Rhesus macaque - Knowledge (XXG)

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expansion of monocultures, increased forest fragmentation, degradation of natural habitats and changing agricultural practices have led to a significant increase in the frequency of human-macaque conflict. Crop raiding is one of the biggest visible effects of human-rhesus conflict occurring where rhesus macaques feed on growing crops that directly affected harvest size, and crop health. The estimated financial cost to individual farmer households of macaque corn and rice raiding is approximately US$ 14.9 or 4.2% of their yearly income. This has resulted in farmers and other members of the population viewing macaques inhabiting agricultural landscapes as serious crop pests. Nepal is a significant study area with almost 44% of Nepal's land area containing suitable habitat for rhesus macaques but only having 8% of such suitable area being protected national parks. As well the rating of rhesus macaques as the top ten crop-raiding wildlife species in Nepal adds to such negative perception. Studying crop raiding behaviour is essential to developing effective strategies to manage human-macaque conflict while promoting both primate conservation and the economic well-being of the local community. A 2021 study stated that human-macaque conflict is one of the most critical challenges faced by wildlife managers in the South- and Southeast-Asian regions. Suggestions to mitigate conflict include "prioritizing forest restoration programs, strategic management plans designed to connect isolated forest fragments with high rhesus macaque population densities, creating government programs that compensate farmers for income lost due to crop-raiding, and educational outreach that informs local villagers of the importance of conservation and protecting biodiversity". Mitigation strategies offers the most effective solutions to reduce conflict occurring between rhesus macaques and humans in Nepal.

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agriculturalists and wildlife conservationists. In India, crop raiding by rhesus macaques has been identified as the main cause of conflict. In urban areas, rhesus macaques damage property and injure people in house raids in order to access food and provisions, whereas in agricultural areas, they cause financial losses to farmers due to crop depredation. The estimated extent of crop damages in Himachal Pradesh ranges from 10–100% to 40–80% of all crop losses. The financial implications of such damage is estimated at approximately USD$ 200,000 in agriculture and USD$ 150,000 in horticulture. Quantification of crop and financial loses is challenging with a potential misrepresentation due to farmer perspectives where perception of perceived losses are potentially higher, than actual losses. This has led to harsh actions against rhesus macaque communities. Another factor in rhesus perception includes economic status, farmer economic stability, cultural attitudes towards the given species and the frequency and intensity of wildlife conflicts. All of the above have resulted in changed in conservation and management with legal rhesus macaque culling issued in 2010.

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practices. The changing perceptions of nature and human-nature relationships is influenced by larger political-economic decisions. When looking at conflict between humans and rhesus macaques there lacks an integrative approach that draws upon multiple fields to provide a more holistic understanding of the emergence and evolution of this conflict. Conflicts can be as a result of rapidly changing agricultural practices, increasing infrastructure to support urbanisation, and emerging economic activities (e.g., tourism, food processing etc.) requiring more clearing of land including forests, and rising numbers of rhesus macaques. The issue is multi-dimensional and has a direct connection to overall economic policy; more specifically the relationship among agricultural, forest and land use policies. Deeply understanding factors relating to conflict is all the more critical in an uncertain and unpredictable future of climate change that is likely to increase the vulnerability of fragile mountain ecosystems and marginal communities.

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and other routines. The females of this subgroup are also the most dominant of the entire group. The farther to the periphery a subgroup is, the less dominant it is. Subgroups on the periphery of the central group are run by one dominant male, of a rank lower than the central males, and he maintains order in the group, and communicates messages between the central and peripheral males. A subgroup of subordinate, often subadult, males occupy the very edge of the groups, and have the responsibility of communicating with other macaque groups and making alarm calls. Rhesus social behaviour has been described as despotic, in that high-ranking individuals often show little tolerance, and frequently become aggressive towards non-kin. Top-ranking female rhesus monkeys are known to sexually coerce unreceptive males and also physically injure them, biting off digits and damaging their genitals.

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expression to its superior. A less-dominant individual also makes a "fear grimace", accompanied by a scream, to appease or redirect aggression. Another submissive behavior is the "present rump", where an individual raises its tail and exposes its genitals to the dominant one. A dominant individual threatens another individual by standing quadrupedally and making a silent "open mouth stare" accompanied by the tail sticking straight. During movements, macaques make coos and grunts. These are also made during affiliative interactions, and approaches before grooming. When they find rare food of high quality, macaques emit warbles, harmonic arches, or chirps. When in threatening situations, macaques emit a single loud, high-pitched sound called a shrill bark. Screeches, screams, squeaks, pant-threats, growls, and barks are used during aggressive interactions. Infants "

1944:, including urban environments. It has the largest natural range of any non-human primate. The Thai population is locally threatened. In addition to habitat destruction and agricultural encroachment, pet releases of the different species into existing troops are diluting the gene pool and putting its genetic integrity at risk. Despite the wealth of information on its ecology and behaviour, little attention has been paid to its demography or population status, which can pose a risk for future Rhesus macaque populations. The extension of its distributional limits by approximately 3,500 km (1,400 sq mi) in southeast India caused population stress on other species. This range extension has been caused by human intervention tactics whereby village translocation occurs from urban conflict ridden areas. 1051:, and some neighbouring areas. They have the widest geographic ranges of any non-human primate, occupying a great diversity of altitudes throughout Central, South, and Southeast Asia. Inhabiting arid, open areas, rhesus macaques may be found in grasslands, woodlands, and in mountainous regions up to 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in elevation. They are strong swimmers, and can swim across rivers. Rhesus macaques are noted for their tendency to move from rural to urban areas, coming to rely on handouts or refuse from humans. They adapt well to human presence, and form larger troops in human-dominated landscapes than in forests. Rhesus monkeys live in patches of forest within agricultural areas, which gives them access to agroecosystem habitats and makes them at ease in navigating through them. 59: 438: 1326:. When food is abundant, they are distributed in patches, and forage throughout the day in their home ranges. They drink water when foraging, and gather around streams and rivers. Rhesus macaques have specialized pouch-like cheeks, allowing them to temporarily hoard their food. It has specialised cheek pouches where it can temporarily store food and also eats invertebrates, including adult and larval insects, spiders, lice, honeycombs, crabs and bird eggs. With an increase in anthropogenic land changes, the rhesus macaque has evolved alongside intense and rapid environmental disturbance associated with human agriculture and urbanization resulting in proportions of their diet to be altered. 42: 1366:

tend to outrank their older sisters. This is likely because young females are more fit and fertile. Mothers seem to prevent the older daughters from forming coalitions against her. The youngest daughter is the most dependent on the mother, and would have nothing to gain from helping her siblings in overthrowing their mother. Since each daughter had a high rank in her early years, rebelling against her mother is discouraged. Juvenile male macaques also exist in matrilineal lines, but once they reach four to five years of age, they are driven out of their natal groups by the dominant male. Thus, adult males gain dominance by age and experience.

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cholesterol pathways are conserved in all three species (and other primate species). In all three species, immune response genes are under positive selection, and genes of T cell-mediated immunity, signal transduction, cell adhesion, and membrane proteins generally. Genes for keratin, which produce hair shafts, were rapidly evolving in all three species, possibly because of climate change or mate selection. The X chromosome has three times more rearrangements than other chromosomes. The macaque gained 1,358 genes by duplication. Triangulation of human, chimpanzee, and macaque sequences showed expansion of gene families in each species.

1418:. Females prefer to mate with males that are not familiar to them. Outsider males who are not members of the female's own troop are preferred over higher-ranking males. Outside of the consortship period, males and females return the prior behavior of not exhibiting preferential treatment or any special relationship. The breeding period can last up to eleven days, and a female usually mates with numerous males during that time. Male rhesus macaques have been observed to fight for access to sexually receptive females and they suffer more wounds during the mating season. Female macaques first breed when they are four years old and reach 1058:, respectively, currently run parallel to each other in the western part of India, are separated by a large gap in the center, and converge on the eastern coast of the peninsula to form a distribution overlap zone. This overlap region is characterized by the presence of mixed-species troops, with pure troops of both species sometimes occurring even in close proximity to one another. The range extension of rhesus macaque – a natural process in some areas, and a direct consequence of introduction by humans in other regions – poses grave implications for the endemic and declining populations of bonnet macaques in southern India. 1403: 1159:, who had portrayed Tarzan in the aforementioned films. This association might have contributed to the misconception the monkeys were associated directly with the Tarzan films. This colony either escaped or was intentionally released, roaming the woods of the area for a decade. In the 1980s a trapper captured several monkeys from the Titusville population and released them in the Silver Springs area to join that population.The last printed records of monkeys in the Titusville area occurred in early 1990s, but sightings continue to this day. 1542:

other rhesus macaques populations may take their place. As well translocation can be inappropriate when there is a lack of suitable habitat to move animals because of anthropogenic habitat modification. Before translocation occurs there must be a cost benefit appraisal of relative costs should be done to quantify the resources it will take. An in depth understanding of issues prior to translocation is vital for positive effects to occur. Recognizing landscape health and productivity is the first step before making management decisions.

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visitors to specific viewing platforms, with the goal to minimize physical proximity. An important aspect is enforcing no feed regulations that only allow provisioning to be performed by trained staff at scheduled times. Regulating visitor behaviours that provoke aggressive responses from macaques, including noise regulation greatly benefits conflict reduction. Replacing food conditioned behaviours established by human visitors and further human education will greatly aid in returning co-existence between rhesus macaques and humans.

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method is non-lethal and can alter behavioural patterns of crop raiding monkeys. Another strategy that farmers can employ is to plant alternative, buffer crops which are unattractive to monkeys in high-conflict zones, such as along the edges of macaque habitats. In urban settings, planting food trees within city periphery and country parks aim to discourage macaques from entering nearby residential areas for food.

