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Rho-associated protein kinase

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796: 255: 44: 315:, thereby inactivating its actin-depolymerization activity. This results in the stabilization of actin filaments and an increase in their numbers. Thus, over time actin monomers that are needed to continue actin polymerization for migration become limited. The increased stable actin filaments and the loss of actin monomers contribute to a reduction of cell migration. 739:
ROCK activity is regulated by the disruption of an intramolecular autoinhibition. In general, the structure of ROCK proteins consists of an N-terminal kinase domain, a coiled-coiled region and a PH domain containing a cystein-rich domain (CRD) at the C-terminal. A Rho-binding domain (RBD) is located
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to the N-terminal kinase domain of ROCK. Thus, the kinase activity is off when ROCK is intramolecularly folded. The kinase activity is switched on when Rho-GTP binds to the Rho-binding domain of ROCK, disrupting the autoinhibitory interaction within ROCK, which liberates the kinase domain because
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ROCKs regulate cell-cell adhesion: Loss of ROCK activity seems to lead to loss of tight junction integrity in endothelial cells. In epithelial cells inhibition of ROCK seems to decrease tight junction integrity. Active ROCK in these cells seems to stimulate the disruption of E-Cadherin-mediated
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and Rho-associated protein kinase are involved in regulating calcium ion intake; these calcium ions, in turn stimulate a myosin light chain kinase, forcing a contraction. Rho-associated protein kinase are serine or threonine kinases that determine the calcium sensitivity in smooth muscle cells.
418:. The pro-apoptotic protease, caspase 3, activates ROCK kinase activity by cleaving the C-terminal PH domain. As a result, the autoinhibitory intramolecular fold of ROCK is abolished. ROCK also regulates MLC phosphorylation and actomyosin contractility, which regulate membrane blebbing. 1312:
Gao SY, Li CY, Chen J, Pan L, Saito S, Terashita T, Saito K, Miyawaki K, Shigemoto K, Mominoki K, Matsuda S, Kobayashi N (2004). "Rho-ROCK signal pathway regulates microtubule-based process formation of cultured podocytes--inhibition of ROCK promoted process elongation".
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F-actin binding proteins: Adducin, EF-1&alpha (elongation factor, translation co-factor), MARCKS (myristylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate), Caponin (unknown function), and ERM (involved in linkage of the actin cytoskelton to the plasma
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collapse by activating actomyosin contractility. It is also possible that phosphorylation of collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2) by ROCK inhibits CRPM2 function of promoting axon outgrowth, resulting in growth cone
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Maekawa M, Ishizaki T, Boku S, Watanabe N, Fujita A, Iwamatsu A, Obinata T, Ohashi K, Mizuno K, Narumiya S (August 1999). "Signaling from Rho to the actin cytoskeleton through protein kinases ROCK and LIM-kinase".
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for treating various diseases including cancer. For example, such drugs have potential to prevent cancer from spreading by blocking cell migration, stopping cancer cells from spreading into neighboring tissue.
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activity. Thus several bundled and active myosins, which are asynchronously active on several actin filaments, move actin filaments against each other, resulting in the net shortenting of actin fibres.
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Kale, Vijay Pralhad; Hengst, Jeremy A.; Desai, Dhimant H.; Dick, Taryn E.; Choe, Katherine N.; Colledge, Ashley L.; Takahashi, Yoshinori; Sung, Shen-Shu; Amin, Shantu G.; Yun, Jong K. (2014-11-28).
850:. ROCK1/2 along with MRCKα/β kinases have been implicated in the plasticity of cancer cell migration, the phenomenon which bestows survival advantage to the cancer cells during drug treatments ( 4725: 2694: 2689: 2869: 4718: 5633: 2862: 2809: 2787: 3069: 2605: 389:
suppressor protein. This stimulation seems to depend on ROCK. In this way, PTEN is important to prevent uncontrolled cell division as is exhibited in cancer cells.
364:, actin filament bundles of opposing polarity, containing myosin II, tropomyosin, caldesmon and MLC-kinase, and consequently of focal contacts, which are immature 4741: 598: 483: 75: 3617: 4456: 2920: 4565: 2715: 1456:"Roles of Rho-associated kinase in cytokinesis; mutations in Rho-associated kinase phosphorylation sites impair cytokinetic segregation of glial filaments" 1407:"Rho-kinase/ROCK is involved in cytokinesis through the phosphorylation of myosin light chain and not ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins at the cleavage furrow" 715:)-binding kinases (MRCK) and citron kinase. All of these kinases are composed of a N-terminal kinase domain, a coiled-coil structure and other functional 3303: 3190: 4784: 3578: 5229: 2610: 5736: 5372: 5280: 5177: 4551: 4016: 2907: 2889: 2777: 117: 4891: 4847: 5694: 4653: 4534: 1255:
Li Z, Dong X, Dong X, Wang Z, Liu W, Deng N, Ding Y, Tang L, Hla T, Zeng R, Li L, Wu D (April 2005). "Regulation of PTEN by Rho small GTPases".
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Chong CM, Ai N, Lee SM (2017). "ROCK in CNS: Different Roles of Isoforms and Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Disorders".
5255: 4231: 2261: 1298: 1028:"The p160 RhoA-binding kinase ROK alpha is a member of a kinase family and is involved in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton" 610: 495: 5628: 80: 4500: 4172: 3534: 3525: 1505:"Rho-binding kinase (LET-502) and myosin phosphatase (MEL-11) regulate cytokinesis in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo" 603: 488: 5684: 4886: 4862: 4842: 176:(PH) domain, which reduces the kinase activity of ROCKs by an autoinhibitory intramolecular fold if RhoA-GTP is not present. 5491: 4896: 3915: 3412: 3403: 3060: 3006: 2834: 2829: 2389: 2207: 839: 262:
ROCK plays a role in a wide range of different cellular phenomena, as ROCK is a downstream effector protein of the small
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in G1, and is proposed to be required for contraction of the cleavage furrow, which is necessary for the completion of
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Research over the past two decades has shown that ROCK signaling plays an important role in many diseases including
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Feng Y, LoGrasso PV, Defert O, Li R (March 2016). "Rho Kinase (ROCK) Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential".
