424:
722:
prokinesis. The evolutionary origin of rhynchokinesis from prokinesis required selection for morphological changes that produced two hinge axes at the base of the upper jaw. Once evolved, the properties of these axes were subject to selection in relation to their effects on kinesis. The various forms of kinesis are hypothesized to have evolved by simple steps. In neognathous birds, prokinesis was probably ancestral to amphikinesis, and amphikinesis to rhynchokinesis in most cases, but prokinesis has also evolved secondarily.
639:
imposes a requirement of bending within the jaw during kinesis. Bending takes different forms according to the number of hinges and their geometric configuration within the upper jaw. Proximal rhynchokinesis and distal rhynchokinesis apparently evolved from double rhynchokinesis by loss of different hinges. Extensive rhynchokinesis is an unusual and probably specialized variant. Kinesis in hummingbirds is still little understood.
318:
243:
628:. In addition, the lateral bar is flexible near its junction with the dorsal bar. As a result, protraction and retraction forces are transmitted primarily to the symphysis via the lateral and ventral bars. During protraction, the entire upper jaw is raised and the tip of the jaw is bent up. Additionally, in retraction, the tip bends down with respect to the rest of the upper jaw.
34:
Most vertebrates have some form of a kinetic skull. Cranial kinesis, or lack thereof, is usually linked to feeding. Animals which must exert powerful bite forces, such as crocodiles, often have rigid skulls with little or no kinesis, which maximizes their strength. Animals which swallow large prey
638:
Rhynchokinesis is further subdivided into double, distal, proximal, central and extensive. The older terms "schizorhynal" and "holorhynal" are generally synonymous with rhynchokinesis. In schizorhinal birds and most rhynchokinetic birds, the presence of two hinge axes at the base of the upper jaw
442:
suggests that the process of eating, as it relates to movement of the cranial bones, can be situated into three parts: hold, advance, and close. The phases document the ways in which the cranial bones shift according to the action being performed on the prey, specifically when the prey is passing
721:
Either prokinesis or some form of rhynchokinesis could be primitive for birds. Rhynchokinesis is not compatible with the presence of teeth in the bending zone of the ventral bar of the upper Jaw, and it probably evolved after their loss. Neognathous rhynchokinesis, however, probably evolved from
214:(ray finned fish) possess a huge range of kinetic mechanisms. As a general trend through phylogenetic trees, there is a tendency to liberate more and more bony elements to allow greater skull motility. Most actinopts use kinesis to rapidly expand their
679:. The adaptive significance of rhynchokinesis in certain non-probing birds is not yet known. It is hypothesized that the schizorhinal skull in proximally rhynchokinetic birds reflects ancestry, but has no adaptive explanation, in many living species.
566:
to slice plant material which can be manipulated with their teeth. However, because of the wedge shape of their teeth, the occlusional plane is tilted away from the centre of the head, causing the jaws to lock together and, due to the lack of a
30:
is the term for significant movement of skull bones relative to each other in addition to movement at the joint between the upper and lower jaws. It is usually taken to mean relative movement between the upper jaw and the braincase.
202:
suspends the two sets of jaws like pendulums. This allows sharks to swing their jaws outwards and forwards over the prey, allowing for the synchronous meeting of the jaws and avoiding deflecting the prey when it comes close.
651:
to flex their upper beak or rhinotheca. Rhynchokinesis involves flexing at a point some way along the upper beak — either upwards, in which case the upper beak and lower beak or gnathotheca diverge, resembling a
47:
often have very kinetic skulls, frequently with numerous mobile joints. In the case of mammals, which have akinetic skulls (except perhaps hares), the lack of kinesis is most likely to be related to the
805:
Holliday, Casey M.; Lawrence M. Witmer (December 2008). "Cranial
Kinesis in Dinosaurs: Intracranial Joints, Protractor Muscles, and Their Significance for Cranial Evolution and Function in Diapsids".
571:, the force of this would not be braced. Because of this, Norman and Weishampel proposed a pleurokinetic skull. Here, there are four (or perhaps even more) kinetic parts of the skull,
749:, permitting relative motion between the anterior and posterior part of the braincase. It is thought that this helps absorb the force of impact as the hare strikes the ground.
348:
Different groups of reptiles exhibit varying degrees of cranial kinesis, ranging from akinetic, meaning there is very little movement between skull bones, to highly kinetic.
