1067:, is the most rapidly growing area of the agricultural economy. This production is making up for lost revenues and potential structural decline within the ailing coffee, vanilla, and clove trade. Since 1988 total fish production has expanded nearly 23 percent from 92,966 tons to 114,370 tons in 1993. The export of shrimp constituted an extremely important portion of this production, providing export earnings of US$ 48 million in 1993. It is estimated by Aqualma, the major multinational corporation in the shrimp industry, that expansion into roughly 35,000 hectares of swampland on the country's west coast may allow for the expansion of production from the current 6,500 tons and US$ 40 million in revenues to nearly 75,000 tons and US$ 400 million in revenues by the end of the 1990s. The prospects are also good for promoting greater levels of fish cultivation in the rice paddies, and exports of other fish products, most notably
1022:, the primary importer of Malagasy cloves, temporarily halted purchases in 1983 as a result of sufficient domestic production, and left Madagascar with a huge surplus. A collapse in international prices for cloves in 1987, compounded by uncertain future markets and the normal cyclical nature of the crop, has led to a gradual decline in production from a high of 14,600 tons in 1991 to 7,500 tons in 1993. Similarly, the still state-regulated vanilla industry (state-regulated prices for coffee and cloves were abolished in 1988–89) found itself under considerable financial pressure after 1987 because Indonesia reentered the international market as a major producer and synthetic competitors emerged in the two major markets of the
871:
management, but not necessarily of ownership. By the year 2000, some 72 percent of agricultural output was to come from farm cooperatives, 17 percent from state farms, and only 10 percent from privately managed farms. Toward this end, the
Ministry of Agricultural Production coordinated with more than seventy parastatal agencies in the areas of land development, agricultural extension, research, and marketing activities. However, these socialist-inspired rural development policies, which led to a severe decline in per capita agricultural output during the 1970s, were at the center of the liberalization policies of the 1980s and the structural adjustment demands of the IMF and the
1056:
983:
928:
moderately expanding production by 9.3 percent during the latter half of the 1980s from 2.18 million tons in 1985 to 2.38 million tons in 1989, and rice imports declined dramatically by 70 percent between 1985 and 1989. However, the
Ratsiraka regime failed to restore self-sufficiency in rice production (estimated at between 2.8 million to 3.0 million tons), and rice imports rose again in 1990. In 1992 rice production occupied about two-thirds of the cultivated area and produced 40 percent of total agricultural income, including
580:
916:
697:
coast in the province of
Toliara). There is also a good potential for the development of shrimps and prawns rising and for freshwater aquaculture (mainly for common carp and tilapia) in paddy fields, ponds and cages. In 2008, captures of fishery and aquaculture production totalled 130,000 tons About 35,000 tons of fishery products are exported every year. More than 50 percent are exported toward the European countries, the rest, toward Japan, Mauritius and some Asian countries.
645:
363:
1115:
1655:
659:
95:
490:, it has been declared illegal. Government assistance is offered to those cultivators who prepare rice paddies instead, and those practicing tavy are fined or, in extreme cases, imprisoned. Despite the penalties, and much to the chagrin of forestry agents, tavy continues to be practiced. Even those who cultivate wet paddies often practice tavy on the side. The
677:. There is also a growing modern poultry industry around the main cities. In 2008, livestock accounted for 9.7 million of head of cattle, 2 million sheep and goats, 1.4 million pigs, and 26 million poultry. Overall, meat production was estimated at 251,000 tons; milk, 530,000 tons; and hen eggs, 19,000 tons. Zebus are also used for agricultural work for
36:
1601:
898:, which since 1972 increasingly had been placed under direct state control, was a major factor inhibiting more efficient and expanded rice production. From 1973 to 1977, one major parastatal agency, the Association for the National Interest in Agricultural Products (Société d'Intérêt National des Produits Agricoles—SINPA), had a
1043:
development coincides with a global increase in cocoa prices, yet the price of vanilla has remained notably low, hovering around $ 60 per kilogram. This current pricing is a stark contrast to the highs of $ 250 per kilogram observed merely two years ago, a discrepancy attributed to lingering effects of past oversupply.
