701:. He began mass interrogation of the people in his camp, but was preconceived that Reza Qoli had a hand in the assassination. In Summer 1742, Nader's agents brought him a man called Nik Ghadam, who had admitted that he was the assassin and that Reza Qoli Mirza was his employer. When Nader confronted Reza Qoli with the accusation, his son drew a dagger in anger, so Nader had him arrested. Several high ranking officials tried to convince Reza Qoli to admit to his crime and apologise but Reza Qoli would not be convinced. At last, Nader ordered his son to be blinded but soon became regretful after his gouged out eyes were presented to him. Three days after the blinding, he visited Reza Qoli, who only said to him: "You should know that by taking my eyes out, you have blinded yourself and destroyed your own life."
507:
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numerous rebellions all across the country in opposition to him and his tyrannous rule. Contemporary historians all regard Reza Qoli's character and abilities with positivity, therefore, per speculation, he could have become a worthy ruler for his people, combining his father's military with his own knowledge of commerce and finance to build a more constructive administration. In later generations, Reza Qoli's words to Nader was romanticised to 'It is not my eyes that you have put out, but those of Persia,' referring to disasters and chaos that followed Nader's downfall.
31:
677:, greeted Reza Qoli and welcomed him into his camp, then he, still on his elephant, reviewed his son's army and ostensibly praised them, though in truth, he felt apprehensive about the glamour of these soldiers, because he himself disliked magnificence. Therefore, he disbanded his army and handed the soldiers to his own commanders. Then he criticised Reza Qoli's actions during his tenure and condemned him for killing Tahmasp and his son. Per this reason, he dismissed Reza Qoli as regent and appointed his younger son,
685:
daughter, Manijeh, was to marry Reza Qoli, and the younger daughter was to marry Ali Qoli Khan, Nader's nephew. But Reza Qoli refused to marry
Manijeh; one account claims that he was more besotted with the younger daughter and was envious of Ali Qoli Khan, while the other claims that he was not ready to remarry after Fatemeh Begum's death. At the end, Reza Qoli married neither of the daughters, Nader took Manijeh to wife, and Ali Qoli, per arranged, married the younger daughter.
608:
Nader wouldn't mind if
Tahmasp and Abbas were dead. Reza Qoli eventually gave in to the persuasion and ordered the death of Tahmasp and Abbas. Mohammad Hossein took it upon himself to carry the orders; he first strangled Tahmasp and then killed the nine-year old Abbas with a blow of his sword. When the people of Sabzavar heard the news, they began an uprising against Mohammad Hossein and Reza Qoli, likening the death of Tahmasp and his son to the
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retreated into the castle. Reza Qoli, overjoyed with his victory, conquered a nearby fort and killed many of its inhabitants. Afterwards Nader ordered Reza Qoli to refrain from continuing his campaign. He sent a letter to Abu al-Fayz Khan, recognising him as the sovereign of
Bukhara. Reza Qoli and Jalayer returned southwards but did not end their campaign, instead they marched into
2170:
549:, stationed their army in Abiward. Whilst Reza Qoli and his men were vigilant, Ilbars Khan's men were divided by envy and rivalry, and the disagreements among his army forced the Khan of Khiva to withdraw from his invasion after raiding some areas south of Abiward. With the threat quelled, Reza Qoli and Ali Qoli Khan returned to Mashhad.
740:). In order to secure his inheritance, Adel Shah sought the death of Nader's sons and grandsons, including Reza Qoli Mirza, his brothers and their offspring. By his orders, Sohrab Khan Gholam laid siege on Kalat and after sixteen days, conquered the fortress. Reza Qoli, blinded and depressed by the time, was executed in 1747.
710:
562:) soldiers. He arranged these soldiers to be equipped with armours made out of gold and weapons inlaid with gold and silver. Moreover, against Nader's initial orders, he began interfering in the politics of various states within the realm and dismissing his advisors to replace them with those of his own choosing.