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believing that macaques cause heavy crop depredations which, in turn, have led to negative perceptions and actions against the species. Whereas visibility in urban areas can result in a positive relationship, areas include around temples, and tourist areas where their dietary needs are largely met by food provisioning.

464:. There are between six and nine recognised subspecies that are split between two groups, the Chinese-derived and the Indian-derived. Generally brown or grey in colour, it is 47–53 cm (19–21 in) in length with a 20.7–22.9 cm (8.1–9.0 in) tail and weighs 5.3–7.7 kg (12–17 lb). It is native to 1137:

macaques being proficient swimmers, meaning his original plan to keep the monkeys isolated to an island inside the river didn't work. The macaques nevertheless remained in the region thanks to daily feedings by Tooey and the boat tours. Tooey subsequently released additional monkeys to add to the gene pool and avoid

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The chimpanzee and human genome diverged 6 million years ago. They have 98% identity and many conserved regulatory regions. Comparing the macaque and human genomes, further identified evolutionary pressure and gene function. Like the chimpanzee, changes were on the level of gene rearrangements rather

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The rhesus macaque is well known to science. Due to its relatively easy upkeep in captivity, wide availability, and closeness to humans anatomically and physiologically, it has been used extensively in medical and biological research on human and animal health-related topics. It has given its name to

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Another tool of population management is found in sterilisation and/or contraceptive programmes that represent an alternative management practice. Fertility control looks to be a feasible management tool for reducing human–macaque conflict because it avoids the extermination of the animals and avoids

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One key factor of conflict that directly affects the human-macaque relationship is visibility. Visibility of rhesus macaques in agroecosystem dominated areas largely impacts conflict between humans and rhesus macaques. The conspicuous presence of rhesus macaques in and around farms results in farmers

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In the group, macaques position themselves based on rank. The "central male subgroup" contains the two or three oldest and most dominant males which are codominant, along with females, their infants, and juveniles. This subgroup occupies the center of the group and determines the movements, foraging,

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After the human and chimpanzee genomes were sequenced and compared, it was usually impossible to tell whether differences were the result of the human or chimpanzee gene changing from the common ancestor. After the rhesus macaque genome was sequenced, three genes could be compared. If two genes were

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A method of population management is translocation. Translocation of problem macaques in urban rhesus communities in India has been employed as a non-lethal solution to human–macaque conflicts. Translocation can be seen as a short term fix due to the fact that they have the potential to return, and

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Mothers with one or more immature daughters in addition to their infants are in contact with their infants less than those with no older immature daughters, because the mothers may pass the parenting responsibilities to their daughters. High-ranking mothers with older immature daughters also reject

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Rhesus macaques interact using a variety of facial expressions, vocalizations, body postures, and gestures. Perhaps the most common facial expression the macaque makes is the "silent bared teeth" face. This is made between individuals of different social ranks, with the lower-ranking one giving the

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hierarchies in which a female's rank is dependent on the rank of her mother. In addition, a single group may have multiple matrilineal lines existing in a hierarchy, and a female outranks any unrelated females that rank lower than her mother. Rhesus macaques are unusual in that the youngest females

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of University of Washington, Seattle, infected macaques with 1918 and modern influenzas. The DNA microarray showed the macaque genomic response to human influenza on a cellular level in each tissue. Both viruses stimulated innate immune system inflammation, but the 1918 flu stimulated stronger and

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In humans, the preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) gene family is expanded. It is actively expressed in cancers, but normally is testis-specific, possibly involved in spermatogenesis. The PRAME family has 26 members on human chromosome 1. In the macaque, it has eight, and has been

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Human-wildlife conflict is also occurring in China, specifically in the area of Longyang District, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province. The peak period of conflict occurs from August-October when wildlife overlaps with humans severely due to the high natural productivity stemming from the warm and humid

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Better establishing tourism and urban behaviour in areas that have population of rhesus macaques as means to facilitate better relationship. In areas of tourism human behaviour is necessary to prevent conflict. One method of this is to introduce public education programs as well as restrict

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Managing conflict between humans and rhesus macaques is a difficult challenge. As mentioned previously, there are many factors that go into why conflict occurs. This nuanced relationship requires thoughtfulness in management practices. Behaviour and population management are the two main areas of

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When looking at and altering behaviour, crop raiding is potentially the most significant behaviour change that is crucial in reducing conflict rates. One example is the implementation of guards in agricultural settings to chase off intruding monkeys using dogs, slingshots, and firecrackers. This

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Conflict between rhesus macaques and humans is at all time high, with areas once forested habitat being converted to industrial agriculture. Specifically looking at Nepal, this process has increased urban infrastructure such as housing and roads that increasingly fragment forest ecosystems. The

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India is another country that is seeing the rise of human-macaque conflict. Macaque-human conflict particularly occurs in the twin hill-states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh with such conflict being a source of contentious debate in political scenarios, resentment and polarization amongst

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by a tour boat operator known locally as "Colonel Tooey" to enhance his "Jungle Cruise". Tooey had been hoping to profit from the boom in jungle adventure stories in film and print media, buying the monkeys to be attractions at his river boat tour. Tooey apparently hadn't been aware of rhesus

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The rhesus macaque is brown or grey in color and has a pink face, which is bereft of fur. It has, on average, 50 vertebrae and a wide rib cage. Its tail averages between 20.7 and 22.9 cm (8.1 and 9.0 in). Adult males measure about 53 cm (21 in) on average and weigh about

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The rhesus macaque communicates with a variety of facial expressions, vocalisations, body postures, and gestures. Facial expressions are used to appease or redirect aggression, assert dominance, and threaten other individuals. Vocalisations may be made to elicit grooming, while moving, or in

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in humans. So, humans must have been under evolutionary pressure to adopt a different mechanism. Some gene families are conserved or under evolutionary pressure and expansion in all three primate species, while some are under expansion uniquely in human, chimpanzee, or macaque. For example,

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The macaque–human relationships is complex and culturally specific, ranging from relatively peaceful coexistence to extreme levels of conflict. The relationship between rhesus macaques and humans is in constant change, with conflict being shaped by historic changes in social and cultural

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Despite the risks, the macaques have continued to enjoy long-standing support from residents in Florida, strongly disagreeing with their removal. The Silver Springs colony has continued to grow in size and range, being commonly sighted in both the park grounds, the nearby city of

1743: 1182:, the Rhesus macaques have endured the longest and are the only ones to show continual population growth. The species' adaptable nature, generalized diet, and larger size as to reduce the chance of cold stress or predator attack are thought to be reasons for their success. 1341:, an important type of self-awareness. In 2014, onlookers at a train station in Kanpur, India, documented a rhesus monkey, knocked unconscious by overhead power lines, that was revived by another rhesus that systematically administered a series of resuscitative actions. 534:

Due to rhesus macaque's relatively easy upkeep, wide availability, and closeness to humans anatomically and physiologically, it has been used extensively in medical and biological research. It has facilitated many scientific breakthroughs including vaccines for

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costs and problems associated with translocation. Although there is potential for sterilization and general fertility control to be positive, there is limited research and understanding of the long-term effects of sterilization programs and its effectiveness.

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than single mutations. Frequent insertions, deletions, changes in the order and number of genes, and segmental duplications near gaps, centromeres and telomeres occurred. So, macaque, chimpanzee, and human chromosomes are mosaics of each other.

1855:, and humans revealed the structure of ancestral primate genomes, positive selection pressure and lineage-specific expansions, and contractions of gene families. "The goal is to reconstruct the history of every gene in the human genome," said 1859:, University of Washington, Seattle. DNA from different branches of the primate tree will allow us "to trace back the evolutionary changes that occurred at various time points, leading from the common ancestors of the primate clade to 2580: 5048:

Brown, J. N.; Palermo, R. E. B.; Gritsenko, C. R.; Sabourin, M.; Long, P. J.; Sabourin, J. P.; Bielefeldt-Ohmann, C. L.; García-Sastre, H.; Albrecht, A.; Tumpey, R.; Jacobs, T. M.; Smith, J. M.; Katze, R. D.; Michael, G. (2010).

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Some normal gene sequences in healthy macaques and chimpanzees cause profound disease in humans. For example, the normal sequence of phenylalanine hydroxylase in macaques and chimpanzees is the mutated sequence responsible for

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season, it gets much of its water from ripe and succulent fruit. Rhesus macaques living far from water sources lick dewdrops from leaves and drink rainwater accumulated in tree hollows. They have also been observed eating

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diet. So are genes for the olfactory receptor, cytochrome P450 (which degrades toxins), and CCL3L1-CCL4 (associated in humans with HIV susceptibility). Immune genes are expanded in macaques, relative to all four

1724:. No predators are on the island, and humans are not permitted to land except as part of the research programmes. The colony is provisioned to some extent, but about half of its food comes from natural foraging. 2808: 1917:

more persistent inflammation, causing extensive tissue damage, and it did not stimulate the interferon-1 pathway. The DNA response showed a transition from innate to adaptive immune response over seven days.

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species. The macaque genome has 33 major histocompatibility genes, three times those of human. This has clinical significance because the macaque is used as an experimental model of the human immune system.

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Though most studies of the rhesus macaque are from various locations in northern India, some knowledge of the natural behavior of the species comes from studies carried out on a colony established by the

1170:. A 2020 estimate put the number at 550–600 rhesus macaques living in the state; officials have caught more than 1,000 of the monkeys in the past decade. Most of the captured monkeys tested positive for 1510:

climate. Factors associated with accessibility and availability of food and shelter appear to be the key drivers of human-macaque conflict, with an overall increase between the years of 2012 and 2021.

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Cilloniz, C.; Shinya, K. P.; Korth, X.; Proll, M. J.; Aicher, S. C.; Carter, L. D.; Chang, V. S.; Kobasa, J. H.; Feldmann, D.; Strong, F.; Feldmann, J. E.; Kawaoka, H.; Katze, Y.; Michael, G. (2009).

