28:
192:
tip and contains the rhoptry neck proteins (RONs), which are named after where they localize in the parasite. On the other hand, the rhoptry bulb is a larger, bulbous base that is electron-lucent and contains the rhoptry bulb proteins (ROPs) and membranous materials. So far, eight rhoptry bulb
278:
near post-invasion. The micronemal proteins secreted to the parasite’s surface direct the rhoptry proteins to the host cell by forming complexes together. The rhoptry proteins then localize to different locations within the host cell, including the
187:
Rhoptry mainly comprises two regions: the rhoptry neck and the rhoptry bulb. Those two regions physically divide the parasites and have different features and materials. The rhoptry neck is an electron-dense duct that narrowly extends at the
122:
organism, which suggests common ancestry of the members of the phylum and the evolution process they have experienced. The name rhoptry indicates its shape as it comes from the Greek word for “club-shaped.” These large membrane-bound
457:
Bradley, Peter J; Chris Ward; Stephen J. Cheng; David L. Alexander; Susan Coller; Graham H. Coombs; Joe Dan Dunn; David J. Ferguson; Sanya J. Sanderson; Jonathan M. Wastling; John C. Boothroyd (October 7, 2005).
82:
that are released during the process of host penetration. The proteins they contain are important in the interaction between the host and the parasite, including the formation of the
27:
274:
contents are secreted first to the apical end of the parasite when the parasite attaches to the host cell, followed by rhoptry as invasion proceeds, and then
234:-derived vesicles. Yet, how these immature rhoptries are formed is still unknown. Pre-rhoptries elongate and mature into the functional rhoptries just before
918:
311:. During the initial stage of host invasion, rhoptry contents help the parasite attach to the host, and the rhoptry membranous material forms the
211:, then finally, where they are normally stored, the rhoptry. They have critical functions in the host invasion and replication within the host of
879:
505:"Identification of rhoptry trafficking determinants and evidence for a novel sorting mechanism in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum"
396:
Rigoulet, Jacques; Hennache, Alain; Lagourette, Pierre; George, Catherine; Longeart, LoĂŻc; Le Net, Jean-LoĂŻc; Dubey, Jitender P. (2014).
134:
There is a variation in the number of rhoptries present in different species and during different developmental stages. For example, the
911:
215:
parasites. During the host invasion process, the proteins are secreted at different times at which they each function. RONs are
230:
assembly of rhoptries occurs during cell replication. They are first synthesized as pre-rhoptries, which are spherical-shaped,
299:
lumen. The primary functions of rhoptries are to assist host invasion and to exploit host cellular functions for enhanced
303:. Still, the specific roles differ depending on where they localize within the host upon direct injection into the host
904:
858:
Lebrun, Maryse; Carruthers, Vern B.; Cesbron-Delauw, Marie-France (2014-01-01), Weiss, Louis M.; Kim, Kami (eds.),
705:"Biogenesis and discharge of the rhoptries: Key organelles for entry and hijack of host cells by the Apicomplexa"
1613:
1853:
460:"Proteomic Analysis of Rhoptry Organelles Reveals Many Novel Constituents for Host-Parasite Interactions in
342:
338:
312:
296:
292:
83:
31:
219:
first because they contribute during the invasion. ROPs follow afterward and perform a post-invasion role.
2050:
1989:
1928:
1642:
859:
2010:
2001:
860:"Chapter 12 - Toxoplasma Secretory Proteins and Their Roles in Cell Invasion and Intracellular Survival"
204:
155:
1994:
320:
754:"Rhoptry organelles of the apicomplexa: Their role in host cell invasion and intracellular survival"
2100:
1938:
353:. The host can come to favor the parasitic invasion if the rhoptry proteins manipulate the host’s
1019:
354:
1984:
1943:
875:
831:
773:
734:
726:
668:
650:
604:
596:
536:
485:
439:
421:
359:
200:
195:
140:
36:
1587:
1958:
1802:
1749:
1701:
1660:
1625:
1618:
1555:
1432:
1358:
867:
821:
765:
716:
658:
642:
588:
526:
516:
475:
429:
413:
1734:
966:
350:
328:
280:
238:, which then move to the apexes of the parasites to localize to their normal position—the
208:
172:
826:
809:
270:
at different stages of the host invasion as the process is regulated in time and space.
