pressuring the 4779:. Tehran: Nasher Publication. pp. 484–485. 4474: 4472: 2013: 4944: 4942: 4678:"Reza Shah – Historic Footage with Soundtrack" 3074:. SINCONA Swiss International Coin Auction AG. 2320:500 Rials Iranian banknote depicting Reza Shah 2159:, where it was embalmed and kept at the royal 2139:and then to a house at 41 Young Avenue in the 1797:cabinet declared Iranians to be immune to the 6895: 6372: 6175: 4642:by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c 1984, p. 22 3661:(in Dutch). Santpoort: C.A. Mees. p. 84. 3373:. University of California Press. p. 4. 3139: 3137: 3124: 3122: 2425:in order to protect Iran's official language. 2410:to commemorate the thousandth anniversary of 1357:Reza Shah addressing Iranian parliament, 1939 1330:; an act that boosted the self-esteem of the 749: 686:in 1941. He was succeeded by his eldest son, 8: 4079:"Timeline: Iran; A chronology of key events" 3407:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3145:از سوادکوه تا ژوهانسبورگ: زندگی رضاشاه پهلوی 3091:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2547:and making it the official calendar of Iran. 2525:Building the first Iranian airport known as 1992:since that last Qajar Shah's death in 1930, 5890:(in Swedish), vol. II, 1940, p. 8 5571: 5569: 5567: 4692:"Reza Shah of Iran meets Ataturk of Turkey" 4371:Cyrus Ghani, Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah 4305:, University Press of Florida, 2001, p. 169 3632:Martine Gosselink and Dirk J. Tang (2009). 2929:. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. 2444:representing the Oriental Institute of the 1759:is a term used for a country identified as 1658:In 1934 he made an official state visit to 1315:linked to the Marriage Law of 1931 and the 690:. A modernizer, Reza Shah clashed with the 662:. As a politician, he previously served as 6902: 6888: 6880: 6379: 6365: 6357: 6182: 6168: 6160: 6085:14 February 1925 – 16 September 1941 6004:15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 5954: 5259:. Constable & Company, Ltd, pp. 86–87. 5243:, 1982, Princeton University Press, p. 154 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 4228:Salari Sardari, Mohadeseh (4 March 2024). 4027:. Government Printing Office. p. 27. 3455:. University of California Press. p. 2423:Academy of Persian Language and Literature 2375:Nationalizing Iranian forests and jungles. 1831:Reza Shah in his office (Green Palace) at 1666:. During their meeting Reza Shah spoke in 1317:Second Congress of Eastern Women in Tehran 853:Reza Shah Pahlavi was born in the town of 142:28 October 1923 – 1 November 1925 114: 51: 42: 5679:Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (2008). 4898:, Iran in the epoch of Pahlavi the first. 4241: 3268: 3266: 3102: 2502:was the only form of schooling available. 2304:Learn how and when to remove this message 2155:After his death, his body was carried to 1263:Reza Shah at the opening ceremony of the 936:In November 1919, he chose the last name 7145:Imperial Iranian Army brigadier generals 2839:Czechoslovakia: Collar 1st Class of the 2346:and public hospitals across the country. 199:24 April 1921 – 1 November 1925 6036:28 October 1923 – 1 November 1925 3367:Gholam Reza Afkhami (27 October 2008). 3192: 3190: 2977:"ظهور رضا شاه از دروازه نوسازی قاجارها" 2903: 2867: 2774:) (18 September 1933 – 3 December 1935) 2616:Reza Shah married, for the first time, 2378:Creation of an Iranian modern military. 2004:. Instead (with the help of Foroughi), 846:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 766:nearly four decades later, which ended 380: 1895; died 1911) 7135:Collars of the Order of the White Lion 4854:Russia and the West in Iran 1918-1948. 4155:: Recent History, The Education System 4024:Iran: A Country Study: A Country Study 1477:, further, "Persia" (locally known as 517: 301:, Mazandaran, Sublime State of Persia 7160:Iranian people of Azerbaijani descent 4856:George Lenczowski. 1949. pp. 160-161. 4702:from the original on 7 November 2021. 4483:. New York: Dutton. pp. 173–174. 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 3992:"Political history. Mahrzad Brujerdi" 3792: 3790: 3788: 3178:The Origins of the Iranian Revolution 2885: 2127:on Bois-Cheri Road in the village of 1715:This photograph's inscription reads: 1047:, Qazvin, and Hamadan, to Tehran and 7: 5861:Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 5475:Hignett, Katherine (24 April 2018). 4609:(PDF), University Press of America. 3517:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 269. 3050: 3048: 2912:"Reza Shah Pahlavi | Biography" 2428:The first scientific excavations at 2332:under a powerful central government. 2242:adding citations to reliable sources 762:eventually sowing the seeds for the 79:15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 5942:Newspaper clippings about Reza Shah 5424:Obituary: Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali 5385:Historical Iranian Sites and People 5327:Khan, Iqbal Ahmed (20 March 2023). 5278:Ahmed Khan, Iqbal (20 March 2023). 4884:Reza Shah Pahlavi: Policies as Shah 4131:Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam 3925:Preparations For Change of Monarchy 2878: 1469:, many did not consider themselves 1286:Reza Shah opening a railway station 1068: 897:, commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh 750: 534: 7180:Iranian people of Georgian descent 6126:Non-profit organization positions 6061:24 April 1921 – 13 June 1926 4747:. 8 September 1941. Archived from 4497:, New York: Dutton, c 1996. p. 181 4209:, New York: Dutton, c 1996. p. 180 3801:. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers. 2690:Reza Shah's fourth and last wife, 2357:in order to enforce law and order. 1903:World War II and forced abdication 1879:in 1938, followed by the start of 1077:Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship 25:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran 14: 5789:"Iranian princess dies at age 58" 5639:, pp. 106–107, 214–215, 218–220, 4886:, Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 4716:A Persian Odyssey: Iran Revisited 4129:"Pahlavi Dynasty": An Entry from 3738:Cyrus Ghani; Sīrūs Ghanī (2001). 