Rhondda - Knowledge (XXG)

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their methods of ventilation, coal-preparation and power supply. In 1945, the British coal industry was cutting 72 per cent of its output mechanically, whereas in South Wales the figure was just 22 per cent. The only way to ensure financial survival of the mines in the valleys was massive investment by the NCB, but its "Plan for Coal" paper drawn up in 1950 was overly optimistic about future demand, which was drastically reduced after an industrial recession in 1956 and with increased availability of oil.

82: 2646: 831:. Although its defences would have been slight, the camp made good use of the natural slopes and rock outcrops to its north-east face. It consisted of two earthworks: an inner and outer enclosure. When the site was excavated in 1901, several archaeological finds led to the camp being misidentified as Bronze Age. These finds, mainly pottery and flint knives, were excavated from a burial cairn discovered within the outer enclosure, but the site has since been classified as from the 2021:, the economic prospects in South Wales were good. Although production fell after the 1913 high, demand was still strong enough to push the coalfields to their limit. In February 1917 coal mining came under government control and demand increased as the war intensified, ensuring a market for sufficient supplies. After the war the picture began to change. Initially the British coal industry was buoyed by a series of fortuitous economic events, such as the 3703: 2006: 4425: 368: 3786: 2097: 4232:, absorbed into the moralistic system of the Nonconformist chapels, caused a shift in social attitudes in the mid to late-19th and early 20th century Rhondda. Alcohol was looked down on and so were the increasingly violent sports such as rugby, so that many young men sought more acceptable pastimes. Voice choirs were a natural progression from chapel society and brass bands eventually gained acceptance by the movement. 8448: 4360:

the 1860s in the school classrooms. The educational philosophy accepted by schoolmasters and governmental administrators was that English was the language of scholars and Welsh a barrier to moral and commercial prosperity. In 1901, 35.4 per cent of Rhondda workers spoke only English, but by 1911 this had risen to 43.1 per cent, while Welsh-speaking monoglots had fallen from 11.4 to 4.4 per cent in the same period.

5003:. Abraham, best known as a trade unionist, was the first Member of Parliament of the Rhondda and the leader of the South Wales Miners' Federation. A strong negotiator in the early years of valley unionism, he lost ground as a moderate to more radical leaders in his later years. Thomas was born in Port Talbot, but raised in Trealaw near Tonypandy. He was a Member of Parliament for Cardiff for 38 years and 687: 4968: 1398: 778: 4134: 3947: 1521: 2067:, employment in the Rhondda Valleys continued to fall. This in turn led to a decline in public and social services, as people struggled to pay rates and rents. One outcome of the lack of funds was a fall in health provisions, which in Rhondda lead to a shortage of medical and nursing staff, a failure to provide adequate sewage works, and a rise in deaths from 4783: 1188:, who stated, "Castelle Nose is but a high stony creg in the top of an hille". The castle comprises a scarp and ditch forming a raised platform and on the north face is a ruined dry-stone building. Its location and form do not appear to be Norman and it is thought to have been built by the Welsh as a border defence, which would date it before 1247, when 2045:'s call "not a penny off the pay, not a minute on the day". The TUC called off the strike just nine days later, without resolving the miners' cut in wages. The miners disagreed and stayed on strike for a further seven months until they were starved into surrender. The Rhondda saw many schemes set up by miners to aid their plight, such as 582:, as slow-moving glaciers gouged out the deep valleys that exist today. With the retreat of the ice sheet, around 8000 BC, the valleys were further modified by stream and river action. This left the two river valleys of the Rhondda with narrow, steep-sided slopes which would dictate the layout of settlements from early to modern times. 5125:, came to prominence as the Rhondda Group. Although it did not set up a school or have a manifesto, the group, which included Charles Burton, Ceri Barclay, Glyn Morgan, Thomas Hughes, Gwyn Evans, Nigel Flower, David Mainwaring, Ernest Zobole and Robert Thomas, formed an important artistic movement in 20th-century Welsh art. 2894: 1683:. In 1865, the coal output from the Rhondda Valley was roughly one-quarter of that of Aberdare; ten years later the Rhondda was producing over two million tons more than the Aberdare valleys. These figures would later be dwarfed by massive excavation rates in the last quarter of the 19th century and up to the 4363:

Thorough anglicization of the Rhondda Valleys took place between 1900 and 1950. Improved transport and communications facilitated the spread of cultural influences, along with dealings with outside companies with no understanding of Welsh, trade union meetings being held in English, and the coming of

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period resulted in farmers taking in more land, creating higher levels of surplus goods and so producing higher profits. These were reflected in new farmhouses built in the Rhondda and for the first time an emphasis on domestic comfort apparent in the design of dwellings. Many new farm buildings were

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Little evidence exists of settlements within the Rhondda in the Norman period. Unlike the communal dwellings of the Iron Age, the remains of medieval buildings discovered in the area follow a pattern similar to modern farmsteads, with separate holdings spaced out around the hillsides. The evidence of

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Other major factors in the decline of coal related to massive under-investment in the Rhondda mines over the previous decades. Most mines in the valleys had been sunk between the 1850s and 1880s, so that they were far smaller than most modern mines. The Rhondda mines were comparatively antiquated in

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parish grew to 16,914 in 1871. By 1901 the Rhondda Urban District had a population of 113,735. As more and more coal mines were sunk the population grew to fill the jobs needed to extract the coal. In the 1860s and 1870s the majority came from neighbouring Welsh counties, but with the improving rail

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to the port at Cardiff. The lack of transportation links was one of the main problems that curtailed exploitation of the Rhondda Valley coalfields, along with the belief that they lay too deep for economic working. It was therefore seen as an expensive risk. Exploration of the Rhondda was undertaken

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hamlet. Through the post-medieval period the Rhondda was heavily wooded and its main economic staple the rearing of sheep, horses and cattle. The historian Rice Merrick, in describing the upland area of the Vale of Glamorgan, noted there "was always great breeding of cattle, horses and sheep; but in

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Davis (1989), p. 26, "Morgan not only misidentifies the height of the 30-ft. mound as 100 ft. but states that '...all these sacred mounds were reared in this country... when Druidism was the established religion', but gives no historic proof. The book also has an illustration of the castle to which

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Due to the scarcity of inhabitants in the Rhondda prior to industrialisation, there are few residents of note before the valleys became a coal-mining area. The earliest individuals to come to the fore were linked with the coal industry and the people; physical men who found a way out of the Rhondda

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The geological layout of the Rhondda Valley has led to restrictive transport links. The original road layout followed the valleys, with few links between them. In the 1920s, a major unemployment relief programme for out-of-work miners was created to build mountain roads connecting them. These had a

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The lack of playing fields in the valleys meant many rugby teams shared grounds, travelled every week to away grounds, or even played on inappropriate sloping pitches. The valley clubs had no clubhouses, with most teams meeting and changing in the closest local public house. Many clubs built around

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Chapel life was central to valley life throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but as with many communities throughout Britain, the post-war periods saw a decline in regular membership. To an extent the number of places of worship declined with the population, but this was exacerbated in

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During the early to mid-19th century, the Rhondda valleys were inhabited by small farming settlements. In 1841 the parish of Ystradyfodwg, which would later constitute most of the Rhondda Borough, recorded a population of less than a thousand. With the discovery of massive deposits of high quality,

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As industrialisation began, there was still little shift in the use of Welsh. Initial immigrants were Welsh: it was not until the 1900s that English workers began settling in any great numbers, and in any case it was not these new workers who changed the language. The erosion of Welsh had begun in

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had a poor relationship with the Nonconformist chapels, mainly due to the heavy social drinking that came hand in hand with being a member. This changed towards the end of the 19th century, when on becoming more respectable, many bands had actually joined the temperance movement. Two Rhondda brass

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With little other employment available in the Rhondda, the only solution appeared to be emigration. Between 1924 and 1939, 50,000 people left the Rhondda. During this time life was difficult for communities built solely around a singular industry, especially as most families were on a single wage.

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British and Welsh employment bodies funded and subsidised external businesses to locate replacement ventures in the valleys. The first attempt to bring in business unconnected to coal began in the 1920s, when David Jones, Town Clerk of the Rhondda Urban Council, gained government support for so

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The decline in coal mining after World War II was a countrywide issue, but South Wales and Rhondda were more gravely affected than other areas. Oil had superseded coal as the fuel of choice in many industries and there was political pressure behind the oil supply. From the few industries still

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status began a trend towards concentration of ownership, reducing some of the economic risks involved in coal mining: unstable coal prices, inflated acquisitions, geological difficulties, and large-scale accidents. The emerging companies were formed by the individuals and families who sank the

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via Pontypridd. This allowed easier transportation for Walter Coffin's Dinas mine, an unsurprising addition, as Coffin was a director of the TVR. In 1849 the TVR extended into the Rhondda Fach and, by 1856, the railway had reached the furthest areas of the Fach and Fawr valleys at Maerdy and

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As the temperance movement faded, the bands found new benefactors in the colliery owners and many took on the names of specific collieries. A memorable image of the connection between the collieries and brass bands came in 1985, when the Maerdy miners were filmed returning to work after the

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the Rhondda by a swift decline in the number of Welsh speakers. Welsh-language chapels in particular saw a sharp drop in membership from the 1950s, and many closed in the next half-century. By 1990 the Rhondda had less than 50 places of worship and many premises had been demolished.

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The TVR line dominated coal transportation through the Rhondda's industrial history. Its monopoly was a bone of contention: the absence of rivals precluded colliery owners from negotiating lower haulage rates. Attempts were made to break the monopoly included the opening of the

3735:, after whom the parish is named. He is thought to have lived around AD 600. Although the parish bears his name, there are now no religious monuments or places of worship named after him within the Rhondda boundaries, although two churches outside the area are named after him: 1662:

Initially the shallower pits at Aberdare proved a bigger attraction to prospective mine owners, but once Aberdare became fully worked by the 1860s, the Rhondda saw rapid growth. During the 1860s and the 1870s, 20 Rhondda Valley collieries opened, with the leading owner in the

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Mountain. Known as the Rhondda Stonehenge, it consists of ten upright stones no more than 60 cm (24 in) in height, encircling a central cist. All the cairns found within the Rhondda are located on high ground, many on ridgeways, and may have been used as waypoints.

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mines, there were only small numbers of Irish, less than 1,000 by 1911. This absence is often blamed on the forcible ejection of the Irish who lived in Treherbert during three days of rioting in 1857. The population of the valleys peaked in 1924 at over 167,900 inhabitants.

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In the first half of the 17th century, rising costs of consumable goods and successive bad harvests brought economic change in Glamorgan. Those wealthy enough could seize chances created by the unsettled conditions and set about enlarging and enclosing farmlands. The

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By 1893, there were more than 75 collieries in the Rhondda Valleys. Initially most were owned by a small group of individuals, but the trend changed towards the start of the 20th century, as companies began buying up existing collieries. The widespread adoption of

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The coalmining industry of the Rhondda was artificially buoyed in the war years and there were expectations of a return to the pre-1939 industrial collapse after the end of the Second World War. There was a sense of salvation when the government announced the

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the local miners set up a rationing system. By the time the miners returned to work, there was little desire for further action, which saw a decline in the popularity of 'The Fed' and greater emphasis on solving problems by political and parliamentary means.