1191:
content. Slash-and-burn is a method sometimes used by shifting cultivators to create short term yields from marginal soils. When practiced repeatedly, or without intervening fallow periods, the nutrient poor soils may be exhausted or eroded to an unproductive state. Further protection of
Madagascar's
927:
of rice, the
Ratsiraka regime enacted a series of structural adjustment reforms during the 1980s. These included the removal of government subsidies on the consumer purchase price of rice in 1984 and the disbanding of the state marketing monopoly controlled by SINPA in 1985. Rice growers responded by
870:
assumed power, the government announced that holdings in excess of 500 hectares would be turned over to landless families, and in 1975 it reported that 500,000 hectares of land had been processed under the program. The long-range strategy of the
Ratsiraka regime was to create collective forms of farm
708:
cattle. The common practice is to allow the animals to graze almost at will, and the farmers take few precautions against the popular custom of cattle stealing. These farmers are also accustomed to burning off the dry grass to promote the growth of new vegetation for animal feed. The cattle generally
997:
prices witnessed a boom during the 1980s, making coffee the leading export crop of the decade; in 1986 coffee earned a record profit of US$ 151 million. Prices within the coffee market gradually declined during the remainder of the 1980s, and earnings reached a low of US$ 28 million in 1991 although
696:
Both on the highlands and on the coasts, many farmers use fishing as a complement to agriculture and livestock, but it remains characterized by the use of rudimentary tools and materials and inadequate conservation. Madagascar has enormous potential in the fisheries sector (notably along its western
478:
and Tanala peoples also practice irrigated rice culture where possible. The dominant form of land use, however, is shifting cultivation by the slash-and-burn method, known as tavy. The smaller trees and brush are cut down and left to dry, then burned just before the rainy season. The cleared area is
353:
Agriculture in
Madagascar is heavily influenced by the island's rainfall, which is generally abundant on the whole East coast, decreases sharply on the highlands, and falls to less than 500 mm per year in the South and South-West. The main growing season starts with the first rains in October –
1042:
has not only flooded fields but also led to widespread loss of vanilla pods. Early estimates indicate a catastrophic reduction in yield, forecasting a harvest that might dip to a mere 1,000 tons—a figure that represents only about fifty percent of typical annual production levels. This unfortunate
882:
production—the main staple food and the dominant crop—offers insight into some problems associated with agricultural production that were compounded by the
Ratsiraka years. Rice production grew by less than 1 percent per year during the 1970–79 period, despite the expansion of the cultivated paddy
837:
estimated that 8.7 million people live in the rural areas and that 65 percent of the active poption within these areas lives at the subsistence level. The census also noted that average farm size was 1.2 hectares, although irrigated rice plots in the central highlands were often 0.5 hectares. Only
635:
Rice-farming techniques among the Merina resemble those of the
Betsileo but are usually less advanced and intensive. The Merina territory includes some areas where land is more plentiful, and broader areas permit less laborious means of irrigation and terracing. Although rice is still the dominant
906:
leading to shortages of rice in a number of areas caused a scandal in 1977, and the government was forced to take over direct responsibility for rice marketing. In 1982 SINPA maintained a large share in the distribution system for agricultural commodities; it subcontracted many smaller parastatal
393:
Food crop production is the most important agriculture sub-sector accounting for around 75 percent of the cultivated area (2009). Rice is the staple food, covering 1.34 million hectares throughout the country – with the exception of some semi-arid areas in the South and in the South-West – under
1006:
industry. Although cotton output rose from 27,000 tons in 1987 to 46,000 tons in 1988, once again raising the possibility of significant export earnings, the combination of drought and a faltering agricultural extension service in the southwest contributed to a gradual decline in output to only
414:
and a wide variety of vegetables. Cassava is an important component of the smallholder's risk reduction strategy because it is drought tolerant and resistant to disease. Cassava, sweet potato and maize are the main source of calories in the lean season (from
September to January). Groundnut is
883:
area by more than 3 percent per year. Moreover, the share of rice available for marketing in the rapidly growing urban areas declined from 16 or 17 percent of the total crop in the early 1970s to about 11 or 12 percent during the latter part of the decade. As a result, Madagascar became a net
373:
There are 2,4 million farms of which the large majority are smallholders. This sector is characterized by farms not exceeding 1,3 hectares on average, fragmented (which hampers mechanization), with a large variety of crops, extensive practices, traditional varieties, limited equipment and
430:
In general, levels of production and revenue of smallholders remain low due to a combination of multiple negative factors including land tenure insecurity, weak organisation of the agricultural filières, low intensity inputs use, no mechanization, and low soil productivity due to
1208:
may further bring direct economical benefits for the operators, since charcoal is a prime sequester of carbon and burying it spread in small pieces, as terra preta requires, is a most efficient guarantee that it will remain harmless for many thousands of years.