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intermediate filament proteins: Vimentin, GFAP (glial fibrillaric acidic protein), NF-L (neurofilament L protein)
2051: 1799:"A novel selective multikinase inhibitor of ROCK and MRCK effectively blocks cancer cell migration and invasion" 1080:"ROCK-I and ROCK-II, two isoforms of Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein serine/threonine kinase in mice" 5731: 5318: 4821: 4803: 4340: 4331: 4282: 3048: 2893: 2285: 2266: 2197: 1931: 92: 1595:"Targeting Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase (ROCK) in cardiovascular fibrosis and stiffening" 297:. These substrates, once phosphorylated, regulate actin filament organization and contractility as follows: 5524: 5234: 5204: 5189: 5152: 4640: 4063: 2143: 708: 392:
ROCK plays an important role in cell cycle control, it seems to inhibit the premature separation of the two
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Kale, Vijay Pralhad; Hengst, Jeremy A.; Desai, Dhimant H.; Amin, Shantu G.; Yun, Jong K. (2015-06-01).
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ROCK inhibits the depolymerization of actin filaments indirectly: ROCK phosphorylates and activates
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Yasui Y, Amano M, Nagata K, Inagaki N, Nakamura H, Saya H, Kaibuchi K, Inagaki M (November 1998).
5784: 4993: 4958: 4517: 4471: 2491: 2429: 2380: 2115: 1942: 1640: 1436: 1387: 1338: 1280: 1208:"ROCK isoform regulation of myosin phosphatase and contractility in vascular smooth muscle cells" 1152: 1109: 1008: 940: 697: 4710: 4881: 4837: 3777: 3486: 2506: 2496: 2486: 2411: 2395: 2354: 2340: 2335: 2073: 2036: 1879: 1871: 1836: 1818: 1779: 1771: 1732: 1683: 1675: 1632: 1614: 1575: 1526: 1485: 1428: 1379: 1330: 1272: 1237: 1188: 1144: 1101: 1057: 1000: 932: 411: 4852: 4830: 4826: 4370: 3612: 3602: 3597: 3515: 3506: 3436: 3427: 3373: 3364: 3021: 2839: 2501: 2481: 2423: 2319: 2217: 2202: 2148: 2046: 2041: 1900: 1863: 1826: 1810: 1763: 1722: 1714: 1667: 1622: 1606: 1565: 1557: 1516: 1475: 1467: 1418: 1369: 1322: 1264: 1227: 1219: 1180: 1136: 1091: 1047: 1039: 992: 922: 914: 765: 242: 158: 5549: 5090: 1299:"Entrez Gene: PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog (mutated in multiple advanced cancers 1)" 97: 5572: 5567: 5328: 5323: 5299: 5294: 5260: 5157: 5085: 4909: 4196: 3267: 3262: 3257: 2762: 2752: 2574: 2545: 2171: 2078: 2063: 1752:"The regulatory roles of ROCK and MRCK kinases in the plasticity of cancer cell migration" 851: 769: 670: 555: 192: 184: 179:
Rat ROCKs were discovered as the first effectors of Rho and they induce the formation of
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NHE1 (a sodium hydrogen exchanger, involved in focal adhesions and actin organisation)
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Kosako H, Yoshida T, Matsumura F, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S, Inagaki M (December 2000).
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Riento K, Ridley AJ (June 2003). "Rocks: multifunctional kinases in cell behaviour".
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Anjum I (June 2018). "Calcium sensitization mechanisms in detrusor smooth muscles".
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and thus cell-substratum contacts. ROCK increases the activity of the motor protein
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Wang Y, Zheng XR, Riddick N, Bryden M, Baur W, Zhang X, Surks HK (February 2009).
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ROCKs are homologous to other metazoan kinases such as myotonic dystrophy kinase (
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signaling pathway, resulting in a reduction of cell size and influence cell fate.
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Nakagawa O, Fujisawa K, Ishizaki T, Saito Y, Nakao K, Narumiya S (August 1996).
680: 565: 426: 397: 382: 378: 351: 294: 169: 5399: 5194: 4871: 4485: 2959: 2456: 2299: 2212: 1977: 1927: 1718: 918: 701: 646: 531: 393: 308: 149: 5721: 1875: 1822: 1775: 1679: 1618: 5663: 4876: 4794: 3446: 2735: 2648: 2185: 1951: 1521: 1504: 1140: 748: 415: 200: 43: 1883: 1840: 1783: 1736: 1687: 1636: 1579: 1530: 1471: 1432: 1423: 1406: 1334: 1276: 1241: 1192: 1148: 1043: 1004: 936: 846:. For example, ROCK has been hypothesized to play an important role in the 1489: 1383: 1105: 1061: 360:
Thus in both cases, ROCK activation by Rho induces the formation of actin
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1. ROCK is a key regulator of actin organization and thus a regulator of
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Different substrates can be phosphorylated by ROCKs, including LIM
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3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase
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sequences in common and 92% homology within their kinase domains.
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CDP-diacylglycerol—glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase
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and ROCK2 have been identified. ROCK1 is mainly expressed in the
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Wei L, Surma M, Shi S, Lambert-Cheatham N, Shi J (August 2016).
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of ROCK. ROCK can also be regulated by lipids, in particular
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binding between the C-terminal cluster of RBD domain and the
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deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
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RhoA-GTP stimulates the phospholipid phosphatase activity of
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Rho that increases ROCK kinase activity when bound to it.
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cell-cell contacts by activating actomyosin contractility.
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Drechsel DN, Hyman AA, Hall A, Glotzer M (January 1997).