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transportation and cheaper transport, immigrants came from further afield. The 1890s recorded workers from the South West, places such as Gloucester and Devon, and by the 1900s people came from North Wales, the lead-mining area of

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For most of its history, the Rhondda valleys were an exclusively Welsh-speaking area. Only in the early 20th century did English began to supplant Welsh as the first language of social intercourse. In 1803, English historian

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has been identified as such, mainly on the strength of the name, though the village did not survive past the Middle Ages. The largest concentration of dwellings from the period, mainly platform houses, have been found around

1336:. However, to be self-supporting, farmers in the area grew crops such as oats, corn and barley in small quantities. Crops were grown in the lower part of the Rhondda on narrow meadows adjoining riversides, though during the 4350:, who on a visit complained of the awkwardness of understanding the particular dialects and idioms used by the native speakers, which were difficult for other Welsh speakers to understand. This dialect was once called 1372:

of freehold lands begun in the later Middle Ages now gained momentum and farms once owned by individual farmers passed to groups of wealthy landowners. By the 19th century, most Rhondda farms and estates were owned by

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also enjoyed success at eisteddfodau, and in 1895, the original choir sang before Queen Victoria. Many choirs still exist, including the Cambrian Male voice choir in Tonypandy and the Cor Meibion Morlais in Ferndale.

4813:, his pharmacy was left unscathed by the crowds due to his past sporting duties. Many players came through the Rhondda to gain international duty, and after the split between amateur rugby union and the professional 3917:

chapel would be the forerunners in a new religious movement in the valley for the next 150 years. In the early 19th century there were only three places of worship in the Rhondda; the parish church (now dedicated to

2690:. These two markets controlled the fate of the mines in the Rhondda, and as demand fell from both, the effect was further contraction. In addition, exports to other areas of Europe such as France, Italy and the 1430:, which combined the house and cowshed into one building. By 1840, the Rhondda had at least 160 farms, but most were destroyed with the growth of the mining industry. Of the few survivors, those of note include 4101:

was formed in 1897. Due to the geographic layout of the valleys, land was a scarce resource, and so leisure pursuits that took up little space, time and money were sought. This resulted in activities such as

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entered Morgannwg in an attempt to gain control of the area, building many earth and timber castles in the lowlands. In the early 12th century Norman expansion continued, with castles being founded around

1991:, believed to have been named after Angelo Bracchi, who opened the first café there in the early 1890s. In the early 21st century several of the Rhondda's original bracchis were still open for business. 731:. It consisted of an earthen mound with a surrounding ditch 28 metres in circumference and over 2 metres tall (91.9 ft × 6.6 ft). Although most cairns discovered in the area are round, a 4045:. The Rhondda miners were also active in socialist activities outside the valleys. In the 1920s and 1930s the Rhondda and the surrounding valleys provided the principal support of some of the largest 4376:

Though the population of the Rhondda was embracing English as its first language, a literary and intellectual movement formed in the Rhondda in the 1940s that would produce an influential group of

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medieval Welsh farmers comes from remains of their buildings, with the foundations of platform houses being discovered spaced out through both valleys. When the sites of several platform houses at

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was not only the first World Champion from the Rhondda, but the first Welshman to hold a World Title when he won the Flyweight belt in 1914. After Jones came the Rhondda's most notable boxer,

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Glamorgan County History, Volume III, The Middle Ages: The Marcher Lordships of Glamorgan and Morgannwg and Gower and Kilvey from the Norman Conquest to the Act of Union of England and Wales

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Glamorgan County History, Volume III, The Middle Ages: The Marcher Lordships of Glamorgan and Morgannwg and Gower and Kilvey from the Norman Conquest to the Act of Union of England and Wales

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as it documents the change in the regions landscape from black back to green. As the book rephrases from Llewellyn's text, “How black was my valley, and the valley of them that are gone”.

2029:, when the Rhondda experienced a massive increase in unemployment. The situation worsened in 1926, when in response to coalowners reducing pay and lengthening working hours of miners, the 1540:

in the West, covering almost 2,600 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi). This took in most of Glamorgan and the entirety of the Rhondda within it. Although neighbouring areas such as

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The area has not produced as notable a group of visual artists as it has writers, though in the 1950s a small group of students, brought together through a daily commute by train to the

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showed how little the diet had changed when he wrote that the people still ate "oatmeal bread, with a relish of miserable cheese; and the beer, where they have any, is worse than none".

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teams of note in the history of the Rhondda Valleys. Several teams were formed around the end of the 19th century, but most folded in the Depression, including Cwmparc F.C. in 1926 and

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was not so popular as rugby in the Rhondda in the early 20th century, after the 1920s several notable players emerged from the area. Two of the most important came from the village of

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has become increasingly popular in the Rhondda during the 21st century. A local charity, Rhondda Netball, encourages more women to take part in sports both inside and outside school.

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mentioned that while travelling through Ystradyfodwg he had met only one person with whom he could talk, and then with the help of an interpreter. This experience was repeated by

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in 1947, but subsequent decades saw continual output reductions. From 15,000 miners in 1947, Rhondda had just a single pit within the valleys producing coal in 1984, located at

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were influential writers and curators in the history of Egyptian lore. It is where a cluster of three internationally-distinguished social geographers spent their early lives:

2025:, and by 1924 unemployment for miners was below the national average. But the belief that the mining industry would experience a permanent demand for coal was shattered by the 1312:

described cattle rearing as the "best means unto wealth that the Shire doth afford". As there was no fair held in the Rhondda, the beasts were taken to neighbouring markets at

347:, having an estimated population in 2020 of 69,506. It is most noted for its historical coalmining industry, which peaked between 1840 and 1925. The valleys produced a strong 3782:. This holy site was the main reason people would pass through the commote; it was even thought to be the main reason the first bridges were built over the River Rhondda. 1967:

The mass immigration in the period was almost entirely from other parts of Wales and from England. A notable exception was a group of Italian immigrants, originally from

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of the local ruler to whom they paid dues, and freemen, with higher status, who lived in scattered homesteads. The most important village was the mayor's settlement or

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in an attempt to reunify the commotes under a single native ruler. This conflict was unresolved by the time of De Clare's death and the area fell under royal control.

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through sport, and charismatic orators who led the miners through unions or political and religious leaders who tended to the deeply religious chapel going public.

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in 1217. The subjugation of Glamorgan, begun by Fitzhamon, was completed by the powerful De Clare family. Although Gilbert de Clare had now become one of the great

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Treherbert. For the first time, the Rhondda Valley was linked by a major transportation route to the rest of Wales and exploitation of its coalfields could begin.

6214: 871:. The settlement is one of a group of earthworks and indicates the presence of the Roman army during the 1st century AD. It was thought to be a military site or 6271: 3766:

first mentioned in the 15th century, though it may have been a place of pagan worship before. This pilgrimage site was identified as a manor belonging to the

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are the only structural relics in the Rhondda area from this period. No carved stones or crosses exist to indicate the presence of a Christian shrine. In the

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original collieries, but by the start of the 20th century they were no more than principal shareholders. The firms included the Davies's Ocean Coal Company,

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began broadcasting, allowing the Rhondda to receive television pictures for the first time. This was followed in January 1958 by commercial television from

3876:, there were no other Nonconformist Causes until David Williams began preaching in the Rhondda in 1784. In 1785 six people were baptised in the river near 1101: 604:

period, places human activity on the plateau above the valleys. Many other Mesolithic items have appeared in the Rhondda, mainly in the upper areas around

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provides a peoples history of the valleys with a particular focus on the problems blighting its towns. The book offers a reworking of Richard Llewellyn's

4876: 4081:, a wife and mother constantly at home and exalted as the queen of the household, was essentially a Rhondda creation. However the Rhondda did produce the 887:

support from Britain, and succeeding centuries saw the emergence of national identity and of kingdoms. The area which would become the Rhondda lay within

5085:, winner of the Eisteddfod Crown on two occasions, who used the landscape of the industrial valleys as a basis for much of his work. Writing in English, 2848: 1872:

accessible coal in the mid-19th century, the valleys experienced a large influx of financial immigrants. The first came to the lower Rhondda villages of

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simple structures of two or three small rooms, but of a much sturdier, more permanent quality than the medieval platform houses. A popular style was the

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that his legacy endures. The Houston brothers were born in Tonypandy, with Donald gaining the greater success as a film actor, with memorable roles in

4004:". Tonypandy was at the centre of further public disorder, when on 11 June 1936 at Dewinton Field, a crowd gathered to confront an open-air address by 6361: 4012:. The crowd, recorded as 2,000–6,000 strong, turned violent and police had to protect Moran's Blackshirt bodyguard. Seven local people were arrested. 2958: 1511: 4643:

lasting effect and transformed the valleys from being dead-end communities. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, new road projects such as the

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Political activism in the Rhondda has deep links with trade unions and the socialist movement, but was initially slow to develop. In the 1870s the

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in Treorchy – from the 1890s onwards, and were centres of entertainment and self-improvement, with billiards halls, libraries and reading rooms.

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Along with the sinking of the first colliery at the head of the Rhondda, a second issue, transportation, was tackled with the extension of the

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in 1875 to see the game establish itself at the various collieries where the Amalgamated Association of Miners held their meetings. In 1877

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chapels. This changed rapidly after 1855 as coalmining brought an influx of population, and by 1905 there were 151 chapels in the valley.

5365: 4282:. The oldest in Rhondda is the Lewis-Merthyr Band, formerly Cymmer Colliery Band, founded as the Cymmer Military Band in or before 1855. 4073:

With an economy largely dependent on a single industry, there was a scarcity of paid jobs for women in Rhondda's coalmining heyday. The

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The possibility of serious injury or death was an everyday risk for the mine workers of the Rhondda Valley. The most notorious form of

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elder time therein grew but small store of corn, for in most places there the ground was not thereunto apt". The English cartographer

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Wales in the Twentieth Century World: Family on the Dole 1919–1939; Mid Glamorgan County Council Education Department (1994) pp. 3–4.

5205:, who has written many books on violence and global affairs, was also born in the valleys of South Wales. His semi-biographical book 8238: 8219: 8200: 8154: 8116: 8089: 7206: 6198: 5546: 5417: 4956: 4182:

teams. The heavy industrial worker was a prime aggressive attack figure in early Welsh packs, typified by the likes of Treherbert's

3958: 1975:. In the late 19th century, they were forced out of London by over-saturation of the market, and instead set up a network of cafés, 1565: 765:

offering. Of particular interest are fragments of an iron sword, the earliest iron object to be found in Wales, and the only C-type

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won support, but was destroyed by employer hostility. The Cambrian Miners' Association was more successful and the creation of the

1410: 1421:, to which Wales was now annexed. This appears in the structures built in the Rhondda Valley. The fluctuating economy of the late 4833: 4821:, Aberaman-born, but living in the Rhondda when he went north, to become the world's first dual-code international rugby player. 4287: 4020: 3977: 2120:. As mines became deeper and ventilation harder to control, the risk increased. The worst single incident in the Rhondda was the 8263: 1277:

In the mid-16th century the Rhondda, then known as the Vale of Rotheney, belonged to the large but sparsely inhabited parish of

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During the mid-19th century the influx of immigrants from older mining towns such as Aberdare and Merthyr brought the game of

8492: 7776: 7162: 7133: 7104: 7075: 7046: 7017: 6988: 6959: 6930: 6901: 6872: 6843: 6814: 6785: 6756: 6727: 6674: 6645: 5318: 4845: 4760: 4244:. The Rhondda produced several choirs of note, including the Rhondda Glee Society, which represented Wales at the World Fair 4098: 3667: 2942: 1983:

throughout South Wales. These became iconic landmarks in the villages they served and they and subsequent generations became

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Lower Colliery in 1812 that coal was exported from the Rhondda Valleys on any commercial scale. This was originally taken by

7473: 6293: 4864:, was a Welsh international and British Lion of note, still known today for his scoring achievements playing in this code. 1354:. Merrick described the diet of the upland inhabitants as consisting of "bread made of wheat... and ale and bear" [ 536:; 'speech'. The suggestion is that the river is speaking aloud, a comparison to the English expression "a babbling brook". 8357: 4597: 4016: 3853: 2071:. By 1932 the long-term unemployment figure in the Rhondda was put at 63 per cent, and in Ferndale at almost 73 per cent. 1642: 348: 340: 128: 5238:(2008) does not give the area of the Rhondda Valley, but gives it in hectares for each of the 16 communities as of 2001. 5207: 8286: 5148:, his heavy-cast statues have become icons of contemporary Wales, with many of his works publicly displayed in Cardiff. 4952: 4817:, many were also tempted to the North of England to earn a wage for their abilities. Amongst the new league players was 4438: 4023:. By 1936 there were seven communists on Rhondda Urban District Council and the branch was publishing its own newspaper 2870: 1674: 884: 7952: 7938: 7926: 6218: 2694:

experienced sharp decline: from 33 per cent of output around the start of the 20th century to some 5 per cent by 1980.