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Kumar et al (2013) provides a summary of population distribution and habitat in India. It states that there were sightings of rhesus macaques in all surveyed habitats except semi-evergreen forests.

6910: 1151:, does not contain rhesus macaques. Whilst this was the first colony established and the longest lasting, other colonies have since been established intentionally or accidentally. A population in 693:

of rhesus macaques were described between 1867 and 1917. The molecular differences identified among populations, however, are alone not consistent enough to conclusively define any subspecies.

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Like other macaques, rhesus troops comprise a mixture of 20–200 males and females. Females may outnumber the males by a ratio of 4:1. Males and females both have separate hierarchies. Female

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Manson and Parry found that free-ranging rhesus macaques avoid inbreeding. Adult females were never observed to copulate with males of their own matrilineage during their fertile periods.

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very simple and stable for millions of years. The PRAME family arose in translocations in the common mouse-primate ancestor 85 million years ago, and is expanded on mouse chromosome 4.

1521:, India and kidnapped a baby. The baby was later found dead in a well. Though monkeys are known to attack people, enter homes and damage property, this reported behaviour was unusual. 1485:

giving mirrors to rhesus monkeys, they looked into the mirrors and groomed themselves, as well as flexed various muscle groups. This behaviour indicates that they recognised and were

1174:, which leads wildlife officials to consider the animals a public health hazard. Of the three monkey species to have had any lasting presence in Florida, the other two being African 5116:

Malaivijitnond, S.; Takenaka, O.; Kawamoto, Y.; Urasopon, N.; Hadi, I.; Hamada, Y. (2007). "Anthropogenic macaque hybridization and genetic pollution of a threatened population".

1233:. There are no predators on the island, and humans are not permitted to land, except as part of the research program. Another Puerto Rico research colony was released into the 4389:

Koirala, Sabina; Baral, Suraj; Garber, Paul A.; Basnet, Hari; Katuwal, Hem Bahadur; Gurung, Sabita; Rai, Devi; Gaire, Raju; Sharma, Bishal; Pun, Tejab; Li, Ming (2022-08-15).

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at around twenty-five years of age. Male macaques generally play no role in raising the young but do have peaceful relationships with the offspring of their consort pairs.

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Maestripieri, D. (1999). "Primate social organization, gestural repertoire size, and communication dynamics: a comparative study of macaques". In King, B. J. (ed.).

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Gouzoules, H.; Gouzoules, S.; Tomaszycki, M. (1998). "Agonistic screams and the classification of dominance relationships: are rhesus monkeys fuzzy logicians?".

1337:, including the ability to make same-different judgments, understand simple rules, and monitor their own mental states. They have even been shown to demonstrate 6663: 1773: 1429:

their infants significantly more than those without older daughters and tend to begin mating earlier in the mating season than expected based on their dates of

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Rishi, K.; Anindya, S.; Sindhu, R. (2013). "Comparative demography of two commensal macaques in India: implications for population status and conservation".

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represent the first recognized occurrence of rhesus macaque fossils in the far north of China, and thus the population of rhesus macaques which lived around

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threatening situations. Rhesus macaques spend most of their days feeding and resting; the remainder is occupied with traveling, grooming, and playing.

1221:. They were imported in the 1970s for use in the local labs. Another research colony was established by the Caribbean Primate Research Center of the 6769: 6533: 2308:

Singh, M.; Sinha, A. (2004). "Life history traits: ecological adaptations or phylogenetic relics?". In Thierry, B.; Singh, M.; Kaumanns, W. (eds.).

1361:, common among social mammals, has been extensively studied in rhesus macaques. Females tend not to leave the social group, and have highly stable 6598: 3522:

Hill, D.; Okayasu, N. (1996). "Determinants of dominance among female macaques: nepotism, demography and danger". In Fa, J.; Lindburg, D. (eds.).

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Cooper, E. B.; Brent, L. J. N.; Snyder-Mackler, N.; Singh, M.; Sengupta, A.; Khatiwada, S.; Malaivijitnond, S.; Qi Hai, Z.; Higham, J. P. (2022).

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Rhesus macaques have also been introduced to other areas, such as the United States, and become feral. The most common area for release has been

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in 1966. As of 2022 they are continuing to do ecological harm, damage crops amounting to $ 300,000/year and cost $ 1,000,000/year to manage.

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Koirala, Sabina; Garber, Paul A.; Somasundaram, Deepakrishna; Katuwal, Hem Bahadur; Ren, Baoping; Huang, Chengming; Li, Ming (2021-11-01).

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Waal, F. (1993). "Codevelopment of dominance relations and affiliative bonds in rhesus monkeys". In Pereira, M.; Fairbanks, L. (eds.).

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7.7 kg (17 lb). Females are smaller, averaging 47 cm (19 in) in length and 5.3 kg (12 lb) in weight. The

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Brandon-Jones, D.; Eudey, A. A.; Geissmann, T.; Groves, C. P.; Melnick, D. J.; Morales, J. C.; Shekelle, M.; Stewart, C.-B. (2004).

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Patel, E. R.; Owren, M. J. (2004). "Acoustic and behavioral analyses of 'gecker' distress vocalizations in young rhesus macaques (

41: 6624: 6546: 2465: 1454: 2941: 6835: 4743: 4391:"Identifying the environmental and anthropogenic causes, distribution, and intensity of human rhesus macaque conflict in Nepal" 3454:

Judge, P. & Waal, F. (1997). "Rhesus monkey behaviour under diverse population densities: coping with long-term crowding".

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Lindburg, D. G. (1971). "The rhesus monkeys in north India: an ecological and behavioural study". In Rosenblum, L. A. (ed.).

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Partan, S. R. (2002). "Single and multichannel signal composition: facial expressions and vocalizations of rhesus macaques (

2071: 4780: 4514:"The Role of Landscape Structure in Primate Crop Feeding: Insights from Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Northern India" 4029:

Berman, C. (1992). "Immature siblings and mother-infant relationships among free-ranging rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago".

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Lindburg, D. G. (1971). "The rhesus monkey in north India: an ecological and behavioral study". In Rosenblum, L. A. (ed.).

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Perticone, P.; Rizzoni, M.; Palitti, F.; Di Chiara, P. (1974). "Banding patterns of the chromosomes of the rhesus monkey (

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who named the species, stated: "it has no meaning". The rhesus macaque is also known colloquially as the "rhesus monkey".

515:. It consumes around 99 different plant species. Rhesus macaques living in cities also eat human food and trash. They are 3070:

Makwana, S. (1979). "Field ecology and behavior of the rhesus macaque. Food, feeding and drinking in Dehra Dun forests".

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Teas, J.; Richie, T.; Taylor, H.; Southwick, C. (1980). "Population patterns and behavioral ecology of rhesus monkeys (

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Hauser, M. D. (1998). "Functional referents and acoustic similarity field playback experiments with rhesus monkeys".

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during the 1950s and 1960s, and the Soviet/Russian space program launched them into space as recently as 1997 on the

1586:. The rhesus macaque was also used in the well-known experiments on maternal deprivation carried out in the 1950s by 4327:"Factors affecting the crop raiding behavior of wild rhesus macaques in Nepal: Implications for wildlife management" 2866: 2025: 6845: 6408: 4999:"Lethal influenza virus infection in macaques is associated with early dysregulation of inflammatory related genes" 4703: 4112:"Increased DNA damage and repair deficiency in granulosa cells are associated with ovarian aging in rhesus monkey" 6905: 6900: 6895: 6875: 6860: 6850: 6668: 5741: 5714: 1713: 1644: 1222: 1218: 1155:

was featured at the now defunct Tropical Wonderland theme park, which coincidentally was at one time endorsed by

556: 548: 523:, whereby a female's rank is determined by the rank of her mother. There has been extensive research into female 5182:"Comparative Demography of Two Commensal Macaques in India: Implications for Population Status and Conservation" 5051:"Macaque proteome response to highly pathogenic avian influenza and 1918 reassortant influenza virus infections" 2638:"Comparative Demography of Two Commensal Macaques in India: Implications for Population Status and Conservation" 1530:

management that humans will look into to try and minimize conflict, protect wildlife, and promote co-existence.

6865: 6820: 5786: 1554: 114: 3978: 3645: 1517:

Towards the end of March 2018, it was reported that a monkey had entered a house in the village of Talabasta,

1349: 6787: 6328: 6002: 5445: 5436: 2447:"Intertroop agonistic behavior of a feral rhesus macaque troop in ranging in town and forest areas in India" 1199: 310: 2894: 1731:. This virus does not typically harm the monkey, but is very dangerous to humans in the rare event that it 6815: 6424: 6142: 5528: 1590: 1330: 1195: 595: 370: 321: 299: 5646: 1437:

from outside groups. Some mothers abuse their infants, which is believed to be the result of controlling

6715: 6486: 6282: 6133: 6101: 6038: 5795: 5587: 5510: 5227:

Radhakrishna, Sindhu; Sinha, A. (2011). "Less than wild? Commensal primates and wildlife conservation".

1191: 679: 422: 229: 5849: 5777: 5768: 5750: 2371: 1145:

movies that were filmed at that location is false, as the only Tarzan movie filmed in the area, 1939's

4390: 4326: 2731: 6507: 6355: 6020: 5939: 4961: 4912: 4873: 4402: 4338: 4176: 3867: 2839: 2696: 2545: 1624: 1202:. One infamous individual, titled the "Mystery Monkey of Tampa Bay", evaded capture for years in the 882: 812: 400: 4948:

Rhesus macaque genome sequencing analysis consortium; Gibbs, R. A.; Rogers, J.; et al. (2007).