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Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology
368:-based adhesion points with the extracellular substrate. 325:
ROCK also regulates cell migration by promoting cellular
135:) occur in mammals (human, rat, mouse, cow), zebrafish, 1703:"Novel Insights into the Roles of Rho Kinase in Cancer" 807: 580:
Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 2
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Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1
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Yu B, Sladojevic N, Blair JE, Liao JK (January 2020).
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CDP-diacylglycerol—inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase
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Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase
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CDP-diacylglycerol—choline O-phosphatidyltransferase
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Firstly, phosphorylation of the myosin light chain (
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CDP-diacylglycerol—serine O-phosphatidyltransferase
2677: 2667: 2637: 2619: 2596: 2568: 2467: 2307: 2298: 2275: 2235: 2180: 2157: 2129: 1963: 1939: 740:in close proximity just in front of the PH domain. 676: 666: 661: 645: 633: 621: 609: 597: 589: 584: 579: 561: 551: 546: 530: 518: 506: 494: 482: 472: 467: 462: 91: 86: 74: 66: 58: 53: 36: 5634:Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1546:"ROCK as a therapeutic target for ischemic stroke" 1026:Leung T, Chen XQ, Manser E, Lim L (October 1996). 711:), DMPK-related cell division control protein 42 ( 1707:Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 772:, which induces N-terminal transphosphorylation. 760:It has also been shown that Rho is not the only 752:ROCK is then no longer intramolecularly folded. 168:. Mammalian ROCK consists of a kinase domain, a 161:and is a major downstream effector of the small 978: 976: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 960: 958: 956: 954: 896: 894: 892: 890: 727:ROCK is a downstream effector molecule of the 269:, which is one of the major regulators of the 231:. However, ROCK2 is distributed mostly in the 116:belonging to the AGC (PKA/ PKG/PKC) family of 4742:Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins 4726: 2921:Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinases 2870: 1908: 1544:Sladojevic N, Yu B, Liao JK (December 2017). 1073: 1071: 8: 2716:N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase 2606:UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase 5629:Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase 5592: 5276: 4808: 4799: 4733: 4719: 4711: 4649: 4635: 4025: 4011: 3304:Goodpasture-antigen-binding protein kinase 2916: 2902: 2877: 2863: 2855: 2744: 2674: 2304: 2295: 1960: 1915: 1901: 1893: 658: 543: 42: 5230:Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein 4017:Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases 3191:(isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)) kinase 2908:Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases 2890:Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases 2810:serine/threonine-specific protein kinases 2788:serine/threonine-specific protein kinases 2611:Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase 1830: 1726: 1626: 1569: 1520: 1479: 1422: 1373: 1231: 1095: 1051: 926: 118:serine-threonine specific protein kinases 5737:Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 5373:Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4785:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 4552:Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase 743:The kinase activity is inhibited by the 253: 4535:Low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase 901:Hahmann C, Schroeter T (January 2010). 886: 5492:Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase 4775:Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins 985:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology 576: 459: 33: 3280:Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase 1599:Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 830:, neurodegenerative diseases such as 7: 4561:Bone morphogenetic protein receptors 907:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 3095:Dephospho-(reductase kinase) kinase 207:increases. Two mouse ROCK isoforms 5717:Signal transducing adaptor protein 4892:3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase 4848:3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 3550:G-protein coupled receptor kinases 1550:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 403:ROCKs also seem to antagonize the 191:(myosin light chain). Due to this 25: 5712:Activating transcription factor 6 5126:G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3540:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2 3225:(tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) kinase 2121:Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase 1672:10.2174/1389450117666160401123825 1503:Piekny AJ, Mains PE (June 2002). 