1485:. Corn mills existed sparsely throughout the valleys, as did early coal pits, two being recorded as opening in 1612 at 8467: 8422: 5063: 4593: 3951: 3620: 3520: 3031: 2914: 2082:

saw a turnaround in the employment figures, and by 1944 unemployment figures in the Rhondda ranged from 1 per cent in

2042: 1899: 1439: 868: 7376: 7154: 7125: 7096: 7067: 7038: 7009: 6980: 6951: 6922: 6893: 6864: 6835: 6806: 6777: 6748: 6719: 323:, 'small') – so that the singular "Rhondda Valley" and the plural are both commonly used. The area forms part of the 2781:

was centred on its parish church of St John the Baptist, with the old village being absorbed into the urban area of

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doing. Arrivals included Alfred Polikoff's clothing factory, Messrs Jacob Beatus manufacturing cardboard boxes, and

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Many sources state the meaning of Rhondda as "noisy", though this is a simplified translation without research. Sir

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in 1918. Despite not being born in the Rhondda, the two most notable political figures to emerge from the area are

4038: 3779: 2962: 416:, a sparsely populated agricultural area. The spelling of the commote varied widely, as the Cardiff Records show: 8337: 5352: 5047: 4934: 4899: 4009: 3966: 3315: 3016: 2177: 1213: 1080: 25: 6249: 5156:

In sciences and social sciences, the Rhondda has provided important academics for Wales and on the world stage.

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1911 Census, of those who answered: Welsh 90.28%, English 8.23%, Irish and Scottish 0.92%, rest of world 0.58%.

5198: 5139: 4915: 4693: 4302: 3578: 2725:, a museum marking Rhondda's industrial past, lies just south of Porth in the former Lewis Merthyr Colliery at 2010: 232: 92: 17: 5786:

Glamorgan County History, Volume IV, Early Modern Glamorgan from the Act of Union to the Industrial Revolution

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Glamorgan County History, Volume IV, Early Modern Glamorgan from the Act of Union to the Industrial Revolution

5186: 4751:. The railway line serves 10 Rhondda stations at villages not directly linked connected through bus services. 4385: 4001: 3980:

of 1885 the Rhondda was granted its first seat in Parliament, which was won by a moderate trade union leader,

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or meeting house was opened there. Although attracting families from as far away as Merthyr and the parish of

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have been among those who sang songs about the Rhondda as has Max Boyce who was born in Treorchy, Rhondda.

7652: 5234: 5164:, a process enabling the exchange of information between computers, a feature which enabled the Internet. 5122: 5102: 5069: 4414: 4186:

who at 6-foot 1 inch (185.5 cm) and 16 stone (100 kg) in weight was seen as an animal of a man.

4074: 4050: 3338: 2203: 2121: 1599:. The Bute Merthyr began producing coal in 1855, as the first working steam-coal colliery in the Rhondda. 1581:, who not only owned large tracts of valley farmland but also possessed a large financial interest in the 851: 4793:

The two main sports with which the Rhondda appeared to produce quality participants were rugby union and

1222:

is dated around the 12th or early 13th century and has been misidentified by several historians, notably

632:

activity. Though no definite Mesolithic settlements have been located, the concentration of finds at the

5086: 4343: 3856:

made itself felt in the 18th century. In 1738 the Reverend Henry Davies formed the Independent Cause in

2796: 2722: 2030: 2026: 1972: 1586: 1529: 1515: 855: 751:

In 1912, a hoard of 24 late Bronze Age weapons and tools was discovered during construction work at the

4832:

and gained 29 caps for Wales, four for the British Lions and was one of the inaugural inductees of the

4688:, heading north through Porth and through the Rhondda Fach to Maerdy, where the road links up with the 4486: 2897:

A rough layout of the main villages of the Rhondda shown along the two tributaries of the River Rhondda

2706:. After the Second World War, 23 firms were set up in the Rhondda Valleys, 18 of them sponsored by the 5882: 2851:

and the parish boundaries were adjusted to match the urban district. The parish and urban district of

8482: 5073:(1950). Glyn Houston acted primarily in British B-Movies and was better known as a television actor. 4938: 4891: 4493:

and trade unions. Miners began to contribute to the building and running of institutes – such as the

4490: 4317: 4199: 4042: 3902: 3651: 1573: 1472: 413: 201: 711:

have appeared throughout the length of both valleys. The best example of a round-cairn was found at

539:

With the increase in population from the mid-19th century the area was officially recognised as the

8377: 5202: 4919: 4868: 4418: 4390: 4306: 4249: 4229: 4183: 3919: 2762: 2665: 2645: 2445: 1084: 579: 355:

chapels that moulded Rhondda values in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It is also known for its

328: 324: 212: 191: 761:. The items did not originate from the Rhondda and are thought to have been left at the site as a 6700: 6666: 6637: 6611: 6580: 4982: 4494: 4298: 4178:

in 1903. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the "Rhondda forward" was a key player in many

4167: 4151: 3723:

was coterminous with the earlier parish of Ystradyfodwg, but little is known of the Celtic saint

3418: 2862: 2687: 2038: 1427: 1418: 920: 671: 548: 1532:

is the largest continuous coalfield in Britain, extending some 113 kilometres (70 mi) from

590:

The earliest evidence of man's presence in these upper areas of Glamorgan was found in 1963 at

8234: 8215: 8196: 8150: 8131: 8112: 8095: 8085: 8073: 7861: 7756: 7425: 7202: 6194: 5542: 5521: 5413: 5176: 5110: 5097: 4923: 4903: 4716: 4381: 4086: 3702: 2975: 2882: 2858: 2750: 2612: 2489: 1938: 1692: 1603: 1414: 1374: 1005: 898: 766: 387: 336: 332: 121: 6549: 5161: 5082: 5058: 4991: 4849: 4798: 4410: 4347: 4203: 4103: 3773: 2938: 1976: 1264: 1209: 1063: 1008:, communities were split between bondmen, who lived in small villages centred on a court or 367: 356: 248: 224: 8271: 4661: 4089:, one of nine women among a list of a hundred great Welsh heroes chosen by ballot in 2004. 2005: 7830: 7693: 5673: 5654:

Early Welsh Homesteads on Gelligaer Common, Glamorgan. Excavations in 1938. Glamorganshire

5091: 4810: 4644: 4534:, one of the more familiar local papers, appeared in 1899 and nine years later became the 4424: 4207: 3993: 3970: 3849: 2965:

of 62,545. The ONS separately defines a Ferndale built-up area covering much of the upper

2397: 2105: 1684: 1382: 1378: 1361: 1337: 699:

Although little evidence of settlement has been found in the Rhondda for the Neolithic to

653: 8014: 7474:"Hundreds take part in Rhondda netball tournament as the sport flourishes in the Valleys" 4573:

was published from 1944 to 1967. Also published in Pontypridd during that period was the

4554:

was published from 1900 to 1944, and during that period there was a newspaper called the

8052: 8033: 7246: 5109:

brought a realism to the industrial valleys missing in the more rose-tinted writings of

4824:

The most famous rugby player from the Rhondda in the latter half of the 20th century is

4240:

The male-voice choirs of Welsh industrial communities are believed to have derived from

3785: 891:, which incorporated the modern area of Glamorgan and was ruled by a dynasty founded by 8347: 8078: 7902: 7381: 5038: 4942: 4530: 4458: 4377: 4175: 4159: 4046: 3552: 3351: 2707: 2096: 1984: 1980: 1968: 1697: 1284: 1245: 1044: 742: 287: 279: 116: 97: 7665: 3992:

grew in the 20th century and industrial struggle reached a crescendo in the 1910–1911

1922:, some of the earliest English immigrants. From a mere 951 in 1851, the population of 1465:

There were few industrial buildings before 1850; those of note include a 17th-century

8517: 8342: 7977: 7752: 5157: 5129: 5034: 4867:

During the 20th century the Rhondda supplied a steady stream of championship boxers.

4837: 4450: 4442: 4406: 4155: 4049:, while in 1936 more Rhondda Federation members were serving in Spain as part of the 4034: 3806: 3325: 2866: 2691: 2109: 1957:. Although there are records of Scottish workers, mainly centred on Archibald Hood's 1582: 1555: 1549: 1537: 1466: 1444:, a 17th-century house thought to have given its name to the neighbouring village of 1422: 1237: 1109: 797:, there are three certain pre-medieval settlement sites in the valley – Maendy Camp, 663: 500: 304: 7686: 7284: 4902:

was capped 15 times for Wales, and in 1958 managed both the Welsh national team and

4190:

colliery and pub teams appeared and disbanded, but many others survive to this day.

8462: 8447: 8327: 8322: 6468: 6366: 5410:

Glamorgan County History, Volume II, Early Glamorgan: pre-history and early history

5194: 5190: 5042: 4978: 4930:, and in an 11-year international career won 35 caps for Wales, scoring six goals. 4884: 4825: 4814: 4754: 4748: 4712: 4395: 4325: 4171: 4163: 4115: 4057: 3611: 3294: 3283: 3258: 2999: 2874: 2770: 2561: 2495: 2210: 2079: 2068: 2046: 1915: 1076: 736: 686: 607: 542: 4967: 2813:

valley. The local government district was enlarged in 1879 to also cover parts of

1606:(TVR); royal assent was given in 1836. The original line was laid from Cardiff to 6695: 6518: 6494: 1987:. Peculiar to the Rhondda was that shops run by Italian immigrants were known as 7333: 5020: 5014: 4872: 4818: 4787: 4705: 4147: 4127: 4123: 4082: 4005: 3997: 3989: 3802: 3767: 3750: 3744: 2902: 2857:

were both officially renamed Rhondda in 1897. Rhondda Urban District was made a

2824: 2679: 2018: 1907: 1654: 1321: 1223: 1094: 997: 597: 296: 292: 6400: 3778:

and was seen as one of the most important religious sites in Wales, due to its

2682:

for the steel industry. By then, 50 per cent of Glamorgan coal was supplied to

8487: 8412: 8387: 6405: 5713:

the artist has added a moat and several druids, neither of which are factual."