631:
if available. Occasionally, trampling takes the place of plowing altogether. If the rice is to be sown broadcast, it may be done on the same day as trampling. In the more advanced areas, the seedlings are raised in protected seedbeds and transplanted later.
1030:. As a result, vanilla production has declined from a high of 1,500 tons in 1988 and 1989 to only 700 tons in 1993. However, in recent years, there has been a resurgence of vanilla. Cacao is also a major export crop in the Ambanja region in the northwest.
479:
usually planted with mountain rice and corn. After two or three years of cultivation, the fields are usually left fallow and are gradually covered by secondary vegetation known as savoka. After ten or twenty years, the area may be cultivated again.
907:
agencies to handle distribution in certain areas. The decreasing commercialization of rice and other commodities continued, however, suggesting that transportation bottlenecks and producer prices were undermining official distribution channels.
573:. The irrigation systems use all available water, which flows through narrow canals for considerable distances. Some rice paddies cover no more than a few square meters. Only those surfaces that cannot be irrigated are planted in dryland crops.
962:, the second major food crop in terms of area planted (almost everywhere on the island) and probably in quantity consumed, increased in production from 2.14 million tons in 1985 to 2.32 million tons in 1992. During this same period,
1033:
As with other export crops that have experienced fluctuations over the decades, vanilla, which had seen a resurgence in the years prior, has encountered severe challenges during the 2024 growing season. The destruction wrought by
602:
to grow some varieties in the dry season and waiting for the rainy season to plant others. The fields surrounding the typical Betsileo village often represent a checkerboard of tiny plots in different stages of the crop cycle.
435:(especially erosion in the highlands). Nevertheless, rice production has increased from 2.4 million tons in 1990 to 4.0 million tons in 2009 thanks to the increase of both cultivated area (15 percent) and yields (40 percent).
1192:
forests would assist in preservation of these diverse ecosystems, which have a very high ratio of endemic organisms to total species. A switch to slash-and-char would considerably advance preservation, while the ensuing
377:
Agricultural production is not constrained by lack of cultivable land. In fact, out of the 41 million hectares of agricultural land, only 3.5 million hectares are cultivated annually. The remainder of the area is under
1089:
exports in the early 1990s decreased because of poor government marketing practices, rundown slaughtering facilities, and inadequate veterinary services. Approximately 99 percent of cattle are zebu cattle. In 1990 the
626:
is then spread over the field. If the supply of manure or artificial fertilizer is limited, only the seedbeds are fertilized. After fertilizing, family and neighbors join in a festive trampling of the fields, using
858:. Moreover, 50.7 percent (300,000 square kilometers) of the total landmass of 592,000 square kilometers supports livestock rearing, while 16 percent (484,000 hectares) of land under cultivation is irrigated.
501:
A similar system of shifting cultivation is practiced in the arid, sparsely populated regions of the extreme south and southwest. The dry brush or grassland is burned off, and drought-resistant
820:
and is being used to stimulate the country's economy, increase the wages of fishermen and women, and improve the regions ocean water quality. Coastal regions of Madagascar are reliant on the
598:
In parts of the central highlands two rice crops a year can be grown, but not on the same plot. The Betsileo use a variety of local species that can be sown at different times, employing
693:
affects cattle, and Classical and African swine fever affect pigs. Overall, the performances of this sub-sector are poor, with the exception of some filières (milk, small animals).