607:
Around these times, Reza Qoli was visited by
Mohammad Hossein Khan Qajar, the custodian of Tahmasp II and Abbas III, who reported of a probable pro-Safavid rebellion fueled by the rumours of Nader's death. He proposed to kill Tahmasp and Abbas; he had the support of many of the courtiers who claimed
565:
At the time, the economic toll of Nader's army on the citizens was heavy as agents used any method to collect taxes to make up for the army's great monetary needs. Reza Qoli's personal army thus contributed to this problem; in a letter written by his cousin, Ali Qoli Khan, he was forewarned that the
168:
Afterwards, Reza Qoli served as a commander in his father's army, but the relationship between the two had turned to bitterness. Reza Qoli, constantly humiliated by Nader, criticised his father, and Nader grew more distrusting of his son. Although he later regretted it, Nader blinded Reza Qoli after
762:
Both contemporary and modern historians agree that Reza Qoli's blinding was the catalyst to Nader Shah's decline in rulership and character. It gave him a catastrophic mental breakdown which set him on a path to bitterness, nihilism and anger, eventually likening him to a madman. But it also caused
603:
By early 1739, no word of Nader had reached Reza Qoli's court in ten months and there was a rumour spreading about Nader's death in India. While Reza Qoli must have been more well-informed than the general populace about the whereabouts of his father, a breakdown in communication in spring 1739 may
416:
tribes to stage a mutiny against Ali Mardan. After six weeks of resistance, Ali Mardan surrendered. He met with Reza Qoli in-person, offering him a substantial amount of jewelries. Ali Mardan Khan was chained and suspiciously died en route to the prison in Herat. Reza Qoli continued his campaign by
696:
dwelling there. Nader took Reza Qoli with him, appointing him as one of his commanders. By this time, Reza Qoli, on several instances humiliated by Nader, openly criticised his father for his passion for conquest and war, his words would reach Nader's ears by the reports of bystanders. On 15 May,
634:
Reza Qoli held a banquet in honour of his father's victory, during which, his wife, Fatemeh Begum, who was a sister of
Tahmasp, learnt of his family's death from her old wet nurse. Overwhelmed by the news, she fainted and, once recovered, started to cry aloud. She refused Reza Qoli's presence and
481:
region, yet, in fear of a confrontation with the Afshar army, fled away. Abu al-Fayz set out with a large army to relieve Qarshi. Initially, Abu al-Fayz pushed Reza Qoli back, but through the use of their artillery, the Afshar army obliterated his cavalry. Abu al-Fayz and the remaining of his men
180:
During his life, Reza Qoli received a positive appraisal from his contemporaries. He was described as a just ruler, even if he had committed cruelties. His blinding left a great impact on his father and the realm. Nader Shah underwent a mental breakdown and became a bitter and nihilistic man, and
684:
Reza Qoli accompanied Nader in his campaign in
Transoxiana, acting as the army's supply officer. During this short campaign, Nader finally succeeded in subduing Abu al-Fayz Khan of Bukhara. To ratify his vassalage, Abu al-Fayz offered two of his daughters to marry into Nader's family. The elder
725:
fortress, in the
Khorasan region. He lived through the rest of his father's reign in isolation and loneliness, his company being a few of his servants and some of his young nephews. When Nader Shah died in 1747, his nephew, Ali-Qoli Mirza, claimed the throne and
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trade; he distributed silk into the market and barred any trader from buying silk through any other source than himself. Accordingly, Reza Qoli Reza Qoli acquired great wealth among his peers; in a letter to his father, he claimed to possess 150 million
534:. Nader gave Reza Qoli strict orders. Reza Qoli was to consult the advisors his father had chosen for him, and was not allowed to dismiss or change them. Moreover, Reza Qoli was responsible for Tahmasp II and Abbas III, both of whom were imprisoned in
604:
have left Nader's position in ambiguity. Nonetheless, Reza Qoli readied himself to be crowned king, ordering a new seal, new coinage and a new coat of arms. An assembly was to be gathered again in the Mughan Plain for Reza Qoli's coronation.
341:(Iranian new year) a few weeks later. Nader set out to Herat on March 1731 to completely quell the Abdalis and returned victorious in February 1732. On March 1734, concurrent with Nowruz, Fatemeh Begum gave birth to a son, whom Nader named
322:, failed to subdue the rebels. When Reza Qoli informed Nader of the situation through a letter, Nader requested Reza to hold on within the city as he was on his way to the east. The Abdalis withdrew from Mashhad and went back eastwards to
434:
of Balkh, Sayid Khan, dug deep trenches and stationed the Balkh army behind them. However, Reza Qoli's artillery overcame the defense, and the Afshar army defeated Sayid Khan. Reza Qoli thus brought an end to long rule of the
157:, his father's enemies. Before heading off to India, Nader Shah appointed Reza Qoli the regent of Iran. Reza Qoli ensured peace through harsh measures when collecting taxes and executed people for petty crimes. He had
384:
by giving Reza Qoli an army to command and a region to rule over. Furthermore, Nader bestowed upon Reza Qoli the duty of preservation and protection of the northern borders and the maintenance of
Khorasan's security.
