417:
57:
321:
44:
444:, which help the fungus to penetrate the plant cell wall. Once spores germinate and puncture the cell wall, various enzymes are released to break down glucose, fructose, sucrose, and other sugars, producing fumaric acid, lactic acid, and ethanol. The disease can also affect other adjacent healthy fruits when distributed
485:
is the main disease that might be caused by this fungus in humans and while it is not entirely understood yet, this disease is very dangerous and can be fatal. More commonly, Rhizopus stolonifer may cause respiratory infections, sinusitis, and otomycosis. The action of smelling spoiled food may be a
431:
can also cause soft rot of many vegetables, flowers, bulbs, corms, and seeds. After a couple of days, the infected fruits become soft and release juices with an acidic odour. When the humidity and temperature are favourable, the mycelial growth occurs rapidly at the surface of the infected fruit and
368:
are shaped differently depending on the available nutrients. They can be ovate, polygonal or angular. The optimal temperature for growth varies between 25 and 30 °C. The thermal death point, which is defined as the lowest temperature that can kill all cells in ten minutes, is 60 °C.
242:. It is one of the most common fungi in the world and has a global distribution although it is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It is a common agent of decomposition of stored foods. Like other members of the genus
665:
Benny, G.L.; Smith, M.E.; Kirk, p.m.; Tretter, E.D; White, M.M. (2016). "Challenges and Future
Perspectives in the Systematics of Kickxellomycotina, Mortierellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, and Zoopagomycotina".
891:
Baggio, J.S.; Goncalves, F.P.; Lourenco, S.A.; Tanaka, A.O.; Pascholati, S.F.; Amorim, L. (2016). "Direct penetration of
Rhizopus stolonifer into stone fruits causing rhizopus rot".
427:
The disease caused by this fungus occurs mainly on ripe fruits, such as strawberries, melon and peach, which are more susceptible to wounds and have a higher sugar content.
459:
and therefore may delay or even prevent the post-harvest disease caused by this fungus. Fengycin, which is an anti-fungal complex, also induces the fungal cell death via
1449:
1294:
1333:
1029:
Tang, Q.; Bie, X.; Lu, Z.; Lv, F.; Tao, Y.; Qu, X. (2014). "Effects of
Fengycin from Bacillus subtilis fmbJ on Apoptosis and Necrosis in Rhizopus stolonifer".
1436:
1268:
396:
species. Sexual reproduction occurs when compatible haploid mating types in the form of hyphae make contact with each other, producing diploid
289:
to appear on stale bread. It can exist in the soil as well as in the air. A variety of natural substrata are colonized by this species because
1356:
1002:
Baker, KL; Beneke, ES; Hooper, GR; Fields, WG (1977). "Host Range and Axenic
Culture of the Mycoparasite Syncephalis sphaerica (Mucorales)".
683:
583:
416:
293:
can tolerate broad variations in the concentration of essential nutrients and can use carbon and nitrogen combined in diverse forms.
721:
649:
360:
species periodically produce rhizoids, which anchor it to the substrate and unbranched aerial sporangiophores. Sporangiophores of
1510:
1382:
751:
615:
408:
often differ in size, regardless of mating type. This difference in size is not due to sex but presumably due to nutrition.
1320:
259:
1203:
1500:
1338:
468:
336:
and plays an important role in the early colonization of substrata in soil. Nonetheless, it can also behave as a
282:
56:
502:
1194:
1515:
374:
1156:
1208:
848:
151:
555:
1477:
1428:
1387:
1348:
1260:
1229:
1505:
945:"Production of Primary Metabolites by Rhizopus stolonifer, Causal Agent of Almond Hull Rot Disease"
400:. The sporangiophore contains both '+' and 'â' mating type strains in the form of sporangiospores.
373:
can grow in acidic environments with a pH of as low as 2.2. The pH range can vary from 2.2 to 9.6.
