Knowledge

Agriculture in Sierra Leone

Source 📝

977: 28: 453:
and falls under the remit of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security. On 22 September 2009 Sierra Leone signed the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) compact, agreeing to raise the percentage of the budget spent and agriculture to 10 percent. In 2007 the
116:
is the most important staple crop in Sierra Leone with 85 percent of farmers cultivating rice during the rainy season and an annual consumption of 76 kg per person. In 2004 an area of 2,100 km (810 sq mi) was cultivated for rice producing an annual yield of 265,000
101: 429:
disease. The West African Dwarf goats can survive on grazing alone all year, even in the dry season, without the need for additional feed. Diseases that effect the sheep and goats include
57:
The agricultural sector grew by about 14 percent in 2007, led by crops, and five percent in 2008. Despite this growth the country is a net importer of food; for example, in 2004 19,000
1501: 893: 1486: 1065: 84:
in food. Food is one of Sierra Leone's biggest imports. Agricultural exports in 2006 accounted for 4 percent of total exports worth more than six million
1264: 1117: 1105: 1506: 1055: 939: 380:
seriously depleted the level of livestock in the country, although numbers have recovered since the end of the war in 2002. Most cattle are of the
1014: 73:, 58.5% in 2007. It is the largest employer, with 80 percent of the population working in the sector and two thirds of the population involved in 1423: 104:
West African Dwarf goats given to villages in the Kabala area of Sierra Leone as aid in the aftermath of the civil war to help increase income
1322: 1100: 804: 777: 724: 658: 631: 601: 571: 495: 398:
ethnic group who own the majority of cattle in the country and often manage cattle owned by other groups. Poultry farming consists mainly of
149:
with an annual yield of 350,000t in 2006. The main areas of production are in the south-west, central and far north. The main problems with
1830: 961: 929: 844: 1731: 1193: 1274: 1075: 966: 886: 561: 388: 1835: 1521: 1222: 999: 422: 1239: 1137: 1127: 1004: 485: 1646: 1259: 1132: 794: 750: 714: 692: 675: 944: 648: 157:
and cassava bacterial blight, which have the greatest economic impact, cassava brown leaf spot, cassava anthracnose, and
1561: 1332: 1294: 1244: 1203: 1085: 1024: 976: 934: 879: 154: 1757: 650:
Cassava breeding: a multidisciplinary review : proceedings of a workshop held in the Philippines, 4 - 7 March 1985
621: 133:. With around 200 km (77 sq mi) of land in deepwater rice cultivation Sierra Leone is the main area for 1671: 1466: 1284: 767: 591: 395: 1804: 1800: 541: 1676: 1566: 1496: 1416: 1249: 1112: 1080: 450: 1796: 1736: 1656: 1621: 1606: 1591: 1546: 1481: 1279: 1254: 1208: 1122: 1090: 1070: 1009: 987: 1611: 1299: 1289: 1234: 1043: 1029: 623:
Successes and challenges of cassava enterprises in West Africa: a case study of Nigeria, Benin and Sierra Leone
414: 454:
percentage of the budget spent on agriculture was 1.7 percent but this had increased to 9.9 percent in 2010.
425:. The breeds of sheep and goats are hardy, able to survive the rigorous environment and are resistant to the 1787: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1711: 1686: 1576: 1536: 1531: 1511: 1476: 1461: 1376: 1314: 1198: 1168: 1151: 1060: 956: 924: 911: 418: 74: 51: 39: 1761: 1696: 1666: 1651: 1636: 1626: 1616: 1581: 1541: 1526: 1471: 1446: 1337: 1269: 1188: 951: 426: 377: 43: 1706: 1701: 1641: 1596: 1556: 1451: 1432: 1409: 1385: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1304: 1019: 653:. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, United Nations Development Programme. pp. 267–268. 1681: 1631: 1586: 1571: 1551: 1516: 1456: 1342: 1180: 1173: 919: 1691: 1601: 1491: 1390: 1327: 1095: 484:
African Development Bank, OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2009).