672:
Once Reza Qoli heard that Nader and his army were returning to Iran, he set out with his special army to greet them midway. On 25 June 1740, he reached Nader's camp at north of Herat. Nader, while mounting an
278:. As a reward for his endeavours, Nader became the governor of several provinces. Moreover, to cement their alliance, Nader and his son, Reza Qoli, both were to marry one of Tahmasp's sisters. Nader married
181:
faced many rebellions all across the kingdom because of his tyranny. Modern historians speculate that Reza Qoli could have been an able monarch for Iran, based on his abilities in commerce and martials.
165:, two pretenders to the throne, killed, which caused an uproar among the people. When Nader Shah returned from India, he dismissed Reza Qoli as regent, snubbing him for his actions during the regency.
2075:
329:
In
January 1731, Reza Qoli married Fatemeh Begum in Mashhad. Nader made the effort to reach the city in time to attend the wedding. The grand wedding celebrations, lasting for a week, were held in
326:
immediately after learning that Nader was returning to the region. Thus, the city was saved. Nader was proud of Reza Qoli's intelligent response to the Abdali attack, recognising his son's talent.
522:
Upon their arrival at
Jalalabad, Nader snubbed Jalayer, but seeing his apparent remorse, he decided to forgive him. Nader reviewed his son's troops, provided them with new armours and
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635:
angrily demanded him to begone. She committed suicide that night by hanging herself with a silken string. The news of her death greatly affected Reza Qoli, who deeply loved his wife.
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presence of his standing army would bring Mashhad to a state of bankruptcy. To remedy this problem, in 1739, Reza Qoli granted a trading charter to the representatives of the
506:
388:
In early 1737, Reza Qoli and Jalayer amassed an army to suppress the rebellion of Ali Mardan Khan Afshar, one of the fellow tribesman of Nader, who ruled the cities of
2354:
1815:
759:), and became the ruler of Khorasan. Reza Qoli never remarried after Fatemeh Begum, who may have also given birth to three more children, although it is uncertain.
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report, Reza Qoli too was quite cruel, and would execute people for meager crimes. Although he was also described as a just ruler, for example, he had prevented
376:
and give consent for his ascension. On the day of his coronation, 8 March 1736, Nader Shah appointed Reza Qoli Mirza as the Governor of Khorasan and appointed
439:
in Balkh. Pleased with the news of Reza Qoli's success, Nader Shah offered many valuable gifts to his son, among them were high-bred horses, three hundred
1873:
574:
and Mungo Graeme. Furthermore, Reza Qoli dispatched his agents, who were renowned for their cruelty, across the realm to tax the locals. According to the
229:). The infant was named Reza Qoli, honouring the name tradition among the Afshar people, with Qoli meaning servant, and Reza referring to the eighth
315:
436:
631:. The news of his victory reached Reza Qoli's court in June 1739, who reportedly, had become crestfallen for the deaths of Tahmasp and Abbas.
600:. When Nader asked him how he was able to gather so much money, he answered that he "has turned into a merchant and now deals in the trades".
2025:
274:), appointed him as his commander-in-chief. Nader led the Safavid armies through numerous victories, eventually defeating the Hotak army in
372:). However, Nader's prestige and renown allowed him to bid for the throne, so he summoned the great leaders across the realm to gather in
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1809:
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206:). His mother was the daughter of Baba Ali Beg Kuse Ahmadlu, the governor of Abiward and an important tribal leader among the
263:, south of Abiward, and relocated his court, including Reza Qoli, to there in 1726. Impressed by Nader's victory at Mashhad,
237:. Reza's mother died five years after his birth, Nader married her younger sister, Gowhar Shad, with whom he had two sons.
1795:
2009:
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as his son's mentor and regent. Nader thus put an end to the Safavid tradition of imprisoning the crown princes in the
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and camped outside of Andkhoy. With Ali Mardan Khan unwilling to yield, Reza Qoli besieged the city, and bribed the
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1801:
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554:
1794:
Avery, Peter (2008). "Nadir Shah And The Afsharid Legacy". In Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (eds.).