5089:

was born in Treorchy and is best known as the Oscar-nominated screenwriter of

4895: 4880: 4685: 4671: 4629: 4474: 4454: 4271: 4262: 4245: 4241: 3871: 3660: 3503: 3442: 3264: 3198: 3172: 2906: 2784: 2683: 1944: 1893: 1596: 1569: 1397: 1309: 940: 777: 732: 700: 601: 596:. A small chipped stone tool found at the site, recorded as possibly being of 8268:— The history of the Rhondda Valleys with high resolution mining photographs. 4515:

Rhondda Gazette and General Advertiser of the Rhondda Fach and Ogmore Valleys

40: 27: 8497: 8392: 8372: 8362: 8099: 7906: 7566: 6606: 6575: 6245: 5106: 4972: 4621: 4506: 4365: 4267: 4133: 4107: 4078: 3985: 3946: 3673: 3456: 3406: 3382: 3125: 3097: 3046: 2990: 2930: 2910: 2816: 2711: 2554: 2467: 2423: 2328: 2117: 2022: 1911: 1903: 1609: 1561: 1533: 1482: 1402: 1369: 1343: 1205: 888: 752: 675: 571: 528: 300: 182: 3833:

Church. The inhabitants of the lower Rhondda, in the vicinity of Porth and

2789:

as it grew during the industrial revolution. In 1877 most of the parish of

1520: 1253:

The earliest Christian monument in the Rhondda is the shrine of St Mary at

8175:

Glamorgan County History, Volume V, Industrial Glamorgan from 1700 to 1970

7545: 7394: 4879:

world flyweight title in 1916. British Champions from the valleys include

3437:, a community at the confluence of the Fawr and Fach branches of the river 2807:

area of the parish, which lay to the north of the hills at the top of the

854:

pottery were discovered. The site consists of a group of ruinous drystone

638:

escarpment suggests the presence of a temporary campsite in the vicinity.

8417: 8407: 8402: 8352: 8317: 8231:

Fields of Praise, The Official History of the Welsh Rugby Union 1881-1981

7430:

Prince Gwyn, Gwyn Nicholls and the First Golden Era of Welsh Rugby (1999)

4933:

The Rhondda Valleys have produced two world-class darts players. In 1975

4907: 4841: 4829: 4446: 4368:

books. All these were factors in the absorption of the English language.

4111: 3511: 3493: 3477: 3366: 3273: 3185: 3157: 2934: 2878: 2715: 1952: 1930: 1919: 1545: 1333: 1327: 1154: 950: 934: 832: 816: 667: 628:, and relating to hunting, fishing and foraging, which suggests seasonal 615: 409: 5518:

Wales in the Early Middle Ages (Studies in the Early History of Britain)

4887:, who took the British featherweight and Australian lightweight titles. 4782: 2893: 8502: 8477: 8432: 8397: 8332: 7781: 5007:(1976–1983). On his retirement from politics, he received the title of 4217: 3895: 3757: 3709: 3687: 3641: 3541: 3466: 3305: 3213: 3140: 2113: 2050: 1541: 1478: 1317: 1256: 1059: 981: 962: 944: 926: 916: 726: 646:

The first structural relic of prehistoric man was excavated in 1973 at

575: 403: 397: 352: 6537:

The County of Glamorgan (Pontypridd, &c.) Confirmation Order, 1894

4380:

writers. The group formed during the Second World War by Egyptologist

4015:

The Rhondda also has a strong history of communist sympathy, with the

8472: 8437: 8367: 4927: 4911: 4794: 4402: 4119: 4053:

than the total number of volunteers from all the English coalfields.

3898: 3792: 3630: 3394: 3230: 3080: 3063: 2920: 2802: 1386: 1290: 1121: 1072: 1023: 892: 872: 762: 623: 308: 208: 187: 4805:

scoring 48 points but was also the first Rhondda-born member of the

4485:

Rhondda had a strong tradition of communal activity, exemplified by

2873:

was abolished and Rhondda merged with the neighbouring districts of

984:

monuments still rarer. The few sites found have been located in the

861:

The most certain example of a Roman site in the area is found above

8212:

Glamorgan County History, Volume VI, Glamorgan Society 1780 to 1980

4364:

radio, cinema and then television and cheap English newspapers and

1481:

established by Harri David in 1738, which in turn gave its name to

1160:

The Rhondda also has remains of two medieval castles. The older is

335:. Since 1996 these 16 communities of the Rhondda have been part of 8382: 4966: 4781: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4675: 4651: 4607: 4423: 4132: 3984:, who was notably the only working-class member elected in Wales. 3945: 3815:

near the bank of the River Rhondda served the parishioners of the

3784: 3701: 3581:

song "If I could see the Rhondda"; the valley includes Wattstown,

3433: 3252: 3112: 2926: 2892: 2830: 2644: 2095: 2004: 1934: 1519: 1396: 1313: 1231: 1068: 1001: 776: 704: 685: 629: 547:

Local Government District in 1877, but was renamed in 1897 as the

366: 109: 7199:

The Bridge and the Song, Some Chapters in the Story of Pontypridd

4797:. One of the first true rugby stars to come from the Rhondda was 4700:

is a relief road known as the Tonypandy Bypass; the other is the

4674:

runs through Porth before ending at Treorchy, where it joins the

4634:

and made a lasting impression on the landscape to be featured in

3499:, the southernmost and smallest of the Rhondda Valley communities 2100:

The Lewis Merthyr Colliery, now part of the Rhondda Heritage Park

1283:, St Tyfodwg's Vale. It was divided administratively into three 858:

and enclosures, thought to have been a sheep-farming community.

850:

was dated around the Roman period, when fragments of wheel-made

708: 8275: 6550:"Rhondda Urban District Council: The change of name sanctioned" 5579:

Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments (in Wales)

5167:

In the social sciences, the Rhondda has produced the historian

339:. The area of the former district is still used as the Rhondda 4910:, also from Ton Pentre, led Manchester City to two successive 3251:

The larger of the two valleys, the Rhondda Fawr, extends from

2703: 1356: 5754:, Glanmor Williams, pp. 2–3. University of Wales Press (1974) 5101:. Reflecting the lives of the residents of the Rhondda, both 2678:

reliant on coal, the demand was for high quality, especially

1524:

Llwynypia looking north towards Llwynypia Hospital, (c. 1912)

5788:, Glanmor Williams, p. 26. University of Wales Press (1974). 3894:

as "a new house for religious services". This was the first

2745:

There is one tier of local government covering the Rhondda:

2009:

Commemorative statue to the "Mining Communities of Rhondda"

4461:

that were placed to mark the 1928 event still stand on the

2710:. Most had periods of growth followed by collapse, notably 1340:

scarce supplies forced cultivation of upland areas such as

980:

Relics of the Dark Ages are rare in the Glamorgan area and

266: 263: 6290:"Rhondda Cynon Taff library services – Tylorstown History" 5727:. Vol. 69. Archaeologia Cambrensis. pp. 395–405. 5656:. Vol. 94. Archaeologia Cambrensis. pp. 163–199. 5045:. Baker was born in Ferndale and starred in films such as 2767:

Historically, Rhondda was mostly covered by the parish of

996:

were sparsely inhabited, maybe only visited seasonally by

674:

of charcoal found at the site dated the structure as late

560:

Prehistoric and Roman Rhondda: 8,000 BC – 410 AD

257: 5057:(1955), though it was as actor/producer of the 1964 film 4322:"Who made the mine owner?" say the black bells of Rhondda 4198:

Due to the dominance of rugby union, there have been few

1497:, though they would have been open-cast, not deep mined. 6215:"Rhondda Cynon Taff library services – Ferndale History" 5179:, an eminent Egyptologist, who was also a member of the 5033:

The best-known actors born in the Rhondda have been Sir

4883:, who held the British and Empire heavyweight belt, and 4600:(TWW), giving Rhondda viewers a choice of two channels. 531: 5774:

The Scenery, Antiquities & Biography of South Wales

5539:

An Historical Atlas of Wales from Early to Modern Times

4517:

in 1891. In 1899, the Rhondda Valley was served by the

2905:

of numerous smaller settlements along the valleys. The

1687:. In 1913, Rhondda Valley output was 9.6 million tons. 1614:, and by 1841 a branch was opened to link Cardiff with 1417:

in the mid-17th century brought much rebuilding in the

1242:

erroneously believed it to be the burial mound of king

662:

river. The remains of a rectangular hut with traces of

7334:"Moseley 1936: British fascism: Routed on the streets" 6272:"Rhondda Cynon Taff library services – Maerdy History" 4019:

being a key element in the coalition that founded the

3756:

The earliest known religious monument is the Catholic

1707: 4266:

bands which both started as temperance bands are the

4037:" producing left-wing activists such as Merthyr born 4033:

became such a hotspot of communist support known as "

1700:'s Glamorgan Coal Company and David Davis & Son. 1645:. To achieve this the Rhondda Tunnel was dug through 260: 5292:(2156 ha), Treorchy (1330 ha), Tylorstown (590 ha), 4618:

road was built in 1928. It connected the Rhondda to

1104:, his extensive holdings were eventually granted to 331:. The former district at its abolition comprised 16 327:. From 1897 until 1996 there was a local government 254: 8455: 8310: 7224:

A Topographical Dictionary of The Dominion of Wales

5160:, born in Treorchy in 1924, was the co-inventor of 1995:

Decline of coal and economic emigration (1914–1944)

1659:– at the time the longest railway tunnel in Wales. 1585:which would export the coal. The trustees sank the 1273:

