920:
54:
938:
926:
31:
931:
197:
They are usually regarded as the most basal of the caecilian families, with numerous characteristics lacking in the other groups. For example, they still possess tails, and their mouths are not recessed on the underside of their heads. They lay their eggs in cavities in the soil. The larvae have
462:
571:
San Mauro, Diego; David J. Gower; Tim
Massingham; Mark Wilkinson; Rafael Zardoya; James A. Cotton (August 2009). "Experimental design in caecilian systematics: phylogenetic information of mitochondrial genomes and nuclear
505:
San Mauro, Diego; David J. Gower; Oommen V. Oommen; Mark
Wilkinson; Rafael Zardoya (November 2004). "Phylogeny of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear RAG1".
2020:
2133:
2046:
1994:
2033:
636:
445:
501:
Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Mark
Wilkinson (1989). "On the Classification and Phylogeny of Caecilians." Herpetological Monographs, (3), 1-42
1942:
919:
2038:
53:
2128:
1955:
937:
1377:
629:
2051:
2123:
1865:
727:
257:
1947:
374:
315:
785:
249:
1882:
758:
585:
463:"A new genus and species of rhinatrematid caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Rhinatrematidae) from Ecuador"
281:
265:
133:
925:
2072:
1960:
622:
307:
930:
347:
2090:
1981:
1929:
1920:
1583:
1272:
339:
198:
external gills, and live in seepage areas until they metamorphose. The adults live in moist soil and
590:
331:
1661:
289:
273:
241:
48:
2077:
1640:
2059:
1968:
1670:
1011:
948:
859:
603:
559:
523:
441:
323:
2025:
2064:
1573:
1169:
1162:
1148:
595:
551:
515:
382:
2100:
535:
San Mauro, Diego; Miguel Vences; Marina
Alcobendas; Rafael Zardoya; Axel Meyer (May 2005).
1799:
1769:
1698:
1476:
1000:
990:
904:
712:
223:
536:
410:
1934:
483:
1469:
1444:
1342:
1237:
1101:
770:
739:
2117:
1779:
1684:
1677:
1647:
1490:
1483:
1398:
1265:
1258:
876:
743:
687:
191:
1455:
1409:
1279:
1251:
1219:
1122:
980:
869:
831:
797:
678:
645:
1973:
2007:
1914:
1705:
1430:
1384:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1300:
1115:
1064:
897:
890:
519:
234:
199:
155:
39:
1789:
1716:
1617:
1593:
1331:
1205:
1180:
1071:
970:
537:"Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea"
300:
161:
1905:
1809:
1745:
1531:
1497:
1423:
1391:
1289:
1138:
1087:
1024:
883:
599:
175:
118:
105:
95:
65:
30:
607:
563:
527:
1899:
1691:
1633:
1626:
1437:
1324:
696:
669:
488:
Duméril & Bibron (Amphibia: Gymnophiona:Rhinatrematidae) from Guyana"
85:
1549:
1317:
1226:
1194:
1057:
386:
216:
149:
2012:
1603:
663:
75:
1999:
1876:
555:
2085:
1820:
461:
Wilkinson, Mark; Reynolds, Robert P.; Jacobs, Jeremy F. (2021).
436:
Nussbaum, Ronald A. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.).
415:
AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation.
379:
Amphibian
Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1
1880:
656:
618:
614:
1986:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1658:
1614:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1313:
1285:
1007:
996:
986:
976:
966:
856:
1889:
1819:
1744:
1715:
1657:
1613:
1548:
1527:
1454:
1408:
1341:
1299:
1236:
1204:
1179:
1147:
1136:
1100:
1085:
1042:
1022:
946:
855:
796:
769:
738:
711:
293:(Ecuador, Peru, and possibly Brazil and Colombia)
190:. They are found in the equatorial countries of
630:
440:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 54–55.