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230:
30:
538:. Reza Qoli left Jalalabad on 17 November and returned to Balkh, while Nader marched eastwards towards India.
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According to a contemporary chronicle, Nader, overwhelmed by sorrow, wailed and cried over his son's eyes.
722:
170:
62:
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Reza Qoli was survived by his eldest son, Shahrokh Shah Afshar, who in 1748 replaced both Adel Shah and
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Reza Qoli dedicated the first three months of his rule in Mashhad to forming a special corps of 12000
337:
was observed in the sky. Then the attendance went to a hunting expedition around Abiward and welcomed
2349:
2344:
2321:
1779:
State of Nadir Shah Afshar; essays on social relations in Iran in the 30s and 40s of the 18th century
678:
454:, ignoring Nader's direct orders barring them from it. With 8500 of his men, Reza Qoli laid siege on
377:
294:
145:. After his father's coronation in 1736, Reza Qoli, aged 17, became the Governor of the province of
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841:
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this was a traditional royal prerogative and not far-fetched for someone of Reza Qoli's rank to do.
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655:
542:
319:
510:
Nader Shah appoints his son Reza Qoli Mirza as Prince Regent before leaving for India, folio from
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154:
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Crisis, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of 18th Century Iran
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850:'), because during the war with the Mughal empire, he had triumphantly led an army into
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668:(religious authority who used to crown previous kings), are also present in the painting.
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fortress until 1747, when he was executed by his cousin and the claimant to the throne,
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suspecting him to be behind an assassination attempt in 1742. Reza Qoli was confided in
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The Investiture of the Crown Prince Reza Qoli Mirza, by his Father, Nader Shah Afshar
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gardens, outside of Mashhad. At the end of the celebrations, an auspicious planetary
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Nader survived an assassination attempt by an unknown assailant in the forests of
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were tribes of Turkic origin who had been settled in Khorasan since the reign of
727:
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horde led by Ilbars Khan of Khiva reached Reza Qoli, who along with his cousin,
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353:, thus displaying his interest to emulate a conqueror on the scale of Timur.
1960:
The Rise and Fall of Nader Shah: Dutch East India Company Reports, 1730-1747
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Due to his inabilities, Tahmasp II was deposed in favour of his infant son,
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162:
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After Reza Qoli's wounds were healed, Nader sent him to be confided in the
430:
2195:
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The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant
1772:
851:
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330:
311:
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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods
1942:
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Afterwards, Reza Qoli, supported wholeheartedly by Jalayer, crossed the
693:
617:
405:
307:
260:
195:
150:
93:
46:
425:(in northern Afghanistan) and later besieging Balkh in July 1737. The
1781:] (in Russian). Moscow: Publishing House of Oriental Literature.
664:
659:
583:
527:
483:
455:
338:
2154:
Nadir Shah, A Critical Study Based Mainly Upon Contemporary Sources
627:). Meanwhile, Nader had decisively defeated the Mughal army in the
149:. During his tenure, he subdued rebellious khans and marched up to
847:
708:
681:, who renamed himself Nassrollah Mirza, as his regent in Mashhad.
642:
613:
505:
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474:
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393:
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323:
284:
2060:[Blinding of Reza Qoli Mirza by Nader Shah, a tragedy].
2020:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 452.
590:
203:
586:, from continuing his oppression upon the people of the city.
692:
to avenge his brother, Ebrahim Khan, who had been killed by
2041:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–350.
1726:
1724:
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282:, and the young Reza Qoli was betrothed to Fatemeh Begum.
35:
Indian portrait of Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar, dated 1800–1820
1434:
1432:
310:
Afghans revolted and besieged Mashhad while Nader was in
1671:
1669:
1927:"The Postal System in Safavid, Afsharid, and Zand Iran"
2125:. Islamic History and Civilization. Brill Publishers.
2057:
1003:
1001:
1771:
Arunova, Marianna Rubenovna; Ashrafian, K.Z. (1958).
