364:
to possess a defense mechanism against predators. There are cutaneous glands that are scattered all over the body of amphibians that aide in respirating, water balance, and chemical defense. There are 2 types of glands: mucous and poisonous. The poisonous glands involved in the defense mechanism are called granular glands. They form glandular accommodations in the dorsal region behind the eyes, one on each side of the body. These are called the paranoid macroglands. When they are threatened, they inflate up their lungs and point one of the glands at the attacker. This opens one of the glands to attack. When this region is pressed upon, poison is rapidly released. If bitten, the poison is shot into the predator's oral cavity mucosa, thus poisoning them.
1183:
224:
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102:
77:
33:
50:
653:
Oliveira, Raquel Soares; Leal, Allan Pinto; Ogata, Barbara; Moreira de
Almeida, Carlos Gabriel; dos Santos, Douglas Silva; Lorentz, Leandro Homrich; Moreira, Cleci Menezes; de Castro Figueiredo Bordon, Karla; Arantes, Eliane Candiani; dos Santos, Tiago Gomes; Dal Belo, Cháriston André (1 March 2018).
363:
toxic secretion. Additionally, RITS acts as an inhibitor on the cardiac Na+, K+-ATPase pump. Scientists have concluded that the toxic secretion from the toad acts as an inhibitor of calcium pumps in the heart causing a twitching action, AChE, and Na+, K+-ATPase pump. This toad species has been found
399:
is found in the
Atlantic Forest, spanning southeastern and southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and in the Misiones and Corrientes provinces of Argentina. When it is time for them to reproduce, thus species is found mainly in streams or ponds in large congregations. They get their food from hanging
342:
is yellowish in females and juveniles, with a light midline stripe and a regular pattern of black blotches; in the males the colouration is often a bright greenish yellow, with only a few black blotches. The belly is white and marbled with brown. The skin is scattered with blunt, thorny warts,
388:. The mucous cells in this toad species also produces neutral glycoproteins that are rich in galactose, galactosamine, and glucosamine residues. This is similar to other toad species whose mucous layer that serves to protect the surface of the stomach and is formed by neutral glycoconjugates.
407:
savanna, and including disturbed habitats. Breeding takes place from August to
January in permanent and temporary ponds and streams. It is an adaptable species that also occurs in many protected areas, and is not considered threatened. Initially, these toads remained in the forested and less
383:
and pepsinogen Its stomach is made up of a simple epithelium of columnar mucous cells that is supported by well vascularized loose connective tissue. In mammals, the gastric surface is lined by mucus that is secreted by mucous cells. This is also observed in
408:
urbanized areas of Brazil. However, due to more recent deforestation and the building of new roads, there has been a decrease in the ability for toads to access water which is necessary for their breeding. Because of this, the population of
801:
dos Santos, Viviane
Gularte Tavares; Amato, Suzana B.; Borges-Martins, Márcio (1 March 2013). "Community structure of helminth parasites of the "Cururu" toad, Rhinella icterica (Anura: Bufonidae) from southern Brazil".
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Regis-Alves, Eduardo; Jared, Simone G. S.; MaurĂcio, Beatriz; Mailho-Fontana, Pedro L.; Antoniazzi, Marta M.; Fleury-Curado, Maria CecĂlia; Brodie, Edmund D.; Jared, Carlos (1 October 2017).
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toxic secretion (RITS) that ultimately acts as a concentration independent irreversible neuromuscular blockade. In the presence of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme there was inhibition of
506:
379:
has four distinct layers that shows the same pattern as the esophagus. these specialized cells are called the oxynticopeptic cells and are responsible for the production of
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334:
are relatively large, stout-bodied toads. Males measure 100–166 mm (3.9–6.5 in) and females 135–190 mm (5.3–7.5 in) in snout–vent length. The
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Jared, Carlos; Alexandre, CĂ©sar; Mailho-Fontana, Pedro Luiz; Pimenta, Daniel
Carvalho; Brodie, Edmund D.; Antoniazzi, Marta Maria (30 April 2020).
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possess specialized cells found among the glandular cells in mucous layer of the esophagus. In addition, the stomach of
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768:
Machado-Santos, Clarice; Pelli-Martins, Adriana Alves; Abidu-Figueiredo, Marcelo; de Brito-Gitirana, Lycia (2014).
599:"Toads prey upon scorpions and are resistant to their venom: A biological and ecological approach to scorpionism"
101:
1564:
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657:"Mechanism of Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) toad poisoning using in vitro neurobiological preparations"
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770:"Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Stomach of Rhinella icterica (Anura, Bufonidae)"
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714:"Structural cutaneous adaptations for defense in toad (Rhinella icterica) parotoid macroglands"
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is the most common toad species found in southeastern Brazil and preys on the yellow scorpion (
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possess the ability to eat scorpions without adverse effects on the toad. This may be due to
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is gradually decreasing, causing an increase in the number of scorpions found in this area.
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This common toad occurs in a large range of habitats, from forests to open habitats such as
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303:" is its indigenous name and refers to the male advertisement call that is a melodious
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307:. "Cururu toad", without the specifier "yellow", is a common name used for a
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DĂ©bora
Silvano, Norman Scott, Lucy Aquino, Axel Kwet, Diego Baldo (2010).
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AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation.
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Amphibian
Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
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478:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
338:are strong, as are the cephalic crests. The
327:, showing the differences between the sexes
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544:. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015
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505:. American Museum of Natural History.