1544:
1256:
1184:; moreover, the present day lack of road access further limits human access. There has been some slash-and-burn activity in the western dry forests, reducing forest cover and the
887:
of rice beginning in 1972, and by 1982 was importing nearly 200,000 tons per year—about 10 percent of the total domestic crop and about equal to the demand from urban customers.
943:
hit Madagascar just as the rice harvesting was to start and had a serious impact on the self-sufficiency goal. In addition, the southern tip of Madagascar suffered from severe
579:
1834:
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that occur about every three years. Moreover, the precipitous slopes and heavy, irregular rains make it difficult to maintain affordable and controllable irrigation systems.
1035:
1644:
1149:
systems have been practised by the inhabitants of Madagascar for centuries. As of 2006 some of the major agricultural products from slash-and-burn methods are
536:. The crops are sown after the last rising of the waters during the rainy seasons, and after the harvest fresh alluvial deposits naturally replenish the soil.
1501:
Jarosz, Lucy (October 1993). "Defining and Explaining Tropical Deforestation: Shifting Cultivation and Population Growth in Colonial Madagascar (1896–1940)".
1819:
1204:, a soil among the richest on the planet and the only one known to regenerate itself (although how this happens exactly is still a mystery). The nascent
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on narrow terraces ascending the sides of steep valleys in the southern portion of the central highlands, creating an intricate landscape reminiscent of
63:
669:
is widespread, with about 60 percent of rural families depending on it for their income. Animal production is dominated by extensive livestock rearing,
1038:
has been profound, with the vanilla plantations bearing the brunt of the storm's devastation. The significant damage inflicted by torrential rains and
1589:
1449:
1338:
709:
are slaughtered only for ceremonial occasions, but these are so frequent that the per capita meat consumption among the cattle herders is very high.
1839:
846:, less than 2 million hectares are permanently cultivated. Agriculture is critical to Madagascar's economy in that it provides nearly 80 percent of
386:(13 million ha). Irrigation would be possible over 1.5 million hectares of which about 1.1 million are somehow irrigated, with wide areas needing
494:
for tavy is shorter than for irrigated rice, and generations of experience have taught that it is one of the few forms of insurance against the
1756:
723:; transportation costs to the capital make the price of marketed fish prohibitively expensive to other domestic consumers. The introduction of
354:
November. The cropping calendar greatly varies from region to region, according to the very different climatic conditions, soils and altitude.
1474:"Use of Sensitivity Analysis to Evaluate Key Factors for Improving Slash-and-Burn Cultivation Systems on the Eastern Escarpment of Madagascar"
1581:
1284:
743:. The breeding of fish in rice fields, however, requires sophisticated water control and a strong guard against dynamiting, poisoning, and
2064:
1253:
1637:
2163:
1091:
81:
1176:
have been preserved generally better than the eastern rainforests or the high central plateau, presumably due to historically less
1428:
1397:
1354:
1323:
1854:
1687:
1173:
586:
2173:
781: cu ft). Wood production is from natural forests and is almost entirely consumed locally for fuel and construction.
1630:
685:
and pulling carts. The high prevalence of disease is the main constraint undermining an increase of production. For example,
590:
121:
1165:
grazing. These practises have taken perhaps the greatest toll on land fertility since the end of French rule, mainly due to
1085:
production is limited in part because of traditional patterns of livestock ownership that have hampered commercialization.
636:
crop, more dryland species are grown than in the Betsileo region, and greater use is made of the hillsides and grasslands.
1979:
789:
further exacerbate the loss of forest areas, which is estimated at the rate of 330,000 hectares (820,000 acres) per year.
394:
both rain-fed and irrigated systems. Other food crops include maize (mainly grown in the South and Central-East regions),
704:-raising peoples are the Bara, Sakalava, and other groups of the south and the west, where almost every family owns some
2178:
1894:
1562:
1369:
1055:
2090:
2004:
1994:
1799:
1223:
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traditionally has been the second major export crop, but most output during the early 1980s was absorbed by the local
838:
5.2 percent (3,000,000 hectares (7,400,000 acres)) of the country's total land area of 58.2 million hectares is under
2137:
2133:
1549:
1412:
463:
groups of the central highlands, where population densities are the highest. At the other extreme are the extensive
2009:
1899:
1829:
1749:
982:
2129:
2069:
1989:
1954:
1939:
1879:
1814:
1692:
1616:
1554:
1311:
891:
866:
The government significantly reorganized the agricultural sector of the economy beginning in 1972. Shortly after
805:
799:
56:
51:
1490:
1473:
1944:
120:
is the main produce and main export crop of Madagascar. It is mainly planted in a terraced paddy system in the
1334:
UNDP. Plan Cadre des Nations Unies pour l’Assistance au Développement UNDAF Madagascar 2008–2011, Juin 2007.