2767:(2 June 1927 – 18 September 1933) 995:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic 969:Reza Pahlavi behind a machine gun 950:Iranian Constitutional Revolution 881:), whose family had emigrated to 6142:Iranian Red Lion and Sun Society 5924: 5912: 5540:Kinzer, Stephen (October 2008). 5302:"Reza Shah's Residence For Sale" 4911:(Oxford University Press, 1980: 4586:. New York: Dutton. p. 184. 4555:. New York: Dutton. p. 179. 4405:Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi 4257: 3908:The English amongst the Persians 3895:Anglo-Soviet Relations 1917–1921 3575:Reza Shah az Tavalod ta Saltanat 3131:، حسین مکی، نشر ناشر، ۱۳۶۳ تهران 3085:Steele, Robert (22 March 2021). 2975:افشاری, علی (24 February 2021). 2887:[ɾeˈzɒːˈʃɒːh-epæhlæˈviː] 2698:. The couple had five children: 2670:The third wife of Reza Shah was 2473:Transferring and providing full 2218: 1817:surprise invasion in August 1941 826: 586: 431: 7085:People from Mazandaran province 7075:20th-century monarchs of Persia 6318:Human rights in the Pahlavi Era 5846:Czech Medals and Orders Society 5743:, pp. 13–43, London; New York: 5711:, pp. 15–37, London; New York: 3952:Hayat Yahya (The Life of Yahya) 2816:(26 June 1940 – 27 August 1941) 2581:Persia (or one of its cognates) 2532:Changing Iranian currency from 2408:Ferdowsi Millenary Celebrations 2229:needs additional citations for 2135:. Subsequently, he was sent to 1863:Reza Shah meeting officials in 1737:Indo-European Telegraph Company 1485:, many countries including the 1227:Coronation of Reza Shah Pahlavi 768:2,500 years of Iranian monarchy 701:At the age of 14 he joined the 453: 427: 402: 377: 7125:World War II political leaders 7115:Leaders who took power by coup 5152:Abbas Milani (February 2006). 3744:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 147–. 3541:Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah 3451:The Life and Times of the Shah 3370:The Life and Times of the Shah 2828:National Consultative Assembly 2784:marries Reza Shah's daughter, 2761:) (13 June 1926 – 2 June 1927) 2674:(1905–1994), who was from the 2152:old at the time of his death. 1115:Overthrow of the Qajar dynasty 770:. Moreover, his insistence on 756:National Consultative Assembly 16:Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941 1: 7047:indicate interim officeholder 6323:Corruption in the Pahlavi Era 5655:Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2001). 5530:, Lexington Books 2009, p. 71 5091:"The Iranian History 1941 AD" 4865:Lenczowski. 1944, p. 161 4719:. AuthorHouse. pp. 33–. 3659:Karavaanreis door Zuid-Perzië 3573:Niazmand, Seyed Reza (2002). 3447:Afkhami, Gholam Reza (2009). 3401:Zirinsky, Michael P. (1992). 3198:"سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه" 2586:Reconstruction of old cities. 2432:, the ancient capital of the 2095:Reza Shah's funeral in Tehran 1960:The Shah ordered pro-British 1909:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1755:in formal correspondence, as 1677:In 1931, he refused to allow 1629:Foreign affairs and influence 1461:. In 1959, the government of 1004:In late 1920, the Soviets in 684:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 130:16th Prime Minister of Persia 58: 7100:Iranian critics of religions 5241:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4763:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4654:by Ervand Abrahamian, p. 145 4652:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4451:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4438:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4359:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4180:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4166:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4105:Iran Between Two Revolutions 3726:Iran Between Two Revolutions 3700:. Harvard University Press. 3304:Iran Between Two Revolutions 3176:Roger Homan. (Autumn 1980) " 3002:dsi.co.ir (3 October 2018). 2550:Ordering all men other than 2477:for the Iranian students to 2173:mausoleum built in his honor 1591:throughout Iran. In 1935, a 1197:Persian Constitution of 1906 1024:", reinforced by the Soviet 674:and subsequently reigned as 7090:Commanders-in-chief of Iran 7080:20th-century Iranian people 6242:Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary 5946:20th Century Press Archives 5661:University Press of Florida 5599:, Nation Books, 2005, p. 91 4791:"Iran's Transit Importance" 4303:Great Britain and Reza Shah 3954:. Vol. 4. p. 246. 3921:The History of Twenty Years 3657:Maurits Wagenvoort (1926). 3544:. I.B.Tauris. p. 161. 3143:نجفقلی پسیان و خسرو معتضد، 2855:Royal Order of the Seraphim 2344:national health care system 1371:Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III 1187:The Majlis, convening as a 471:Princess Hamdam al-Saltaneh 7201: 7165:People exiled to Mauritius 6806:Interim Government of Iran 6081:Commander-in-Chief of Iran 5848:. Retrieved 9 August 2018. 5637:Cambridge University Press 4950:Paved with Good Intentions 4934:Paved with Good Intentions 4479:Mackey, Sandra (c. 1996). 4427:Encarta: Reza Shah Pahlavi 3309:Princeton University Press 2821:Titles, styles and honours 2649:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 2626:Hamdam al-Saltaneh Pahlavi 2414:'s birth as the savior of 2210:Amendments and foundations 2196:Interim Government of Iran 1906: 1662:and met Turkish President 1463:Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1166:(His Serene Highness) and 1129:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma 958: 947: 923:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma 36:Shah Reza (disambiguation) 32:Reza Khan (disambiguation) 29: 18: 7042: 6868: 6148: 6138: 6130: 6125: 6115: 6105: 6097: 6087: 6078: 6070: 6065: 6054: 6048: 6038: 6029: 6021: 6016: 6006: 5997: 5989: 5984: 5957: 5685:Federal Research Division 5508:(in Persian). 21 May 2018 5059:Syracuse University Press 5053:Milani, Farzaneh (1992). 3766:"The Pahlavi Era of Iran" 3419:10.1017/s0020743800022388 3346:. Yale University Press. 3307:. Princeton, New Jersey: 3203:. پرتال جامع علوم انسانی. 