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1580:Taxa named by Johann Baptist von Spix
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7:
1550:IUCN Red List least concern species
444:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
509:from the original on 4 March 2016
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100:
283:that is found in northeastern
1:
731:10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.07.022
616:10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.013
400:matter and submerged plants.
351:). It has been observed that
1575:Amphibians described in 1824
574:. Berkeley, California. 2020
674:10.1016/j.neuro.2017.11.006
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816:10.1007/s00436-012-3236-8
493:Frost, Darrel R. (2015).
343:especially in the males.
311:closely related species.
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97:Scientific classification
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73:
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39:
30:
23:
1078:Rhinella lilyrodriguezae
392:Habitat and conservation
1560:Amphibians of Argentina
931:Rhinella arborescandens
1570:Amphibians of Paraguay
1134:Rhinella rubropunctata
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804:Parasitology Research
451:: e.T54668A11184033.
322:
1169:Rhinella veraguensis
1071:Rhinella justinianoi
1008:Rhinella fernandezae
952:Rhinella atacamensis
924:Rhinella amboroensis
774:Journal of Histology
16:Species of amphibian
1155:Rhinella schneideri
903:Rhinella achalensis
787:10.1155/2014/872795
566:Rhinella schneideri
67:Conservation status
1148:Rhinella spinulosa
1127:Rhinella rubescens
1099:Rhinella poeppigii
1036:Rhinella granulosa
1022:Rhinella gallardoi
1001:Rhinella dorbignyi
959:Rhinella humboldti
329:
275:) is a species of
273:yellow cururu toad
254:Rhinella ictericus
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1416:Open Tree of Life
1382:Rhinella_icterica
1281:Rhinella-icterica
1255:Rhinella_icterica
1241:Rhinella icterica
1211:Rhinella icterica
1203:Taxon identifiers
1194:
1193:
1162:Rhinella vellardi
1141:Rhinella rumbolli
1085:Rhinella nesiotes
1050:Rhinella icterica
1015:Rhinella fissipes
994:Rhinella diptycha
987:Rhinella crucifer
980:Rhinella cophotis
938:Rhinella arenarum
917:Rhinella amabilis
910:Rhinella achavali
536:Rhinella icterica
497:Rhinella icterica
437:Rhinella icterica
410:Rhinella icterica
397:Rhinella icterica
386:Rhinella icterica
381:hydrochloric acid
377:Rhinella icterica
373:Rhinella icterica
368:Specialized cells
361:Rhinella icterica
357:Rhinella icterica
353:Rhinella icterica
349:Tityus serrulatus
345:Rhinella icterica
332:Rhinella icterica
289:Misiones Province
268:Rhinella icterica
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1120:Rhinella quechua
1113:Rhinella pygmaea
1106:Rhinella pombali
1043:Rhinella henseli
1029:Rhinella gnustae
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810:(3): 1097–1103.
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499:(Spix, 1824)"
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291:), southern
272:
267:
266:
265:
257:(Spix, 1824)
253:
245:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
58:
41:
24:
18:
1341:iNaturalist
1263:AmphibiaWeb
1235:Wikispecies
725:: 128–134.
668:: 264–271.
572:AmphibiaWeb
548:30 November
513:30 November
464:16 November
315:Description
59:R. icterica
42:R. icterica
40:Adult male
1544:Categories
1461:Q107055456
578:24 January
416:References
249:Spix, 1824
824:1432-1955
755:205439474
739:0041-0101
698:207157529
682:0161-813X
640:211230253
624:0041-0101
309:few other
285:Argentina
281:Bufonidae
182:Species:
164:Bufonidae
120:Kingdom:
114:Eukaryota
1555:Rhinella
1501:10590774
1455:Wikidata
1226:Q2212192
1220:Wikidata
882:Rhinella
840:16332361
832:23340719
747:28760510
690:29174112
632:32081637
507:Archived
325:amplexus
323:Pair in
297:Paraguay
237:Synonyms
175:Rhinella
160:Family:
144:Amphibia
134:Chordata
130:Phylum:
124:Animalia
110:Domain:
87:IUCN 3.1
1527:1448009
1488:5216982
1434:1448008
1333:5216979
780:: 1–8.
719:Toxicon
610:: 4–7.
604:Toxicon
405:Cerrado
305:tremolo
216:, 1824)
170:Genus:
150:Order:
140:Class:
85: (
1514:207168
1421:745776
1408:205531
1395:346450
1359:773717
1320:330250
1294:257819
838:
830:
822:
753:
745:
737:
696:
688:
680:
638:
630:
622:
340:dorsum
301:Cururu
293:Brazil
1522:WoRMS
1496:IRMNG
1429:WoRMS
1379:MoL:
1372:54668
1346:67117
1307:4S7ND
885:genus
836:S2CID
751:S2CID
694:S2CID
636:S2CID
154:Anura
1509:ITIS
1483:GBIF
1475:NP7H
1390:NCBI
1367:IUCN
1354:ITIS
1328:GBIF
1289:BOLD
828:PMID
820:ISSN
778:2014
743:PMID
735:ISSN
686:PMID
678:ISSN
628:PMID
620:ISSN
580:2020
550:2015
515:2015
480:link
466:2021
449:2010
277:toad
214:Spix
1470:CoL
1315:EoL
1302:CoL
1276:ASW
1268:200
1250:ADW
812:doi
808:112
782:doi
727:doi
723:137
670:doi
612:doi
608:178
453:doi
299:. "
1546::
1524::
1511::
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772:.
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666:65
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602:.
588:^
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523:^
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476:}}
472:{{
447:.
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423:^
872:e
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858:v
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287:(
212:(
89:)
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