2166: 1623:

understanding of the female reproductive cycle and development of the embryo and the propagation of

1209:

Feral colonies have also resulted from research activities. There is a colony of rhesus macaques on

6462: 6337: 6011: 5912: 5804: 5759: 5519: 5334: 3671: 2871: 1999: 1334: 1152: 1147: 782: 752: 79: 6655: 4678:

Mitruka, B. M. (1976). "Introduction". In Mitruka, B. M.; Rawnsley, H. M.; Vadehra, D. V. (eds.).

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Southwick, C.; Beg, M.; Siddiqi, R. (1965). "Rhesus monkeys in North India". In DeVore, I. (ed.).

972: 767:. Some consider it as the most endangered subspecies. Others consider it possibly synonymous with 630:

According to Zimmermann's first description of 1780, the rhesus macaque is distributed in eastern

5252: 5209: 4637: 4541: 4494: 4434: 4298: 4089: 4046: 3910: 3808: 3627: 3572: 3479: 2759: 2730:

Han, Kum Sik; So, Kwang Sik; Choe, Rye Sun; Kang, Jun Chol; Kang, Il; Ri, Chol Ung (2022-10-08).

2712: 2665: 2608: 2511: 2250: 1652: 1433:

the preceding birth season. Infants farther from the center of the groups are more vulnerable to

1262: 1194:. Individuals likely originating from this colony have been seen hundreds of kilometers away, in 1156: 982: 643: 560: 269: 109: 6720: 5840: 5655: 5310: 4064:

Maestripieri, D. (1998). "Parenting styles of abusive mothers in group-living rhesus macaques".

6577: 5181: 6702: 6494: 6310: 6092: 5993: 5984: 5831: 5822: 5664: 5244: 5201: 5162: 5080: 5030: 4979: 4930: 4802: 4781:"Yerkes 'family' pulled together after death of young researcher from rare Herpes B infection" 4683: 4653: 4533: 4486: 4426: 4418: 4362: 4354: 4290: 4239: 4204: 4141: 4081: 4011: 3959: 3834: 3800: 3717: 3672:"First record of interspecies grooming between Raffles' banded langur and long-tailed macaque" 3619: 3564: 3527: 3502: 3471: 3434: 3392: 3343: 3294: 3245: 3191: 3173: 3128: 3094: 3019: 3009: 2986: 2958: 2784: 2778: 2751: 2684: 2657: 2565: 2561: 2503: 2406: 2313: 2053: 2043: 1852: 912: 667: 411: 389: 4467:"A god becomes a pest? Human-rhesus macaque interactions in Himachal Pradesh, northern India" 6707: 6216: 6116: 6047: 5813: 5477: 5372: 5236: 5193: 5152: 5070: 5062: 5020: 5010: 4969: 4920: 4881: 4818: 4645: 4525: 4478: 4410: 4346: 4282: 4231: 4194: 4184: 4165:) do recognize themselves in the mirror: implications for the evolution of self-recognition" 4131: 4123: 4073: 4038: 4001: 3993: 3949: 3941: 3902: 3875: 3792: 3765: 3683: 3611: 3556: 3463: 3382: 3374: 3333: 3325: 3284: 3276: 3235: 3225: 3181: 3165: 2820: 2743: 2704: 2649: 2600: 2553: 2495: 2461: 2398: 2350: 2288: 2242: 2037: 1994: 1663: 1583: 1579: 1438: 1167: 718: 587: 461: 359: 288: 196: 6616: 2977:

Taub DM, Mehlman PT (April 1989). "Development of the Morgan Island rhesus monkey colony".

6825: 6676: 6083: 5975: 5948: 5903: 5596: 5379: 2965: 1880: 1845: 1671: 1558: 1415: 1305:. It is estimated to consume around 99 different plant species in 46 families. During the 1179: 890: 2203: 4965: 4916: 4877: 4717: 4406: 4342: 4180: 3871: 3688: 3265:"Beyond stimulus cues and reinforcement signals: a new approach to animal metacognition" 2700: 2549: 2116: 6388: 6346: 6319: 6301: 6065: 5966: 5705: 5486: 5426: 5157: 5136: 5075: 5050: 5025: 4998: 4199: 4160: 4136: 4111: 3954: 3929: 3387: 3362: 3338: 3313: 3289: 3264: 3240: 3213: 3186: 3149: 3008:. SUNY series in primatology. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 306. 2402: 1821: 1728: 1685: 1636: 1486: 1462: 1374: 1187: 1171: 1122: 1055: 738: 473: 340: 5328: 3411: 1141:. The traditional story that the monkeys were released for scenery enhancement in the 6804: 6611: 6258: 6234: 6225: 6207: 6074: 6056: 5629: 5605: 4885: 4559: 4545: 4498: 4438: 4302: 4042: 3631: 3615: 3169: 2899: 2763: 2716: 2637: 2033: 1985: 1976: 1937: 1933: 1913: 1717: 1562: 1298: 1226: 1175: 1098: 1074: 1004: 886: 615: 571: 567: 508: 99: 94: 5317: 5256: 5213: 5098: 4747: 4050: 3576: 3483: 3329: 2914: 2669: 2612: 2515: 2254: 1840:

whose genome was sequenced. Humans and macaques apparently share about 93% of their

1836:

of the rhesus macaque was completed in 2007, making the species the second nonhuman

1596:. Other medical breakthroughs facilitated by the use of the rhesus macaque include: 6760: 6551: 6499: 6243: 6198: 5957: 5696: 5569: 5560: 5501: 4591: 4093: 3914: 3812: 3154:): evolutionary and functional contexts with comparisons to chimpanzees and humans" 2021: 1856: 1841: 1648: 1593: 1466: 1245: 790: 469: 256: 4414: 4350: 4223: 3945: 1128:

Around the spring of 1938, a colony of rhesus macaques was released in and around

5015: 4823: 4806: 4649: 4235: 4189: 3312:

Blanchard, T. C.; Wolfe, L. S.; Vlaev, I.; Winston, J. S.; Hayden, B. Y. (2014).

2747: 6733: 6650: 6629: 6559: 6456: 5732: 5723: 5543: 2557: 2335:"Morphometrical comparison between Indian- and Chinese-derived rhesus macaques ( 1798: 1780: 1721: 1482: 1434: 1430: 1410:

Adult male macaques try to maximize their reproductive success by entering into

1378: 1362: 1338: 1315: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1230: 1214: 1118: 1090: 1082: 1040: 1001: 631: 520: 488: 4638:"Managing Humans, Managing Macaques: Human–Macaque Conflict in Asia and Africa" 4529: 4466: 4286: 4224:"Managing Humans, Managing Macaques: Human–Macaque Conflict in Asia and Africa" 4159:

Rajala, A. Z.; Reininger, K. R.; Lancaster, K. M. & Populin, L. C. (2010).

1659:

suborbital flight on 14 June 1949, and died on impact when a parachute failed.

1565:, launched in 1960, carried Miss Sam to 9.3 mi (15.0 km) in altitude. 17: 6370: 5416: 5240: 4901:"Human-specific changes of genome structure detected by genomic triangulation" 4838: 4482: 4127: 3769: 2604: 2427: 1864: 1848:

roughly 25 million years ago. The rhesus macaque has 21 pairs of chromosomes.

1811: 1693: 1667: 1656: 1575: 1458: 1358: 1254: 1138: 1020: 690: 635: 622: 606: 524: 516: 484: 465: 176: 6447: 4537: 4513: 4490: 4422: 4358: 4294: 4270: 3177: 3037: 2755: 2434:(Report). Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, UF/IFAS Extension. 6520: 5876: 5614: 5135:

Kyes, P.; Thamsenanupap, P.; Tanee, T.; Intralawan, A.; Kyes, R. C. (2018).

4974: 4949: 4925: 4900: 4512:

Anand, Shaurabh; Vaidyanathan, Srinivas; Radhakrishna, Sindhu (2021-10-01).

3997: 3023: 2708: 2057: 1940:

and estimated to exist in large numbers; it is tolerant of a broad range of

1901: 1701: 1632: 1587: 1571: 1453:

of primate females. Ovarian aging was found to be associated with increased

1419: 1266: 1203: 1102: 898: 894: 844: 611: 527:, common in social animals, as females tend not to leave the social group. 126: 6590: 5248: 5205: 5166: 5084: 5034: 4983: 4934: 4430: 4366: 4208: 4145: 4077: 3963: 3796: 3623: 3560: 3467: 3396: 3378: 3347: 3298: 3249: 3195: 2809:"History and Status of Introduced Non-Human Primate Populations in Florida" 2661: 2533: 2507: 2293: 2272: 2138: 1920:

The full sequence and annotation of the macaque genome is available on the

1353:

Rhesus macaque adult females with baby, IIT Mandi, Himachal, India. Aug '20

4085: 4015: 3804: 3568: 3475: 2990: 2867:"People can't agree on what to do about Florida's herpes-infected monkeys" 2532:

Ji, Yunrui; Wei, Xuelei; Liu, Fang; Li, Diqiang; Li, Jiahua (2022-07-11).

2426:

Anderson, C. J.; Johnson, S. A.; Hostetler, M. E.; Summers, M. G. (2016).

2395:

The nonhuman primate in nonclinical drug development and safety assessment

1373:

Rhesus macaques have been observed engaging in interspecies grooming with

994: 991: 6754: 6681: 6473: 6441: 6379: 5460: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5066: 4006: 2824: 2636:

Kumar, Rishi; Sinha, Anindya; Radhakrishna, Sindhu (September 10, 2013).

2376:

The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Mammalia volume I

2333:

Hamada, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Chatani, K.; Hayakawa, S.; Iwamoto, M. (2005).