3104:10.1017/S002074382000121X 1691:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 1637:Reza Shah with president 649: 645: 594: 525: 516: 273: 269: 265: 192: 135: 124: 117: 113: 50: 6828:Islamic Republic of Iran 5898:– via runeberg.org 5858:Jørgen Pedersen (2009). 5763:Katouzian, Homa (2006). 5663:, pp. 209–213, 217–218, 5579:, Penguin, 2001, p. 459 5404:. Tehran. AP. 7 May 1950 5203:A History of Modern Iran 4969:(Yale University, 1981: 4418:, vol. XXII no. 1 (1989) 2604:Family and personal life 2554:to wear Western clothes. 2342:Foundation of the first 2335:Foundation of the first 1367:Abdolhossein Teymourtash 1349:Parliament and ministers 1240:Abdolhossein Teymourtash 1131:to the left of Reza Khan 973:In the aftermath of the 961:1921 Persian coup d'état 873:, was an immigrant from 19:Not to be confused with 7175:Politicide perpetrators 7120:Prime ministers of Iran 7105:Iranian anti-communists 6388:Prime ministers of Iran 6109:Persian Cossack Brigade 5631:Paidar, Parvin (1995): 5526:JMohammad A. Chaichia, 5429:14 October 2006 at the 5359:The Mail & Guardian 5192:Parcham, 16 August 1942 4987:Farrokh, Kaveh (2011). 4874:Rezun. 1982, p. 29 4582:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 4551:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 4410:24 October 2010 at the 4390:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, 3861:The Anglo-Soviet Accord 3694:Chehabi, H. E. (2020). 3598:Nahai, Gina B. (2000). 3273:زیباکلام, صادق (1398). 3247:رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت 2846:Denmark: Knight of the 2841:Order of the White Lion 2770:Mohammad Ali Foroughi ( 2739:List of prime ministers 2510:Iran Scout Organization 2390:national Museum of Iran 2337:judicial system of Iran 2187:, his daughter-in-law, 1933:) invaded and occupied 1773:continues to be debated 1267:'s Faculty of Medicine. 1244:Nosrat ol Dowleh Firouz 1153:Persian Cossack Brigade 931:Persian Cossack Brigade 912:Fridolin Marinus Knobel 908:Persian Cossack Brigade 703:Persian Cossack Brigade 622:Persian Cossack Brigade 608:Sublime State of Persia 318:, Union of South Africa 256:Amir Abdollah Tahmasebi 7130:Monarchs who abdicated 6860:Post abolished in 1989 6032:Prime Minister of Iran 5929:Quotations related to 5887:Sveriges statskalender 5771:, pp. 33–34, 335–336, 5398:"Shah's body returned" 5057:, Syracuse, New York: 5014:Milani, Abbas (2011). 4990:Iran at War: 1500–1988 4775:Makki Hossein (1945). 4665:History of Modern Iran 4627:History of Modern Iran 4570:History of Modern Iran 4526:History of Modern Iran 4464:History of Modern Iran 4392:Mission for My Country 4348:, Tehran, 2005, p. 15. 3966:"Bahman Amir Hosseini" 3874:Modern Iran since 1921 3797:Ghanī, Sīrūs. (2000). 3728:, (1982), pp. 116–117. 3675:. Iran Chamber Society 3485:Iran: A Modern History 3483:Amanat, Abbas (2017). 3343:Iran: A Modern History 3340:Amanat, Abbas (2017). 3165:History of Modern Iran 2853:Sweden: Knight of the 2613: 2579:In the Western world, 2492:national school system 2490:Creation of the first 2321: 2115: 2104:Mausoleum of Reza Shah 2096: 2079:, writes in his book, 2033: 2019: 1957: 1918: 1868: 1836: 1723: 1645: 1575: 1501:Support and opposition 1487:English-speaking world 1426: 1358: 1287: 1268: 1228: 1144: 1132: 1041:Edmund "Tiny" Ironside 1036: 970: 917:He also served in the 834:This article contains 821: 801:after the fall of the 612:Imperial State of Iran 391:Tadj ol-Molouk Ayromlu 345:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine 341:Mausoleum of Reza Shah 57:Reza Shah in uniform, 6152:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 6101:Vsevolod Starosselsky 6091:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 6042:Mohammad-Ali Foroughi 6010:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 5681:Iran: A Country Study 5402:Eugene Register Guard 5022:. Macmillan. p. 4751:on 18 September 2012. 4604:26 March 2009 at the 4301:Mohammad Gholi Majd, 3897:, 3 (Princeton, 1972) 3550:10.5040/9780755612079 3538:Ghani, Cyrus (1998). 3245:نیازمند, رضا (1387). 3182:International Affairs 3129:تاریخ بیست ساله ایران 2925:Rahnema, Ali (2011). 2848:Order of the Elephant 2745:Mohammad Ali Foroughi 2611: 2446:University of Chicago 2418:and Iranian identity. 2362:Trans-Iranian Railway 2330:reunification of Iran 2319: 2169:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2102: 2094: 2048:Critics and defenders 2042:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2028: 1969:Mohammad Ali Foroughi 1955: 1916: 1862: 1830: 1744:using foreign loans. 1733:National Bank of Iran 1729:British Imperial Bank 1714: 1664:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1639:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1636: 1569: 1528:Fatima Masumeh Shrine 1518:Clash with the clergy 1475:ethnic groups of Iran 1421: 1356: 1285: 1273:Trans-Iranian Railway 1262: 1226: 1209:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1149:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 1138: 1122: 1053:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 1034: 968: 865:, in 1878, to son of 816: 791:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 719:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 709:, he marched towards 628:Years of service 220:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 175:Mohammad Ali Foroughi 21:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 7140:People from Savadkuh 7110:Iranian nationalists 6931:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah 6915:Iranian Armed Forces 6542:Fathollah Khan Akbar 6294:Yasmine Etemad-Amini 5921:at Wikimedia Commons 5793:The Lewiston Journal 5717:Taylor & Francis 5546:Smithsonian Magazine 5542:"Inside Iran's Fury" 5183:Retrieved 4 May 2008 5121:Kapuscinski, Ryszard 4961:Nikki R. Keddie and 4830:"Historical Setting" 4761:Abrahamian, Ervand, 4164:Abrahamian, Ervand, 4150:4 March 2016 at the 3950:Dowlatabadi, Yahya. 3724:Abrahamian, Ervand, 3311:. pp. 123–163. 3217:معتضد, خسرو (1387). 2718:Mahmoud Reza Pahlavi 2590:Abolition of slavery 2481:for studying abroad. 