834:
214:, a large region on the east of Iran. His father was
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1125:
1123:
976:
974:
972:
970:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
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400:). Reza Qoli quickly subjugated Chichaktu (today in
819:
Morteza Qoli changed his name to Nassrollah Mirza (
713:Ali Qoli Mirza who was crowned king under the name
114:
104:
92:
80:
72:
56:
40:
23:
2074:
2018:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/5: Adat–Afghanistan
1985:] (in Persian). Los Angeles: Shirkat-i Kitāb.
251:) and his Afghan army invaded Iran and ended the
1364:
1352:
1299:
490:in the east. Nader summoned them to join him in
473:), called for the help of Ilbars Khan, ruler of
1983:Nader, the Relentless Hero, the Fruitless King
688:On March 1741, Nader commenced a campaign to
8:
2035:Roemer, H. R. (2008). "The Safavid Period".
530:of Iran while he was absent, campaigning in
259:left by Safavid's collapse, Nader conquered
2231:
2222:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2058:"فاجعه کور کردن رضاقلی میرزا بدست نادرشاه"
1937:(4). Cambridge University Press: 721–747.
1884:(5). Cambridge University Press: 635–646.
717:, Nader's successor and Reza Qoli's cousin
29:
20:
306:When Reza Qoli was twelve years old, the
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2187:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
2114:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
1915:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
1818:from the original on 13 January 2023
194:Reza Qoli Mirza was born in 1719 in
2201:Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam
1159:
1131:
824:
662:. Two other of Nader's sons, and a
458:, an important town (in modern-day
450:and advanced into the lands of the
137:; 1719–1747) was the eldest son of
134:
2189:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
2116:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
1979:نادر، قهرمان بى آرام، پادشاه ناکام
1917:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
198:(now on the borders of modern-day
14:
589:Reza Qoli held monopoly over the
494:and they went there quickly, via
2168:
2083:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
316:campaigning against the Ottomans
792:
754:
735:
622:
526:and appointed Reza Qoli as the
468:
367:
269:
246:
224:
2091:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1:
2056:Shabani, Reza (Autumn 1977).
1797:The Cambridge History of Iran
652:Abu'l-Hasan Mostawfi Ghaffari
1365:Arunova & Ashrafian 1958
1353:Arunova & Ashrafian 1958
1300:Arunova & Ashrafian 1958
16:Prince of Persia (1719–1747)
1857:. Oxford University Press.
835:
477:. Ilbars Khan marched into
300:Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi
2381:
1872:Axworthy, Michael (2007).
1853:Axworthy, Michael (2018).
1802:Cambridge University Press
1800:. Vol. 7. Cambridge:
437:descendants of Gengiz Khan
290:Wedding of Reza Qoli Mirza
2318:
2313:
2300:
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2287:
2282:
2274:
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2234:
2194:Zamani, Mohammad (2017).
1890:10.1080/00210860701667720
267:, the Safavid pretender (
28:
2008:Perry, John. R. (1983).
1874:"The Army of Nader Shah"
462:). The Khan of Bukhara,
2365:Executed Iranian people
2177:Tucker, Ernest (2006).
1977:Inqiṭāʻ, Nāṣir (2005).
541:In 1738, the news of a
2236:Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar
2204:(in Persian). Tehran.
2121:Lee, Jonathan (1996).
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2073:Stöber, Georg (2010).
1958:Floor, Willem (2009).
854:and captured the city.
718:
669:
519:
303:
127:Reza Qoli Mirza Afshar
2284:Governor of Khorasan
2104:Savory, R.M. (1982).
1905:Bregel, Yuri (2004).
806:Although as noted by
712:
646:
509:
417:successfully seizing
288:
216:Nader Qoli Beg Afshar
153:to put an end to the
2246:Cadet branch of the
705:Later life and death
654:, 1774, now kept at
639:Removal and blinding
612:and the culprits to
486:and the mountainous
396:(both in modern-day
378:Tahmasp Khan Jalayer
357:Governor of Khorasan
295:Jahangosha-ye Naderi
1962:. Mage Publishers.
1943:10.1017/irn.2023.51
1089:, p. 165, 167.
825:نصرالله میرزا افشار
512:Jahangosh-ye Naderi
404:), marched through
135:رضا قلی میرزا افشار
2305:Title last held by
2270:Political offices
2149:Lockhart, Laurence
2079:. In Fleet, Kate;
2010:"ʿĀdel Shah Afšār"
719:
670:
580:Mohammad Taqi Khan
520:
452:Khanate of Bukhara
304:
155:Khanate of Bukhara
2360:Afsharid generals
2328:
2327:
2319:Succeeded by
2309:Tahmasp Qoli Khan
2288:Succeeded by
2218:cite encyclopedia
2196:"Reza Qoli Mirza"
2157:. London: Luzac.