1918:
1759:
1669:
1655:
1456:
1312:
1260:
1117:
1036:
896:
871:
531:
504:
434:
397:
239:
115:
753:
2094:
2015:
1848:
1820:
1724:
1697:
1694:
1628:
1122:
1096:
1046:
769:
663:
630:
364:
316:
275:
263:
153:
stage observed during the chronic phase of the infection has one to three rhoptries.
146:
107:
2035:
2005:
1865:
1516:
1368:
1363:
1265:
1201:
1065:
931:
927:
646:
324:
288:
127:
are electron-dense and highly acidic and have similar high density across those in
521:
2065:
2040:
2028:
1843:
1797:
1598:
1565:
1545:
1466:
1379:
1250:
1218:
1156:
1146:
1081:
1056:
1004:
987:
376:
372:
346:
255:
235:
231:
212:
176:
163:
128:
119:
99:
72:
417:
2079:
2074:
2055:
2045:
2023:
1679:
1603:
1423:
1394:
1322:
1301:
1187:
1172:
1060:
1014:
956:
333:
300:
267:
216:
159:
150:
135:
835:
777:
730:
703:
Ben
Chaabene, Rouaa; Lentini, Gaëlle; Soldati-Favre, Dominique (March 2021).
654:
600:
592:
425:
2060:
1933:
1923:
1787:
1769:
1744:
1713:
1674:
1526:
1506:
1492:
1471:
1399:
1296:
1279:
1182:
1161:
1107:
1070:
999:
978:
368:
304:
271:
259:
251:
124:
111:
103:
95:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
738:
672:
608:
576:
540:
489:
480:
459:
443:
63:
connected by thin necks to the extreme apical pole of the parasite. These
1953:
1948:
1860:
1825:
1754:
1739:
1729:
1608:
1531:
1482:
1446:
1413:
1327:
1239:
1136:
1091:
971:
951:
315:
M around the parasite entering the host cell to establish its protective
189:
167:
75:
17:
1889:
1870:
1343:
982:
935:
808:
Cova, Marta Mendonça; Lamarque, Mauld H.; Lebrun, Maryse (2022-09-08).
308:
284:
810:"How Apicomplexa Parasites Secrete and Build Their Invasion Machinery"
721:
704:
1792:
1650:
1353:
1229:
1009:
961:
371:. Another function of rhoptry proteins is nutrient import during the
79:
199:. Those two classes of proteins, RONs and ROPs, follow the typical
1764:
1332:
994:
577:"Unraveling the Elusive Rhoptry Exocytic Mechanism of Apicomplexa"
26:
900:
349:
parasites also utilize rhoptries to divert the host cell’s
78:. They can vary in number and shape and contain numerous
629:
Black, Michael W.; Boothroyd, John C. (September 2000).
94:
Rhoptries are one of the three characteristic secretory
193:
proteins, ROP1 through ROP8, have been identified in
1975:
1909:
1834:
1811:
1778:
1711:
1585:
1578:
1553:
1544:
1514:
1505:
1480:
1454:
1445:
1421:
1412:
1377:
1341:
1310:
1287:
1278:
1248:
1227:
1209:
1200:
1170:
1144:
1135:
1105:
1079:
1044:
1035:
1028:
942:
575:Sparvoli, Daniela; Lebrun, Maryse (July 2021).
912:
71:, are characteristic of the motile stages of
8:
866:, Boston: Academic Press, pp. 389–453,
1582:
1550:
1511:
1451:
1418:
1284:
1206:
1141:
1041:
1032:
919:
905:
897:
635:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
825:
720:
662:
530:
520:
479:
433:
398:"Toxoplasmosis in a bar-shouldered dove (
145:which is found during the acute phase of
337:, some rhoptry proteins localize to the
388:
323:for successful development by inducing
503:Richard, D; et al. (March 2009).