2468:University of Tehran 2238:improve this article 2185:From Tehran to Cairo 2133:Mauritian government 2123:, where he lived at 2067:1909 siege of Tabriz 2040:in favor of his son 1890:, Firouz, Modarres, 1823:Later years of reign 1621:decree, banning the 1584:mourning observances 1557:University of Tehran 1277:University of Tehran 1265:University of Tehran 1189:constituent assembly 1059:. He took the title 901:, and served in the 696:modern Iranian State 430: 1922; 119:Pre-royal positions 7095:Critics of Islamism 6911:Commanders-in-Chief 6313:Pahlavi family tree 6134:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 5691:, pp. 28, 116–117, 5689:Library of Congress 5439:, 29 November 2003. 5361:. 17 September 2010 4967:Roots of Revolution 4921:Nationalism in Iran 4713:Rami Yelda (2012). 4528:, (2008), pp. 93–94 4243:10.1017/irn.2024.10 4178:Ervand Abrahamian. 4049:"Mashallah Ajudani" 3938:Nationalism in Iran 3772:on 13 November 1999 2792:Ahmad Matin-Daftari 2755:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 2684:Gholam Reza Pahlavi 2672:Turan Amirsoleimani 2421:Creation of Iran's 2351:Iranian Gendarmerie 2349:Reestablishment of 1921:In August 1941 the 1687:William Knox D'Arcy 1580:mixing of the sexes 1191:, declared him the 1139:Military parade in 1084:coup d'état of 1921 985:on the side of the 863:Mazandaran province 746:Reza Shah the Great 503:Prince Mahmoud Reza 416:Turan Amirsoleimani 232:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 180:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 7155:Exiled politicians 7002:Mohammad Reza Shah 6990:Mohammad Reza Shah 6527:Samsam al-Saltaneh 6467:Samsam al-Saltaneh 6441:Moshir al-Saltaneh 6426:Moshir al-Saltaneh 6328:Great Civilization 6213:Mohammad Reza Shah 6017:Political offices 5552:on 15 October 2009 5387:. 12 December 2010 4993:. Bloomsbury USA. 4059:on 22 October 2018 4017:Curtis, Glenn E.; 3998:. 13 November 2008 3831:"Shojaeddin Shafa" 3601:Cry of the Peacock 3299:Abrahamian, Ervand 3004:"همه مردان رضاشاه" 2857:(10 November 1934) 2765:Mehdi Qoli Hedayat 2732:Hamid Reza Pahlavi 2711:Ahmad Reza Pahlavi 2704:Abdul Reza Pahlavi 2614: 2479:European countries 2383:Iran's first radio 2322: 2181:Iranian Revolution 2116: 2097: 2034: 1994:Hamid Hassan Mirza 1958: 1956:Reza Shah in exile 1939:declaration of war 1919: 1869: 1837: 1724: 1706:British government 1683:Lufthansa Airlines 1646: 1609:Iranian Azerbaijan 1576: 1553:Mohammad Reza Shah 1427: 1359: 1288: 1269: 1229: 1145: 1133: 1049:seized the capital 1037: 975:Russian Revolution 971: 891:Russo-Persian Wars 877:(then part of the 822: 764:Iranian Revolution 739:Iranian Revolution 715:seized the capital 688:Mohammad Reza Shah 491:Prince Gholam Reza 479:Mohammad Reza Shah 108:Mohammad Reza Shah 7052: 7051: 6937:Mohammad Ali Shah 6877: 6876: 6436:Nezam as-Saltaneh 6354: 6353: 6298: 6158: 6157: 6149:Succeeded by 6119:Ghassem Khan Vali 6116:Succeeded by 6107:Commander of the 6088:Succeeded by 6066:Military offices 6039:Succeeded by 6007:Succeeded by 5917:Media related to 5871:978-87-7674-434-2 5737:Zürcher, Erik-Jan 5575:Townson, Duncan, 5257:World War in Iran 5237:Ervand Abrahamian 5227:, 16 August 1942. 5138:978-0-14-118804-1 5061:, pp. 19, 34–37, 4818:on 6 August 2020. 4741:"Persian Paradox" 4726:978-1-4772-0291-3 4596:Rajaee, Farhang, 4403:Yarshater, Ehsan 4085:. 22 January 2007 4034:978-0-8444-1187-3 3751:978-1-86064-629-4 3714:on 26 April 2021. 3559:978-1-86064-258-6 3524:978-1-84511-272-1 3494:978-0-300-11254-2 3380:978-0-520-25328-5 2850:(20 January 1937) 2800:Winston Churchill 2692:Esmat Dowlatshahi 2618:Maryam Savadkoohi 2434:Achaemenid Empire 2314: 2313: 2306: 2288: 2081:World War in Iran 2077:British Mauritius 1702:Arthur Millspaugh 1695:League of Nations 1670:, and Atatürk in 1495:Achaemenid Empire 1443:League of Nations 1397:Ali Asghar Hekmat 1233:Ervand Abrahamian 1211:, was proclaimed 1123:Reza Khan behind 983:Russian Civil War 927:brigadier general 842:rendering support 656:Reza Shah Pahlavi 653: 652: 640:Brigadier general 540: 539: 511:Prince Hamid Reza 499:Prince Ahmad Reza 495:Prince Abdul Reza 445:Esmat Dowlatshahi 367:Maryam Savadkoohi 261: 260: 46:Reza Shah Pahlavi 7192: 7185:Pahlavi monarchs 7013:Islamic Republic 6904: 6897: 6890: 6881: 6872: 6833: 6811: 6592: 6408: 6396: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6358: 6296: 6281:Crown Princesses 6193: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6161: 6140:Chairman of the 6131:Preceded by 6098:Preceded by 6074:Ahmad Shah Qajar 6071:Preceded by 6049:Preceded by 6022:Preceded by 5993:Ahmad Shah Qajar 5990:Preceded by 5980: 5973: 5972:15 March 1878 5964:House of Pahlavi 5955: 5928: 5916: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5855: 5849: 5839: 5833: 5826: 5820: 5817:Orlando Sentinel 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5785: 5779: 5761: 5755: 5733: 5727: 5705: 5699: 5677: 5671: 5653: 5647: 5629: 5623: 5606: 5600: 5593: 5587: 5573: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5548:. 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Archived from 3962: 3956: 3955: 3947: 3941: 3934: 3928: 3917: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3885: 3876:(Longman, 2003: 3870: 3864: 3863:, vol. 3, p. 384 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3837:. Archived from 3827: 3821: 3820: 3794: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3768:. Archived from 3762: 3756: 3755: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3710:. Archived from 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3454: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3194: 3185: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3141: 3132: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2908: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2664:Ali Reza Pahlavi 2545:Persian calendar 2527:Mehrabad airport 2508:Creation of the 2416:Persian language 2388:Founding of the 2364:which connected 2309: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2289: 2287: 2246: 2222: 2214: 2161:Al-Rifa'i Mosque 2143:neighborhood of 1990:Ahmad Shah Qajar 1765:Persian language 1679:Imperial Airways 1597:Imam Reza Shrine 1563:to the clerics. 