2027:978-0-71009-094-2
1832:Axworthy, Michael
924:, p. 21, 34.
845:
833:
610:Battle of Karbala
518:, dated 1757-1758
276:Battle of Zarghan
124:
123:
2372:
2340:Afsharid dynasty
2322:Nassrollah Mirza
2275:Preceded by
2265:
2258:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2190:
2183:Yarshater, Ehsan
2173:
2172:
2166:
2144:
2117:
2110:Yarshater, Ehsan
2100:
2078:
2069:
2052:
2031:
2014:Yarshater, Ehsan
2004:
1973:
1954:
1918:
1911:Yarshater, Ehsan
1901:
1868:
1849:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1790:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1543:
1537:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1482:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1234:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1118:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
996:
990:
984:
978:
965:
959:
953:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
864:
861:
855:
846:'Victory of
840:
838:
828:
826:
817:
811:
808:Michael Axworthy
804:
798:
796:
795: 1567–1629
794:
777:
758:
757: 1748–1749
756:
739:
738: 1747–1748
737:
656:Sa'dabad Complex
629:Battle of Karnal
626:
624:
472:
471: 1711–1747
470:
464:Abu al-Fayz Khan
371:
370: 1732–1736
369:
318:. Reza's uncle,
273:
272: 1729–1732
271:
250:
249: 1722–1725
248:
228:
227: 1736–1747
226:
136:
33:
21:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2315:Regent of Iran
2306:
2291:
2280:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2214:
2193:
2176:
2167:
2147:
2133:
2120:
2103:
2085:Rowson, Everett
2072:
2055:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2007:
1993:
1976:
1970:
1957:
1931:Iranian Studies
1921:
1904:
1878:Iranian Studies
1871:
1865:
1852:
1846:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1812:
1811:978-052120095-0
1793:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1714:, p. 246;
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:, p. 223;
1544:
1540:
1532:, p. 223;
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1485:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1430:
1422:, p. 220;
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1121:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
999:
991:
987:
979:
968:
960:
956:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
877:
873:
868:
867:
862:
858:
818:
814:
805:
801:
791:
784:Abbas the Great
778:
774:
769:
753:
746:
734:
707:
675:Indian elephant
641:
621:
568:Muscovy Company
504:
467:
441:robes of honour
402:Qaysar District
366:
359:
268:
253:Safavid dynasty
245:
223:
192:
187:
99:House of Afshar
61:
45:
36:
24:Reza Qoli Mirza
17:
12:
11:
5:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2296:Regnal titles
2293:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2191:
2174:
2145:
2131:
2118:
2101:
2081:Krämer, Gudrun
2070:
2053:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2005:
1991:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1919:
1902:
1869:
1863:
1850:
1845:978-1850437062
1844:
1838:. I.B.Tauris.
1828:
1810:
1791:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1757:, p. 286.
1747:
1735:
1733:, p. 246.
1720:
1704:
1702:, p. 321.
1692:
1680:
1665:
1663:, p. 247.
1653:
1651:, p. 243.
1641:
1629:
1627:, p. 239.
1617:
1605:
1593:
1591:, p. 230.
1581:
1566:
1564:, p. 224.
1554:
1538:
1522:
1510:
1508:, p. 203.
1498:
1496:, p. 222.
1483:
1467:
1465:, p. 221.
1455:
1453:, p. 225.
1443:
1441:, p. 284.
1428:
1412:
1410:, p. 282.
1400:
1388:
1386:, p. 220.
1369:
1367:, p. 282.
1357:
1355:, p. 281.
1345:
1343:, p. 219.
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1290:, p. 645.
1280:
1278:, p. 174.
1268:
1252:
1250:, p. 193.
1235:
1219:
1217:, p. 192.
1204:
1188:
1176:
1174:, p. 191.
1164:
1152:
1136:
1119:
1103:
1101:, p. 167.
1091:
1079:
1063:
1061:, p. 123.
1051:
1039:
1037:, p. 113.
1024:
1022:, p. 111.
1012:
997:
995:, p. 101.