1892: 1732: 1618: 1612: 1605: 1258: 1094: 1070: 1036: 1024: 920: 820: 683: 655: 552: 540: 146: 3230: 2466:

10.1002/1098-2337(1986)12:6<433::AID-AB2480120606>3.0.CO;2-C

2042:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163. 721:, 1868), the west Chinese rhesus macaque, is distributed in the west of 6782: 6774: 6538: 6166: 6157: 5886: 5321: 4839:"DNA sequence of rhesus macaque has evolutionary, medical implications" 3906: 2807:

Anderson, C. Jane; Hostetler, Mark E.; Johnson, Steve A. (March 2017).

2246: 1953: 1941: 1921: 1837: 1681: 1678: 1311: 1306: 1133: 1114: 1086: 1078: 1044: 1032: 948: 936: 924: 916: 860: 856: 848: 840: 828: 764: 730: 722: 708: 671: 575: 559:

in 1948 but died during the flight. It was followed on 14 June 1949 by

477: 206: 166: 67: 5197: 3879: 2915:"The Silver Springs monkeys - International Primate Protection League" 2653: 2499: 2355: 2334: 1895:) metabolism, is expanded in macaques, possibly because of their high- 1206:

area, inspiring social media posts and a song to be written about it.

1162:

Various colonies of rhesus macaque are speculated to be the result of

6564: 6267: 6181: 5858: 5679: 5578: 5392: 4950:"Evolutionary and biomedical insights from the rhesus macaque genome" 4465:

Saraswat, Raghav; Sinha, Anindya; Radhakrishna, Sindhu (2015-03-21).

3893:

Bercovitch, F. (1997). "Reproductive strategies of rhesus macaques".

3716:. Santa Fe, NM, USA: School American Research Press. pp. 55–77. 3590:

Thierry, B. (1985). "Social development in three species of macaque (

3280: 2204:"Taxonomic revision and distribution of subspecies of rhesus monkey ( 2174:. Vol. 25. International Journal of Primatology. pp. 97–164 1833: 1788: 1601: 1518: 1470: 1449:

The rhesus monkey has been used as a model for studying aging of the

1391: 1323: 1302: 1142: 952: 852: 816: 760: 726: 704: 639: 536: 512: 186: 156: 136: 71: 6418: 3091:

Primate behaviour: developments in the field and laboratory research

6525: 4680:

Animals for medical research: models for the study of human disease

1054:

The southern and the northern distributional limits for rhesus and

519:, with troops comprising 20–200 individuals. The social groups are 6728: 1896: 1755: 1741: 1609: 1553: 1450: 1401: 1348: 1282: 1244: 1048: 1028: 1016: 971: 944: 940: 932: 836: 832: 824: 786: 756: 687: 651: 647: 621: 605: 591: 544: 492: 435: 50: 6694: 5295:

University of Michigan Museum of Zoology's Animal Diversity Web:

3038:"WEC367/UW412: History and Status of Introduced Rhesus Macaques ( 2233:) as revealed by mitochondrial DNA restriction enzyme analysis". 2039:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

1655:

became the first primate and first mammal in space during a U.S.

1333:

research, rhesus macaques have demonstrated a variety of complex

755:, 1870), the north Chinese rhesus macaque, lives in the north of 2131:"Frequently asked questions about nonhuman primates in research" 1697: 1689: 1640: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1163: 928: 504: 500: 496: 6512: 6422: 5344: 3831:

Primate behavior: developments in field and laboratory research

2310:

Macaque societies: a model for the study of social organization

785:, 1892), the Tibetan rhesus macaque, lives in the southeast of 5313:

Film analysis of agonistic play by Donald Symons (UCSB) on DVD

5302: 4841:(Press release). Human Genome Sequencing Center. 13 April 2007 4564: 1411: 1319: 4763:"A drop of virus from a monkey kills a researcher in 6 weeks" 2312:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–83. 3314:"Biases in preferences for sequences of outcomes in monkeys" 5141:

in Chiang Rai province, Thailand: preliminary observations"

3714:

The origins of language: what nonhuman primates can tell us

3214:"The rhesus macaque as a success story of the Anthropocene" 1912:

DNA microarrays are used in macaque research. For example,

1666:

in 1959, and was among the first living beings (along with

915:, 1917), the Indochinese rhesus macaque, is distributed in 563:, who became the first primate and first mammal in space. 4746:. Elizabeth R. Griffin Research Foundation. Archived from 4110:

Zhang, D; Zhang, X; Zeng, M; Yuan, J; et al. (2015).

3499:

Juvenile primates: life history, development, and behavior

3093:. Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press. pp. 83–104. 3006:

The Cayo Santiago Macaques: History, Behavior, and Biology

2229:

Zhang, Y.; Shi, L. (1993). "Phylogeny of rheusus monkeys (

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on the same mission) to travel in space and return alive.

586:

The name "rhesus" is reminiscent of the mythological king

4636:

Priston, Nancy E. C.; McLennan, Matthew R. (2012-07-25),

4222:

Priston, Nancy E. C.; McLennan, Matthew R. (2012-07-25),

3833:. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. pp. 1–106. 3602:): A preliminary report on the first ten weeks of life". 3431:

The macaques: studies in ecology, behavior, and evolution

1166:

and wildlife parks destroyed in hurricanes, most notably

3979:"Inbreeding avoidance in rhesus macaques: whose choice?" 1677:

On 25 October 1999, the rhesus macaque became the first

1105:, North Korea, have also been assigned to this species. 5280: 2581:"Of least concern? Range extension by rhesus macaques ( 2389:

Lewis, A. D.; Prongay, K. (2015). "Basic physiology of

703:

is found in western and central China, in the south of

3412:"Hero monkey revives simian pal electrocuted in India" 1871:

the same, they were presumed to be the original gene.

5137:"Previously unreported population of rhesus macaques 4899:

Harris, R. A.; Rogers, J.; Milosavljevic, A. (2007).

4644:, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 225–250, 4230:, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 225–250, 1093:

ancestors rather than being human-introduced. Fossil

476:

and has the widest geographic range of all non-human

6911:

Taxa named by Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann

4560:"Indian police search for monkey that snatched baby" 3707: 3705: 815:, 1909), the south Chinese rhesus macaque, lives in 658:. Today, this is known as the Indian rhesus macaque 6744: 6431: 6368: 6280: 6256: 6179: 6155: 6114: 5884: 5875: 5677: 5627: 5541: 5499: 5458: 5434: 5425: 4269:Gopalan, Radha; Radhakrishna, Sindhu (2022-06-01). 3148:Burrows, A. M.; Waller, B. M.; Parr, L. A. (2009). 3125:

Primate behavior: field studies of monkeys and apes

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Ask IFAS, Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS)