166:have two to four, and the noninvasive
570:
7:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
624:
622:
620:
618:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
149:, has 10 to 12 rhoptries, while the
40:, transmission electron microscopy.
827:10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-021425
357:. Furthermore, rhoptry proteins in
341:M and promote the formation of the
872:10.1016/b978-0-12-396481-6.00012-x
864:Toxoplasma Gondii (Second Edition)
631:"Lytic Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii"
25:
752:Sam-Yellowe, T. Y. (1996-08-01).
402:) from the Zoo of Clères, France"
1666:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
647:10.1128/MMBR.64.3.607-623.2000
1:
1636:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
814:Annual Review of Microbiology
770:10.1016/0169-4758(96)10030-2
522:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000328
179:only have a single rhoptry.
266:—release their contents by
250:The three unique secretory
2117:
363:can mistraffic the host’s
957:Mastigophora/Flagellates
593:10.1016/j.pt.2021.04.011
418:10.1051/parasite/2014062
295:membrane (PVM), and the
1995:Baas-Becking hypothesis
293:parasitophorous vacuole
84:parasitophorous vacuole
59:. They are club-shaped
1990:Microbial biogeography
709:Molecular Microbiology
581:Trends in Parasitology
481:10.1074/jbc.M504158200
170:have none. Meanwhile,
45:
1010:Fungus-like organisms
205:endoplasmic reticulum
183:Structure and Content
156:Plasmodium falciparum
114:are localized at the
30:
1725:Simple cell membrane
1661:Pseudoparenchymatous
1649:Filamentous/trichal/
1633:Colonial flagellated
1566:Collar of microvilli
1939:Contractile vacuole
1890:Meiosis in protists
1871:Mitosis in protists
1849:Multinucleate cells
1071:Flagellar apparatus
1020:Ambiregnal protists
962:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
474:(40): 34245–34258.
1770:Periplast/pellicle
1493:Periplast/pellicle
1433:Cruciform division
758:Parasitology Today
400:Geopelia humeralis
355:actin cytoskeleton
46:
44:(click to enlarge)
2088:
2087:
1985:Microbial ecology
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1944:Eyespot apparatus
1574:
1573:
1556:Choanoflagellates
1540:
1539:
1501:
1500:
1441:
1440:
1408:
1407:
1274:
1273:
1196:
1195:
1131:
1130:
881:978-0-12-396481-6
722:10.1111/mmi.14674
462:Toxoplasma gondii
360:Toxoplasma gondii
262:, rhoptries, and
201:secretory pathway
141:Toxoplasma gondii
52:is a specialized
37:Toxoplasma gondii
16:(Redirected from
2108:
1959:Mastigont system
1912:
1837:
1814:
1803:Gliding motility
1781:
1718:
1663:/plektenchymatic
1619:Amoeboflagellate
1592:
1583:
1559:
1551:
1520:
1512:
1486:
1460:
1452:
1426:
1419:
1383:
1347:
1316:
1290:
1285:
1254:
1233:
1212:
1207:
1176:
1150:
1142:
1111:
1085:
1049:
1042:
1033:
921:
914:
907:
898:
891:
890:
889:
888:
855:
840:
839:
829:
805:
782:
781:
749:
743:
742:
724:
700:
677:
676:
666:
626:
613:
612:
572:
545:
544:
534:
524:
500:
494:
493:
483:
454:
448:
447:
437:
393:
307:and on the host
240:apical complexes
110:. Rhoptries and
21:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
1977:
1963:
1910:
1905:
1835:
1830:
1812:
1807:
1779:
1774:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1589:
1586:
1570:
1554:
1536:
1515:
1497:
1481:
1476:
1455:
1437:
1422:
1404:
1378:
1373:
1342:
1337:
1313:Dinoflagellates
1311:
1306:
1288:
1270:
1249:
1244:
1228:
1223:
1210:
1192:
1171:
1166:
1145:
1127:
1106:
1101:
1080:
1075:
1045:
1024:
945:classifications
944:
938:
925:
895:
894:
886:
884:
882:
857:
856:
843:
807:
806:
785:
751:
750:
746:
702:
701:
680:
628:
627:
616:
574:
573:
548:
515:(3): e1000328.