1559:, returning the 1467:Persian language 1445:to use the term 1219:Rule as the Shah 1125:Ahmad Shah Qajar 1092:General Ironside 1070: 903:Second Herat War 830: 829: 753: 752: 727:Ahmad Shah Qajar 599:Military service 590: 536: 518: 507:Princess Fatemeh 457: 455: 435: 433: 429: 406: 404: 381: 379: 330:Al-Rifa'i Mosque 312: 291: 289: 252: 242: 216: 208:Ahmad Shah Qajar 197: 171: 159: 151:Ahmad Shah Qajar 140: 115: 98:Ahmad Shah Qajar 63: 60: 55: 43: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7038: 7007: 6970: 6917: 6908: 6878: 6873: 6870: 6864: 6831: 6830: 6822: 6809: 6808: 6800: 6590: 6589: 6581: 6512:Ala ol-Saltaneh 6472:Ala ol-Saltaneh 6406: 6405: 6397: 6390: 6385: 6355: 6350: 6332: 6301: 6288:Fawzia of Egypt 6276: 6253: 6236:Fawzia of Egypt 6218: 6195: 6192:Pahlavi dynasty 6191: 6188: 6154: 6145: 6136: 6121: 6112: 6103: 6093: 6084: 6076: 6060: 6057:Minister of War 6052: 6044: 6035: 6027: 6012: 6003: 5995: 5979:26 July 1944 5974: 5968: 5967: 5960: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5840: 5836: 5827: 5823: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5762: 5758: 5734: 5730: 5706: 5702: 5678: 5674: 5659:, Gainesville: 5654: 5650: 5630: 5626: 5607: 5603: 5594: 5590: 5574: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5456:. 23 April 2018 5454:The Daily Sabah 5448: 5447: 5443: 5436:The Independent 5431:Wayback Machine 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5355:"Royal Jo'burg" 5353: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5251: 5247: 5235: 5231: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5101:on 10 July 2013 5089: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5052: 5041: 5034: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4940: 4931: 4927: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4760: 4756: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4667:, (2008), p. 95 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4637: 4633: 4629:, (2008), p. 94 4624: 4620: 4606:Wayback Machine 4595: 4591: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4572:, (2008), p. 94 4567: 4560: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4541:, (1996) p. 182 4536: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4510:, (1996) p. 184 4505: 4501: 4493:Mackey, Sandra 4492: 4488: 4478: 4477: 4470: 4461: 4457: 4448: 4444: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4416:Iranian Studies 4412:Wayback Machine 4402: 4398: 4389: 4385: 4373:, I.B. Tauris, 4369: 4365: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4326:on 17 July 2012 4314: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4234:Iranian Studies 4227: 4226: 4213: 4205:Mackey, Sandra 4204: 4200: 4196:, (1996) p. 179 4191: 4187: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4168:, 1982, p. 146. 4163: 4159: 4152:Wayback Machine 4142: 4138: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3931: 3919:Makki Hossein, 3918: 3914: 3905: 3901: 3892: 3888: 3872:Ansari, Ali M. 3871: 3867: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3841:on 18 July 2012 3829: 3828: 3824: 3809: 3796: 3795: 3786: 3775: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3723: 3719: 3708: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3509:Katouzian, Homa 3507: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3319: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3272: 3271: 3264: 3257: 3244: 3243: 3236: 3229: 3216: 3215: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3175: 3171: 3167:, (2008), p. 91 3162: 3158: 3142: 3135: 3127: 3120: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2955:iranchamber.com 2949: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2882: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2836: 2823: 2741: 2725:Fatemeh Pahlavi 2606: 2461:Keshavarzi Bank 2453:Bank Melli Iran 2406:Organizing the 2310: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2247: 2245: 2235: 2223: 2212: 2200:Sadeq Khalkhali 2175:in the town of 2125:Château Val Ory 2089: 2073:Clarmont Skrine 2057:trained by the 2050: 2031:1979 Revolution 1998:British subject 1911: 1905: 1892:Arbab Keikhosro 1875:. The death of 1865:Saadabad Palace 1849:Ali-Akbar Davar 1833:Saadabad Palace 1825: 1631: 1595:erupted in the 1520: 1503: 1483:Sasanian Empire 1471:ethnic Persians 1416: 1407:Replacement of 1375:Ali-Akbar Davar 1351: 1336:Cyrus the Great 1257: 1248:Ali-Akbar Davar 1221: 1201:Pahlavi dynasty 1117: 1057:Minister of War 963: 957: 952: 946: 859:Savadkuh County 851: 850: 849: 840:Without proper 831: 827: 811: 779:sedentarization 707:Qazvin province 664:minister of war 660:Pahlavi dynasty 610: 529: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 487:Prince Ali Reza 485: 483:Princess Ashraf 481: 477: 473: 460: 459: 456: 1923) 451: 447: 437: 434: 1923) 425: 421: 418: 408: 405: 1916) 400: 396: 393: 383: 375: 371: 368: 352: 339: 337: 327: 314: 310: 293: 287: 285: 250: 240: 234: 230: 226: 222: 214: 198: 193: 187:Minister of War 178: 169: 157: 141: 136: 120: 64: 61: 39: 28: 27:, his grandson. 17: 12: 11: 5: 7198: 7196: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7150:Exiled royalty 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7057: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7035:(1989–present) 7030: 7024: 7017: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6980: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6952:Abolqasem Khan 6948: 6940: 6934: 6927: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6884: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6836: 6834: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6595: 6593: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6446:Sa'd al-Dowleh 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6411: 6409: 6399: 6398: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6361: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6291: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6268: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6230:Tadj ol-Molouk 6226: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6210: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6164: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6147: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6114: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6086: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6037: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6005: 5996: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5985:Regnal titles 5982: 5981: 5961: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5939: 5934: 5922: 5908: 5907:External links 5905: 5902: 5901: 5877: 5870: 5850: 5834: 5821: 5819:, 15 July 1992 5806: 5780: 5756: 5728: 5700: 5672: 5648: 5624: 5601: 5588: 5563: 5532: 5519: 5493: 5467: 5441: 5415: 5389: 5372: 5346: 5319: 5293: 5270: 5261: 5245: 5229: 5216: 5207: 5194: 5185: 5170: 5144: 5137: 5131:. p. 25. 