2585:) threatens long-term survival of bonnet macaques ( 1820: 1809: 1797: 1787: 1772: 3670:Lee, Z.H.; Ang, A.; Ruppert, N. (26 August 2021). 3127:. San Francisco, USA: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 2428:History and status of introduced rhesus macaques ( 696:The Chinese subspecies can be divided as follows: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 2802: 2800: 5273:ARKive: images and movies of the rhesus macaque 3824: 3822: 3433:. San Francisco: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. 1089:decades ago is believed to have originated from 5180:Kumar, R.; Sinha, A.; Radhakrishna, S. (2013). 4744:"About Elizabeth (Beth) R. Griffin (1975–1997)" 1727:Rhesus macaques, like many macaques, carry the 976:Male Rhesus macaque in Agra fort, Uttar Pradesh 5281:Brain maps and brain atlases of rhesus macaque 4706:. Wichita Eagle and Kansas.com. 22 March 2010. 3004:Rawlins, Richard G.; Kessler, Matt J. (1986). 2378:. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 15–185. 2000:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12554A17950825.en 5356: 4801:Zahn, L. M.; Jasny, B. R.; Culotta, E. & 4682:. New York: Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–21. 4116:Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 3207: 3205: 2266: 2264: 662:, which includes the morphologically similar 8: 4105: 4103: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 1767: 4587:"Baby stolen by monkey in India found dead" 3646:"Queen Kong? In rhesus realm, females rule" 3150:"Facial musculature in the rhesus macaque ( 3050:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences 2942:"Where is the Mystery Monkey of Tampa Bay?" 2895:"Herpes-infected monkeys terrorize Florida" 2783:. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. 2097:. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 2095:A source-book of biological names and terms 1975:Singh, M.; Kumar, A.; Kumara, H.N. (2020). 988:The rhesus macaque has a dental formula of 6419: 5881: 5431: 5363: 5349: 5341: 3739:The pictorial guide to the living primates 3524:Evolution and ecology of macaque societies 2273:"Systematic review of the rhesus macaque, 1766: 1662:Another rhesus monkey, Able, was launched 1249:Rhesus macaque displaying its canine teeth 487:, arboreal, and terrestrial. It is mostly 255: 88: 57: 40: 31: 5156: 5074: 5024: 5014: 4973: 4924: 4822: 4198: 4188: 4135: 4005: 3986:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3953: 3687: 3526:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3386: 3337: 3288: 3239: 3229: 3185: 2354: 2292: 1998: 1121:and a semi-captive colony established in 3741:. East Hampton, NY, USA: Pogonias Press. 3042:) in Silver Springs State Park, Florida" 626:Mother and child rhesus macaque in Nepal 4631: 4629: 3501:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2919:International Primate Protection League 2689:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2432:) in Silver Springs State Park, Florida 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2080:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 1964: 1737:Yerkes National Primate Research Center 1394:" to attract their mother's attention. 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 3928:Walker, M. L.; Herndon, J. G. (2008). 3429:) in Nepal". In Lindenburg, D. (ed.). 2893:O'Neill, Natalie (12 September 2013). 2631: 2629: 1970: 1968: 1117:, with wild ranging other colonies in 4471:European Journal of Wildlife Research 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4264: 4262: 4260: 3263:Couchman, J. J.; et al. (2010). 2527: 2525: 1414:with females both in and outside the 7: 6788:4D0ED1B4-ED50-4325-8A9B-A8849C8B18A1 4518:International Journal of Primatology 3977:Manson, J. H.; Perry, S. E. (1993). 2865:Knowles, Hannah (25 February 2020). 2593:International Journal of Primatology 2235:International Journal of Primatology 2202:Jiang, X.; Wang, Y.; Ma, S. (1991). 1578:, by the discoverers of the factor, 1574:, one of the elements of a person's 555:. A rhesus macaque became the first 6811:IUCN Red List least concern species 4704:"Kansan among first to go to space" 4395:Journal of Environmental Management 4331:Journal of Environmental Management 3689:10.11609/jott.7510.13.9.19246-19253 1986:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1735:, for example in the 1997 death of 1469:closely associated with developing 1406:Mother rhesus macaque with her baby 2403:10.1016/B978-0-12-417144-2.00006-8 1269:and, when on the ground, it walks 931:, and in the Chinese provinces of 25: 3930:"Menopause in nonhuman primates?" 3269:Journal of Comparative Psychology 2840:"The natural world, swamp things" 2135:National Primate Research Centers 1710:Caribbean Primate Research Center 1235:Desecheo National Wildlife Refuge 983:ratio of arm length to leg length 863:; it is possibly synonymous with 797:; it is possibly synonymous with 733:; it is possibly synonymous with 646:, Barak valley and in peninsular 594:. However, the French naturalist 3170:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01113.x 2579:Kumar, R. R.; Sinha, A. (2011). 1932:The rhesus macaque is listed as 1688:. January 2001 had the birth of 1645:rhesus macaques into outer space 951:, and western and south-central 574:. It tolerates a broad range of 113: 3860:American Journal of Primatology 3363:"Self-agency in rhesus monkeys" 3330:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.012 2538:Global Ecology and Conservation 1851:Comparison of rhesus macaques, 2113:British Society for Immunology 2109:"Rhesus macaque monkey (1932)" 1739:researcher Elizabeth Griffin. 1696:primate; ANDi carries foreign 1069:Fossilized isolated teeth and 1015:Rhesus macaques are native to 1: 5931:Northern pig-tailed macaque ( 5922:Southern pig-tailed macaque ( 4415:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115276 4351:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113331 3946:10.1095/biolreprod.108.068536 2683:Tong, Haowen (October 2014). 5103:- Ensembl genome browser 96" 5016:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000604 4886:10.1016/0047-2484(74)90023-2 4824:10.1126/science.316.5822.215 4650:10.1007/978-1-4614-3967-7_14 4236:10.1007/978-1-4614-3967-7_14 4190:10.1371/journal.pone.0012865 4043:10.1016/0003-3472(92)90031-4 3616:10.1016/0376-6357(85)90105-6 3410:Waxman, O. B. (2014-12-22). 2838:Bilger, B. (20 April 2009). 2748:10.1016/j.palwor.2022.09.008 2168:Asian primate classification 1617:creation of drugs to manage 901:; it may be synonymous with 264:Rhesus macaque native range 5715:Greater spot-nosed monkey ( 4369:– via Science Direct. 2558:10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02329 1664:on a suborbital spaceflight 1525:Population management tools 955:; possibly synonymous with 590:, a minor character in the 27:Species of Old World monkey 6927: 5787:Lesser spot-nosed monkey ( 4866:Journal of Human Evolution 4807:"A barrel of monkey genes" 4530:10.1007/s10764-021-00238-y 4287:10.1007/s10745-022-00331-7 3676:Journal of Threatened Taxa 3072:Indian Journal of Forestry 2672:– via Research Gate. 1891:gene, important in sugar ( 6831:Mammals described in 1780 6405: 6329:Golden-bellied mangabey ( 6003:Celebes crested macaque ( 5387: 5371:Extant species of family 5241:10.1007/s12038-011-9145-7 4483:10.1007/s10344-015-0913-9 4128:10.1007/s10815-015-0483-5 3770:10.1163/15685390260337877 2605:10.1007/s10764-011-9514-y 2544:. Rochester, NY: e02329. 1867:, University of Chicago. 1714:University of Puerto Rico 1223:University of Puerto Rico 1219:South Carolina Lowcountry 1081:from Wanglaopu Cave near 793:), and perhaps including 549:antiretroviral medication 275: 268: 263: 254: 235: 228: 110:Scientific classification 108: 86: 77: 65: 56: 48: 39: 34: 6143:Black crested mangabey ( 5742:Campbell's mona monkey ( 5529:Blue Nile patas monkey ( 5118:Tropical Natural History 4761:Bragg, R. (1997-12-14). 3361:Couchman, J. J. (2011). 2036:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 1591:comparative psychologist 1455:DNA double strand breaks 1011:Distribution and habitat 566:The rhesus is listed as 6134:Grey-cheeked mangabey ( 6102:White-cheeked macaque ( 6039:Formosan rock macaque ( 5796:White-throated guenon ( 5588:Bale Mountains vervet ( 5511:Southern patas monkey ( 5333:genome assembly in the 4975:10.1126/science.1139247 4926:10.1126/science.1139477 4783:. Emory.edu. 1998-01-12 3998:10.1002/ajpa.1330900307 3934:Biology of Reproduction 2813:Southeastern Naturalist 2709:10.1111/1755-6724.12307 2343:Anthropological Science 1493:Human - rhesus conflict 1200:St. Petersburg, Florida 897:, and the islands near 789:, northwest of Yunnan ( 419:Macaca mulatta mcmahoni 386:Macacus rhesus villosus 6836:Mammals of Afghanistan 6356:White-naped mangabey ( 6021:Stump-tailed macaque ( 5940:Pagai Island macaque ( 5446:Allen's swamp monkey ( 5229:Journal of Biosciences 5145:Asian Primates Journal 4724:. BBC. 11 January 2001 4642:The Macaque Connection 4228:The Macaque Connection 4078:10.1006/anbe.1997.0578 3797:10.1006/anbe.1997.0712 3561:10.1006/anbe.1997.0583 3468:10.1006/anbe.1997.0469 3379:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0536 3052:(IFAS), UF. 2022-01-21 2589:) in Peninsular India" 2370:Pocock, R. I. (1939). 2294:10.5962/bhl.title.7192 1759: 1566: 1407: 1354: 1253:The Rhesus macaque is 1250: 1196:St. Augustine, Florida 1190:, and the neighboring 977: 947:, central and eastern 885:, 1913), lives on the 877:, also referred to as 660:Macaca mulatta mulatta 627: 619: 610:Rhesus macaque by the 596:Jean-Baptiste Audebert 483:The rhesus macaque is 443: 381:A. Milne-Edwards, 1892 66:Female with infant in 49:Male, Gokarna Forest, 6841:Mammals of Bangladesh 6746:Cercopithecus mulatta 6716:Paleobiology Database 6338:Tana River mangabey ( 6012:Crab-eating macaque ( 5913:Lion-tailed macaque ( 5760:Crested mona monkey ( 5637:(Terrestrial guenons) 5520:Common patas monkey ( 3604:Behavioural Processes 2780:Primates face to face 2445:Ciani, A. C. (1986). 1993:: e.T12554A17950825. 1753: 1557: 1405: 1352: 1248: 1192:Ocala National Forest 975: 741:, 1867), if not with 682:in 1932 from Kootai, 642:, as far east as the 625: 609: 441: 348:Inuus sancti-johannis 6856:Mammals of Hong Kong 5850:De Brazza's monkey ( 5778:Dent's mona monkey ( 5769:Wolf's mona monkey ( 5751:Lowe's mona monkey ( 5067:10.1128/jvi.01129-10 2959:The State | Homepage 2825:10.1656/058.016.0103 1754:Rhesus macaque in a 1625:embryonic stem cells 1281:, feeding mainly on 1241:Ecology and behavior 957:M. m. sanctijohannis 879:Pithecus brevicaudus 865:M. m. sanctijohannis 799:M. m. sanctijohannis 769:M. m. sanctijohannis 735:M. m. sanctijohannis 491:, feeding mainly on 442:3d model of skeleton 337:Inuus sanctijohannis 6886:Mammals of Thailand 6881:Mammals of Pakistan 6311:Collared mangabey ( 6124:(Crested mangabeys) 6093:Arunachal macaque ( 5994:Gorontalo macaque ( 5832:Red-tailed monkey ( 5823:Moustached guenon ( 5665:Sun-tailed monkey ( 5375:(Old World monkeys) 5335:UCSC Genome Browser 5186:Folia Primatologica 5061:(22): 12058–12068. 5055:Journal of Virology 4966:2007Sci...316..222. 4917:2007Sci...316..235H 4878:1974JHumE...3..291P 4750:on 1 November 2012. 