502:
501:
497:
456:
455:
451:
395:
394:
390:
385:
351:immune response
329:plasma membrane
281:plasma membrane
248:
225:
185:
173:Cryptosporidium
98:present in all
92:
90:Characteristics
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:Siphonocladous
1685:
1677:
1670:Multinucleated
1667:
1664:
1658:
1656:Parenchymatous
1653:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1595:
1593:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:Kinetoplastids
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1123:Phycobilisomes
1120:
1118:Pit connection
1114:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1097:Phycobilisomes
1094:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1052:
1050:
1047:Chloroplastida
1039:
1037:Archaeplastida
1030:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
990:
985:
976:
975:
974:
969:
959:
948:
946:
940:
939:
926:
924:
923:
916:
909:
901:
893:
892:
880:
841:
820:(1): 619–640.
783:
764:(8): 308–316.
744:
715:(3): 453–465.
678:
641:(3): 607–623.
614:
587:(7): 622–637.
546:
509:PLOS Pathogens
495:
449:
387:
386:
384:
381:
365:immune factors
276:dense granules
264:dense granules
247:
244:
224:
221:
184:
181:
162:have two, the
116:apical complex
108:dense granules
91:
88:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2113:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:Fertilization
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1974:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1884:Pleuromitosis
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Hydrogenosome
1819:
1818:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:Multicellular
1693:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1517:Dictyostelids
1513:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:Apicomplexans
1376:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1345:
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1202:Stramenopiles
1199:
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723:
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468:J. Biol. Chem
465:
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317:intracellular
314:
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306:
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182:
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152:
148:
147:toxoplasmosis
144:
142:
137:
132:
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126:
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117:
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109:
105:
101:
97:
89:
87:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
43:
42:Rhoptries: ro
39:
38:
33:
29:
19:
2036:Heterotrophy
2006:Reproduction
1881:Orthomitosis
1866:Heterokaryon
1813:Mitochondria
1714:Cell surface
1590:organization
1546:Opisthokonta
1389:
1369:Micronucleus
1364:Macronucleus
1266:Pneumatocyst
1082:Glaucophytes
1066:Phragmoplast
1005:Thallophytes
932:Protistology
928:Microbiology
885:, retrieved
863:
817:
813:
761:
757:
747:
712:
708:
638:
634:
584:
580:
512:
508:
498:
471:
467:
461:
452:
409:
405:
399:
391:
358:
347:Apicomplexan
332:
325:invagination
249:
227:
226:
213:Apicomplexan
194:
186:
171:
154:
139:
133:
129:Apicomplexan
120:Apicomplexan
93:
49:
47:
41:
35:
2066:Necrotrophy
2051:Saprotrophy
2041:Phagotrophy
2029:Phototrophy
2022:Nutrition:
2011:Life cycles
2002:Development
1976:Ecology and
1844:Nucleomorph
1798:Pseudopodia
1599:Unicellular