5112: 5082: 5070: 5039: 5032: 5006: 4999: 4979: 4954: 4938: 4925: 4919:) and Cottam, 4917:0-14-00-5964-4 4900: 4888: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4846: 4821: 4796: 4782: 4767: 4765:, pp. 143–144. 4754: 4732: 4725: 4705: 4683: 4669: 4656: 4644: 4631: 4618: 4589: 4574: 4558: 4543: 4530: 4512: 4499: 4486: 4468: 4455: 4442: 4429: 4420: 4396: 4383: 4363: 4350: 4337: 4307: 4294: 4269: 4211: 4198: 4185: 4170: 4157: 4136: 4121: 4109: 4107:, 1982, p. 140 4096: 4070: 4040: 4033: 4019:Hooglund, Eric 4009: 3983: 3957: 3942: 3929: 3912: 3899: 3886: 3865: 3852: 3822: 3807: 3784: 3757: 3750: 3730: 3717: 3706: 3686: 3664: 3649: 3642: 3624: 3610: 3590: 3583: 3565: 3558: 3530: 3523: 3500: 3493: 3475: 3465: 3439: 3413:(4): 639–663. 3393: 3379: 3359: 3352: 3332: 3317: 3290: 3283: 3262: 3255: 3234: 3227: 3206: 3186: 3184:56/4: 673–677. 3169: 3156: 3133: 3118: 3097:(2): 175–193. 3077: 3061: 3044: 3020: 2994: 2967: 2942: 2935: 2917: 2914:. 29 May 2023. 2902: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2851: 2844: 2835: 2832: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2811: 2789: 2786:Princess Shams 2775: 2768: 2762: 2752: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2714: 2707: 2688: 2687: 2668: 2667: 2660: 2657:Ashraf Pahlavi 2653: 2645: 2634:Tadj ol-Molouk 2630: 2629: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2577: 2555: 2548: 2541: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2506: 2503: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2471: 2464: 2449: 2438:Ernst Herzfeld 2426: 2419: 2404: 2393: 2386: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2360:Foundation of 2358: 2347: 2340: 2333: 2312: 2311: 2294:September 2018 2226: 2224: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2088: 2085: 2049: 2046: 1962:Prime Minister 1927:United Kingdom 1907:Main article: 1904: 1901: 1824: 1821: 1799:Nuremberg Laws 1630: 1627: 1519: 1516: 1502: 1499: 1449:("Land of the 1415: 1405: 1350: 1347: 1305:Princess Shams 1256: 1253: 1220: 1217: 1203:. Reza Shah's 1116: 1113: 987:White movement 959:Main article: 956: 953: 945: 942: 889:following the 879:Russian Empire 844:, you may see 832: 825: 824: 823: 810: 807: 803:Ottoman Empire 787:Persianization 668:prime minister 651: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 637: 633: 632: 629: 625: 624: 619: 618:Branch/service 615: 614: 605: 601: 600: 596: 595: 592: 591: 584: 580: 579: 574: 570: 569: 566: 562: 561: 560:Abbas-Ali Khan 558: 554: 553: 548: 542: 541: 538: 537: 523: 522: 514: 513: 475:Princess Shams 468: 462: 461: 449: 443: 442: 441: 440: 423: 419: 414: 413: 412: 411: 398: 394: 389: 388: 387: 386: 373: 369: 366: 365: 364: 363: 360: 358: 354: 353: 328: 324: 320: 319: 313:(aged 66) 307: 303: 302: 283: 279: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 267: 266: 263: 262: 259: 258: 253: 247: 246: 243: 237: 236: 217: 215:Prime Minister 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 190: 189: 183: 182: 172: 166: 165: 160: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 133: 132: 126: 125: 122: 121: 118: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 87: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 66: 65: 56: 48: 47: 23:, his son, or 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7197: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7046: 7041: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6900: 6898: 6893: 6891: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6867: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6625:Matin-Daftari 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6517:Eyn-ed-Dowleh 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6487:Eyn-ed-Dowleh 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6431:Naser ol-Molk 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6375: 6370: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6347: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6265:Mohammad Reza 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258:Crown Princes 6256: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6185: 6180: 6178: 6173: 6171: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6143: 6135: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6111: 6110: 6102: 6096: 6092: 6083: 6082: 6075: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6058: 6051:Masoud Kayhan 6047: 6043: 6034: 6033: 6026: 6025:Hassan Pirnia 6020: 6015: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5994: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5971: 5966: 5965: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5889: 5888: 5881: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5810: 5807: 5795:. 2 June 1987 5794: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5777:9781845112721 5774: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5753:9781860644269 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5725:9780415302845 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5697:9780844411873 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5669:9780813021119 5666: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5645:9780521473408 5642: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5611:(fall 1993). 