1342:
588:
As the lower jaw closes, the maxillojugal units move laterally producing a power stroke. These motions were later proved by a microwear analysis on an
Edmontosaurus jaw.
474:; forwards and back movement of the quadrate, seen in most lizards, snakes and birds. In dinosaurs, this is seen in Ankylosaurs, and possibly in many theropods, such as
1323:
1040:
982:
Erickson, Gregory M.; Lappin, A. Kristopher; Vliet, Kent A. (March 2003). "The ontogeny of bite-force performance in
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)".
447:, a prey's height acts on the maxillary and quadrate bones of the snake's skull by displacing them in a way that allows for the prey to enter the mouth more smoothly.
389:- Movement of the front portion of the skull relative to the back portion of the skull. The hinge where the movement occurs is present at the frontal-parietal suture.
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438:
the "unhinging" of joints, as many believe. Snakes engage in high amounts of cranial kinesis that help them perform important tasks such as eating. Studies done in
1379:
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possesses an akinetic skull. Some researchers think that juvenile tuatara may have somewhat kinetic skulls, and the bones only fuse later in adults.
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156:(quadratosquamosal joint), although transverse movements may also be possible. Many hypothesized types of kinesis require basal joint kinesis (
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1157:
1343:"Quantitative analysis of dental microwear in hadrosaurid dinosaurs, and the implications for hypotheses of jaw mechanics and feeding"
947:
Summers, Adam P.; Wake, Marvalee H. (November 2005). "The retroarticular process, streptostyly and the caecilian jaw closing system".
423:
1474:
114:
Versluys (1910, 1912, 1936) classified types of cranial kinesis based on the location of the joint in the dorsal part of the skull.
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Birds show a vast range of cranial kinetic hinges in their skulls. Zusi recognised three basic forms of cranial kinesis in birds,
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Alligators and crocodiles possess highly sutured (or akinetic) skulls. This is thought to allow them to have a stronger bite.
52:, which prevents relative movement. This in turn is a consequence of the need to be able to create a suction during suckling.
656:, or downwards, in which case the tips of the beaks remain together while a gap opens up between them at their midpoint.
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enables the skull to bend, which aids the animal in burrowing. Caecilians are the only extant amphibian known to exhibit
395:- Movement of the quadrate, where it moves in a back and forth motion, allowing the jaw to swing backwards and forwards.
141:, which occurs between the braincase and the facial skeleton (the nasofrontal joint, or within the nasals), e.g. birds.
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Early Dipnoi (lungfishes) had upper jaws fused to their braincase, which implies feeding on hard substrates. Many
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550:. It can be very difficult to prove that skulls were akinetic, and many of the above examples are contentious.
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use highly kinetic joints to allow a huge gape; it is these highly kinetic joints that allow the wide gape and
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55:
Ancestry also plays a role in limiting or enabling cranial kinesis. Significant cranial kinesis is rare in
1461:
711:
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891:
Kleinteich, Thomas; Maddin, Hillary C.; Herzen, Julia; Beckmann, Felix; Summers, Adam P. (1 March 2012).
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528:; a joint in the facial area, such as modern snakes and birds. This is seen in a variety of dinosaurs.
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Mesokinesis proper, which occurs within the braincase (the frontoparietal joint), e.g., many lizards
169:
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1174:"Kinesis of the Jaw Apparatus during Swallowing in the Cottonmouth Snake, Agkistrodon piscivorus"
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Erickson, G.M. Gignac, P.M. Lappin, A.K. Vliet, K.A. Brueggen, J.D. Webb, G.J.W. (2014-01-01).
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Frazzetta, T. H. (November 1962). "A functional consideration of cranial kinesis in lizards".
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are greatly simplified, with many bones fused or otherwise reduced. They have mobility in the
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87:. In amphibians, cranial kinesis varies, but has yet to be observed in frogs and is rare in
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562:, such as hadrosaurs. Ornithopod jaws are isognathic (meet simultaneously), working like a
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538:). Many, on the other hand, have at various points been thought to show akinesis, such as
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274:
227:
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44:
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Species in which this has been recorded photographically include the following species:
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1292:
Biology of the reptilia : volume 20, Morphology H : The skull of
Lepidosauria
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500:
294:
211:
103:
1221:"The Functional Meaning of "Prey Size" in Water Snakes (Nerodia fasciata, Colubridae)"
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63:
shows no cranial kinesis at all). Birds have varying degrees of cranial kinesis, with
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893:"Is solid always best? Cranial performance in solid and fenestrated caecilian skulls"
840:
Ivanović, Ana; Cvijanović, Milena; Vučić, Tijana; Arntzen, Jan W. (13 October 2022).