848: 17: 800: 773: 720: 654: 627: 597: 567: 491: 752:
Rebuilding after Emergency: Revamping Agricultural Research in Sierra Leone after Civil War
694:
Rebuilding after Emergency: Revamping Agricultural Research in Sierra Leone after Civil War
677:
Rebuilding after Emergency: Revamping Agricultural Research in Sierra Leone after Civil War
381: 174: 81: 27: 158: 130: 122: 1824: 902: 514: 407: 186: 77:. In 2007 the sector grew by 14 percent, led by crops and by five percent in 2008. 47: 719:. International Livestock Centre for Africa (aka ILCA and ILRAD). pp. 69–70. 821: 92:
being the biggest export, accounting for more than 5 million US dollars of this.
403: 126: 620:
Sanni, L.O.; Onadipe, O.O.; Ilona, P.; Mussagy, M.D.; Abass, A.; Dixon, A.G.O.
799:. International Livestock Centre for Africa (aka ILCA and ILRAD). p. 62. 438: 222: 89: 85: 394:
Cattle are found in the north of the country and farming is dominated by the
434: 218: 210: 202: 170: 384: 100: 430: 206: 198: 134: 1401: 871: 796:
Trypanotolerant livestock in west and central Africa:A decade's results
716:
Trypanotolerant livestock in west and central Africa:A decade's results
563:
Linking Agriculture to Tourism in Sierra Leone - a Preliminary Research
399: 373: 230: 150: 146: 749:
Asenso-Okyere, Kwadwo; Sindu Workneh; Edward Rhodes; John Sutherland.
691:
Asenso-Okyere, Kwadwo; Sindu Workneh; Edward Rhodes; John Sutherland.
674:
Asenso-Okyere, Kwadwo; Sindu Workneh; Edward Rhodes; John Sutherland.
421:
breed. They are found all over the country but 60 percent live in the
413:
Sheep are found across the whole of the country and are of the dwarf
357: 226: 214: 182: 361: 178: 118: 58: 365: 113: 1405: 875: 769:
African entrepreneurship: Muslim Fula merchants in Sierra Leone
369: 153:
cultivation include disease and pests. Major diseases are the
70: 487:
African Economic Outlook 2009: Country Notes: Volumes 1 and 2
975: 69:
Agriculture accounts for more than half of Sierra Leone's
615: 613: 1745: 1720: 1439: 1313: 1221: 1150: 1042: 986: 910: 145:The second staple food grown across the country is 546:. International Rice Research. 2004. p. 48. 46:(GDP) in 2007. Two-thirds of the population of 708: 706: 704: 449:Agricultural development is a priority for the 121:. Rice is grown in three different ecologies, 31:A farmer with his rice harvest in Sierra Leone 1417: 887: 42:, with it accounting for 58 percent national 8: 822:"Sierra Leone: New Agriculture Plan Sprouts" 755:. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. pp. 11–12. 536: 534: 532: 847:. Awareness Times Newspaper. Archived from 585: 583: 1424: 1410: 1402: 1227: 1156: 1048: 992: 894: 880: 872: 744: 742: 740: 738: 736: 935:Sierra Leone in World War II (1939–1945) 509: 507: 240: 99: 26: 697:. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. p. 7. 680:. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. p. 5. 515:"Settling for a future in Sierra Leone" 463: 843:Samba, Augustine (22 September 2009). 555: 553: 479: 477: 475: 473: 471: 469: 467: 772:. Ohio University Press. p. 66. 490:. OECD Publishing. pp. 561–562. 356:Common livestock in Sierra Leone are 213:. The other main perennial crops are 7: 596:. Int. Rice Res. Inst. p. 372. 845:"Sierra Leone Signs CAADP Document" 820:Fofanah, Mohamed (13 August 2010). 387:breed and problem diseases include 205:fruit, that can be processed into 25: 389:contagious bovine pleuropneumonia 1732:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1502:Democratic Republic of the Congo 517:. New Agriculture. November 2007 543:Rice today, Volume 3:Rice facts 18:Rice production in Sierra Leone 940:Early independence (1961–1978) 1: 209:and sap which is turned into 38:is a significant part of the 1831:Agriculture in Sierra Leone 566:. GRIN Verlag. p. 67. 