5610: 5609:Hoodfar, Homa 5605: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5468: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5320: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5281: 5274: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5205:(2008), p. 96 5204: 5198: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5145: 5140: 5134: 5130: 5129:Penguin Books 5126: 5125:Shah of Shahs 5122: 5116: 5113: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5067:9780815602668 5064: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5033:9781403971937 5029: 5025: 5020: 5019: 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3045: 3033: 3032: 3028:لندن, کیهان, 3024: 3021: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2995: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2938: 2936:9781139495622 2932: 2928: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2897: 2888: 2876: 2871: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2802:on behalf of 2801: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2782:Fereydoun Jam 2779: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2696:Marble Palace 2693: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676:Qajar dynasty 2673: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2642:Shams Pahlavi 2639: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2610: 2603: 2598: 2595:Abolition of 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2558:Kashf-e hijab 2556: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498:madreseh and 2497: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2442:Erich Schmidt 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2318: 2308: 2305: 2297: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2255: – 2254: 2250: 2249:Find sources: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2227:This section 2225: 2221: 2216: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2189:Empress Farah 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2149:heart ailment 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2063:Ahmad Kasravi 2060: 2056: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2003: 2000:who spoke no 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923:Allied powers 1915: 1910: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1835:complex, 1941 1834: 1829: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1808:Führerprinzip 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1720: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1618:Kashf-e hijab 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:Maxime Siroux 1546: 1542: 1541:Esmail Meraat 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1493:name for the 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:Western world 1425: 1422:Reza Shah at 1420: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1355: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1266: 1261: 1255:Modernization 1254: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1225: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 967: 962: 954: 951: 944:Rise to power 943: 941: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:Imperial Army 915: 913: 909: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 847: 843: 839: 837: 820: 815: 808: 806: 804: 800: 796: 795:Turkification 793:'s policy of 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 773: 769: 765: 759: 757: 747: 742: 740: 736: 735:Qajar dynasty 732: 728: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 648: 644: 641: 638: 634: 630: 626: 623: 620: 616: 613: 609: 606: 602: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 578: 577:Twelver Shiʿa 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 552: 549: 547: 543: 532: 528: 524: 519: 515: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 469: 467: 463: 446: 439: 438: 417: 410: 409: 392: 385: 384: 362: 361: 359: 355: 350: 346: 342: 335: 331: 325: 321: 317: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292:15 March 1878 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 257: 254: 248: 245:Masoud Kayhan 244: 238: 233: 229: 228:Hassan Pirnia 225: 221: 218: 212: 209: 206: 202: 196: 191: 188: 184: 181: 176: 173: 167: 164: 163:Hassan Pirnia 161: 155: 152: 149: 145: 139: 134: 131: 127: 123: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 99: 96: 92: 89:25 April 1926 88: 86: 82: 78: 74: 71: 67: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 26: 22: 7044: 6983: 6976:Pahlavi Iran 6964: 6950: 6944:Alireza Khan 6942: 6859: 6850:Mahdavi Kani 6832:(since 1979) 6786:Sharif-Emami 6756:Sharif-Emami 6587:Pahlavi Iran 6576: 6497:Farman Farma 6343: 6206: 6139: 6106: 6079: 6055: 6030: 6000:Shah of Iran 5998: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5933:at Wikiquote 5892:, retrieved 5886: 5880: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5844:(in Czech), 5837: 5824: 5816: 5809: 5797:. Retrieved 5792: 5783: 5764: 5759: 5740: 5731: 5708: 5703: 5680: 5675: 5656: 5651: 5632: 5627: 5612: 5604: 5596: 5595:Dilip Hiro, 5591: 5576: 5554:. Retrieved 5550:the original 5545: 5535: 5527: 5522: 5510:. Retrieved 5505: 5496: 5484:. Retrieved 5480: 5470: 5458:. Retrieved 5453: 5444: 5434: 5418: 5406:. Retrieved 5401: 5392: 5363:. Retrieved 5358: 5349: 5337:. Retrieved 5332: 5322: 5310:. Retrieved 5308:. 7 May 2018 5305: 5296: 5284:. Retrieved 5273: 5264: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5219: 5210: 5202: 5201:Abrahamian, 5197: 5188: 5173: 5161:. Retrieved 5157: 5147: 5124: 5115: 5103:. Retrieved 5099:the original 5094: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5054: 5017: 5009: 4989: 4982: 4966: 4963:Yann Richard 4957: 4949: 4936:, pp. 14–15. 