405:
403:
311:(Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, and Suriname)
8:
1877:
1758:
1562:
1545:
1524:
1144:
1097:
1093:
1039:
1035:
959:
852:
848:
775:
748:
717:
708:
653:
637:
623:
615:
29:
20:
589:
417:. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2021
245:(Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Colombia)
438:Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians
368:
366:
362:
484:Gower et al. (2010) "A new species of
381:. American Museum of Natural History.
327:( Guyana, Venezuela, possibly Brazil)
508:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
2134:Taxa named by Ronald Archie Nussbaum
2091:3E0BA842-4D73-2A7D-BD96-D216184EF85B
210:The 14 species in three genera are:
14:
936:
929:
924:
918:
375:"Rhinatrematidae Nussbaum, 1977"
52:
1:
1184:(Northeast Indian caecilians)
180:Neotropical tailed caecilians
1047:(American tailed caecilians)
1459:(South American caecilians)
520:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.014
2150:
184:American tailed caecilians
1860:
1761:
1720:(salamanders crown group)
1565:
1523:
1346:(Indo-African caecilians)
1105:(Asian tailed caecilians)
1096:
1038:
962:
916:
851:
847:
828:
778:
751:
720:
707:
652:
373:Frost, Darrel R. (2020).
146:
141:
49:Scientific classification
47:
37:
28:
23:
1866:List of amphibian genera
1413:(Neotropical caecilians)
1152:(buried-eyed caecilians)
1028:(caecilians crown group)
952:(caecilians total group)
258:Epicrionops lativittatus
316:Rhinatrema gilbertogili
250:Epicrionops columbianus
1835:several hundred genera
467:Herpetological Journal
282:Epicrionops peruvianus
266:Epicrionops marmoratus
2073:Paleobiology Database
600:10.1093/sysbio/syp043
308:Rhinatrema bivittatum
1536:(salamanders + frogs
1241:(aquatic caecilians)
1209:(African caecilians)
178:, also known as the
16:Family of amphibians
1824:(frogs crown group)
1662:Batrachosauroididae
1304:(common caecilians)
544:American Naturalist
290:Epicrionops petersi
274:Epicrionops parkeri
242:Epicrionops bicolor
2129:Amphibian families
949:Gymnophionomorpha
578:Systematic Biology
387:10.5531/db.vz.0001
2111:
2110:
2060:Open Tree of Life
1883:Taxon identifiers
1874:
1873:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1826:
1754:
1740:
1739:
1722:
1671:Batrachosauroides
1558:
1540:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1461:
1415:
1348:
1306:
1243:
1211:
1186:
1154:
1149:Scolecomorphidae
1132:
1131:
1107:
1081:
1080:
1049:
1030:
1012:Albanerpetontidae
954:
914:
913:
860:Albanerpetontidae
843:
842:
839:
838:
824:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
447:978-0-12-178560-4
411:"Rhinatrematidae"
348:Rhinatrema uaiuai
324:Rhinatrema nigrum
188:beaked caecilians
169:
168:
137:
2141:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2081:
2080:
2068:
2067:
2055:
2054:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2015:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1989:
1977:
1976:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1878:
1825:
1822:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1721:
1718:
1660:
1616:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1525:
1460:
1457:
1414:
1411:
1347:
1344:
1315:
1305:
1302:
1287:
1242:
1239:
1210:
1207:
1185:
1182:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1048:
1045:
1044:Rhinatrematidae
1040:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1009:
998:
988:
978:
968:
960:
953:
950:
941:
940:
933:
928:
922:
858:
853:
849:
776:
749:
718:
709:
702:
701:
654:
639:
632:
625:
616:
611:
593:
567:
541:
531:
490:
481:
475:
474:
458:
452:
451:
433:
427:
426:
424:
422:
407:
398:
397:
395:
393:
370:
132:
57:
56:
33:
24:Rhinatrematidae
21:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2124:Rhinatrematidae
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1948:Rhinatrematidae
1946:
1941:
1935:Rhinatrematidae
1933:
1928:
1921:Rhinatrematidae
1919:
1918:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1891:Rhinatrematidae
1885:
1875:
1870:
1840:
1823:
1815:
1800:Triadobatrachus
1770:Czatkobatrachus
1751:
1749:
1747:
1736:
1719:
1711:
1699:Peratosauroides
1653:
1609:
1584:Kulgeriherpeton
1555:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1503:
1477:Luetkenotyphlus
1458:
1450:
1412:
1404:
1345:
1343:Grandisoniidae
1337:
1303:
1295:
1240:
1238:Typhlonectidae
1232:
1208:
1200:
1183:
1175:
1151:
1141:
1128:
1104:
1102:Ichthyophiidae
1090:
1077:
1046:
1032:
1027:
1018:
1001:Chinlestegophis
991:Rubricacaecilia
956:
951:
942:
935:
910:
835:
812:
792:
765:
734:
728:Tetrapodomorpha
713:Tetrapodomorpha
703:
659:
658:
648:
643:
591:10.1.1.577.2856
570:
539:
534:
504:
498:
496:Further reading
493:
482:
478:
460:
459:
455:
448:
435:
434:
430:
420:
418:
409:
408:
401:
391:
389:
372:
371:
364:
360:
340:Rhinatrema shiv
224:Amazops amazops
208:
174:is a family of
172:Rhinatrematidae