36:Agriculture in Sierra Leone 1852: 1106:Chief of the Defence Staff 930:British colony (1787–1961) 647:Hershey, Clair H. (1987). 451:Government of Sierra Leone 197:The main tree crop is the 1370: 1265:Female genital mutilation 1230: 1159: 1051: 995: 973: 962:2014 Ebola virus epidemic 1487:Central African Republic 1056:Administrative divisions 766:Jalloh, Alusine (1999). 417:breed. Goats are of the 1836:Economy of Sierra Leone 590:Catling, David (1992). 75:subsistence agriculture 52:subsistence agriculture 40:economy of Sierra Leone 1433:Agriculture in Africa 980: 165:Other major food crops 155:cassava mosaic disease 105: 61:of rice was imported. 44:Gross Domestic Product 32: 1647:São Tomé and Príncipe 1507:Republic of the Congo 1020:Upper Guinean forests 979: 952:Civil War (1991–2002) 793:Hoste, C. H. (1992). 713:Hoste, C. H. (1992). 242:Numbers of livestock 193:Plantation cash crops 103: 96:Agricultural products 30: 920:Atlantic slave trade 560:König, Dirk (2008). 80:Sierra Leone is not 1722:States with limited 626:. IITA. p. 3. 243: 169:Other major annual 159:white thread fungus 1194:Telecommunications 981: 593:Rice in deep water 419:West African Dwarf 241: 106: 33: 1818: 1817: 1749:other territories 1522:Equatorial Guinea 1399: 1398: 1366: 1365: 1275:Human trafficking 1217: 1216: 1146: 1145: 1118:Political parties 1076:Foreign relations 1038: 1037: 967:COVID-19 pandemic 806:978-92-9053-261-3 779:978-0-89680-207-0 726:978-92-9053-261-3 660:978-84-89206-68-7 633:978-978-131-340-0 603:978-971-22-0005-2 573:978-3-638-94680-3 497:978-92-64-07618-1 423:Northern Province 354: 353: 342:Domestic rabbits 16:(Redirected from 1843: 1810: 1809:(United Kingdom) 1805:Tristan da Cunha 1801:Ascension Island 1793: 1780: 1771: 1747:Dependencies and 1440:Sovereign states 1426: 1419: 1412: 1403: 1379: 1228: 1184: 1157: 1049: 1005:Cities and towns 993: 896: 889: 882: 873: 861: 860: 858: 856: 840: 834: 833: 831: 829: 817: 811: 810: 790: 784: 783: 763: 757: 756: 746: 731: 730: 710: 699: 698: 688: 682: 681: 671: 665: 664: 644: 638: 637: 617: 608: 607: 587: 578: 577: 557: 548: 547: 538: 527: 526: 524: 522: 511: 502: 501: 481: 244: 137:deepwater rice. 50:are involved in 21: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1791: 1778: 1769: 1750: 1748: 1741: 1725: 1723: 1716: 1435: 1430: 1400: 1395: 1382: 1375: 1362: 1309: 1213: 1182: 1142: 1096:Law enforcement 1034: 1015:Protected areas 982: 971: 957:2002 to present 906: 900: 870: 865: 864: 854: 852: 851:on 27 July 2011 842: 841: 837: 827: 825: 824:. allAfrica.com 819: 818: 814: 807: 792: 791: 787: 780: 765: 764: 760: 748: 747: 734: 727: 712: 711: 702: 690: 689: 685: 673: 672: 668: 661: 646: 645: 641: 634: 619: 618: 611: 604: 589: 588: 581: 574: 559: 558: 551: 540: 539: 530: 520: 518: 513: 512: 505: 498: 483: 482: 465: 460: 447: 427:trypanosomiasis 382:trypanotolerant 329:Domestic ducks 239: 201:, used for its 195: 189:and groundnut. 167: 143: 111: 98: 82:self-sufficient 67: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1849: 1847: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1823: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1794: 1781: 1772: 1758:Canary Islands 1754: 1753: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1414: 1406: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1381: 1380: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1319: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1240:Child marriage 1237: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1138:Vice-President 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1066:Chief Minister 1063: 1058: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 