4933: 4928: 4920: 4908: 4903: 4896:Saeed Nafisi 4891: 4879: 4870: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4837:. Retrieved 4833: 4824: 4813:the original 4799: 4785: 4776: 4770: 4762: 4757: 4749:the original 4744: 4735: 4715: 4708: 4695: 4686: 4672: 4664: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4626: 4621: 4597: 4592: 4583: 4577: 4569: 4568:Abrahamian, 4552: 4546: 4539:The Iranians 4538: 4533: 4525: 4524:Abrahamian, 4508:The Iranians 4507: 4502: 4494: 4489: 4480: 4463: 4462:Abrahamian, 4458: 4453:1982, p. 137 4450: 4449:Abrahamian, 4445: 4440:1982, p. 136 4437: 4436:Abrahamian, 4432: 4423: 4415: 4399: 4391: 4386: 4370: 4366: 4361:1982, p. 138 4358: 4357:Abrahamian, 4353: 4345: 4340: 4328:. Retrieved 4324:the original 4319: 4316:"Guel Kohan" 4310: 4302: 4297: 4285:. Retrieved 4281: 4272: 4256: 4233: 4206: 4201: 4194:The Iranians 4193: 4188: 4179: 4173: 4165: 4160: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4124: 4112: 4104: 4103:Abrahamian, 4099: 4087:. Retrieved 4082: 4073: 4061:. Retrieved 4057:the original 4052: 4043: 4023: 4012: 4000:. Retrieved 3995: 3986: 3974:. Retrieved 3970:the original 3960: 3951: 3945: 3937: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3907: 3902: 3894: 3889: 3873: 3868: 3860: 3855: 3843:. Retrieved 3839:the original 3834: 3825: 3798: 3774:. Retrieved 3770:the original 3760: 3740: 3733: 3725: 3720: 3712:the original 3696: 3689: 3677:. Retrieved 3667: 3658: 3652: 3633: 3627: 3615:. Retrieved 3600: 3593: 3574: 3568: 3540: 3533: 3513: 3503: 3484: 3478: 3470: 3450: 3442: 3430:. Retrieved 3410: 3406: 3396: 3384:. Retrieved 3369: 3362: 3342: 3335: 3302: 3293: 3274: 3246: 3218: 3181: 3172: 3164: 3163:Abrahamian, 3159: 3144: 3128: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3070: 3064: 3055: 3036:, retrieved 3034:(in Persian) 3030: 3023: 3011:. Retrieved 3007: 2997: 2985:. Retrieved 2983:(in Persian) 2980: 2970: 2958:. Retrieved 2954: 2945: 2926: 2920: 2906: 2879:رضاشاه پهلوی 2870: 2824: 2808:Nazi Germany 2804:Adolf Hitler 2771: 2758: 2748: 2734:(1932–1992). 2689: 2669: 2666:(1922–1954). 2647: 2631: 2615: 2561: 2551: 2475:scholarships 2381:Creation of 2370:Persian Gulf 2323: 2300: 2291: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2260: 2248: 2236:Please help 2231:verification 2228: 2204: 2193: 2184: 2154: 2145:Johannesburg 2124: 2119:children to 2117: 2080: 2071: 2051: 2035: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2006:Crown Prince 1982: 1973: 1959: 1947: 1931:Soviet Union 1920: 1885: 1881:World War II 1870: 1854: 1845:Farman Farma 1843:assisted by 1838: 1813: 1806: 1791:sine qua non 1790: 1787:World War II 1784: 1780:Soviet Union 1777: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1725: 1719:Adolf Hitler 1716: 1699: 1676: 1657: 1653:Soviet Union 1650: 1647: 1616: 1614: 1577: 1545:Andre Godard 1521: 1508: 1504: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1434: 1428: 1412: 1408: 1395: 1379: 1364: 1360: 1344: 1332:Iranian Jews 1321: 1309: 1300:André Godard 1289: 1270: 1237: 1230: 1213:crown prince 1186: 1175: 1167: 1160: 1157: 1146: 1097: 1081: 1061:Sardar Sepah 1060: 1038: 1022:Azerbaijanis 1003: 991:Soviet Union 979:intervention 972: 935: 916: 852: 836:Persian text 833: 760: 754:) by Iran's 751:رضا شاه بزرگ 745: 743: 723: 700: 680:Pahlavi Iran 655: 654: 568:Noush-Afarin 527:Reza Pahlavi 526: 316:Johannesburg 311:(1944-07-26) 309:26 July 1944 251:Succeeded by 194: 170:Succeeded by 137: 70:Shah of Iran 40: 7070:1944 deaths 7065:1878 births 6591:(1925–1979) 6407:(1907–1925) 6290:(1939–1941) 6273:(1967–1979) 6267:(1926–1941) 6250:(1959–1979) 6244:(1951–1958) 6238:(1941–1948) 6232:(1925–1941) 6215:(1941–1979) 6209:(1925–1941) 5769:I.B. Tauris 5745:I.B. Tauris 5506:BBC Persian 5335:(in French) 5282:. L'Express 5158:Iranian.com 4696:youtube.com 4282:Iran Online 3906:D. Wright, 2778:Mahmoud Jam 2727:(1928–1987) 2720:(1926–2001) 2713:(1925–1981) 2706:(1924–2004) 2686:(1923–2017) 2659:(1919–2016) 2652:(1919–1980) 2644:(1917–1996) 2628:(1903–1992) 2397:of Ferdowsi 2366:Caspian Sea 2253:"Reza Shah" 1896:technocrats 1888:Sardar Asad 1841:Teymourtash 1668:Azerbaijani 1589:Shia clergy 1296:Teymourtash 1088:British Raj 895:Mazanderani 783:Mazanderani 775:nationalism 729:, the last 692:Shia clergy 241:Preceded by 224:Ahmad Qavam 158:Preceded by 94:Predecessor 62: 1931 7059:Categories 6959:Ahmad Shah 6923:Qajar Iran 6547:Tabatabaee 6502:Tonekaboni 6462:Tonekaboni 6452:Tonekaboni 6403:Qajar Iran 6248:Farah Diba 6146:1931–1941 6113:1920–1921 5959:Reza Shah 5814:Hamid Reza 5799:4 November 5585:0140514902 5163:17 January 5095:fouman.com 4839:17 January 4330:17 January 4287:17 January 4089:4 February 4063:17 January 4002:17 January 3923:, Vol. 2, 3845:17 January 3808:1860646298 3782:para. 2, 3 3617:31 October 3432:2 November 3386:2 November 3256:9645925460 2981:رادیو فردا 2898:References 2883:pronounced 2814:Ali Mansur 2543:Restoring 2457:Bank Sepah 2430:Persepolis 2264:newspapers 1986:abdication 1965:Ali Mansur 1424:Persepolis 1205:coronation 1103:, and the 1073:Bolsheviks 1069:سردار سپاه 999:Ahmad Shah 948:See also: 883:Qajar Iran 809:Early life 672:Qajar Iran 604:Allegiance 338:7 May 1950 288:1878-03-15 85:Coronation 7029:(1981–89) 7023:(1980–81) 7004:(1953–79) 6998:(1952–53) 6996:Mosaddegh 6992:(1941–52) 6986:(1925–41) 6984:Reza Shah 6965:Reza Khan 6961:(1914–25) 6955:(1910–14) 6947:(1909–10) 6939:(1907–09) 6933:(1906–07) 6781:Amouzegar 6771:H. Mansur 6736:Mosaddegh 6726:Mosaddegh 6705:A. Mansur 6630:A. Mansur 6577:Reza Khan 6297:(titular) 6207:Reza Shah 5931:Reza Shah 5919:Reza Shah 5894:6 January 5713:Routledge 5621:0707-8412 5365:4 October 5339:16 August 5333:L'express 5312:4 October 4834:Parstimes 4264:CC BY 4.0 4252:0021-0862 3427:159878744 3113:0020-7438 2723:Princess 2655:Princess 2640:Princess 2624:Princess 2570:headscarf 2562:Unveiling 2385:stations. 2355:Shahrbani 2121:Mauritius 1977:legations 1689:(and the 1593:rebellion 1319:in 1932. 1171:-i-Ashraf 1164:-i-Ashraf 1018:Armenians 955:1921 coup 631:1894–1921 583:Signature 535:رضا پهلوی 195:In office 138:In office 104:Successor 7033:Khamenei 7027:Khomeini 7021:Banisadr 6818:Bazargan 6796:Bakhtiar 6635:Foroughi 6615:Foroughi 6605:Mostowfi 6599:Foroughi 6567:Mostowfi 6522:Mostowfi 6492:Mostowfi 6477:Mostowfi 6457:Mostowfi 6345:Hostages 5556:9 August 5486:24 April 5481:Newsweek 5460:24 April 5427:Archived 5408:8 August 5286:20 March 5255:(1962). 5123:(2006). 5079:The Shah 5077:Milani, 5018:The Shah 4700:Archived 4663:Ervand, 4625:Ervand, 4602:Archived 4537:Mackey, 4506:Mackey, 4466:, p. 92. 4408:Archived 4266:license. 4236:: 1–29. 4192:Mackey, 4148:Archived 4053:Ajoudani 3936:Cottam, 3817:47177045 3776:4 August 3679:10 April 3511:(2006). 3301:(1982). 3008:iichs.ir 2772:2nd Term 2759:6th Term 2749:1st Term 2412:Ferdowsi 2141:Parktown 2059:Tsarists 2038:abdicate 1996:, was a 1929:and the 1803:Eugenics 1795:Hitler's 1574:. 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