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510:; jointing between the neurocranium and the dermatocranium, seen in some lizards.
79:
lack cranial kinesis, while lizards possess some, often minor, degree of kinesis.
1105:
Iordansky, Nikolai N. (1989). "Evolution of
Cranial Kinesis in Lower Tetrapods".
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Unlike prokinesis, which is widespread in birds, rhynchokinesis is only known in
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of the snout, allowing amphibians to open and close their nasal openings. In
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Early tetrapods inherited much of their suction feeding ability from their
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Pleurokinesis refers to the complex multiple jointing thought to occur in
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A very clear animation of pleurokinesis in
Hadrosaurs can be found here:
1019:
A comparative analysis of ontogenetic bite-force scaling among
Crocodylia
842:"Differentiation of skull morphology and cranial kinesis in common toads"
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Some show a combination of the two, such as streptostyly and prokinesis (
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383:- Movement of the skeletal braincase relative to the rest of the skull
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1380:"A functional and Evolutionary Analysis of Rhynchokinesis in birds"
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Photographs of birds performing rhynchokinesis can be found here:
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A functional and evolutionary analysis of rhynchokinesis in birds
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that remains open in the adult, forming what is thought to be an
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have developed the most kinetic skulls of any living organism.
1435:
Chandler, Richard (2002) PhotoSpot - Rhynchokinesis in waders
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237:
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The three principle types of kinesis found in
Dinosaurs are:
399:
Different lizards possess different degrees of kinesis, with
121:
is jointing between the dermatocranium and occipital segment
1219:
Vincent, S. E.; Moon, B. R.; Shine, R.; Herrel, A. (2006).
734:
or "jackrabbits" (but not in their ancestors), there is a
43:
eating nuts), or, most often, which feed in the water via
792:
Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function and evolution
624:, and the dorsal and ventral bars are flexible near the
1432:
by
Richard L Zusi, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1984.
329:
254:
603:, where the upper beak moves at the point where it is
364:
Three forms of cranial kinesis exist within lizards:
1294:. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
1140:
Arnold, E. N. (1988), "Cranial
Kinesis in Lizards",
83:
possess the most exceptional cranial kinesis of any
1341:Williams, V. S; P. M Barrett; M. A Purnell (2009).
160:of Iordansky, 1990), that is, movement between the
131:Hofer (1949) further partitioned mesokinesis into
102:joints, but in some organisms, some joints may be
91:. Almost all fish have highly kinetic skulls, and
427:The open gape of an Anaconda from South America.
186:The first example of cranial kinesis was in the
1350:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1290:Gans, Carl, 1923-2009. Gaunt, Abbot S. (2008).
647:Rhynchokinesis is an ability possessed by some
8:
1322:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1039:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
443:through the gape. Similarly observed in the
39:), which grip awkwardly shaped food items (
1326:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
106:, permitting a greater range of movement.
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218:, to create suction for suction feeding.
718:(see Chandler 2002 and external links).
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620:extend back almost to the level of the
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127:is jointing more rostral in the skull.
67:exhibiting the greatest degree. Among
415:possessing the least kinetic skulls.
194:. There is no attachment between the
7:
1387:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
846:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
1021:. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
807:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
198:and the quadrate, and instead the
25:
1144:, Springer US, pp. 323–357,
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277:ancestors. The skulls of modern
241:
148:is the fore-aft movement of the
897:Journal of Experimental Biology
1107:Netherlands Journal of Zoology
1:
1172:Kardong, Kenneth V. (1977).
790:Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995).
554:Pleurokinesis in ornithopods
1150:10.1007/978-1-4899-1751-5_9
819:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1073
1523:
961:10.1016/j.zool.2005.09.007
859:10.1007/s13127-022-00585-5
179:
1378:Zusi, Richard L. (1984).
1245:10.1007/s00442-005-0258-2
996:10.1017/s0952836903003819
616:. Unlike prokinesis, the
522:show a metakinetic joint.
230:fishes had kinesis also.
305:moves even after death.