153:) and chicken. Human ROCK1 has a 48:Crystal structure of human ROCK I 5256:Phosphoinositide phospholipase C 4232:Mitogen-activated protein kinase 2262:Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase 794: 333:II by two different mechanisms: 4618:Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor 4501:(acetyl-CoA carboxylase) kinase 4173:(RNA-polymerase)-subunit kinase 3535:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase 3526:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase 1315:Nephron Experimental Nephrology 385:and tensin homologue), a human 350:Secondly, ROCK inactivates MLC 311:, which in turn phosphorylates 5695:GTP-binding protein regulators 5685:GTP-binding protein regulators 4241:Extracellular signal-regulated 1856:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1032:Molecular and Cellular Biology 848:pleiotropic effects of statins 372:2. Other functions and targets 1: 5444:Rho-associated protein kinase 4305:P38 mitogen-activated protein 3404:cGMP-dependent protein kinase 3365:cAMP-dependent protein kinase 3061:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3007:Ataxia telangiectasia mutated 2835:Protein-histidine tele-kinase 2830:Protein-histidine pros-kinase 2709:Glycosyl-1-phosphotransferase 1611:10.1080/14728222.2020.1712593 1562:10.1080/14737175.2017.1395700 1375:10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00023-6 1224:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.188524 840:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 692:The two mouse ROCK isoforms, 106:Rho-associated protein kinase 62:Rho-associated protein kinase 5650:Dual-specificity phosphatase 5625:protein tyrosine phosphatase 5131:AMP-activated protein kinase 3104:AMP-activated protein kinase 2541:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1868:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00683 1815:10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.032 1768:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.017 1185:10.1126/science.285.5429.895 1097:10.1016/0014-5793(96)00811-3 5674:apoptosis signaling pathway 4019:(EC 2.7.11.21-EC 2.7.11.30) 2448:RNA-directed DNA polymerase 2316:DNA-directed DNA polymerase 1460:The Journal of Cell Biology 857:Researchers are developing 258:Role and regulation of ROCK 5806: 3946:Elongation factor 2 kinase 2910:(EC 2.7.11.1-EC 2.7.11.20) 2801:: protein-dual-specificity 779: 343:) increases the myosin II 293:light chain (MLC) and MLC 26: 5755: 5518:Serine/threonine/tyrosine 5121: 5004: 4905: 4648: 4634: 4341:MAP kinase kinase kinases 4024: 4010: 3873:Myosin light-chain kinase 3579:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent 3244:Myosin-heavy-chain kinase 2915: 2901: 1719:10.1007/s00005-015-0382-6 919:10.1007/s00018-009-0189-x 657: 542: 302:Amount of actin filaments 41: 5732:Olfactory marker protein 5319:Glycogen synthase kinase 4822:Heterotrimeric G protein 4641:Dual-specificity kinases 2778:protein-serine/threonine 2678:Phosphatidyltransferases 2267:Thiamine diphosphokinase 27:Not to be confused with 5525:Dual-specificity kinase 5235:Cyclin-dependent kinase 4064:Cyclin-dependent kinase 1522:10.1242/jcs.115.11.2271 1509:Journal of Cell Science 1141:10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0071 425:retraction by inducing 2598:Nucleotidyltransferase 2281:nucleotidyltransferase 2208:Nucleoside-diphosphate 1472:10.1083/jcb.143.5.1249 1424:10.1038/sj.onc.1203987 1044:10.1128/mcb.16.10.5313 828:cardiovascular disease 320:Cellular contractility 259: 5606:Protein phosphatase 2 5417:p21-activated kinases 2452:Reverse transcriptase 780:Further information: 696:and ROCK2, have high 439:3. Other ROCK targets 410:ROCKS play a role in 257: 5009:G beta-gamma complex 3907:Phosphorylase kinase 2241:diphosphotransferase 2223:Thiamine-diphosphate 1930:-containing groups ( 1660:Current Drug Targets 1212:Circulation Research 782:Rho kinase inhibitor 421:ROCKs contribute to 5588:protein phosphatase 5461:Ribosomal s6 kinase 2823:: protein-histidine 2741:; protein acceptor) 2629:mRNA capping enzyme 2621:Guanylyltransferase 1257:Nature Cell Biology 836:Parkinson's disease 832:Alzheimer's disease 719:at the C-terminus 187:by phosphorylating 174:Pleckstrin homology 4758:MAP kinase pathway 4518:Tropomyosin kinase 4472:Tau-protein kinase 2099:Phosphoinositide 3 1943:phosphotransferase 1515:(Pt 11): 2271–82. 806:. You can help by 260: 5767: 5766: 5722:I-kappa B protein 5658: 5657: 5581: 5580: 5218: 5217: 5139: 5138: 4882:Guanylate cyclase 4838:Adenylate cyclase 4708: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4006: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3487:Protein kinase N1 3442:Protein kinase Cζ 2852: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2724: 2723: 2663: 2662: 2564: 2563: 2477:Template-directed 2231: 2230: 2198:Phosphomevalonate 1556:(12): 1167–1177. 1327:10.1159/000078406 824: 823: 690: 689: 686: 685: 575: 574: 571: 570: 412:membrane blebbing 141:, invertebrates ( 103: 102: 16:(Redirected from 5797: 5790:Protein families 5597:Serine/threonine 5593: 5281:Serine/threonine 5277: 4897:Protein kinase G 4853:Protein kinase A 4809: 4800: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4712: 4650: 4636: 4283:C-Jun N-terminal 4026: 4012: 3516:Rhodopsin kinase 3507:Rhodopsin kinase 3437:Protein kinase C 3428:Protein kinase C 3413:Protein kinase G 3374:Protein kinase A 2985:Protein kinase B 2917: 2903: 2879: 2872: 2865: 2856: 2840:Histidine kinase 2763:tyrosine kinases 2753:protein-tyrosine 2745: 2675: 2482:RNA polymerase I 2305: 2296: 2149:Aspartate kinase 2144:Phosphoglycerate 1961: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1862:(6): 2269–2300. 