985:
966:
964:, p. 324.
954:
938:
926:
914:
902:
874:
872:
869:
866:
865:
856:
812:
799:
788:Safavid Empire
786:, the Shah of
771:
770:
768:
765:
750:Ebrahim Afshar
745:
742:
706:
703:
640:
637:
625: 680–683
582:, governor of
503:
502:Regent of Iran
500:
358:
355:
191:
188:
186:
183:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
58:
54:
53:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2377:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2323:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:15 April 1719
2256:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2242:
2241:Qereḵlū tribe
2233:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2132:9789004103993
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2068:(217): 34–43.
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2048:9781139054980
2044:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:9781883819033
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1969:9781933823324
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:Floor, Willem
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:"Ilbārs Khan"
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1864:9780190250324
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1755:Axworthy 2006
1751:
1748:
1745:, p. 50.
1744:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:Axworthy 2006
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:Axworthy 2006
1708:
1705:
1701:
1700:Axworthy 2006
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1678:, p. 43.
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:Axworthy 2006
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:Axworthy 2006
1645:
1642:
1639:, p. 41.
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:Axworthy 2006
1621:
1618:
1615:, p. 45.
1614:
1609:
1606:
1603:, p. 43.
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:Axworthy 2006
1585:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:Axworthy 2006
1558:
1555:
1552:, p. 287
1551:
1547:
1546:Axworthy 2006
1542:
1539:
1536:, p. 287
1535:
1531:
1530:Axworthy 2006
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:Axworthy 2006
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:Axworthy 2006
1490:
1488:
1484:
1481:, p. 287
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:Axworthy 2006
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:Axworthy 2018
1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1426:, p. 284
1425:
1421:
1420:Axworthy 2006
1416:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1384:Axworthy 2006
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:Axworthy 2006
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:, p. 87.
1325:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1302:, p. 87.
1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:Axworthy 2007
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:Lockhart 1938
1272:
1269:
1266:, p. 193
1265:
1264:Axworthy 2006
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:Axworthy 2006
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:, p. 192
1232:
1231:Axworthy 2006
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:Axworthy 2006
1211:
1209:
1205:
1202:, p. 192
1201:
1200:Axworthy 2006
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:Axworthy 2006
1168:
1165:
1162:, p. 68.
1161:
1156:
1153:
1150:, p. 191
1149:
1148:Axworthy 2006
1145:
1140:
1137:
1134:, p. 64.
1133:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:, p. 191
1116:
1115:Axworthy 2006
1112:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1099:Axworthy 2006
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:Axworthy 2006
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:Axworthy 2006
1055:
1052:
1049:, p. 30.
1048:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:Axworthy 2006
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:Axworthy 2006
1016:
1013:
1010:, p. 29.
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
993:Axworthy 2006
989:
986:
982:
977:
975:
973:
971:
967:
963:
958:
955:
952:, p. 167
951:
950:Axworthy 2006
947:
942:
939:
936:, p. 34.
935:
934:Axworthy 2006
930:
927:
923:
922:Axworthy 2006
918:
915:
911:
906:
903:
899:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
876:
870:
860:
857:
853:
849:
843:
837:
831:
822:
816:
813:
809:
803:
800:
789:
785:
781:
776:
773:
766:
764:
760:
751:
743:
741:
732:
729:
728:named himself
724:
716:
711:
704:
702:
700:
695:
691:
686:
682:
680:
679:Morteza Mirza
676:
667:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
636:
632:
630:
619:
615:
611:
605:
601:
599:
598:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
563:
561:
557:
556:
550:
548:
547:Ali Qoli Khan
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
513:
508:
501:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
433:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
383:
379:
375:
364:
356:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
297:
296:
292:, folio from
291:
287:
283:
281:
277:
266:
262:
258:
254:
243:
238:
236:
232:
221:
218:, the future
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
184:
182:
178:
176:
172:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:Afsharid Iran
140:
132:
128:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
87:Shahrokh Shah
85:
83:
79:
76:Fatemeh Begum
75:
71:
68:
64:
59:
55:
52:
48:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2283:
2278:Ebrahim Khan
2264:20 June 1747
2261:
2254:
2249:Afshar tribe
2247:
2239:
2199:
2186:
2179:"Nāder Shah"
2153:
2122:
2113:
2106:"ʿAbbās III"
2088:
2065:
2061:
2037:
2017:
1982:
1978:
1959:
1934:
1930:
1914:
1881:
1877:
1854:
1835:
1820:. Retrieved
1796:
1778:
1773:
1764:Bibliography
1750:
1738:
1718:, p. 41
1716:Shabani 1977
1707:
1695:
1683:
1676:Shabani 1977
1656:
1644:
1637:Shabani 1977
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1569:
1557:
1550:Inqiṭāʻ 2005
1541:
1534:Inqiṭāʻ 2005
1525:
1520:, p. 9.