98:Joints are often simple
1399:10.5479/si.00810282.395
1119:10.1163/156854289x00174
1068:10.1002/jmor.1051110306
738:between regions in the
1502:Musculoskeletal system
1462:short-billed dowitcher
712:Eurasian oystercatcher
708:semipalmated sandpiper
684:short-billed dowitcher
492:. It is also seen in
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289:, the gap between the
1056:Journal of Morphology
426:
1142:Evolutionary Biology
207:Actinopterygian fish
1237:2006Oecol.147..204V
222:Sarcopterygian fish
984:Journal of Zoology
910:10.1242/jeb.065979
747:intracranial joint
704:pectoral sandpiper
700:long-billed curlew
622:craniofacial hinge
578:Dentary-predentary
445:banded water snake
440:cottonmouth snakes
429:
328:. You can help by
253:. You can help by
1301:978-0-916984-76-2
1159:978-1-4899-1753-9
716:bar-tailed godwit
575:Maxillojugal Unit
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16:(Redirected from
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324:This section
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303:quadrate bone
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291:parietal bone
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249:This section
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216:buccal cavity
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1410:. Retrieved
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696:common snipe
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673:hummingbirds
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614:Amphikinesis
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548:ceratopsians
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472:Streptostyly
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393:Streptostyly
392:
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374:streptostyly
373:
369:
365:
363:
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352:Crocodilians
347:
337:October 2010
334:
330:adding to it
325:
301:, and their
299:streptostyly
272:
262:October 2010
259:
255:adding to it
250:
225:
210:
185:
158:neurokinesis
157:
146:Streptostyly
145:
144:
138:
130:
124:
118:
113:
97:
93:teleost fish
73:crocodilians
54:
33:
27:
26:
1441:Vol 95 p395
852:: 209–219.
759:Snake skull
634:(see below)
560:ornithopods
544:ankylosaurs
508:Metakinesis
483:Coelophysis
477:Carnotaurus
387:Mesokinesis
381:Metakinesis
370:mesokinesis
366:metakinesis
125:Mesokinesis
119:Metakinesis
100:syndesmosis
89:salamanders
61:human skull
1496:Categories
1412:2010-05-27
1355:2010-05-22
932:4 December
765:References
677:furnariids
665:shorebirds
601:Prokinesis
564:guillotine
526:Prokinesis
489:Allosaurus
401:chameleons
287:caecilians
283:premaxilla
234:Amphibians
200:hyoid arch
190:, such as
180:See also:
154:otic joint
152:about the
139:Prokinesis
1318:cite book
1310:549519219
1253:0029-8549
1225:Oecologia
1198:0045-8511
1127:0028-2960
1076:0362-2525
1035:cite book
1027:933599403
1004:0952-8369
878:1618-1077
743:braincase
626:symphysis
540:sauropods
463:Dinosaurs
162:braincase
1277:13080210
1269:16237539
1261:20445817
1092:19505409
1084:13959380
969:16351979
919:22323206
827:15142387
753:See also
584:Quadrate
535:Shuvuuia
182:Fish jaw
150:quadrate
104:synovial
85:tetrapod
69:reptiles
1233:Bibcode
1206:1443913
949:Zoology
927:5998531
457:tuatara
451:Tuatara
405:agamids
360:Lizards
172:joint.
168:at the
77:turtles
65:parrots
57:mammals
41:parrots
35:whole (
1308:
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1178:Copeia
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736:suture
675:, and
669:swifts
661:cranes
605:hinged
546:, and
486:, and
432:Snakes
419:Snakes
411:, and
372:, and
192:sharks
166:palate
81:Snakes
37:snakes
1507:Skull
1406:(PDF)
1383:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1273:S2CID
1257:JSTOR
1202:JSTOR
1088:S2CID
923:S2CID
823:S2CID
770:Notes
740:fetal
732:hares
726:Hares
649:birds
609:skull
592:Birds
59:(the
1476:- a
1468:- a
1460:- a
1328:link
1324:link
1306:OCLC
1296:ISBN
1265:PMID
1249:ISSN
1194:ISSN
1182:1977
1154:ISBN
1123:ISSN
1080:PMID
1072:ISSN
1041:link
1023:OCLC
1000:ISSN
965:PMID
934:2022
915:PMID
874:ISSN
714:and
654:yawn
516:and
498:and
455:The
293:and
176:Fish
164:and
75:and
1395:doi
1391:395
1241:doi
1229:147
1186:doi
1146:doi
1115:doi
1064:doi
1060:111
992:doi
988:260
957:doi
953:108
905:doi
901:215
864:hdl
854:doi
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