Post-medieval and pre-industrial Rhondda: 1550–1850

251: 231: 219: 198: 181: 173: 165: 160: 152: 144: 139: 127: 115: 103: 91: 65: 8250:Democratic Rhondda: politics and Society 1885-1951 8077: 5667:Rhondda Cynon Taf Library Service, Digital Archive 4914:finals in 1955 and 1956 and gained 33 Welsh caps. 4405:. Welsh writers who made up the movement included 4278:in 1884; and the Parc and Dare Band, formerly the 4097:Social amenities were rudimentary even before the 3424:, a district of Treherbert between Treherbert and 3267:. The settlements making up the Rhondda Fawr are: 895:. This dynasty was replaced by another founded by 791:With the exception of the Neolithic settlement at 527:, as in 'recite, relate, recount', similar to the 8193:Rhondda 1203 - 2003: The Story of the Two Valleys 5315:"Parliamentary constituency population estimates" 2842:In 1894 the local government district became the 2128:Mining disasters in the Rhondda Valley 1850–1965 1914:. The 1851 Census lists apprenticed paupers from 1157:from the 13th to 14th centuries were discovered. 990:, or lowlands, leaving historians to believe the 86:Map showing the Rhondda constituency within Wales 5412:. Cardiff: Glamorgan History Trust. p. 57. 4875:, also known as the "Mighty Atom", who took the 4711:There is a single rail link to the Rhondda, the 4562:was in circulation from 1913 to 1919, while the 3996:. A year later Tonypandy saw the publication of 3515:, the largest community in either of the valleys 2799:, governed by a local board, excluding only the 564:The Rhondda Valley is located in the upland, or 317:, 'large') and the smaller Rhondda Fach valley ( 6193:. Cowbridge: D. Brown and Sons Ltd. p. 8. 4741:. The railway stations that once populated the 3973:, in which the Rhondda Valley played its part. 2829:parishes, which had the effect of bringing the 8111:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing. 7576: 7574: 6475:. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth 4951:. Burnett surpassed Evans when he also became 4757:reopened some of the closed stations, such as 4150:with them. At Treherbert it took a five-month 2978:. In 1984 it was divided into 16 communities: 1548:had already sunk coal mines, it was not until 1212:earthwork defence, as much was destroyed when 8287: 7888: 7886: 7506: 7504: 7459: 7457: 7353: 7351: 5974: 5972: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 4981:, active in the area as an industrialist and 3706:Statue to "Our Lady", the pilgrimage site at 574:. The landscape of the Rhondda was formed by 8: 7518: 7516: 6449:. London: House of Commons. 1877. p. 41 6191:, Volume 1, Number 4 in the Coalfield Series 6100: 6098: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 5581:, HMSO Glamorgan Inventories, Vol 3, part 2. 5339: 5337: 5335: 4809:. Such was Llewellyn's fame that during the 4206:in 1928. The area's most successful club is 2971:valley, with a population in 2011 of 7,338. 1709: 1405:typical of those found in mediaeval Rhondda. 939:, a narrow strip running between modern-day 7183: 7181: 7179: 6520:Annual Report of the Local Government Board 5677: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5274:(481 ha), Porth (370 ha), Tonypandy (337), 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5180: 5143: 5133: 5081:Of the Cadwgan Circle, the most notable is 5018: 4946: 4859: 4853: 4758: 4742: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4679: 4665: 4655: 4627: 4619: 4613: 4543: 4537: 4468: 4462: 4351: 4028: 3929: 3923: 3912: 3906: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3790: 3771: 3761: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3707: 3685: 3677: 3649: 3639: 3628: 3609: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3572: 3563: 3550: 3539: 3532: 3518: 3491: 3483: 3475: 3464: 3448: 3440: 3425: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3372: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3342: 3331: 3323: 3313: 3303: 3292: 3281: 3271: 3256: 3228: 3211: 3155: 3138: 3095: 3078: 3061: 3044: 3014: 2997: 2966: 2952: 2946: 2945:(ONS) deems most of the settlements in the 2918: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2822: 2814: 2808: 2800: 2790: 2782: 2776: 2768: 2726: 2669: 2655: 2649: 2617: 2591: 2566: 2537: 2402: 2376: 2352: 2326: 2302: 2258: 2234: 2208: 2182: 2156: 2083: 2054: 1958: 1950: 1942: 1923: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1678: 1664: 1652: 1646: 1636: 1630: 1615: 1607: 1590: 1553: 1492: 1486: 1470: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1437: 1431: 1349: 1341: 1325: 1302: 1296: 1288: 1278: 1262: 1254: 1243: 1235: 1217: 1199: 1193: 1179: 1173: 1167: 1161: 1148: 1133: 1127: 1119: 1113: 1112:Lords, the territory was far from settled. 1088: 1050: 1042: 1036: 1029: 1021: 1015: 1009: 991: 985: 972: 966: 956: 948: 932: 924: 910: 904: 896: 862: 845: 839: 826: 820: 810: 804: 798: 792: 782: 756: 740: 724: 718: 712: 690: 657: 647: 633: 621: 613: 605: 591: 565: 540: 522: 516: 510: 504: 401: 391: 378: 372: 318: 312: 8294: 8280: 8272: 8080:Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies 6499:. London: House of Lords. 1879. p. 23 6387: 6385: 6338: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6305: 6303: 6040: 6038: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5833: 5831: 5812: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5699: 5697: 5556: 5554: 5461: 5459: 5440: 5438: 4647:were created out of former railway lines. 2980: 2749:. Although the Rhondda is divided into 16 1704:Population growth in the industrial period 62: 5128:The notable members of the group include 3969:gave South Wales miners a reputation for 3901:in the Rhondda and later became known as 3852:to parishioners, the growing strength of 2974:Until 1984, Rhondda constituted a single 2666:nationalisation of the British coal mines 2053:and "joy" days to support them, while in 1512:List of collieries in the Rhondda Valleys 1228:History of Pontypridd and Rhondda Valleys 971:made up of five such commotes, one being 923:, south-east Wales was divided into five 8128:The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales 6424:Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council 5632:. University of Wales Press. p. 47. 5595:. University of Wales Press. p. 39. 5394: 5392: 5366:"Rhondda Urban District Council records" 5173:The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales 4926:, came from the neighbouring village of 2753:, none of them have community councils. 2747:Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council 2741:Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council 2126: 8265:Rhondda Valleys Information and History 7939:Stephens, Meic; Obituary: Robert Thomas 7655:Cardiff University information services 5225: 4505:In 1884 the Rhondda Valley had a local 1477:which gave the village its name. and a 1385:of Merthyr and the De Winton family of 218: 180: 159: 151: 138: 126: 90: 78: 8233:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 8214:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 8130:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 6696:"The Rhondda (Communities) Order 1983" 6469:"Ystradyfodwg Urban Sanitary District" 4918:, who was best known for representing 4684:. The A4233 begins outside Rhondda at 4592:In August 1952 the BBC transmitter at 2001:Great Depression in the United Kingdom 55:Urban area and district in South Wales 8252:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 8177:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 8126:Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008). 7929:, Independent.co.uk, 7 December 1999. 7546:"A History of the Parc and Dare Band" 7336:. permanentrevolution.net. 4 May 2008 6556:. Pontypridd. 24 July 1897. p. 3 5725:'Our Lady of Penrhys', Glamorganshire 5497:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 4650:Two main roads service the area. The 4583:Pontypridd & Llantrisant Observer 4401:) and met at the Griffiths' house in 4280:Cwmparc Drum and Fife Temperance Band 2957:valley to form part of the Tonypandy 2861:in 1955, and then reconstituted as a 2704:Electrical and Musical Industries Ltd 787:settlement at the head of the Rhondda 286: 230: 197: 172: 164: 148:38.59 sq mi (99.94 km) 143: 114: 102: 7: 8168:. Ferndale: Rhondda Borough Council. 4731:. The Rhondda Line runs through the 4290:, marching behind the village band. 4060:became Wales' only communist mayor. 1629:between 1885 and 1895, which linked 1577:by the Bute Trustees, agents of the 1393:Settlements of post-medieval Rhondda 1208:town centre. Little remains of this 1153:Common were excavated in the 1930s, 909:would give Glamorgan its Welsh name 8195:. Caerphilly: Castle Publications. 8084:. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. 7831:"Morgan opens £98m Rhondda by-pass" 4985:politician, received the titles of 3599:. The settlements that make up the 3255:and rises through the valley up to 1898:, while the first miners were from 1589:in October 1851, at the top of the 1295:hamlet to the north, the middle or 1261:, whose holy well was mentioned by 509:, suggests that the first syllable 7534:Rhondda Cynon Taf Council website. 7283:. TheRhondda.co.uk. Archived from 7201:. Mid Glamorgan County Libraries. 7197:Tobin, Patrick; J. Davies (1981). 5201:. The noted political philosopher 4801:, who not only gained 20 caps for 4519:Pontypridd and Rhondda Weekly Post 4467:hillside overlooking Treorchy and 2909:treats five of the settlements as 1058:During the late 11th century, the 311:– the larger Rhondda Fawr valley ( 14: 7706:Dave Edwards (4 September 2008). 6242:"BBC Coalhouse - Pentre Colliery" 5001:George Thomas, Viscount Tonypandy 4566:was available in the late 1930s. 4525:was also in circulation in 1898. 4388:was known as the Cadwgan Circle ( 3959:Amalgamated Association of Miners 8446: 7982:The History of Computing Project 6473:A Vision of Britain through Time 6401:Burberry defends factory closure 5776:, Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme. 5175:. The Rhondda has also produced 4834:International Rugby Hall of Fame 4571:Porth Gazette and Rhondda Leader 4021:Communist Party of Great Britain 3950:Lodge banner depicting Unionist 3797:, 'The Cathedral of the Rhondda' 2112:, caused by a buildup either of 1413:in the mid-16th century and the 1178:. The only recorded evidence of 1093:belonged to the large parish of 755:reservoir, at the source of the 600:type or at least from the early 337:Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough 299:, historically in the county of 247: 80: 8051:Wales, The Learned Society of. 8032:Wales, The Learned Society of. 8013:Wales, The Learned Society of. 7941:independent.co.uk, 21 May 1999. 7782:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 6525:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 6362:"A Look back to the glory days" 5408:Williams, Glanmor, ed. (1984). 5197:. All three are Fellows of the 5185:Circle. Griffiths and his wife 5005:Speaker of the House of Commons 4575:Rhondda Fach Leader and Gazette 4477:for children and young adults. 1627:Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway 1360:] and over 200 years later 1216:was built in the 19th century. 1142:Settlements of medieval Rhondda 7951:Stephens, Meic (28 May 1999). 7163:Office for National Statistics 7134:Office for National Statistics 7105:Office for National Statistics 7076:Office for National Statistics 7047:Office for National Statistics 7018:Office for National Statistics 6989:Office for National Statistics 6960:Office for National Statistics 6931:Office for National Statistics 6902:Office for National Statistics 6873:Office for National Statistics 6844:Office for National Statistics 6815:Office for National Statistics 6786:Office for National Statistics 6757:Office for National Statistics 6728:Office for National Statistics 6675:Office for National Statistics 6646:Office for National Statistics 5520:, Leicester University Press; 5319:Office for National Statistics 4704:, which links Treorchy to the 4099:Rhondda Urban District Council 3963:South Wales Miners' Federation 3848:Despite the importance of the 2943:Office for National Statistics 2937:, all of which come under the 2088:to 3.7 per cent at Tonypandy. 1: 7858:The Taff Vale Railway, vol. 2 7805:"Expediting Traffic in Wales" 7777:"Glamorgan Inter-Valley Road" 5250:(355 ha), Ferndale (380 ha), 4941:, a feat repeated in 1994 by 4598:Television Wales and the West 4356:(the dialect of Gloran men). 