1513:
1501:
1479:Inqiṭāʻ 2005
1470:
1458:
1446:
1439:Inqiṭāʻ 2005
1424:Inqiṭāʻ 2005
1415:
1408:Inqiṭāʻ 2005
1403:
1391:
1360:
1348:
1319:
1314:, p. 5.
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1255:
1222:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1139:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1077:, p. 34
1066:
1054:
1042:
1015:
988:
957:
941:
929:
917:
905:
859:
815:
802:
775:
761:
747:
720:
687:
683:
671:
663:
647:
633:
606:
602:
595:
588:
564:
553:
551:
540:
521:
511:
445:
429:
387:
374:Mughan Plain
360:
328:
320:Ebrahim Khan
305:
293:
289:
257:power vacuum
242:Mahmud Hotak
239:
220:Shah of Iran
200:Turkmenistan
193:
179:
167:
126:
125:
18:
2350:1747 deaths
2345:1719 births
1578:Zamani 2017
1574:Tucker 2006
1475:Zamani 2017
1396:Savory 1982
1260:Bregel 2004
1227:Zamani 2017
1196:Zamani 2017
1184:Bregel 2004
1144:Zamani 2017
1111:Zamani 2017
1071:Tucker 2006
981:Tucker 2006
962:Roemer 2008
946:Zamani 2017
910:Stöber 2010
898:Zamani 2017
524:Arab horses
516:North India
479:Transoxiana
398:Afghanistan
335:conjunction
280:Razia Begum
255:. Amid the
235:Ali al-Rida
231:Shi'ia Imam
119:Shia Muslim
2334:Categories
2210:1049714918
1822:19 October
1743:Avery 2008
1688:Perry 1983
1613:Avery 2008
1601:Avery 2008
1518:Avery 2008
1324:Floor 2009
1312:Floor 2023
1075:Avery 2008
1047:Avery 2008
1008:Avery 2008
871:References
836:Naṣr-Allāh
699:Mazandaran
572:John Elton
570:, Captain
555:jazayerchi
514:, made in
488:Badakhshan
460:Uzbekistan
443:and gold.
419:Sheberghan
331:Chaharbagh
265:Tahmasp II
190:Early life
159:Tahmasp II
141:, King of
139:Nader Shah
109:Nader Shah
2163:580906461
2141:911650940
2097:1873-9830
2001:743079827
1951:263026502
1898:159949082
830:romanized
731:Adel Shah
715:Adel Shah
560:musketeer
492:Jalalabad
448:Amu Darya
363:Abbas III
347:Shah Rukh
240:In 1722,
175:Adel Shah
163:Abbas III
2151:(1938).
2087:(eds.).
2076:"Afshār"
1925:(2023).
1834:(2006).
1816:Archived
1160:Lee 1996
1132:Lee 1996
852:Qandahar
690:Dagestan
543:Turkoman
536:Sabzevar
345:, after
343:Shahrokh
312:Anatolia
212:Khorasan
147:Khorasan
115:Religion
2185:(ed.).
2112:(ed.).
2016:(ed.).
1913:(ed.).
1787:4069955
844:
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821:Persian
780:Afshars
694:Lezgins
618:Yazid I
406:Maymana
390:Andkhoy
349:son of
302:, 1757.
261:Mashhad
208:Afshars
196:Abiward
151:Bukhara
131:Persian
94:Dynasty
47:Abiward
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528:Regent
484:Kunduz
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431:ataliq
339:Nowruz
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105:Father
73:Spouse
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2108:. In
2062:Vahid
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848:Allah
767:Notes
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650:, by
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576:Dutch
532:India
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423:Aqcha
414:Salur
410:Qarai
394:Balkh
382:harem
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324:Herat
171:Kalat
82:Issue
63:Kalat
2224:link
2206:OCLC
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