4407:2022JEnvM.31615276K 4343:2021JEnvM.29713331K 4181:2010PLoSO...512865R 3872:2004ASAJ..115.2485P 3231:10.7554/eLife.78169 2872:The Washington Post 2701:2014AcGlS..88.1397T 2550:2022GEcoC..4002329J 2488:Folia Primatologica 2454:Aggressive Behavior 2397:. pp. 87–113. 2277:(Zimmermann, 1780)" 2271:Fooden, J. (2000). 2212:Zoological Research 2093:Jaeger, E. (1972). 1928:Conservation status 1769: 1768:Genomic information 1600:development of the 1487:aware of themselves 1335:cognitive abilities 1178:and South American 1153:Titusville, Florida 1148:Tarzan Finds a Son! 1097:fragments from the 729:, and southeast of 707:, and southwest of 397:Pithecus littoralis 367:Macacus tcheliensis 80:Conservation status 6891:Mammals of Vietnam 6871:Mammals of Myanmar 6217:Hamadryas baboon ( 6048:Japanese macaque ( 5814:Red-eared guenon ( 5805:Sclater's guenon ( 5687:(Arboreal guenons) 5647:L'Hoest's monkey ( 5478:Angolan talapoin ( 5286:Primate Info Net: 3907:10.1007/BF02381613 3682:(9): 19246–19253. 3652:. 19 November 2007 3650:chicagotribune.com 3158:Journal of Anatomy 2964:2004-08-26 at the 2940:Hayes, Stephanie. 2777:Wolfe, L. (2002). 2247:10.1007/BF02215449 1822:Year of completion 1760: 1700:originally from a 1684:with the birth of 1567: 1408: 1355: 1285:, but also eating 1251: 1157:Johnny Weissmuller 978: 919:, in the north of 664:M. rhesus villosus 644:Brahmaputra Valley 628: 620: 495:, but also eating 460:, is a species of 444: 6846:Mammals of Bhutan 6798: 6797: 6703:Open Tree of Life 6425:Taxon identifiers 6416: 6415: 6401: 6400: 6295: 6192: 6127: 6084:Tibetan macaque ( 5976:Tonkean macaque ( 5949:Siberut macaque ( 5904:Barbary macaque ( 5897: 5871: 5870: 5841:Hamlyn's monkey ( 5690: 5656:Preuss's monkey ( 5640: 5597:Tantalus monkey ( 5554: 5471: 5376: 5198:10.1159/000351935 4960:(5822): 222–234. 4718:"GM monkey first" 4659:978-1-4614-3966-0 4245:978-1-4614-3966-0 4161:"Rhesus monkeys ( 3880:10.1002/ajp.20027 3764:(2–3): 993–1027. 3737:Rowe, N. (1996). 3134:978-0-03-050340-5 3015:978-0-88706-135-6 2654:10.1159/000351935 2500:10.1159/000351935 2356:10.1537/ase.03104 1830: 1829: 1763:Genome sequencing 1751: 1716:on the island of 1225:on the island of 875:M. m. brevicaudus 749:M. m. tcheliensis 557:primate astronaut 434: 433: 426: 415: 404: 393: 382: 374: 363: 352: 344: 333: 325: 318:Macaca nipalensis 314: 303: 292: 103: 16:(Redirected from 6918: 6906:Space-flown life 6901:Primates of Asia 6896:Monkeys in India 6876:Mammals of Nepal 6861:Mammals of India 6851:Mammals of China 6791: 6790: 6778: 6777: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6737: 6736: 6724: 6723: 6711: 6710: 6698: 6697: 6685: 6684: 6672: 6671: 6659: 6658: 6646: 6645: 6633: 6632: 6620: 6619: 6607: 6606: 6594: 6593: 6581: 6580: 6568: 6567: 6555: 6554: 6542: 6541: 6529: 6528: 6516: 6515: 6503: 6502: 6490: 6489: 6477: 6476: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6420: 6347:Sanje mangabey ( 6320:Agile mangabey ( 6302:Sooty mangabey ( 6294: 6293: 6287: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6066:Bonnet macaque ( 6030:Rhesus macaque ( 5985:Heck's macaque ( 5967:Booted macaque ( 5896: 5895: 5891: 5882: 5798:C. erythrogaster 5706:Roloway monkey ( 5689: 5688: 5684: 5639: 5638: 5634: 5590:C. djamdjamensis 5553: 5552: 5551:(Vervet monkeys) 5548: 5487:Gabon talapoin ( 5470: 5469: 5465: 5432: 5374: 5373:Cercopithecidae 5365: 5358: 5351: 5342: 5261: 5260: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5160: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5078: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5028: 5018: 5009:(10): e1000604. 4994: 4988: 4987: 4977: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4928: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4633: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4462: 4443: 4442: 4386: 4371: 4370: 4322: 4307: 4306: 4266: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4202: 4192: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4139: 4122:(7): 1069–1078. 4107: 4098: 4097: 4066:Animal Behaviour 4061: 4055: 4054: 4031:Animal Behaviour 4026: 4020: 4019: 4009: 3983: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3957: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3785:Animal Behaviour 3780: 3774: 3773: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3709: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3549:Animal Behaviour 3544: 3538: 3537: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3456:Animal Behaviour 3451: 3445: 3444: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3292: 3281:10.1037/a0020129 3260: 3254: 3253: 3243: 3233: 3209: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3120: 3105: 3104: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2979:P R Health Sci J 2974: 2968: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2695:(5): 1397–1408. 2680: 2674: 2673: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2451: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2199: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2173: 2162: 2143: 2142: 2137:. Archived from 2127: 2121: 2120: 2115:. Archived from 2105: 2099: 2098: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2002: 1972: 1924:genome browser. 1805: 1783: 1770: 1752: 1584:Alexander Wiener 1580:Karl Landsteiner 1439:parenting styles 1180:Squirrel monkeys 1168:Hurricane Andrew 999: 997: 996: 993: 809:M. m. littoralis 588:Rhesus of Thrace 462:Old World monkey 456:), colloquially 440: 421: 410: 399: 388: 380: 378:Macacus vestitus 371:A. Milne-Edwards 369: 358: 356:Macacus lasiotus 351:R. Swinhoe, 1866 350: 339: 331: 320: 309: 298: 286: 278:Species synonymy 259: 241: 118: 117: 97: 92: 91: 61: 44: 32: 21: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6866:Mammals of Laos 6821:Fauna of Yunnan 6801: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6786: 6781: 6773: 6768: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6740: 6732: 6727: 6719: 6714: 6706: 6701: 6693: 6688: 6680: 6677:Observation.org 6675: 6667: 6662: 6654: 6649: 6641: 6636: 6628: 6623: 6615: 6610: 6602: 6597: 6589: 6584: 6576: 6571: 6563: 6558: 6550: 6545: 6537: 6532: 6524: 6519: 6511: 6506: 6498: 6493: 6485: 6480: 6472: 6470: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6427: 6417: 6412: 6397: 6364: 6331:C. chrysogaster 6291: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6276: 6252: 6235:Chacma baboon ( 6226:Guinea baboon ( 6210:P. cynocephalus 6208:Yellow baboon ( 6188: 6187: 6185: 6175: 6151: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6110: 6075:Assam macaque ( 6057:Toque macaque ( 6014:M. fascicularis 5893: 5892: 5890: 5867: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5673: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5623: 5606:Vervet monkey ( 5550: 5549: 5547: 5537: 5495: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5454: 5448:A. nigroviridis 5421: 5383: 5380:Cercopithecinae 5369: 5269: 5264: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5047: 5046: 5042: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4911:(5822): 235–7. 4898: 4897: 4893: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4786: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4635: 4634: 4607: 4598: 4596: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4571: 4569: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4464: 4463: 4446: 4388: 4387: 4374: 4324: 4323: 4310: 4268: 4267: 4258: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4109: 4108: 4101: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4028: 4027: 4023: 3981: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3820: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3694: 3692: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3367:Biology Letters 3360: 3359: 3355: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3211: 3210: 3203: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3108: 3101: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3055: 3053: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3016: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2966:Wayback Machine 2957: 2953: 2946:Tampa Bay Times 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2791: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2201: 2200: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2163: 2146: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2050: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1974: 1973: 1966: 1962: 1950: 1930: 1881:phenylketonuria 1846:common ancestor 1803: 1779: 1765: 1742: 1672:squirrel monkey 1559:Project Mercury 1552: 1527: 1495: 1479: 1463:granulosa cells 1447: 1416:breeding period 1400: 1387: 1375:Hanuman langurs 1347: 1345:Group structure 1277:. It is mostly 1243: 1111: 1077:and a juvenile 1073:fragments from 1067: 1056:bonnet macaques 1013: 990: 989: 985:is 89.6–94.3%. 970: 891:Wanshan Islands 859:, and south of 851:, northeast of 843:, northwest of 725:, northwest of 678:, described by 666:, described by 654:, and northern 604: 584: 436: 430: 429: 307:Simia erythraea 279: 250: 243: 237: 224: 221:M. mulatta 197:Cercopithecidae 112: 104: 93: 89: 82: 35:Rhesus macaque 28: 23: 22: 18:Rhesus macaques 15: 12: 11: 5: 6924: 6922: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6803: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6779: 6766: 6750: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6725: 6712: 6699: 6686: 6673: 6660: 6647: 6634: 6621: 6608: 6595: 6582: 6569: 6556: 6543: 6530: 6517: 6504: 6491: 6478: 6468: 6463:Macaca mulatta 6453: 6437: 6435: 6433:Macaca mulatta 6429: 6428: 6423: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6391:M. leucophaeus 6386: 6376: 6374: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6353: 6344: 6335: 6326: 6317: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6244:Kinda baboon ( 6241: 6232: 6223: 6214: 6205: 6199:Olive baboon ( 6195: 6193: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6163: 6161: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6140: 6130: 6128: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6054: 6045: 6036: 6027: 6018: 6009: 6000: 5991: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5958:Moor macaque ( 5955: 5946: 5937: 5928: 5919: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5861:C. lomamiensis 5856: 5847: 5838: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5784: 5775: 5766: 5757: 5748: 5739: 5730: 5721: 5712: 5703: 5697:Diana monkey ( 5693: 5691: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5662: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5612: 5608:C. pygerythrus 5603: 5594: 5585: 5576: 5570:Green monkey ( 5567: 5561:Dryas monkey ( 5557: 5555: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5531:E. poliophaeus 5526: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5437:Allenopithecus 5429: 5427:Cercopithecini 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5325: 5318:Macaque genome 5314: 5308: 5304:Macaca mulatta 5300: 5297:Macaca mulatta 5292: 5288:Macaca mulatta 5283: 5278: 5275:Macaca mulatta 5268: 5267:External links 5265: 5263: 5262: 5235:(5): 749–753. 5219: 5192:(6): 384–393. 