2120:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2044:
2019:
1909:
1869:
1864:
1844:
1809:
1794:
1697:
1353:
FAO. Statistical Yearbook 2010, Resources Tables 9 and 19 and Agricultural Production Tables 10, 11 and 12.
1682:
1587:
UNDP. Plan Cadre des Nations Unies pour l’Assistance au Développement UNDAF Madagascar 2008–2011, Juin 2007
427:
are cotton, vanilla, coffee, litchi, pepper, tobacco, groundnut, sugar cane, sisal, clove and ylang-ylang.
2094:
2029:
1999:
1984:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1914:
1874:
1859:
1804:
1779:
1586:
1335:
678:
1610:
2039:
2034:
1974:
1929:
1889:
1784:
1765:
1742:
1723:
1718:
1658:
1285:
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-publications/ess-yearbook/ess-yearbook2010/yearbook2010-reources/en/
1254:
http://www.agriculture.gov.mg/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=160&lang=fr
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2014:
1964:
1919:
1904:
1884:
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1789:
1146:
1135:
903:
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period disturbed a very small percentage of land area, and even included some useful experiments in
915:
2024:
1934:
1824:
902:
in collecting, importing, processing, and distributing a number of commodities, most notably rice.
720:
387:
203:
1572:
FAO. Evaluation des ressources forestières mondiales 2010. Rapport national Madagascar, Rome 2010
1518:
1177:
955:(WFP). This WFP aid was later transformed into a food-for-work program to encourage development.
952:
444:
110:, agriculture has seen different levels of state organisation, shifting from state control to a
1429:
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-publications/ess-yearbook/ess-yearbook2010/yearbook2010/en/
1398:
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-publications/ess-yearbook/ess-yearbook2010/yearbook2010/en/
1355:
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-publications/ess-yearbook/ess-yearbook2010/yearbook2010/en/
1324:
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-publications/ess-yearbook/ess-yearbook2010/yearbook2010/en/
98:
Rice cultivation has great importance for both subsistence and cash-crop farming in Madagascar.
1576:
1526:
1385:
1298:
Evaluation des ressources forestières mondiales 2010. Rapport national Madagascar, Rome 2010.
1205:
1166:
686:
644:
46:
731:. Many families, particularly in the central highlands, have established fish ponds to raise
415:
cultivated on sandy soils in most locations and makes an important contribution to household
17:
1510:
1485:
443:
Traditional farming methods vary from one ethnic group or location to another, according to
432:
416:
1668:
1593:
1566:
1416:
1373:
1342:
1260:
1044:
940:
786:
525:, and sorghum—are also grown around the villages in permanent fields enclosed by hedges.
202:) together with population growth put increasing pressure on the native and very diverse
374:
infrastructures and poor water control, producing barely enough to feed their families.
1181:
1142:
948:
719:
rivers, lakes, and ponds. Perhaps two-thirds of the total yearly catch is consumed for
464:
311:
195:
111:
2157:
1605:
1023:
809:
715:
is popular as a sideline by farmers who supplement their farm produce with fish from
541:
179:
1272:
1114:
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would also greatly benefit the soil if returned to it while mixed with compostable
967:
821:
606:
The cultivation cycle begins with the repair of irrigation and drainage canals and
566:
452:
411:
240:
133:
1654:
1571:
1299:
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Other food crops have witnessed small increases in production from 1985 to 1992.