1851: 1845: 1844: 1834: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1730: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1630: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1573: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1524: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1483: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1426: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1377: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1235: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1099: 1075: 1066: 1065: 1055: 1023: 1017: 1016: 980: 949: 948: 930: 898: 819: 816: 798: 791: 766:arachidonic acid 756:Other regulators 700:. They have 65% 659: 577: 544: 460: 243:Protein kinase C 46: 34: 21: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5751: 5700: 5679: 5654: 5638: 5610: 5577: 5568:Arginine kinase 5556: 5513: 5472: 5265: 5261:Phospholipase C 5244: 5214: 5135: 5117: 5047: 5014: 5000: 4915: 4910:G alpha subunit 4901: 4857: 4789: 4763: 4744: 4739: 4709: 4696: 4644: 4622: 4546: 4529: 4512: 4495: 4466: 4326: 4226: 4197:P70-S6 Kinase 1 4167: 4058: 4020: 3998: 3964: 3940: 3901: 3867: 3573: 3544: 3520: 3501: 3422: 3398: 3359: 3315: 3298: 3274: 3268:Aurora C kinase 3263:Aurora B kinase 3258:Aurora A kinase 3238: 3219: 3185: 3156: 3089: 3055: 2911: 2897: 2883: 2853: 2844: 2815: 2793: 2768: 2739: 2733: 2729:2.7.10-2.7.13: 2720: 2704: 2671:: miscellaneous 2659: 2633: 2615: 2592: 2575:exoribonuclease 2572: 2560: 2546:Polyadenylation 2463: 2289: 2283: 2271: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2227: 2189: 2176: 2153: 2125: 1955: 1949: 1941: 1935: 1921: 1891: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1417:(52): 6059–64. 1404: 1403: 1399: 1362:Current Biology 1355: 1354: 1350: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1269:10.1038/ncb1236 1254: 1253: 1249: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1179:(5429): 895–8. 1169: 1168: 1164: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1038:(10): 5313–27. 1025: 1024: 1020: 997:10.1038/nrm1128 982: 981: 952: 900: 899: 888: 884: 872: 859:ROCK inhibitors 852:drug resistance 820: 814: 811: 804:needs expansion 789: 784: 778: 770:oligomerization 725: 458: 252: 203:and, thus, the 193:phosphorylation 185:focal adhesions 49: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5803: 5801: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5772: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5689: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5590: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5286: 5284: 5274: 5272:protein kinase 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5012: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4913: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4866: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4818: 4816: 4806: 4804:Heterotrimeric 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4646: 4645: 4639: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4557: 4555: 4554:(EC 2.7.11.30) 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4538: 4537:(EC 2.7.11.29) 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4520:(EC 2.7.11.28) 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4504: 4503:(EC 2.7.11.27) 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4474:(EC 2.7.11.26) 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4337: 4335: 4334:(EC 2.7.11.25) 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4237: 4235: 4234:(EC 2.7.11.24) 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4175:(EC 2.7.11.23) 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4067: 4066:(EC 2.7.11.22) 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4032:(EC 2.7.11.21) 4022: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3972:(EC 2.7.11.21) 3966: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3948:(EC 2.7.11.20) 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3909:(EC 2.7.11.19) 3903: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3876: 3875:(EC 2.7.11.18) 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3581:(EC 2.7.11.17) 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3552:(EC 2.7.11.16) 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3528:(EC 2.7.11.15) 3522: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3509:(EC 2.7.11.14) 3503: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3430:(EC 2.7.11.13) 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3406:(EC 2.7.11.12) 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3367:(EC 2.7.11.11) 3361: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3323:(EC 2.7.11.10) 3317: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3307: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3249: 3247: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3100: 3098: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3051: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3014: 3009: 3004: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2913: 2912: 2906: 2899: 2898: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2804: 2802: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2782: 2780: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2742: 2737: 2731:protein kinase 2726: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2570:Phosphorolytic 2566: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2469:RNA polymerase 2465: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2309:DNA polymerase 2302: 2293: 2287: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2194: 2192: 2187: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2168: 2166: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2096: 2094:Diacylglycerol 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2005:Phosphofructo- 2002: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1985: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1958: 1953: 1937: 1936: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1905: 1897: 1890: 1889: 1846: 1809:(2): 299–310. 