5172: 5139:Macaca mulatta 5127: 5108: 5101:Macaca mulatta 5090: 5040: 5003:PLOS Pathogens 4989: 4940: 4891: 4872:(4): 291–295. 4862:Macaca mulatta 4852: 4830: 4793: 4772: 4767:New York Times 4753: 4735: 4709: 4695: 4688: 4670: 4658: 4605: 4578: 4551: 4524:(5): 764–780. 4504: 4477:(3): 435–443. 4444: 4372: 4308: 4281:(3): 463–476. 4256: 4244: 4214: 4163:Macaca mulatta 4151: 4099: 4056: 4021: 3969: 3940:(3): 398–406. 3920: 3901:(3): 247–263. 3885: 3846: 3839: 3818: 3791:(6): 1647–58. 3775: 3754:Macaca mulatta 3744: 3729: 3722: 3701: 3662: 3637: 3596:M. fasicularis 3592:Macaca mulatta 3582: 3539: 3532: 3514: 3507: 3489: 3462:(3): 643–662. 3446: 3439: 3427:Macaca mulatta 3417: 3402: 3353: 3324:(3): 289–299. 3304: 3275:(4): 356–368. 3255: 3201: 3164:(3): 320–334. 3152:Macaca mulatta 3140: 3133: 3106: 3099: 3081: 3062: 3040:Macaca mulatta 3029: 3014: 2996: 2969: 2951: 2932: 2921:. 13 June 2013 2906: 2885: 2857: 2844:The New Yorker 2830: 2796: 2789: 2769: 2742:(3): 573–578. 2722: 2675: 2648:(6): 384–393. 2642:Folia Primatol 2625: 2599:(4): 945–959. 2583:Macaca mulatta 2571: 2521: 2494:(6): 384–393. 2478: 2460:(6): 433–439. 2437: 2430:Macaca mulatta 2418: 2411: 2391:Macaca mulatta 2381: 2362: 2349:(2): 183–188. 2337:Macaca mulatta 2325: 2318: 2300: 2275:Macaca mulatta 2260: 2231:Macaca mulatta 2221: 2206:Macaca mulatta 2185: 2144: 2141:on 2015-11-23. 2122: 2119:on 2020-11-08. 2100: 2085: 2074:Macaca mulatta 2063: 2048: 2028:Macaca mulatta 2013: 1979:Macaca mulatta 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1929: 1926: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1764: 1761: 1729:herpes B virus 1637:U.S. Air Force 1629: 1628: 1621: 1615: 1551: 1548: 1526: 1523: 1494: 1491: 1478: 1477:Self-awareness 1475: 1446: 1443: 1399: 1396: 1386: 1383: 1346: 1343: 1242: 1239: 1188:Ocala, Florida 1176:Vervet monkeys 1172:herpes B virus 1130:Silver Springs 1123:South Carolina 1110: 1109:Feral colonies 1107: 1066: 1063: 1012: 1009: 969: 966: 965: 964: 959:, if not with 906: 872: 867:, if not with 806: 801:, if not with 776: 771:, if not with 746: 712: 676:M. m. mcmahoni 670:in 1894, from 603: 600: 583: 580: 474:Southeast Asia 453:Macaca mulatta 448:rhesus macaque 432: 431: 428: 427: 416: 408:Macaca siamica 405: 394: 383: 375: 364: 353: 345: 334: 326: 315: 304: 293: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 266: 265: 261: 260: 252: 251: 244: 239:Macaca mulatta 233: 232: 226: 225: 218: 216: 212: 211: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 106: 105: 87: 84: 83: 78: 75: 74: 63: 62: 54: 53: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6923: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6816:Animal models 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6411: 6410: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6290:(White-eyelid 6285: 6284: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6259:Theropithecus 6255: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6107: 6105: 6104:M. leucogenys 6100: 6098: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6077:M. assamensis 6073: 6071: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5996:M. nigrescens 5992: 5990: 5988: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5924:M. nemestrina 5920: 5918: 5916: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5816:C. erythrotis 5812: 5810: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5789:C. petaurista 5785: 5783: 5781: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5733:Mona monkey ( 5731: 5729: 5727: 5724:Blue monkey ( 5722: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5682: 5681: 5680:Cercopithecus 5676: 5670: 5668: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5632: 5631: 5630:Allochrocebus 5626: 5620: 5618: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5513:E. baumstarki 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5366: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5131: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5109: 5104: 5102: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4853: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4825: 4820: 4817:(5822): 215. 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4794: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4671: 4661: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4275:Human Ecology 4272: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4175:(9): e12865. 4174: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4007:2027.42/37662 4003: 3999: 3995: 3992:(3): 335–44. 3991: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3856:Macaca mulata 3850: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3663: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3082: 3078:(3): 242–253. 3077: 3073: 3066: 3063: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3033: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2985:(1): 159–69. 2984: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2900:New York Post 2896: 2889: 2886: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2858: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790:0-521-79109-X 2786: 2782: 2781: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2479: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2412:9780124171442 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2329: 2326: 2321: 2319:9780521521680 2315: 2311: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2170: 2169: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2096: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2067: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2049:0-801-88221-4 2045: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2034:Wilson, D. E. 2031: 2029: 2023: 2022:Groves, C. P. 2017: 2014: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1938:IUCN Red List 1935: 1934:Least Concern 1927: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1914:Michael Katze 1910: 1906: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1882: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1844:and shared a 1843: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1762: 1757: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1733:jumps species 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1718:Cayo Santiago 1715: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649:Bion missions 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1588:controversial 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1563:Little Joe 1B 1560: 1556: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1467:somatic cells 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1404: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1385:Communication 1384: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1351: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:psychological 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1247: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:Cayo Santiago 1224: 1220: 1216: 1213:, one of the 1212: 1211:Morgan Island 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1101:Basin around 1100: 1099:Taedong River 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:Tianyuan Cave 1072: 1065:Fossil record 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1003: 986: 984: 974: 967: 962: 961:M. m. mulatta 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 909:M. m. siamica 907: 904: 903:M. m. mulatta 900: 896: 892: 888: 887:Hainan Island 884: 880: 876: 873: 870: 869:M. m. mulatta 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 807: 804: 803:M. m. mulatta 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 783:Milne-Edwards 780: 779:M. m. vestita 777: 774: 773:M. m. mulatta 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753:Milne-Edwards 750: 747: 744: 743:M. m. mulatta 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 715:M. m. lasiota 713: 710: 706: 702: 701:M. m. mulatta 699: 698: 697: 694: 692: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 624: 617: 616:Uttar Pradesh 613: 608: 601: 599: 597: 593: 589: 581: 579: 577: 573: 572:IUCN Red List 569: 568:Least Concern 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 532: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 458:rhesus monkey 455: 454: 449: 439: 424: 420: 417: 413: 409: 406: 402: 398: 395: 391: 387: 384: 379: 376: 372: 368: 365: 361: 357: 354: 349: 346: 342: 338: 335: 332:Hodgson, 1840 330: 329:Macaca oinops 327: 323: 319: 316: 312: 308: 305: 301: 297: 294: 290: 285: 282: 281: 274: 271: 267: 262: 258: 253: 248: 242: 240: 234: 231: 230:Binomial name 227: 223: 222: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 205: 202: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 132: 131: 128: 125: 122: 121: 116: 111: 107: 101: 96: 95:Least Concern 85: 81: 76: 73: 69: 64: 60: 55: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6745: 6432: 6407: 6390: 6381: 6369: 6358:C. lunulatus 6357: 6348: 6340:C. galeritus 6339: 6330: 6321: 6313:C. torquatus 6312: 6303: 6281: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6236: 6227: 6219:P. hamadryas 6218: 6209: 6200: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6145:L. aterrimus 6144: 6135: 6115: 6103: 6094: 6086:M. thibetana 6085: 6076: 6067: 6058: 6049: 6040: 6031: 6029: 6023:M. arctoides 6022: 6013: 6004: 5995: 5986: 5977: 5968: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5914: 5905: 5885: 5860: 5852:C. neglectus 5851: 5842: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5788: 5779: 5770: 5761: 5752: 5744:C. campbelli 5743: 5734: 5725: 5717:C. nictitans 5716: 5707: 5698: 5678: 5666: 5657: 5648: 5628: 5617:C. cynosuros 5616: 5607: 5598: 5589: 5580: 5571: 5562: 5542: 5530: 5521: 5512: 5502:Erythrocebus 5500: 5489:M. ogouensis 5488: 5479: 5459: 5447: 5435: 5329: 5303: 5296: 5287: 5274: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5130: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5100: 5093: 5058: 5054: 5043: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4843:. Retrieved 4833: 4814: 4810: 4796: 4785:. Retrieved 4775: 4766: 4756: 4748:the original 4738: 4726:. Retrieved 4721: 4712: 4698: 4679: 4673: 4663:, retrieved 4641: 4597:. Retrieved 4595:. 2018-04-03 4592:9news.com.au 4590: 4581: 4570:. Retrieved 4568:. 2018-04-02 4563: 4554: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4474: 4470: 4398: 4394: 4334: 4330: 4278: 4274: 4249:, retrieved 4227: 4217: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4154: 4119: 4115: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4034: 4030: 4024: 3989: 3985: 3972: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3830: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3738: 3732: 3713: 3693:. Retrieved 3679: 3675: 3665: 3654:. Retrieved 3649: 3640: 3610:(1): 89–95. 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3555:(1): 51–60. 3552: 3548: 3542: 3523: 3517: 3498: 3492: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3405: 3373:(1): 39–41. 3370: 3366: 3356: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3221: 3217: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3143: 3124: 3090: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3054:. 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