173:
51:
1454:
1299:
1369:
1216:
1137:
1114:
1096:
984:
966:
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679:
645:
611:
579:
1374:
1104:
1088:
1011:
974:
956:
900:
867:
671:
604:
296:
In the laboratory, this fungus grows well on different media, including those that contain
767:
481:
agent of disease and hence will only cause infection in people with a weakened immunity.
638:
1423:
1255:
1109:
979:
944:
792:
393:
356:
and the occupation of large areas. They can climb vertically as well as horizontally.
1494:
515:
305:
297:
286:
320:
43:
1221:
1015:
527:
519:
405:
88:
17:
1414:
1325:
1281:
1188:
919:
675:
531:
482:
478:
378:
1179:
340:
of plant tissues causing a rot of vegetables and fruits. Like other species of
961:
445:
433:
337:
333:
232:
118:
1100:
970:
308:
because it cannot utilize nitrogen in the form of nitrate. Rhizopus lives in
1242:
1092:
471:(Stopmold B) and dichloran (Botran W) have effectively reduced storage rot.
464:
397:
285:
and is found on all types of mouldy materials. It is often one of the first
108:
98:
68:
1118:
988:
1462:
1408:
1307:
1173:
460:
441:
437:
353:
238:
128:
1068:
1441:
1273:
1141:
828:
802:
436:
and spores. When the fungus germinates, it produces different kinds of
432:
the disease causes the development of long mycelial stolons with black
401:
1286:
943:
Zaveri, Anjali; Edwards, Jacqueline; Rochfort, Simone (January 2022).
904:
1467:
1312:
497:
is important economically as an agent of post-harvest storage decay.
349:
78:
1150:
364:
can be up to 2.5 mm long and about 20 Ξm in diameter. The
1247:
415:
365:
319:
309:
1361:
1234:
535:
352:. The stolons provide an aerial structure for the growth of the
1154:
578:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge university press.
538:
reduces the amount of fumaric acid produced by the fungus.
920:"Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill. 1902 Bulb rot"
258:
This fungus was first discovered by the German scientist
404:
is delayed until the germination of the zygospores. The
236:
and considered the most important species in the genus
1132:
Campbell, C.K.; Johnson, E.M.; Warnock, D.W. (2013).
597:
595:
712:
Onions, A.H.S.; Allsopp, D.; Eggins, H.O.W. (1981).
506:
is the most important source of industrial alcohol,
1398:
1163:
737:
735:
733:
556:"Fungal Descriptions and Antifungal Susceptibility"
866:
637:
603:
1050:CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria
631:
629:
627:
1071:Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichophyton mentagrophytes
814:
812:
392:can reproduce asexually and sexually. It is a
250:grows rapidly, mostly in indoor environments.
886:
884:
882:
880:
569:
567:
565:
8:
768:"Home - Rhizopus stolonifer NRRL 66455 v1.0"
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
644:(2nd ed.). London, UK: Academic Press.
1069:"The Inhibitory Effect of Essential Oils on
1067:Maness, Lisa R; Zubov, Tanya (2019-01-28).
1048:Sarbhoy, AK (1966). "Rhizopus stolonifer".
865:Gwynne-Vaughan, H.C.I.; Barnes, B. (1927).
714:Smith's introduction to industrial mycology
486:source of inhalation exposure to the mold.
270:by the French mycologist J. P. Vuillemin.
1151:
348:grows rapidly and spreads by means of the
42:
31:
1108:
978:
960:
526:is also used commercially to manufacture
842:
840:
838:
742:Vanbreuseghem, R.; Langeron, M. (1965).
924:Pest Rating Proposals and Final Ratings
819:Ainsworth, G.C.; Sussman, A.S. (1965).
546:
467:. The treatment of sweet potatoes with
455:can reduce the asexual reproduction of
869:structure and development of the fungi
574:Webster, John; Weber, Roland (2007).
7:
1478:2b529f48-f02e-4e5b-8220-8d23fd129d82
1349:b55a2dd7-26cc-4615-993f-c8282cbaf3e8
716:(7th ed.). London, UK: Arnold.