1218:
1201:
1131:
1119:
855:
736:
728:
652:
172:
107:
94:
362:
1312:
http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/madagascar/indexfra.stm
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872:
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491:
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334:
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103:
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in late 1993, resulting in emergency assistance to 1 million people from the
532:
is practiced largely on the western coast and in the southwest and is called
1082:
1019:
895:
867:
843:
782:
701:
682:
666:
570:
529:
510:
297:
247:
226:
1530:
808:
started to take off in the 1980s. The industry includes the cultivation of
1241:
1409:
1188:
1154:
1138:
1094:
of the UN estimated that Madagascar had 10.3 million cattle, 1.7 million
933:
899:
764:
760:
744:
565:
are probably the most efficient traditional rice farmers. They construct
562:
514:
456:
379:
191:
183:
1734:
325:
In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, like
1336:
http://www.snu.mg/new/sites/pnud/article.php?article_id=748&lang=fr
1322:
FAO. Statistical Yearbook 2010, Agricultural Production Tables 1 to 9.
1197:
1193:
1103:
1076:
1015:
1003:
986:
959:
944:
929:
924:
839:
824:'s marine resources as a source of food, income, and cultural identity.
813:
724:
712:
690:
674:
607:
545:
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502:
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342:
318:
233:
168:
145:
125:
1522:
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834:
817:
768:
628:
619:
483:
460:
420:
407:
383:
338:
326:
276:
254:
182:, and the illegal extraction of highly valued timber species such as
141:
137:
1514:
1450:"After Chocolate Hit, Vanilla Supplies Now Set to Face Disruption"
1427:
FAO. Statistical Yearbook 2010, Agricultural Production Table 15.
1396:
FAO. Statistical Yearbook 2010, Agricultural Production Table 14.
1271:
FAO. The state of food and agriculture 2010–11 Annex 3, Table A5.
1158:
1113:
1095:
1054:
981:
963:
914:
756:
740:
657:
643:
611:
522:
506:
403:
366:
361:
330:
304:
290:
269:
261:
187:
164:
129:
93:
1604:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
993:
Several export crops are also important to Madagascar's economy.
1185:
1162:
1150:
1099:
1086:
1072:
1068:
1047:
project a market correction and stabilization by the year 2025.
1039:
879:
732:
705:
670:
648:
455:. The most intensive form of cultivation is practiced among the
283:
219:
160:
156:
117:
1738:
1626:
1018:—have also declined in importance from the 1980s to the 1990s.
851:
29:
727:
fish from the African mainland in the 1950s increased inland
1283:
FAO. Statistical Yearbook 2010, Resources Table 4 Land Use.
970:
production increased from 450,000 tons to 487,000 tons, and
1491:
10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0032:UOSATE]2.0.CO;2
1408:
Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery of Madagascar website.
1386:
http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_madagascar/en
540:(also known as Cape peas) are raised by this system on the
1200:
such as crop residues. This would lead to the creation of
1550:
Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery of Madagascar website
932:, which was next with 19 percent, livestock raising, and
966:
production increased from 140,000 tons to 165,000 tons,
854:
in 1993, and in 1992 employed almost 80 percent of the
771:
cut was approximately 25 million cubic metres (880
1439:
Blue Ventures. (2013) "Discovery Through Aquaculture."
1130:
has been conducted by indigenous peoples. The French
1577:
FAO. National Aquaculture Sector Overview Madagascar
1384:
FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview Madagascar
974:
dropped slightly from 255,000 tons to 220,000 tons.
2078:
2053:
1772:
1706:
1675:
923:To promote domestic production and reduce foreign
1273:http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e08.pdf
517:areas, however, the main staples of subsistence--
474:In the forested areas of the eastern coast, the
1300:http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al556F/al556F.pdf
1252:Ministry of Agriculture of Madagascar website.
1063:The fisheries sector, especially the export of
589:Irrigated rice fields characterise much of the
482:Because the slash-and-burn method destroys the
369:plantation in Madagascar's south, in the 1970s
1750:
1638:
1545:Ministry of Agriculture of Madagascar website
59:are needed; some information may be outdated.
8:
689:is a major ubiquitous problem for poultry,
1757:
1743:
1735:
1645:
1631:
1623:
1367:http://www.fao.org/countries/55528/en/mdg/
998:they rebounded to US$ 58 million in 1992.
1489:
989:is one of Madagascar's main export crops.