159:
153:
131:
129:Rhinatrematidae
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2082:
2069:
2056:
2043:
2030:
2017:
2004:
1991:
1978:
1965:
1952:
1939:
1926:
1911:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1566:
1560:
1543:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1470:Brasilotyphlus
1465:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1445:Schistometopum
1441:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1310:
1308:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1213:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1170:Scolecomorphus
1166:
1158:
1156:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1091:
1088:Stegokrotaphia
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1033:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1005:
994:
984:
974:
963:
957:
947:
944:
943:
917:
915:
912:
911:
909:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
865:
863:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
811:
810:
809:
808:
802:
800:
794:
793:
791:
790:
789:
788:
786:Dissorophoidea
779:
773:
771:Dissorophoidea
767:
766:
764:
763:
762:
761:
752:
746:
740:Batrachomorpha
736:
735:
733:
732:
731:
730:
721:
715:
705:
704:
700:
699:
690:
681:
672:
666:
657:
650:
649:
644:
642:
641:
634:
627:
619:
613:
612:
584:(4): 425–438.
568:
556:10.1086/429523
550:(5): 590–599.
532:
514:(2): 413–427.
502:
497:
494:
492:
491:
476:
453:
446:
428:
399:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
353:
352:
344:
336:
332:Rhinatrema ron
328:
320:
312:
296:
295:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
230:
229:
228:
207:
204:
167:
166:
144:
143:
139:
138:
126:
122:
121:
116:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2146:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1780:Notobatrachus
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1743:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1685:Palaeoproteus
1682:
1680:
1679:
1678:Opisthotriton
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1648:Marmorerpeton
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1526:
1522:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1491:Mimosiphonops
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:Microcaecilia
1481:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1456:Siphonopidae
1453:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1410:Dermophiidae
1407:
1401:
1400:
1399:Sylvacaecilia
1396:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1273:Potamotyphlus
1270:
1268:
1267:
1266:Nectocaecilia
1263:
1261:
1260:
1259:Chthonerpeton
1256:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1163:Crotaphatrema
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
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899:
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877:Anoualerpeton
874:
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867:
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864:
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854:
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846:
834:
833:
827:
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787:
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759:Temnospondyli
756:
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747:
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744:Temnospondyli
741:
737:
729:
725:
724:
723:
722:
719:
716:
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688:Sarcopterygii
685:
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36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1890:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1752:total group)
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1556:total group)
1554:(salamanders
1538:crown group)
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1301:Caeciliidae
1288:
1280:Typhlonectes
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1252:Atretochoana
1250:
1225:
1220:Boulengerula
1218:
1193:
1168:
1161:
1123:Uraeotyphlus
1121:
1114:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1043:
1025:Gymnophiona
1010:
999:
989:
981:Funcusvermis
979:
969:
923:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
870:Albanerpeton
868:
832:Lissamphibia
830:
798:Lissamphibia
692:
683:
679:Osteichthyes
674:
646:Lissamphibia
581:
577:
573:
547:
543:
511:
507:
485:
479:
470:
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456:
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419:. Retrieved
414:
390:. Retrieved
378:
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128:
112:
38:
18:
2008:iNaturalist
1915:Wikispecies
1706:Prodesmodon
1431:Geotrypetes
1385:Indotyphlus
1378:Idiocranium
1371:Hypogeophis
1364:Grandisonia
1357:Gegeneophis
1206:Herpelidae
1181:Chikilidae
1116:Ichthyophis
1065:Epicrionops
898:Wesserpeton
891:Shirerpeton
473:(1): 27–34.