1483:Euglenoidea
1467:Kinetoplast
1251:Brown algae
1219:Mastigoneme
1157:Mastigoneme
1147:Cryptophyta
1057:green algae
1015:Slime molds
377:Apicomplexa
373:lytic cycle
321:compartment
319:protective
256:Apicomplexa
236:cytokinesis
232:trans-Golgi
177:sporozoites
164:sporozoites
102:along with
100:Apicomplexa
73:Apicomplexa
32:Tachyzoites
2101:Organelles
2080:Auxotrophy
2075:Mixotrophy
2056:Parasitism
2046:Osmotrophy
2024:Autotrophy
1978:physiology
1854:Plasmodium
1780:Locomotion
1716:structures
1680:Coenocytic
1424:Phytomyxea
1395:Apicoplast
1323:Dinokaryon
1302:Trichocyst
1173:Haptophyte
1061:Phycoplast
1029:Morphology
1000:Cryptogams
887:2023-11-27
383:References
334:Plasmodium
301:parasitism
268:exocytosis
260:micronemes
252:organelles
217:exocytosed
160:merozoites
151:bradyzoite
136:tachyzoite
125:organelles
112:micronemes
104:micronemes
96:organelles
76:protozoans
69:micronemes
65:organelles
61:organelles
2061:Biotrophy
1934:Extrusome
1924:Cytostome
1788:Flagellum
1745:Cell wall
1704:/histonal
1684:Siphonous
1675:Syncytial
1643:Coenobial
1639:Sarcinoid
1588:Levels of
1527:Macrocyst
1507:Amoebozoa
1472:Glycosome
1400:Microneme
1280:Alveolata
1188:Haptonema
1183:Coccolith
1162:Periplast
1108:Red algae
1092:Cyanelles
979:Infusoria
836:0066-4227
778:0169-4758
731:0950-382X
655:1092-2172
601:1471-4922
426:1776-1042
369:virulence
305:cytoplasm
272:Microneme
246:Functions
223:Synthesis
203:from the
196:T. gondii
168:ookinetes
138:stage of
131:species.
57:organelle
54:secretory
18:Rhoptries
2095:Category
1954:Axostyle
1949:Pyrenoid
1929:Fimbriae
1861:Dikaryon
1826:Mitosome
1755:Skeleton
1740:Frustule
1730:Mucilage
1702:tissular
1626:Colonial
1609:Amoeboid
1604:Monadoid
1532:Sorocarp
1447:Excavate
1414:Rhizaria
1344:Ciliates
1328:Dinocyst
1289:General:
1240:Frustule
1211:General:
1137:Hacrobia
988:Sporozoa
983:Ciliates
972:Heliozoa
952:Protozoa
936:Protists
739:33368727
673:10974128
609:34045149
541:19266084
490:16002398
444:25407506
406:Parasite
367:for its
190:anterior
1897:Zygotic
1894:Gametic
1836:Nucleus
1614:Coccoid
1579:General
1390:Rhoptry
1297:Alveoli
1230:Diatoms
967:Testate
532:2648313
435:4236686
343:vacuole
327:of its
309:species
289:nucleus
285:cytosol
228:De novo
207:to the
118:of the
80:enzymes
67:, like
50:rhoptry
1900:Sporic
1878:Closed
1793:Cilium
1750:Lorica
1651:hyphal
1359:Cirrus
1354:Cilium
1261:Lamina
943:Former
878:
834:
776:
737:
729:
671:
661:
653:
607:
599:
539:
529:
488:
442:
432:
424:
412:: 62.
291:, the
287:, the
283:, the
86:(PV).
1911:Other
1765:Theca
1735:Scale
1333:Theca
995:Algae
664:99006
331:. In
209:Golgi
1919:Cyst
1875:Open
1760:Test
1698:s.s.
1629:s.s.
876:ISBN
832:ISSN
774:ISSN
735:PMID
727:ISSN
669:PMID
651:ISSN
605:PMID
597:ISSN
537:PMID
486:PMID
440:PMID
422:ISSN
106:and
1059:":
868:doi
822:doi
766:doi
717:doi
713:115
659:PMC
643:doi
589:doi
527:PMC
517:doi
476:doi
472:280
430:PMC
414:doi
375:of
254:of
34:of
2097::
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930::
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862:,
844:^
830:.
818:76
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772:.
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428:.
420:.
410:21
408:.
404:.
379:.
345:.
339:PV
313:PV
297:PV
242:.
48:A
2004:/
1700:/
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675:.
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416::
258:—
143:,
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