767:flourish on the East coast. In 2009, the
486:and other vegetation cover, and promotes
194:threatens native stands. The traditional
171:are also raised. Fishing is popular, and
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
610:, which is performed with a longhandled
124:. Other major subsistence crops include
1234:
1410:http://www.maep.gov.mg/eg/actuaqua.htm
159:account for most of the cattle, while
1294:
1292:
1242:Madagascar production in 2018, by FAO
1118:Slash-and-burn in the region west of
662:Malagasy men with Zebu in Ampasindava
7:
102:Agriculture employs the majority of
1365:FAO Country Brief for Madagascar.
1560:FAO. Country Brief for Madagascar
1126:Most of the historical farming in
178:Madagascar has seen high rates of
25:
1478:Mountain Research and Development
1092:Food and Agriculture Organization
747:, which remain chronic problems.
2065:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1835:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1653:
1599:
1509:(4). Clark University: 366–379.
1174:Madagascar dry deciduous forests
1145:techniques, a component of some
798:This section is an excerpt from
578:
528:Dry-season cultivation in empty
106:'s population. Mainly involving
34:
1582:FAO. Statistical Yearbook 2010
467:methods of brush clearing and
214:Madagascar produced, in 2018:
1:
850:, constituting 33 percent of
548:and a number of newer crops.
509:is sown in the ashes. In the
27:Economic sector in Madagascar
18:Rice production in Madagascar
1059:Fish being dried in the sun.
1224:Food Security in Madagascar
919:Transport of bananas (2018)
862:State control of production
681:rice fields as well as for
471:in the south and the east.
54:. The specific problem is:
2195:
890:The inefficient system of
797:
2164:Agriculture in Madagascar
1665:
1617:Federal Research Division
833:The 1984–85 agricultural
806:Aquaculture in Madagascar
800:Aquaculture in Madagascar
544:system delta, along with
175:has grown in importance.
1820:Central African Republic
1472:Messerli, Peter (2000).
1010:Two other export crops--
1051:Fisheries and livestock
2174:Forestry in Madagascar
1766:Agriculture in Africa
1123:
1102:, and some 21 million
1060:
990:
920:
829:Policy and development
663:
655:
382:(37.3 million ha) and
370:
341:(7 thousand tons) and
99:
1980:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1840:Republic of the Congo
1659:Economy of Madagascar
1206:carbon trading market
1117:
1058:
1007:20,000 tons in 1992.
985:
918:
755:Extensive stands of
661:
647:
640:Livestock and fishing
365:
349:Seasons and geography
289:215 thousand tons of
282:230 thousand tons of
275:257 thousand tons of
260:300 thousand tons of
253:383 thousand tons of
246:388 thousand tons of
97:
1147:shifting cultivation
1110:Environmental impact
1079:, have been rising.
469:shifting cultivation
439:Shifting cultivation
337:(11 thousand tons),
333:(23 thousand tons),
329:(57 thousand tons),
317:73 thousand tons of
310:83 thousand tons of
303:86 thousand tons of
296:93 thousand tons of
232:2.5 million tons of
225:3.1 million tons of
64:improve this article
50:to meet Knowledge's
2179:Flora of Madagascar
2055:States with limited
892:agricultural supply
345:(3 thousand tons).
204:flora of Madagascar
1592:2012-03-24 at the
1565:2012-05-11 at the
1503:Economic Geography
1415:2011-10-04 at the
1372:2012-05-11 at the
1341:2012-03-24 at the
1259:2011-05-16 at the
1178:population density
1124:
1061:
991:
953:World Food Program
939:In February 1994,
921:
664:
656:
445:population density
371:
358:Farming statistics
239:1 million tons of
218:4 million tons of
100:
2151:
2150:
2082:other territories
1855:Equatorial Guinea
1732:
1731:
1182:scarcity of water
1167:population growth
878:The evolution of
687:Newcastle disease
651:at the market of
591:central highlands
155:Among livestock,
122:central highlands
92:
91:
84:
52:quality standards
43:This article may
16:(Redirected from
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2142:(United Kingdom)
2138:Tristan da Cunha
2134:Ascension Island
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388:rehabilitation
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2005:South Africa
1995:Sierra Leone
1924:
1800:Burkina Faso
1713:
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1458:. Retrieved
1456:. 2024-04-04
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968:sweet potato
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241:sweet potato
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134:sweet potato
116:
108:smallholders
101:
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62:Please help
55:
44:
2169:Agroecology
2057:recognition
2010:South Sudan
1900:Ivory Coast
1714:Agriculture
1219:Agroecology
1202:terra preta
1169:pressures.