4156:Penygraig Rugby Football Club 2654:leading into Treorchy in the 1506:Industrial growth (1850–1914) 1166:, located at the head of the 879:Medieval Rhondda: AD 410–1550 303:. It takes its name from the 8529:Valleys of Rhondda Cynon Taf 8107:Carpenter, David J. (2000). 8057:The Learned Society of Wales 8038:The Learned Society of Wales 8019:The Learned Society of Wales 7532:Blue Plaque Scheme Announced 5493:Nash-Williams, V.E. (1959). 4955:, winning the tournament in 4836:. Another notable player is 4473:. In 1947 Treorchy held the 4312:Rhondda is mentioned in the 4077:notes that the image of the 4056:In 1979, Rhondda councillor 4008:, propaganda officer of the 3821:, while the families of the 2889:Subdivisions and settlements 2871:Mid Glamorgan County Council 2023:American coal miners' strike 1890:. Special sinkers came from 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1501:Industrial Rhondda 1850–1945 885:withdrawal of Imperial Roman 7978:"Donald W. Davies CBE, FRS" 7687:Newspapers and Publications 7668:. British Newspapers Online 7277:"Rhondda Places of Worship" 7222:Carlisle, Nicholas (1811). 6576:"Local Government Act 1972" 5495:The Roman frontier in Wales 5025:, was born in the Rhondda. 4589:became separate once more. 4577:. In more recent years the 4437:The Rhondda has hosted the 3593:, Ferndale, Tylorstown and 2961:, with a population at the 2839:Local Government District. 2641:Modern Rhondda 1945–present 809:. The earliest of these is 769:sword recorded in Britain. 359:and in sport and politics. 8545: 8302:Villages and towns of the 7567:Lewis-Merthyr Band website 7305:Lewis (1959), pp. 172–173. 5676:Picture of the remains of 5152:Science and social science 4747:were all closed under the 4719:, which serviced both the 4708:before reaching Bridgend. 3670:, a district of Tylorstown 3656:, a district of Tylorstown 3646:, a district of Tylorstown 3577:is celebrated in the 1971 3525:, a district of Treherbert 3288:, a district of Treherbert 3278:, a district of Treherbert 2760: 2738: 1998: 1906:and neighbouring areas of 1564:, before the extension of 1509: 1102:William, Lord of Glamorgan 819:whose remains lie between 458: 421: 377:Valley near its source in 156:1,935 ft (590 m) 129:Parliamentary constituency 15: 8444: 7953:"Obituary: Robert Thomas" 7903:"Walesart, Ernest Zobole" 6638:"Tonypandy built-up area" 6607:"Interpretation Act 1978" 5957:John (1980), pp. 192–193. 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5181: 5144: 5134: 5019: 4947: 4860: 4854: 4759: 4743: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4680: 4666: 4656: 4628: 4620: 4614: 4544: 4538: 4469: 4463: 4250:Treorchy Male Voice Choir 4029: 4017:Rhondda Socialist Society 4010:British Union of Fascists 3930: 3924: 3913: 3907: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3870: 3858: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3791: 3772: 3762: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3708: 3686: 3678: 3650: 3640: 3629: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3573: 3564: 3551: 3540: 3533: 3519: 3492: 3484: 3476: 3465: 3449: 3441: 3426: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3373: 3365: 3358: 3350: 3343: 3332: 3324: 3314: 3304: 3293: 3282: 3272: 3257: 3229: 3212: 3156: 3139: 3096: 3079: 3062: 3045: 3015: 2998: 2989: 2987:Population (2011 census) 2986: 2983: 2967: 2953: 2947: 2919: 2865:within the new county of 2853: 2844: 2835: 2823: 2815: 2809: 2801: 2797:local government district 2791: 2783: 2777: 2769: 2727: 2670: 2656: 2650: 2618: 2592: 2567: 2403: 2377: 2353: 2327: 2303: 2259: 2235: 2209: 2183: 2157: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2084: 2055: 2037:in defence of the miners 1959: 1951: 1943: 1924: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1679: 1665: 1653: 1647: 1637: 1631: 1616: 1608: 1591: 1554: 1493: 1487: 1471: 1458: 1446: 1438: 1350: 1342: 1326: 1303: 1301:hamlet, and the lower or 1297: 1289: 1279: 1263: 1255: 1244: 1236: 1218: 1214:Tonypandy railway station 1194: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1149: 1134: 1128: 1120: 1114: 1089: 1051: 1043: 1037: 1030: 1022: 992: 973: 967: 961:was further divided into 949: 933: 931:. The Rhondda lay within 919:overlords after the 1066 915:. With the coming of the 905: 897: 863: 846: 840: 827: 821: 811: 805: 799: 793: 783: 757: 741: 725: 719: 713: 691: 658: 648: 634: 622: 614: 606: 592: 551:after the River Rhondda. 541: 392: 379: 373: 351:movement manifest in the 177:1,800/sq mi (700/km) 79: 72: 8248:Williams, Chris (1996). 8186:. London: Phoenix House. 8173:John, Arthur H. (1980). 6667:"Ferndale built-up area" 5772:Benjamin Malkin (1807), 5763:Lewis (1959), pp. 18–20. 5368:. Archives Network Wales 5199:Learned Society of Wales 4953:BDO World Darts Champion 4475:Urdd National Eisteddfod 4353:tafodiaith gwŷr y Gloran 4158:was formed, followed by 3616:, a district of Ferndale 3546:, a district of Treorchy 3310:, a district of Treorchy 883:The 5th century saw the 492: 455: 345:Westminster constituency 18:Rhondda (disambiguation) 8166:Rhondda Past and Future 8145:Davis, Paul R. (1989). 7927:Obituary: Ernest Zobole 7616:Hopkins (1975), p. 213. 7607:Hopkins (1975), p. 209. 7598:Hopkins (1975), p. 212. 7589:Hopkins (1975), p. 180. 7580:Hopkins (1975), p. 179. 7377:Annie Powell (obituary) 6894:"Pen-y-graig Community" 6807:"Llwyn-y-pia Community" 6720:"Cwm Clydach Community" 6186:Cornwall, John (1987). 6014:Hopkins (1975), p. 206. 6005:Hopkins (1975), p. 114. 5996:Hopkins (1975), p. 113. 5987:Williams (1996), p. 15. 5978:Hopkins (1975), p. 112. 5883:"The Taff Vale Railway" 5343:Hopkins (1975), p. 222. 5304:(714 ha). Total 9994 ha 5214:How Green was my Valley 5208:How Black was my Valley 5017:, the former leader of 4715:, based around the old 4692:at Aberdare. Two other 4428:Treorchy Gorsedd Stones 4332:Culture and nationality 4184:Dai 'Tarw' (bull) Jones 3862:and five years later a 3749:and Saint Tyfodwg's in 2775:. The small village of 1937:-quarrying villages of 1230:, who recorded it as a 1204:, close to what is now 1198:. The second castle is 532: 515:is a form of the Welsh 8164:Hopkins, K.S. (1975). 7643:Davies (2008), p. 558. 7634:Davies (2008), p. 747. 7625:Hopkins (1975), p. 19. 7510:Morgan (1988), p. 374. 7463:Morgan (1988), p. 396. 7451:Morgan (1988), p. 393. 7366:Davies (2008), p. 749. 7357:Hopkins (1975), p. 70. 7314:Davies (2008), p. 650. 7266:Morgan (1988), p. 252. 7097:"Tylorstown Community" 7039:"Treherbert Community" 6176:Davies (2008), p. 161. 6167:Davies (2008), p. 160. 6104:Morgan (1988), p. 102. 6083:Morgan (1988), p. 101. 6069:Morgan (1988), p. 100. 6060:Davies (2008), p. 748. 6032:Davies (2008), p. 408. 5855:Davies (2008), p. 153. 5678: 5618:Davies (2008), p. 746. 5353:Gwefen Cymru-Catalonia 5235:Encyclopaedia of Wales 5123:Cardiff College of Art 4999:, known as Mabon, and 4975: 4937:from Ferndale won the 4790: 4696:service the area; the 4670:. The A4058 starts at 4639: 4429: 4415:James Kitchener Davies 4352: 4324:, quoting poetry from 4274:, who started life as 4138: 4075:Encyclopaedia of Wales 4064:Culture and recreation 4051:International Brigades 3954: 3864: 3798: 3714: 2898: 2757:Administrative history 2660: 2588:Lewis Merthyr Colliery 2538: 2122:1867 Ferndale disaster 2101: 2014: 1579:third Marquess of Bute 1525: 1452: 1432: 1406: 1200: 1162: 1016: 1010: 986: 957: 943:and the coast between 925: 911: 788: 696: 670:was discovered; while 566: 549:Rhondda Urban District 523: 517: 511: 505: 402: 383: 319: 313: 283: 153:Highest elevation 60:Valley region in Wales 41:51.615938°N 3.417521°W 8229:Smith, David (1980). 8210:Morgan, Prys (1988). 7892:Davies (2008) p. 378. 7856:Hutton, John (2006). 7747:Parker, Mike (2013). 7498:Smith (1980), p. 120. 7442:Smith (1980), p. 136. 7406:Smith (1980), p. 103. 7397:Ranked at number 100. 7323:Morgan (1988), p. 62. 6952:"Tonypandy Community" 6706:The National Archives 6617:The National Archives 6586:The National Archives 6231:Hopkins (1975), p. ix 5541:, Faber & Faber; 5537:William Rees (1951), 5187:Käthe Bosse-Griffiths 4970: 4828:. Morgan was born in 4785: 4737:, linking Rhondda to 4611: 4585:combined, before the 4427: 4386:Käthe Bosse-Griffiths 4344:Benjamin Heath Malkin 4261:The mid-19th century 4136: 4114:(often attached to a 4002:The Miners' Next Step 3949: 3788: 3705: 3320:, a district of Porth 2896: 2723:Rhondda Heritage Park 2648: 2562:Blaenclydach Colliery 2299:Dinas Middle Colliery 2099: 2008: 1981:fish & chip shops 1595:in what would become 1587:Bute Merthyr Colliery 1568:private tramline, to 1530:South Wales coalfield 1523: 1516:South Wales Coalfield 1510:Further information: 1400: 1269:in the 15th century. 1079:. In the same period 780: 717:, near the summit of 689: 371:River Rhondda in the 370: 200: • Summer ( 8182:Lewis, E.D. (1959). 8149:. Ynyshir: Hackman. 7880:Davies (2008) p. 47. 7522:Davies (2008), p. 80 7432:. seren. p. 36. 7415:Smith (1980), p. 102 7287:on 30 September 2011 7236:Davis (1989), p. 32. 7187:Davis (1989), p. 27. 7068:"Treorchy Community" 7010:"Trehafod Community" 6778:"Ferndale Community" 6554:Glamorgan Free Press 6446:Parliamentary papers 6420:"Community councils" 6391:John (1980), p. 572. 6351:John (1980), p. 589. 6342:John (1980), p. 588. 6330:John (1980), p. 596. 6318:John (1980), p. 595. 6309:John (1980), p. 590. 6158:John (1980), p. 563. 6149:John (1980), p. 518. 6140:John (1980), p. 539. 6131:John (1980), p. 543. 6122:John (1980), p. 542. 6113:John (1980), p. 541. 6044:John (1980), p. 519. 5948:John (1980), p. 193. 5921:John (1980), p. 455. 5903:John (1980), p. 454. 5871:John (1980), p. 182. 5846:Davis (1989), p. 35. 5837:Davis (1989), p. 34. 5825:Davis (1989), p. 40. 5742:Davis (1989), p. 29. 5703:Davis (1989), p. 26. 5691:Davis (1989), p. 25. 5642:Davis (1989), p. 22. 5628:Pugh, T. B. (1971). 5560:Davis (1989), p. 18. 5516:Wendy Davis (1982), 5483:Davis (1989), p. 16. 5474:Davis (1989), p. 15. 5465:Davis (1989), p. 14. 5444:Davis (1989), p. 12. 5432:Davis (1989), p. 11. 5193:; David Hebert; and 5095:, based on his book 5067:(1949) and Ealing's 4939:Winmau World Masters 4892:association football 4548:and Ogmore Telegraph 4384:and his German wife 4318:The Bells of Rhymney 4085:and social reformer 3903:Nebo, Ystrad Rhondda 2017:At the start of the 1643:Prince of Wales Dock 1574:Glamorganshire Canal 1381:, Earl of Dunraven, 1126:captured his cousin 414:kingdom of Morgannwg 288:[kʊmˈr̥ɔnða] 174: • Density 46:51.615938; -3.417521 16:For other uses, see 8184:The Rhondda Valleys 7737:May, (2003), p. 54. 7728:May, (2003), p. 50. 7544:Harries, Lawrence. 7226:. W. Bulmer and co. 7126:"Ynyshir Community" 6981:"Trealaw Community" 6527:. 1895. p. 250 6409:, 27 February 2007. 5966:John (1980), p. 342 5939:John (1980), p. 192 5930:John (1980), p. 183 5912:Awdry (1990), p. 1. 5816:Davis (1989), p. 38 5804:Davis (1989), p. 31 5652:Aileen Fox (1939). 5591:Pugh, T.B. (1971). 5569:Davis (1989), p. 19 5507:Davis (1989), p. 17 5453:Davis (1989), p. 9. 5398:Davis (1989), p. 7. 5386:Davis (1989), p. 5. 5029:Film and television 4636:National Geographic 4513:, which became the 4441:on 2 occasions, in 4439:National Eisteddfod 4433:National Eisteddfod 4419:Gareth Alban Davies 4230:temperance movement 4041:and Marxist writer 3920:St John the Baptist 3845:to hear a service. 3789:St Peter's Church, 2763:District of Rhondda 2446:Tylorstown Colliery 2129: 1635:at the head of the 1462:dated around 1600. 1401:1735 Welsh (Powys) 1129:Morgan ap Cadwallon 1100:After the death of 1085:Diocese of Llandaff 903:, whose descendant 341:Senedd constituency 329:district of Rhondda 325:South Wales Valleys 307:, and embraces two 213:British Summer Time 192:Greenwich Mean Time 105:Constituent country 37: / 8191:May, John (2003). 8109:Rhondda Collieries 8074:Awdry, Christopher 7837:. 3 September 2007 7811:. 19 November 1929 7692:2008-05-16 at the 7548:. brassbands.co.uk 7247:"Pillars of Faith" 7155:"Ystrad Community" 6865:"Pentre Community" 6836:"Maerdy Community" 6749:"Cymmer Community" 6701:legislation.gov.uk 6612:legislation.gov.uk 6581:legislation.gov.uk 6296:on 4 October 2008. 6278:on 4 October 2008. 6221:on 4 October 2008. 6189:Rhondda Collieries 5723:John Ward (1914). 5672:2008-10-03 at the 5009:Viscount Tonypandy 4976: 4971:Leanne Wood, from 4844:, a member of the 4791: 4640: 4495:Parc and Dare Hall 4491:miners' institutes 4430: 4139: 3978:Redistribution Act 3955: 3942:Political activism 3839:, needed to reach 3799: 3715: 2899: 2688:Clean Air Act 1956 2661: 2534:Glamorgan Colliery 2231:Ferndale No. 1 Pit 2204:Ferndale No. 1 Pit 2127: 2102: 2015: 1977:ice cream parlours 1971:round the town of 1933:and the depressed 1648:Mynydd Blaengwynfy 1526: 1428:Dartmoor longhouse 1419:Kingdom of England 1407: 1375:absentee landlords 921:Battle of Hastings 838:The settlement at 789: 697: 672:radiocarbon dating 578:action during the 384: 166: • Total 145: • Total 8511: 8510: 8137:978-0-7083-1953-6 7957:independent.co.uk 7867:978-1-85794-250-7 7762:978-0-749-57435-2 7749:Mapping The Roads 7696:TheRhondda.co.uk. 7426:David Parry-Jones 7385:, 29 August 1986. 