1803:Cancer Letters 1789: 1762:(2): 185–196. 1756:Cancer Letters 1742: 1693: 1666:(4): 455–462. 1650: 1585: 1536: 1495: 1466:(5): 1249–58. 1446: 1397: 1348: 1304: 1290: 1263:(4): 399–404. 1247: 1198: 1162: 1135:(3): 227–235. 1119: 1067: 1018: 950: 885: 883: 880: 879: 878: 871: 868: 822: 821: 801: 799: 788: 785: 777: 774: 768:, and protein 745:intramolecular 735:Autoinhibition 724: 721: 688: 687: 684: 683: 678: 674: 673: 668: 664: 663: 655: 654: 649: 643: 642: 637: 631: 630: 625: 619: 618: 613: 607: 606: 601: 595: 594: 591: 587: 586: 582: 581: 573: 572: 569: 568: 563: 559: 558: 553: 549: 548: 540: 539: 534: 528: 527: 522: 516: 515: 510: 504: 503: 498: 492: 491: 486: 480: 479: 474: 470: 469: 465: 464: 457: 454: 453: 452: 448: 445: 436: 435: 431: 419: 408: 401: 390: 358: 357: 356: 355: 348: 323: 322: 305: 304: 279:cell migration 251: 248: 155:molecular mass 101: 100: 95: 89: 88: 84: 83: 78: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5802: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5762: 5761: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5584: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5290:Casein kinase 5288: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5003: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4009: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306:(EC 2.7.11.9) 3305: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282:(EC 2.7.11.8) 3281: 3277: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3253:Aurora kinase 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246:(EC 2.7.11.7) 3245: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227:(EC 2.7.11.6) 3226: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193:(EC 2.7.11.5) 3192: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164:(EC 2.7.11.4) 3163: 3159: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097:(EC 2.7.11.3) 3096: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063:(EC 2.7.11.2) 3062: 3058: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3017:EIF-2 kinases 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923:(EC 2.7.11.1) 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2732: 2727: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2109:Class II PI 3 2107: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2084:Deoxycytidine 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2052:ADP-thymidine 2050: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1713:(4): 259–78. 1712: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1499: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1321:(2): e49–61. 1320: 1316: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218:(4): 531–40. 1217: 1213: 1209: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1090:(2): 189–93. 1089: 1085: 1081: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1022: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 991:(6): 446–56. 990: 986: 979: 977: 975: 973: 971: 969: 967: 965: 963: 961: 959: 957: 955: 951: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 897: 895: 893: 891: 887: 881: 877: 874: 873: 869: 867: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 818: 809: 805: 802:This section 800: 797: 793: 792: 786: 783: 775: 773: 771: 767: 763: 758: 757: 753: 750: 746: 741: 737: 736: 732: 730: 722: 720: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 682: 679: 675: 672: 669: 665: 660: 656: 653: 650: 648: 644: 641: 638: 636: 632: 629: 626: 624: 620: 617: 614: 612: 608: 605: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 578: 567: 564: 560: 557: 554: 550: 545: 541: 538: 535: 533: 529: 526: 523: 521: 517: 514: 511: 509: 505: 502: 499: 497: 493: 490: 487: 485: 481: 478: 475: 471: 466: 461: 455: 449: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 432: 428: 424: 420: 417: 413: 409: 406: 402: 399: 395: 391: 388: 384: 380: 376: 375: 374: 373: 369: 367: 363: 362:stress fibers 353: 349: 346: 342: 338: 337: 336: 335: 334: 332: 328: 321: 318: 317: 316: 314: 310: 303: 300: 299: 298: 296: 292: 288: 283: 282: 280: 274: 272: 268: 265: 256: 249: 247: 244: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 205:contractility 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 181:stress fibers 177: 175: 172:region and a 171: 167: 164: 160: 156: 152: 151: 146: 145: 140: 139: 134: 130: 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 99: 96: 94: 90: 85: 82: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 52: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 5757: 5692: 5671: 5443: 5307:eIF-2 kinase 4755: 4192:P70S6 kinase 2807: 2785: 2760: 2381: 2346: 2104:Class I PI 3 2069:Pantothenate 1940:2.7.1-2.7.4: 1924:Transferases 1859: 1855: 1849: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1759: 1755: 1745: 1710: 1706: 1696: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1605:(1): 47–62. 