1136:sustainable
1120:Manantenina
856:labor force
840:cultivation
816:, fish and
793:Aquaculture
729:aquaculture
721:subsistence
653:Ambatolampy
423:. The main
264:(including
173:aquaculture
112:liberalized
66:if you can.
2158:Categories
2112:(Portugal)
2070:Somaliland
1990:Seychelles
1955:Mozambique
1940:Mauritania
1925:Madagascar
1880:The Gambia
1815:Cape Verde
1707:Industries
1667:Currency:
1460:2024-04-10
1230:References
1128:Madagascar
904:Corruption
873:World Bank
842:; of this
783:Bush fires
717:freshwater
624:fertilizer
600:irrigation
538:Lima beans
530:streambeds
492:crop cycle
425:cash crops
266:mangosteen
210:Production
150:cash crops
148:and other
104:Madagascar
72:April 2017
1945:Mauritius
1484:: 32–41.
1083:Livestock
1020:Indonesia
896:marketing
868:Ratsiraka
844:hectarage
702:livestock
683:ploughing
667:Livestock
571:Indonesia
513:and some
511:Antandroy
408:groundnut
298:pineapple
248:vegetable
227:sugarcane
2136: /
2132: /
2125:(France)
2119: /
2097: /
2093: /
2045:Zimbabwe
2020:Tanzania
1870:Ethiopia
1865:Eswatini
1845:Djibouti
1810:Cameroon
1795:Botswana
1590:Archived
1563:Archived
1531:12318844
1413:Archived
1370:Archived
1339:Archived
1257:Archived
1213:See also
1189:nutrient
1155:charcoal
1139:forestry
1132:colonial
1104:chickens
934:forestry
900:monopoly
885:importer
765:mahogany
761:rosewood
745:poaching
735:, black
679:puddling
563:Betsileo
521:, corn,
515:Mahafaly
496:droughts
457:Betsileo
380:pastures
192:rosewood
184:mahogany
136:, while
114:sector.
45:require
2121:RĂ©union
2117:Mayotte
2108:Madeira
2103:(Spain)
2099:Melilla
2030:Tunisia
2000:Somalia
1985:Senegal
1970:Nigeria
1960:Namibia
1950:Morocco
1915:Liberia
1910:Lesotho
1860:Eritrea
1830:Comoros
1805:Burundi
1780:Algeria
1724:Whaling
1719:Tourism
1683:Banking
1198:biomass
1194:biochar
1077:lobster
1016:vanilla
1004:textile
987:Vanilla
972:bananas
960:Cassava
945:drought
930:fishing
925:imports
848:exports
814:seaweed
725:tilapia
713:Fishing
691:Anthrax
675:poultry
608:plowing
546:tobacco
534:baiboho
519:cassava
503:sorghum
488:erosion
449:climate
400:sorghum
396:cassava
343:vanilla
319:coconut
234:cassava
169:poultry
146:vanilla
126:cassava
47:cleanup
2140:
2123:
2110:
2040:Zambia
2035:Uganda
1975:Rwanda
1930:Malawi
1890:Guinea
1785:Angola
1608:.
1529:
1523:143595
1521:
1075:, and
1065:shrimp
1028:France
1012:cloves
1000:Cotton
995:Coffee
835:census
818:shrimp
769:timber
751:Timber
629:cattle
620:Manure
484:forest
461:Merina
421:income
384:forest
339:cashew
327:coffee
312:orange
277:potato
255:banana
190:, and
142:cloves
138:coffee
132:, and
2095:Ceuta
2015:Sudan
1965:Niger
1920:Libya
1905:Kenya
1885:Ghana
1875:Gabon
1850:Egypt
1790:Benin
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