7281:LSJ Services Ltd 6923:"Porth Community" 5526:978-0-7185-1235-4 5177:J. Gwyn Griffiths 5138:was the sculptor 5111:Richard Llewellyn 5037:and the brothers 4904:Manchester United 4717:Taff Vale Railway 4654:runs through the 4556:Rhondda Socialist 4511:Rhondda Chronicle 4481:Communal activity 4382:J. Gwyn Griffiths 4236:Male voice choirs 4087:Elizabeth Andrews 3244: 3243: 2951:valley and lower 2883:Rhondda Cynon Taf 2869:in 1974. In 1996 2859:municipal borough 2714:in the 1970s and 2638: 2637: 2613:Cambrian Colliery 2490:Cambrian Colliery 2468:National Colliery 2424:National Colliery 2279:Tynewydd Colliery 2106:colliery disaster 2078:The start of the 1869: 1868: 1693:limited liability 1673:of Aberdare, and 1604:Taff Vale Railway 1436:('New House') in 1415:English Civil War 1115:Hywel ap Maredudd 1006:Early Middle Ages 899:Meurig ap Tewdrig 781:The ruins of the 703:periods, several 695:Reservoir in 2008 586:Mesolithic period 497: 496: 388:early Middle Ages 357:male voice choirs 241: 240: 122:Rhondda Cynon Taf 8536: 8450: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8273: 8253: 8244: 8225: 8206: 8187: 8178: 8169: 8160: 8147:Historic Rhondda 8141: 8122: 8103: 8083: 8061: 8060: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8010: 8004: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7899: 7893: 7890: 7881: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7809:Commercial Motor 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7744: 7738: 7735: 7729: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7710:. Rhondda Leader 7703: 7697: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7666:"Rhondda Leader" 7662: 7656: 7653:Welsh Newspapers 7650: 7644: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7608: 7605: 7599: 7596: 7590: 7587: 7581: 7578: 7569: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7520: 7511: 7508: 7499: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7452: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7422: 7416: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7398: 7395:100 Welsh Heroes 7392: 7386: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7358: 7355: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7306: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7273: 7267: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7243: 7237: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7194: 7188: 7185: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6532: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6416: 6410: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6331: 6328: 6319: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6298: 6297: 6292:. Archived from 6286: 6280: 6279: 6274:. Archived from 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6248:. Archived from 6238: 6232: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6217:. Archived from 6211: 6205: 6204: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6141: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6123: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6105: 6102: 6093: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6070: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6045: 6042: 6033: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6015: 6012: 6006: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5967: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5856: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5826: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5805: 5802: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5740: 5729: 5728: 5720: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5692: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5649: 5643: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5597: 5596: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5561: 5558: 5549: 5535: 5529: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5454: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5433: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5387: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5311: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5230: 5184: 5183: 5162:packet switching 5147: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5083:Rhydwen Williams 5024: 5023: 4992:Viscount Rhondda 4950: 4949: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4850:Maurice Richards 4799:Willie Llewellyn 4764: 4763: 4746: 4745: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4723: 4683: 4682: 4669: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4616: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4536:Rhondda Leader, 4472: 4471: 4466: 4465: 4411:Rhydwen Williams 4399: 4355: 4348:John George Wood 4137:Dai 'Tarw' Jones 4104:greyhound racing 4032: 4031: 3967:1898 coal strike 3933: 3932: 3927: 3926: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3796: 3795: 3777: 3776: 3768:Cistercian Abbey 3765: 3764: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3712: 3691: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3676:, a district of 3655: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3634: 3633: 3615: 3614: 3605:are as follows: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3585: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3556: 3555: 3545: 3544: 3536: 3535: 3531:, a district of 3524: 3523: 3497: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3482:, a district of 3481: 3480: 3470: 3469: 3452: 3451: 3447:, a district of 3446: 3445: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3410: 3409: 3398: 3397: 3386: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3371:, a district of 3370: 3369: 3361: 3360: 3356:, a district of 3355: 3354: 3346: 3345: 3341:, a district of 3335: 3334: 3330:, a district of 3329: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3298: 3297: 3287: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3262: 3261: 3234: 3233: 3217: 3216: 3161: 3160: 3144: 3143: 3101: 3100: 3084: 3083: 3067: 3066: 3050: 3049: 3020: 3019: 3003: 3002: 2981: 2970: 2969: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2939:CF postcode area 2924: 2923: 2856: 2855: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2837: 2833:area within the 2828: 2827: 2820: 2819: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2787: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2730: 2729: 2673: 2672: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2621: 2620: 2595: 2594: 2583:runaway trolley 2570: 2569: 2541: 2406: 2405: 2380: 2379: 2356: 2355: 2332: 2331: 2306: 2305: 2262: 2261: 2238: 2237: 2214: 2213: 2186: 2185: 2160: 2159: 2130: 2092:Mining disasters 2087: 2086: 2080:Second World War 2065:Great Depression 2058: 2057: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1948: 1947: 1927: 1926: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1708: 1682: 1681: 1668: 1667: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1649: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1594: 1593: 1572:and then by the 1559: 1558: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1476: 1475: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1331: 1330: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1282: 1281: 1268: 1267: 1265:Rhisiart ap Rhys 1260: 1259: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1240: 1221: 1220: 1210:motte-and-bailey 1203: 1197: 1196: 1190:Richard de Clare 1184:is a mention by 1183: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1152: 1151: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1117: 1116: 1106:Gilbert de Clare 1092: 1091: 1064:Robert Fitzhamon 1054: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1019: 1013: 995: 994: 989: 976: 975: 970: 969: 960: 954: 953: 938: 937: 930: 914: 908: 907: 902: 901: 866: 865: 849: 848: 843: 842: 841:Hen Dre'r Mynydd 830: 829: 824: 823: 814: 813: 808: 807: 806:Hen Dre'r Mynydd 802: 801: 796: 795: 786: 785: 784:Hen Dre'r Mynydd 760: 759: 746: 745: 730: 729: 722: 721: 716: 715: 694: 693: 666:foundations and 661: 660: 651: 650: 642:Neolithic period 637: 636: 627: 626: 619: 618: 611: 610: 595: 594: 569: 546: 545: 535: 526: 520: 514: 508: 419: 418: 407: 395: 394: 382: 381: 376: 375: 322: 316: 290: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 225:CF postcode area 205: 84: 63: 52: 51: 49: 48: 47: 42: 38: 35: 34: 33: 30: 8544: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8507: 8451: 8442: 8306: 8300: 8260: 8247: 8241: 8228: 8222: 8209: 8203: 8190: 8181: 8172: 8163: 8157: 8144: 8138: 8125: 8119: 8106: 8092: 8072: 8069: 8064: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8015:"David Herbert" 8012: 8011: 8007: 8000: 7996: 7986: 7984: 7976: 7975: 7971: 7961: 7959: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7925: 7921: 7911: 7909: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7884: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7860:. Silver Link. 7855: 7854: 7850: 7840: 7838: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7812: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7755:. p. 127. 7746: 7745: 7741: 7736: 7732: 7727: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7694:Wayback Machine 7685: 7681: 7671: 7669: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7593: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7561: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7514: 7509: 7502: 7497: 7493: 7483: 7481: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7349: 7339: 7337: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7186: 7177: 7167: 7165: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7138: 7136: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7049: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7020: 7008: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6991: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6935: 6933: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6848: 6846: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6819: 6817: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6790: 6788: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6679: 6677: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6622: 6620: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6591: 6589: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6530: 6528: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6452: 6450: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6428: 6426: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6373: 6371: 6370:. 