1602: 1598: 1588: 1553: 1549: 1539: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1368:(1): 12–23. 1365: 1361: 1351: 1318: 1314: 1307: 1293: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1215: 1211: 1201: 1176: 1172: 1165: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1087: 1084:FEBS Letters 1083: 1035: 1031: 1021: 988: 984: 913:(2): 171–7. 910: 906: 856: 825: 815:January 2020 812: 808:adding to it 803: 759: 755: 754: 742: 738: 734: 733: 726: 706: 691: 438: 437: 371: 370: 359: 324: 319: 306: 301: 284: 276: 275: 271:cytoskeleton 261: 241: 178: 157:of 158  148: 147:, mosquito, 142: 136: 126: 122:cytoskeleton 109: 105: 104: 67:Alt. symbols 4994:GNA15/GNA16 4780:Calcineurin 4643:(EC 2.7.12) 4030:Polo kinase 3970:Polo kinase 2655:Transposase 2645:Recombinase 2290:-nucleoside 2116:Sphingosine 671:Swiss-model 585:Identifiers 556:Swiss-model 468:Identifiers 427:growth cone 398:cytokinesis 383:phosphatase 352:phosphatase 327:contraction 313:ADF/cofilin 295:phosphatase 281:as follows: 199:binding of 170:coiled-coil 54:Identifiers 5780:Cell cycle 5774:Categories 5400:Lim kinase 5351:IκB kinase 4872:Transducin 3321:IκB kinase 2896:2.7.11-12) 2457:Telomerase 2300:Polymerase 2074:Mevalonate 2037:Riboflavin 1928:phosphorus 882:References 776:Inhibitors 729:Rho GTPase 723:Regulation 702:amino acid 667:Structures 662:Search for 552:Structures 547:Search for 456:Homologues 451:membrane). 394:centrioles 309:LIM kinase 150:Drosophila 144:C. elegans 87:Other data 18:Rho-kinase 5785:EC 2.7.11 5758:see also 5664:Apoptosis 5145:Monomeric 4877:Gustducin 4795:G protein 3447:PKC alpha 2649:Integrase 2573:3' to 5' 2218:Guanylate 2213:Uridylate 2203:Adenylate 2047:Thymidine 2042:Shikimate 1876:1520-4804 1823:0304-3835 1776:0304-3835 1680:1873-5592 1645:210043399 1619:1744-7631 762:activator 749:PH domain 640:NM_004850 599:NCBI gene 525:NM_005406 484:NCBI gene 430:collapse. 416:apoptosis 201:myosin II 93:EC number 76:NCBI gene 5616:Tyrosine 5561:Arginine 5478:Tyrosine 3803:KIAA0999 3698:MAPKAPK5 3693:MAPKAPK3 3688:MAPKAPK2 2583:RNase PH 2191:acceptor 2172:Creatine 2165:acceptor 2137:acceptor 2079:Pyruvate 2064:Glycerol 2025:Platelet 2000:Galacto- 1971:acceptor 1884:26486225 1841:25172415 1784:25796438 1737:26725045 1688:27033194 1637:31906742 1580:29057688 1531:12006612 1441:39115039 1433:11146558 1411:Oncogene 1392:16144917 1343:45342422 1335:15218323 1285:19316266 1277:15793569 1242:19131646 1193:10436159 1157:20486807 1149:29306925 1013:40665081 1005:12778124 937:19907920 928:11115778 870:See also 863:RKI-1447 861:such as 698:homology 681:InterPro 566:InterPro 366:integrin 250:Function 98:2.7.11.1 5742:EDARADD 5727:Mucin-4 5466:RPS6KA1 5312:EIF2AK3 4768:Calcium 4462:MAP3K14 4440:MAP3K11 4435:MAP3K10 4425:MAP3K13 4420:MAP3K12 4222:RPS6KC1 4217:RPS6KA1 4212:RPS6KA3 4207:RPS6KA2 4202:RPS6KB2 4187:RPS6KA4 4182:RPS6KA5 3833:Kalirin 3798:SNF1LK2 3037:EIF2AK4 3032:EIF2AK3 2886:Kinases 2534:PrimPol 2519:Primase 1993:Hepatic 1988:Fructo- 1832:4182185 1728:4930737 1628:7662835 1571:6221831 1490:9832553 1481:2133074 1384:8999996 1233:2649695 1173:Science 1114:6684411 1106:8772201 1062:8816443 945:6445354 787:Disease 677:Domains 647:UniProt 562:Domains 532:UniProt 423:neurite 405:insulin 138:Xenopus 127:ROCKs ( 112:) is a 29:Rho Chi 5747:PRKCSH 5586:Other 5535:DYRK1B 5530:DYRK1A 5270:Other 5240:Cyclin 5223:Cyclin 4692:MAP2K7 4687:MAP2K6 4682:MAP2K5 4677:MAP2K4 4672:MAP2K3 4667:MAP2K2 4662:MAP2K1 4613:ACVRL1 4608:ACVR2B 4603:ACVR2A 4598:ACVR1C 4593:ACVR1B 4576:BMPR1B 4571:BMPR1A 4445:MAP3K7 4430:MAP3K9 4381:MAP3K8 4376:MAP3K7 4371:MAP3K6 4366:MAP3K5 4361:MAP3K4 4356:MAP3K3 4351:MAP3K2 4346:MAP3K1 4320:MAPK14 4315:MAPK13 4310:MAPK11 4298:MAPK10 4276:MAPK15 4271:MAPK12 4163:CDC2L1 4138:CDC2L5 3813:SNF1LK 3638:CAMK2G 3633:CAMK2D 3628:CAMK2B 3623:CAMK2A 3613:CAMK1G 3608:CAMK1D 3603:CAMK1B 3598:CAMK1A 3452:PRKCB1 3389:PRKACA 3384:PRKACB 3379:PRKACG 3355:IKBKAP 3181:BCKDHB 3176:BCKDHA 3150:PRKAG3 3145:PRKAG2 3140:PRKAG1 3130:PRKAB2 3125:PRKAB1 3115:PRKAA2 3110:PRKAA1 2955:STK38L 2821:2.7.13 2799:2.7.12 2774:2.7.11 2749:2.7.10 2588:PNPase 2556:PNPase 2512:POLRMT 2507:ssRNAP 2020:Muscle 1983:Gluco- 1947:kinase 1882:  1874:  1839:  1829:  1821:  1782:  1774:  1735:  1725:  1686:  1678:  1643:  1635:  1625:  1617:  1578:  1568:  1529:  1488:  1478:  1439:  1431:  1390:  1382:  1341:  1333:  1283:  1275:  1240:  1230:  1191:  1155:  1147:  1112:  1104:  1060:  1053:231530 1050:  1011:  1003:  943:  935:  925:  844:cancer 842:, and 838:, and 717:motifs 652:O75116 635:RefSeq 628:604002 590:Symbol 537:Q13464 520:RefSeq 513:601702 473:Symbol 345:ATPase 331:myosin 291:myosin 287:kinase 264:GTPase 229:testis 225:kidney 221:spleen 195:, the 163:GTPase 114:kinase 81:579202 59:Symbol 5705:Other 5643:both: 5550:DYRK4 5545:DYRK3 5540:DYRK2 5502:PTK2B 5487:ZAP70 5454:ROCK2 5449:ROCK1 5410:LIMK2 5405:LIMK1 5393:IRAK4 5388:IRAK3 5383:IRAK2 5378:IRAK1 5366:IKBKG 5344:GSK3B 5339:GSK3A 5334:GSK-3 5249:Lipid 5200:Rhebs 5111:BSCL2 5106:GNG13 5101:GNG12 5096:GNG11 5091:GNG10 5056:GNGT2 5051:GNGT1 4989:GNA14 4984:GNA13 4979:GNA12 4974:GNA11 4949:GNAT3 4944:GNAT2 4939:GNAT1 