266:. The name was changed in 1902 to
746:(2nd ed.). Pitman publishing.
198:Rhizopus artocarpi var. luxurians
1134:Identification of pathogenic fungi
873:. Cambridge: The university press.
328:showing characteristic striations.
25:
534:of high purity. The presence of
55:
1136:. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
849:"Mold: a study of common fungi"
823:. Vol. 1. Academic Press.
794:Molds, Yeasts and Actinomycetes
212:Ciaglinski & Hewelke (1893)
1016:10.1080/00275514.1977.12020152
918:Scheck, Heather (2020-09-29).
821:The Fungi An Advanced Treatise
324:Gem-shaped sporangiospores of
1:
610:. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
300:or amino compounds. However,
260:Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
602:Moore-Landecker, E. (1972).
518:which is the most important
676:10.1007/978-3-319-29137-6_5
332:This species is known as a
1532:
670:. Fungal Biology: 65â126.
636:Alexopoulos, C.J. (1952).
962:10.3390/molecules27217199
606:Fundamentals of the Fungi
469:sodium orthophenyl phenol
283:cosmopolitan distribution
179:
172:
157:
150:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
503:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
423:colonizing a strawberry.
1511:Fungi described in 1818
1031:Journal of Microbiology
797:. John Wiley and Sons.
375:Ultraviolet irradiation
424:
412:Disease and prevention
329:
1093:10.1093/labmed/lmy080
668:Biology of Microfungi
640:Introductory mycology
576:Introduction to fungi
510:and other species of
419:
323:
316:Growth and physiology
230:. It is a member of
226:is commonly known as
791:Skinner, C. (1930).
772:mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov
448:or insect activity.
312:and matured spores.
1195:Rhizopus stolonifer
1165:Rhizopus stolonifer
1081:Laboratory Medicine
1075:Microsporum gypseum
744:Outline of mycology
524:Rhizopus stolonifer
495:Rhizopus stolonifer
475:Rhizopus stolonifer
390:Rhizopus stolonifer
371:Rhizopus stolonifer
279:Rhizopus stolonifer
274:Habitat and ecology
268:Rhizopus stolonifer
223:Rhizopus stolonifer
161:Rhizopus stolonifer
36:Rhizopus stolonifer
425:
330:
264:Rhizopus nigricans
183:Rhizopus nigricans
143:R. stolonifer
18:Rhizopus nigricans
1501:Food microbiology
1488:
1487:
1370:Open Tree of Life
1157:Taxon identifiers
905:10.1111/ppa.12434
685:978-3-319-29135-2
585:978-0-511-27783-2
304:will not grow on
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:Geodoelst (1902)
201:
195:
187:
27:Species of fungus
16:(Redirected from
1523:
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1471:
1470:
1458:
1457:
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1419:
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1400:Mucor stolonifer
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1326:BMSSYS0000016322
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1010:(5): 1008â1015.
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551:
451:Some species of
377:can delay spore
228:black bread mold
211:
205:
199:
194:Ehrenberg (1818)
193:
191:Mucor stolonifer
186:Ehrenberg (1820)
185:
167:Vuillemin (1902)
163:
60:
59:
46:
32:
21:
1531:
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893:Plant Pathology
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210:Rhizopus niger
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54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1516:Fungus species
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1148:
1147:
1124:
1087:(2): e18âe22.
1059:
1040:
1021:
994:
935:
910:
899:(4): 633â642.
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691:
684:
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623:
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298:ammonium salts
275:
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200:Schroet (1886)
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847:Brown, Ryan.