29 March 2007 6360: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6301: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6255: 6253: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6139: 6135: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6073: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6048: 6043: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5888: 5886: 5881:Barrie, D.S.M. 5880: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5808: 5803: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5732: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5674:Wayback Machine 5665: 5661: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5600: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5536: 5532: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5154: 5119: 5092:Dr. Strangelove 5079: 5064:The Blue Lagoon 5031: 4997:William Abraham 4965: 4846:1950 Grand Slam 4815:Northern League 4811:Tonypandy riots 4780: 4771: 4739:Cardiff Central 4645:Rhondda by-pass 4606: 4564:Rhondda Clarion 4560:Rhondda Gazette 4503: 4487:workmen's halls 4483: 4435: 4393: 4374: 4339: 4334: 4303:David Alexander 4296: 4259: 4238: 4226: 4215: 4208:Ton Pentre F.C. 4196: 4144: 4095: 4071: 4066: 4027:. In the 1930s 3994:Tonypandy riots 3982:William Abraham 3976:As part of the 3944: 3850:Anglican Church 3717:The commote of 3700: 3579:David Alexander 3569: 3249: 2891: 2765: 2759: 2743: 2737: 2643: 2398:Maerdy Colliery 2255:Pentre Colliery 2178:Cymmer Colliery 2094: 2019:First World War 2003: 1997: 1706: 1685:First World War 1536:in the east to 1518: 1508: 1503: 1395: 1383:Crawshay Bailey 1379:Marquis of Bute 1362:Benjamin Malkin 1338:Napoleonic Wars 1287:: the upper or 1275: 1144: 1002:earthwork dykes 906:Morgan ap Owain 881: 800:Hen Dre'r Gelli 775: 684: 644: 588: 562: 557: 365: 291:), is a former 250: 246: 227: 199: 93:Sovereign state 87: 75: 68: 61: 56: 45: 43: 39: 36: 31: 28: 26: 24: 23: 21: 12: 11: 5: 8542: 8540: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8524:Rhondda Valley 8516: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8304:Rhondda Valley 8301: 8299: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8259: 8258:External links 8256: 8255: 8254: 8245: 8239: 8226: 8220: 8207: 8201: 8188: 8179: 8170: 8161: 8155: 8142: 8136: 8123: 8117: 8104: 8090: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8053:"Kelvyn Jones" 8043: 8034:"Michael Dear" 8024: 8005: 7994: 7969: 7943: 7931: 7919: 7894: 7882: 7873: 7866: 7848: 7822: 7796: 7768: 7761: 7739: 7730: 7721: 7698: 7679: 7657: 7645: 7636: 7627: 7618: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7582: 7570: 7559: 7536: 7524: 7512: 7500: 7491: 7465: 7453: 7444: 7435: 7417: 7408: 7399: 7387: 7382:New York Times 7368: 7359: 7347: 7325: 7316: 7307: 7298: 7268: 7259: 7238: 7229: 7214: 7207: 7189: 7175: 7146: 7117: 7088: 7059: 7030: 7001: 6972: 6943: 6914: 6885: 6856: 6827: 6798: 6769: 6740: 6711: 6708:, SI 1983/1530 6687: 6658: 6629: 6598: 6567: 6541: 6510: 6486: 6460: 6436: 6411: 6393: 6381: 6353: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6311: 6299: 6281: 6263: 6233: 6224: 6206: 6199: 6178: 6169: 6160: 6151: 6142: 6133: 6124: 6115: 6106: 6094: 6085: 6071: 6062: 6046: 6034: 6025: 6016: 6007: 5998: 5989: 5980: 5968: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5885:. trackbed.com 5873: 5857: 5848: 5839: 5827: 5818: 5806: 5790: 5778: 5765: 5756: 5744: 5730: 5715: 5705: 5693: 5684: 5659: 5644: 5635: 5620: 5598: 5583: 5571: 5562: 5550: 5530: 5509: 5500: 5485: 5476: 5467: 5455: 5446: 5434: 5425: 5418: 5400: 5388: 5379: 5357: 5345: 5331: 5306: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5153: 5150: 5118: 5115: 5078: 5075: 5030: 5027: 4964: 4961: 4943:Richie Burnett 4861:Ystrad Rhondda 4848:winning team. 4779: 4776: 4770: 4769:Notable people 4767: 4761:Ystrad Rhondda 4615:Bwlch-y-Clawdd 4605: 4602: 4587:Rhondda Leader 4579:Rhondda Leader 4531:Rhondda Leader 4502: 4499: 4482: 4479: 4459:Gorsedd stones 4434: 4431: 4378:Welsh language 4373: 4372:Cadwgan Circle 4370: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4295: 4292: 4288:miners' strike 4276:Ton Temperance 4258: 4255: 4237: 4234: 4225: 4222: 4214: 4211: 4195: 4192: 4168:Ystrad Rhondda 4143: 4140: 4094: 4091: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4047:hunger marches 3943: 3940: 3888:was opened in 3699: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3682: 3671: 3665: 3657: 3647: 3637: 3625: 3617: 3568: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3547: 3537: 3526: 3516: 3508: 3500: 3488: 3473: 3461: 3453: 3438: 3430: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3377: 3362: 3347: 3336: 3321: 3311: 3301: 3289: 3279: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3004: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2890: 2887: 2849:Urban District 2761:Main article: 2758: 2755: 2739:Main article: 2736: 2733: 2718:in the 2000s. 2708:Board of Trade 2642: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2634:gas explosion 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2607:gas explosion 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2514:Naval Colliery 2511: 2510: 2509:gas explosion 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2485: 2484:gas explosion 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2462:gas explosion 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2440:gas explosion 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2418:gas explosion 2416: 2413: 2410: 2409:23–24 December 2407: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2392:gas explosion 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2374: 2373:Naval Colliery 2370: 2369: 2368:gas explosion 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2350: 2349:Gelli Colliery 2346: 2345: 2344:gas explosion 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2324: 2323:Naval Colliery 2320: 2319: 2318:gas explosion 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2274:gas explosion 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2250:gas explosion 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2226:gas explosion 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2198:gas explosion 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2172:gas explosion 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2154: 2153:Dinas Colliery 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2093: 2090: 2035:general strike 1996: 1993: 1985:Welsh Italians 1969:northern Italy 1867: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1705: 1702: 1698:Archibald Hood 1566:Dr. Griffiths' 1552:initiated the 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1394: 1391: 1274: 1271: 1246:Rhys ap Tewdwr 1234:sacred mound. 1143: 1140: 880: 877: 852:Romano-British 774: 771: 683: 680: 643: 640: 587: 584: 561: 558: 556: 553: 503:, in his work 495: 494: 491: 490: 489: 483: 477: 471: 465: 457: 454: 453: 452: 446: 440: 434: 428: 364: 361: 276:Rhondda Valley 239: 238: 235: 229: 228: 223: 221: 217: 216: 206: 196: 195: 185: 179: 178: 175: 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 146: 142: 141: 137: 136: 131: 125: 124: 119: 117:County borough 113: 112: 107: 101: 100: 98:United Kingdom 95: 89: 88: 85: 77: 76: 73: 70: 69: 66: 59: 54: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8541: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8378:Pen-yr-englyn 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8343:Dinas Rhondda 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8297: 8292: 8290: 8285: 8283: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8267: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8246: 8242: 8240:0-7083-0766-3 8236: 8232: 8227: 8223: 8221:0-904730-05-0 8217: 8213: 8208: 8204: 8202:1-871354-09-9 8198: 8194: 8189: 8185: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8167: 8162: 8158: 8156:0-9508556-3-4 8152: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8129: 8124: 8120: 8118:0-7524-1730-4 8114: 8110: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8091:1-8526-0049-7 8087: 8082: 8081: 8075: 8071: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8044: 8039: 8035: 8028: 8025: 8020: 8016: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8002:Researchgate. 7998: 7995: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7970: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7944: 7940: 7935: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7920: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7895: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7874: 7869: 7863: 7859: 7852: 7849: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7823: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7797: 7785:. 22 May 1928 7784: 7783: 7778: 7772: 7769: 7764: 7758: 7754: 7753:AA Publishing 7750: 7743: 7740: 7734: 7731: 7725: 7722: 7709: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7683: 7680: 7667: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7649: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7631: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7613: 7610: 7604: 7601: 7595: 7592: 7586: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7568: 7563: 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5192: 5188: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5158:Donald Davies 5151: 5149: 5141: 5140:Robert Thomas 5131: 5130:Ernest Zobole 5126: 5124: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5049: 5048:The Cruel Sea 5044: 5040: 5036: 5035:Stanley Baker 5028: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4987:Baron Rhondda 4984: 4980: 4974: 4969: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838:Billy Cleaver 4835: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4807:British Lions 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4775: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4750: 4740: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4673: 4664:services the 4663: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4637: 4631: 4623: 4610: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4552:Porth Gazette 4549: 4533: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4407:Pennar Davies 4404: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4391:Cylch Cadwgan 4387: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069:Role of women 4068: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4039:Arthur Horner 4036: 4035:Little Moscow 4026: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4000:'s pamphlet " 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 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3266: 3260: 3254: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2959:built-up area 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2901:Rhondda is a 2895: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2867:Mid Glamorgan 2864: 2860: 2850: 2840: 2832: 2826: 2818: 2804: 2798: 2786: 2772: 2764: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2734: 2732: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2692:Low Countries 2689: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2667: 2647: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2603: 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kitchens 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2011:Robert Thomas 2007: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1954: 1946: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1864: 1863: 1849: 1835: 1821: 1807: 1793: 1779: 1765: 1751: 1737: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1686: 1676: 1672: 1660: 1656: 1644: 1628: 1622: 1611: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1588: 1584: 1583:Cardiff Docks 1580: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1550:Walter Coffin 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538:St Brides Bay 1535: 1531: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1467:blast furnace 1463: 1454: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1411:Acts of Union 1404: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1345: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1292: 1286: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1238:Iolo Morganwg 1233: 1229: 1225: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1191: 1187: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1141: 1139: 1123: 1111: 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135: 132: 130: 123: 120: 118: 111: 108: 106: 99: 96: 94: 83: 74:Valley region 71: 64: 58: 53: 50: 19: 8463:Blaenllechau 8456:Rhondda Fach 8428:Williamstown 8323:Blaenrhondda 8311:Rhondda Fawr 8303: 8264: 8249: 8230: 8211: 8192: 8183: 8174: 8165: 8146: 8127: 8108: 8079: 8067:Bibliography 8056: 8046: 8037: 8027: 8018: 8008: 7997: 7985:. Retrieved 7981: 7972: 7962:28 September 7960:. Retrieved 7956: 7946: 7934: 7922: 7910:. Retrieved 7897: 7876: 7857: 7851: 7839:. Retrieved 7834: 7825: 7813:. Retrieved 7808: 7799: 7787:. Retrieved 7780: 7771: 7748: 7742: 7733: 7724: 7712:. Retrieved 7708:"Paper talk" 7701: 7682: 7672:12 September 7670:. Retrieved 7660: 7648: 7639: 7630: 7621: 7612: 7603: 7594: 7585: 7562: 7550:. Retrieved 7539: 7527: 7494: 7482:. Retrieved 7478:Wales Online 7477: 7468: 7447: 7438: 7429: 7420: 7411: 7402: 7390: 7380: 7371: 7362: 7338:. Retrieved 7328: 7319: 7310: 7301: 7289:. Retrieved 7285:the original 7280: 7271: 7262: 7250:. Retrieved 7241: 7232: 7223: 7217: 7198: 7192: 7166:. Retrieved 7158: 7149: 7137:. Retrieved 7129: 7120: 7108:. Retrieved 7100: 7091: 7079:. Retrieved 7071: 7062: 7050:. Retrieved 7042: 7033: 7021:. Retrieved 7013: 7004: 6992:. Retrieved 6984: 6975: 6963:. Retrieved 6955: 6946: 6934:. Retrieved 6926: 6917: 6905:. Retrieved 6897: 6888: 6876:. Retrieved 6868: 6859: 6847:. 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Thomas 4977: 4932: 4924:Cardiff City 4920:Swansea City 4900:Jimmy Murphy 4889: 4885:Llew Edwards 4866: 4826:Cliff Morgan 4823: 4792: 4772: 4755:British Rail 4753: 4749:Beeching Axe 4744:Rhondda Fach 4734:Rhondda Fawr 4728:Rhondda Fawr 4722:Rhondda Fach 4713:Rhondda Line 4710: 4667:Rhondda Fach 4657:Rhondda Fawr 4649: 4641: 4635: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4523:Rhondda Post 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4484: 4436: 4389: 4375: 4362: 4358: 4340: 4326:Idris Davies 4321: 4311: 4297: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4260: 4248:. 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