4934:GNAI3 4929:GNAI2 4924:GNAI1 4919:GNAO1 4654:MAP2K 4588:ACVR1 4581:BMPR2 4566:BMPR1 4491:GSK-3 4332:MAP3K 4293:MAPK9 4288:MAPK8 4266:MAPK7 4261:MAPK6 4256:MAPK4 4251:MAPK3 4246:MAPK1 4158:PFTK1 4153:PCTK3 4148:PCTK2 4143:PCTK1 4133:CDK12 4128:CDK10 4103:CDKL5 4083:CDKL2 3960:STK19 3955:EEF2K 3936:PHKG2 3931:PHKG1 3921:PHKA2 3916:PHKA1 3897:MYLK4 3892:MYLK3 3887:MYLK2 3863:DCLK1 3858:Titin 3848:TRIB3 3843:TRIB2 3838:TRIB1 3828:TSSK2 3808:STK40 3793:PSKH1 3788:PRKD3 3783:PRKD2 3763:PHKG2 3758:PHKG1 3748:OBSCN 3743:NUAK2 3738:NUAK1 3733:MKNK2 3728:MKNK1 3718:MARK4 3713:MARK3 3708:MARK2 3703:MARK1 3683:STK11 3678:DAPK3 3673:DAPK2 3668:DAPK1 3663:CHEK2 3658:CHEK1 3643:CAMK4 3618:CAMK2 3593:CAMK1 3588:BRSK2 3482:PRKCQ 3477:PRKCI 3472:PRKCG 3467:PRKCH 3462:PRKCE 3457:PRKCD 3418:PRKG1 3350:IKBKG 3345:IKBKE 3294:STK10 3289:FASTK 3215:IDH3G 3210:IDH3B 3205:IDH3A 3171:BCKDK 2965:ROCK1 2950:STK38 2945:MAST2 2940:MAST1 2935:LATS2 2930:LATS1 2669:2.7.8 2638:Other 2277:2.7.7 2237:2.7.6 2182:2.7.4 2159:2.7.3 2131:2.7.2 2015:Liver 1978:Hexo- 1965:2.7.1 1641:S2CID 1437:S2CID 1388:S2CID 1339:S2CID 1281:S2CID 1153:S2CID 1110:S2CID 1009:S2CID 941:S2CID 876:ROCK1 713:Cdc42 694:ROCK1 616:10252 593:ROCK2 501:10251 477:ROCK1 387:tumor 237:heart 233:brain 217:liver 209:ROCK1 197:actin 133:ROCK2 129:ROCK1 5693:see 5672:see 5573:McsB 5497:PTK2 5437:PAK4 5432:PAK3 5427:PAK2 5422:PAK1 5361:IKK2 5356:CHUK 5329:GSK2 5324:GSK1 5210:RGKs 5205:Raps 5190:Arfs 5185:Rhos 5178:NRAS 5173:KRAS 5168:HRAS 5158:Rabs 5153:ARFs 5086:GNG8 5081:GNG7 5076:GNG5 5071:GNG4 5066:GNG3 5061:GNG2 5038:GNB5 5033:GNB4 5028:GNB3 5023:GNB2 5018:GNB1 4969:GNAQ 4964:GNAL 4959:GNAS 4954:GNAZ 4887:cGMP 4863:cGMP 4843:cAMP 4813:cAMP 4756:see 4481:TPK1 4457:CDC7 4415:MLKs 4408:KSR2 4403:KSR1 4398:BRAF 4393:ARAF 4388:RAFs 4123:CDK9 4118:CDK8 4113:CDK7 4108:CDK6 4098:CDK5 4093:CDK4 4088:CDK3 4078:CDK2 4073:CDK1 4054:PLK4 4049:PLK3 4044:PLK2 4039:PLK1 3994:PLK4 3989:PLK3 3984:PLK2 3979:PLK1 3926:PHKB 3882:MYLK 3853:TRIO 3823:SPEG 3818:SNRK 3778:PKD1 3773:PIM2 3768:PIM1 3753:PASK 3723:MELK 3653:CASK 3648:MLCK 3569:GRK6 3564:GRK5 3559:GRK4 3497:PKN3 3492:PKN2 3394:PRKY 3340:TBK1 3335:IKK2 3330:CHUK 3234:STK4 3200:IDH2 3085:PDK4 3080:PDK3 3075:PDK2 3070:PDK1 3049:WEE1 3044:Wee1 3012:mTOR 3000:AKT3 2995:AKT2 2990:AKT1 2980:SGK3 2975:SGK2 2808:see 2786:see 2761:see 2135:COOH 1934:2.7) 1880:PMID 1872:ISSN 1837:PMID 1819:ISSN 1780:PMID 1772:ISSN 1733:PMID 1684:PMID 1676:ISSN 1633:PMID 1615:ISSN 1576:PMID 1527:PMID 1486:PMID 1429:PMID 1380:PMID 1331:PMID 1273:PMID 1238:PMID 1189:PMID 1145:PMID 1102:PMID 1058:PMID 1001:PMID 933:PMID 854:). 709:DMPK 623:OMIM 611:HGNC 604:9475 508:OMIM 496:HGNC 489:6093 379:PTEN 235:and 227:and 213:lung 183:and 166:RhoA 131:and 110:ROCK 37:ROCK 5509:BTK 5195:Ran 5163:Ras 4749:MAP 4486:TTK 4450:ZAK 3027:HRI 3022:PKR 2970:SGK 2960:CIT 2551:PAP 2492:III 2426:/Y 2417:TDT 2398:/X 2390:III 2382:Pfu 2357:/B 2347:Taq 2322:/A 2089:PFP 2059:NAD 1864:doi 1827:PMC 1811:doi 1807:354 1764:doi 1760:361 1723:PMC 1715:doi 1668:doi 1623:PMC 1607:doi 1566:PMC 1558:doi 1517:doi 1513:115 1476:PMC 1468:doi 1464:143 1419:doi 1370:doi 1323:doi 1265:doi 1228:PMC 1220:doi 1216:104 1181:doi 1177:285 1137:doi 1092:doi 1088:392 1048:PMC 1040:doi 993:doi 923:PMC 915:doi 810:. 341:MLC 267:Rho 189:MLC 159:kDa 5776:: 5627:: 4831:Gi 4827:Gs 3136:γ 3121:β 3106:α 2894:EC 2888:: 2776:: 2751:: 2736:PO 2497:IV 2487:II 2396:IV 2392:/C 2355:II 2341:T7 2286:PO 2279:: 2239:: 2186:PO 2184:: 2161:: 2133:: 1969:OH 1967:: 1952:PO 1932:EC 1926:: 1878:. 1870:. 1860:59 1858:. 1835:. 1825:. 1817:. 1805:. 1801:. 1778:. 1770:. 1758:. 1754:. 1731:. 1721:. 1711:64 1709:. 1705:. 1682:. 1674:. 1664:18 1662:. 1639:. 1631:. 1621:. 1613:. 1603:24 1601:. 1597:. 1574:. 1564:. 1554:17 1552:. 1548:. 1525:. 1511:. 1507:. 1484:. 1474:. 1462:. 1458:. 1435:. 1427:. 1415:19 1413:. 1409:. 1386:. 1378:. 1364:. 1360:. 1337:. 1329:. 1319:97 1317:. 1279:. 1271:. 1259:. 1236:. 1226:. 1214:. 1210:. 1187:. 1175:. 1151:. 1143:. 1133:29 1131:. 1108:. 1100:. 1086:. 1082:. 1070:^ 1056:. 1046:. 1036:16 1034:. 1030:. 1007:. 999:. 987:. 953:^ 939:. 931:. 921:. 911:67 909:. 905:. 889:^ 834:, 289:, 273:. 239:. 223:, 219:, 215:, 124:. 5618:: 5599:: 5480:: 5300:2 5295:1 5283:: 5046:γ 5044:G 5013:β 5011:G 4914:α 4912:G 4865:: 4829:/ 4815:: 4734:e 4727:t 4720:v 4543:- 4526:- 4509:- 3312:- 2892:( 2878:e 2871:t 2864:v 2738:4 2734:( 2651:) 2647:( 2529:2 2524:1 2502:V 2440:κ 2435:ι 2430:η 2424:V 2412:μ 2407:λ 2402:β 2376:ζ 2371:ε 2366:δ 2361:α 2336:ν 2331:θ 2326:γ 2320:I 2292:) 2288:4 2284:( 2255:) 2252:7 2250:O 2248:2 2246:P 2244:( 2188:4 2163:N 2030:2 2010:1 1957:) 1954:4 1950:( 1945:/ 1916:e 1909:t 1902:v 1886:. 1866:: 1843:. 1813:: 1786:. 1766:: 1739:. 1717:: 1690:. 1670:: 1647:. 1609:: 1582:. 1560:: 1533:. 1519:: 1492:. 1470:: 1443:. 1421:: 1394:. 1372:: 1366:7 1345:. 1325:: 1301:. 1287:. 1267:: 1261:7 1244:. 1222:: 1195:. 1183:: 1159:. 1139:: 1116:. 1094:: 1064:. 1042:: 1015:. 995:: 989:4 947:. 917:: 817:) 813:( 400:. 381:( 108:( 31:. 20:)

Index

Rho-kinase
Rho Chi

NCBI gene
579202
EC number
2.7.11.1
kinase
serine-threonine specific protein kinases
cytoskeleton
ROCK1
ROCK2
Xenopus
C. elegans
Drosophila
molecular mass
kDa
GTPase
RhoA
coiled-coil
Pleckstrin homology
stress fibers
focal adhesions
MLC
phosphorylation
actin
myosin II
contractility
ROCK1
lung

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