235:Epicrionops
200:leaf litter
156:Epicrionops
106:Gymnophiona
40:Epicrionops
2118:Categories
1864:See also:
1790:Prosalirus
1731:115 genera
1618:Karauridae
1594:Triassurus
1332:Oscaecilia
1139:Teresomata
1072:Rhinatrema
971:Eocaecilia
807:see below↓
486:Rhinatrema
358:References
301:Rhinatrema
277:(Colombia)
253:(Colombia)
176:caecilians
162:Rhinatrema
1810:Vieraella
1746:Salientia
1641:Kuzbassia
1532:Batrachia
1498:Siphonops
1424:Dermophis
1392:Praslinia
1290:Ymboirana
884:Celtedens
697:Tetrapoda
662:Kingdom:
586:CiteSeerX
421:7 January
392:7 January
269:(Ecuador)
227:(Ecuador)
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1900:Wikidata
1717:Urodela
1692:Parrisia
1634:Kokartus
1627:Karaurus
1438:Gymnopis
1325:Caecilia
670:Chordata
668:Phylum:
664:Animalia
608:20525595
564:15795855
528:15336675
351:(Brazil)
343:(Guyana)
335:(Brazil)
319:(Brazil)
206:Taxonomy
134:Nussbaum
125:Family:
96:Amphibia
86:Chordata
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
1906:Q912940
1550:Caudata
1318:Apodops
1227:Herpele
1195:Chikila
1058:Amazops
217:Amazops
150:Amazops
142:Genera
102:Order:
92:Class:
2098:uBio:
2065:128153
2039:208554
2026:107564
1821:Anura
1750:(frogs
1604:Urupia
1574:Egoria
905:Yaksha
606:
588:
562:
526:
444:
298:Genus
285:(Peru)
261:(Peru)
232:Genus
214:Genus
136:, 1977
2101:31713
2086:Plazi
2078:37338
2052:30380
2021:IRMNG
2013:28175
1961:27382
693:Clade
684:Clade
675:Clade
540:(PDF)
186:. or
119:Apoda
113:Clade
2047:NCBI
2034:ITIS
2000:5949
1995:GBIF
1987:7532
1956:BOLD
784:see
757:see
726:see
604:PMID
574:rag1
560:PMID
524:PMID
442:ISBN
423:2021
394:2021
43:sp.
1982:EoL
1974:FNK
1969:CoL
1943:ASW
1930:ADW
596:doi
576:".
552:doi
548:165
516:doi
383:doi
2120::
2088::
2075::
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1997::
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1971::
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742:/
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602:.
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582:58
580:.
558:.
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522:.
512:33
510:.
471:31
469:.
465:.
413:.
402:^
377:.
365:^
202:.
194:.
182:,
115::
1806:†
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1786:†
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1659:†
1615:†
1600:†
1590:†
1580:†
1570:†
1314:†
1286:†
1015:?
1008:†
1004:?
997:†
987:†
977:†
967:†
862:?
857:†
638:e
631:t
624:v
610:.
598::
566:.
554::
530:.
518::
450:.
425:.
396:.
385::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