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826:
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795:
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773:
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738:
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734:
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723:0-7131-2811-9
719:
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687:
681:
677:
673:
669:
661:
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651:9780122204029
647:
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619:
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581:
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566:
562:
557:
550:
547:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:ethyl alcohol
514:also produce
513:
509:
508:R. stolonifer
505:
504:
498:
496:
489:
487:
484:
480:
479:opportunistic
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:R. stolonifer
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
429:R. stolonifer
422:
421:R. stolonifer
418:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:heterothallic
391:
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
363:
362:R. stolonifer
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:R. stolonifer
343:
339:
335:
327:
326:R. stolonifer
322:
315:
313:
311:
307:
306:Czapek's agar
303:
302:R. stolonifer
299:
294:
292:
291:R. stolonifer
288:
284:
280:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
253:
251:
249:
248:R. stolonifer
245:
241:
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209:
203:
197:
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181:
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156:
153:
152:Binomial name
149:
145:
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132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
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99:Mucoromycetes
97:
94:
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84:
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67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
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40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1399:
1164:
1133:
1127:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1007:
1003:
997:
955:(21): 7199.
952:
948:
938:
927:. Retrieved
923:
913:
896:
892:
868:
860:
820:
793:
786:
775:. Retrieved
771:
762:
743:
713:
667:
660:
639:
605:
575:
549:
528:fumaric acid
523:
520:fermentation
511:
507:
501:
499:
494:
493:
474:
473:
456:
452:
450:
440:, including
428:
426:
420:
389:
388:
385:Reproduction
370:
361:
357:
345:
341:
331:
325:
301:
295:
290:
278:
277:
267:
263:
262:in 1818 as
257:
247:
243:
237:
231:
227:
222:
221:
220:
204:Mucor niger
190:
182:
160:
158:
142:
141:
129:
89:Mucoromycota
35:
29:
1282:iNaturalist
1189:Wikispecies
532:lactic acid
483:Zygomycosis
453:Syncephalis
406:gametogenia
379:germination
1506:Mucoraceae
1495:Categories
1142:B0000CIFGO
929:2023-05-03
829:B002M3UZVM
803:B002A1J300
777:2023-05-03
753:0273417207
617:0133392678
554:Ellis, D.
542:References
490:Importance
398:zygospores
334:saprotroph
233:Zygomycota
119:Mucoraceae
85:Division:
1415:Q59564650
1101:0007-5027
1004:Mycologia
971:1420-3049
949:Molecules
522:product.
465:apoptosis
438:esterases
434:sporangia
137:Species:
109:Mucorales
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1463:MycoBank
1455:10399858
1424:Fungorum
1409:Wikidata
1308:MycoBank
1300:10962702
1256:Fungorum
1180:Q1500736
1174:Wikidata
1119:30690523
989:36364023
512:Rhizopus
461:necrosis
442:cutinase
358:Rhizopus
354:mycelium
342:Rhizopus
338:parasite
244:Rhizopus
239:Rhizopus
174:Synonyms
130:Rhizopus
115:Family:
65:Domain:
1442:5250709
1274:2558944
1235:2944808
1110:6452308
980:9657676
446:by wind
402:Meiosis
350:stolons
254:History
125:Genus:
105:Order:
95:Class:
1475:NZOR:
1468:188377
1429:188377
1388:100578
1375:219837
1362:100578
1346:NZOR:
1313:119545
1287:245693
1261:119545
1248:RIZPST
1209:460907
1140:
1117:
1107:
1099:
1056:: 1â2.
987:
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750:
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648:
614:
582:
500:While
477:is an
366:spores
310:hyphae
281:has a
1450:IRMNG
1383:WoRMS
1295:IRMNG
1222:4SDHF
1073:, and
852:(PDF)
287:molds
79:Fungi
1437:GBIF
1357:OBIS
1339:4846
1334:NCBI
1269:GBIF
1243:EPPO
1204:BOLD
1138:ASIN
1115:PMID
1097:ISSN
985:PMID
967:ISSN
825:ASIN
799:ASIN
748:ISBN
718:ISBN
680:ISBN
646:ISBN
612:ISBN
580:ISBN
536:zinc
530:and
463:and
1321:NBN
1230:EoL
1217:CoL
1105:PMC
1089:doi
1054:110
1012:doi
975:PMC
957:doi
901:doi
672:doi
1497::
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1008:69
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879:^
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20:)
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