996: 990: 984: 983: 974: 972: 970: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 948: 947: 937: 932: 927: 922: 916: 914: 908: 907: 905: articles 901: 899: 898: 891: 884: 876: 869: 868:External links 866: 863: 862: 835: 812: 805: 785: 778: 758: 732: 725: 700: 683: 666: 659: 639: 632: 609: 602: 579: 572: 549: 528: 503: 496: 462: 461: 459: 456: 446: 443: 352: 351: 348: 345: 343: 339: 338: 335: 332: 330: 326: 325: 322: 319: 317: 313: 312: 309: 306: 304: 300: 299: 296: 293: 290: 286: 285: 282: 279: 276: 272: 271: 268: 265: 262: 258: 257: 254: 251: 248: 238: 235: 194: 191: 166: 163: 142: 139: 131:deepwater rice 123:mangrove swamp 110: 107: 97: 94: 66: 65:Economic value 63: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1848: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1562:Guinea-Bissau 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1260:Ethnic groups 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1133:Supreme Court 1131: 1129: 1128:Special Court 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 994: 991: 989: 985: 978: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 946: 943: 942: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 917: 915: 913: 909: 904: 897: 892: 890: 885: 883: 878: 877: 874: 867: 850: 846: 839: 836: 823: 816: 813: 808: 802: 798: 797: 789: 786: 781: 775: 771: 770: 762: 759: 754: 753: 745: 743: 741: 739: 737: 733: 728: 722: 718: 717: 709: 707: 705: 701: 696: 695: 687: 684: 679: 678: 670: 667: 662: 656: 652: 651: 643: 640: 635: 629: 625: 624: 616: 614: 610: 605: 599: 595: 594: 586: 584: 580: 575: 569: 565: 564: 556: 554: 550: 545: 544: 537: 535: 533: 529: 516: 510: 508: 504: 499: 493: 489: 488: 480: 478: 476: 474: 472: 470: 468: 464: 457: 455: 452: 444: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 411: 409: 408:Muscovy ducks 405: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 310: 307: 305: 302: 301: 297: 294: 291: 288: 287: 283: 280: 277: 274: 273: 269: 266: 263: 260: 259: 255: 252: 249: 246: 245: 236: 234: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 192: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 164: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 140: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 115: 108: 102: 95: 93: 91: 87: 83: 78: 76: 72: 64: 62: 60: 55: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 29: 19: 1797:Saint Helena 1768:   1672:South Africa 1662:Sierra Leone 1661: 1467:Burkina Faso 1333:Coat of arms 1295:Prostitution 1245:Demographics 1204:Trade unions 1174:Central bank 1163: 1086:Human rights 1025:Water supply 903:Sierra Leone 853:. Retrieved 849:the original 838: 826:. Retrieved 815: 795: 788: 768: 761: 751: 715: 693: 686: 676: 669: 649: 642: 622: 592: 562: 542: 519:. Retrieved 486: 448: 412: 402:, with some 393: 355: 196: 187:sweet potato 168: 144: 112: 79: 68: 56: 48:Sierra Leone 35: 34: 1724:recognition 1677:South Sudan 1567:Ivory Coast 1285:LGBT rights 1164:Agriculture 925:(1600–1787) 521:20 February 433:, internal 404:guinea fowl 127:upland rice 1825:Categories 1779:(Portugal) 1737:Somaliland 1657:Seychelles 1622:Mozambique 1607:Mauritania 1592:Madagascar 1547:The Gambia 1482:Cape Verde 1250:Disability 1183:(currency) 1113:Parliament 1081:Government 458:References 445:Governance 439:heartwater 324:5,200,000 321:4,000,000 171:food crops 86:US dollars 1612:Mauritius 1280:Languages 1255:Education 1209:Transport 1123:President 1091:Judiciary 1071:Elections 988:Geography 435:parasites 415:Djallonke 378:civil war 247:Livestock 237:Livestock 219:sugarcane 211:palm wine 203:perennial 1803: / 1799: / 1792:(France) 1786: / 1764: / 1760: / 1712:Zimbabwe 1687:Tanzania 1537:Ethiopia 1532:Eswatini 1512:Djibouti 1477:Cameroon 1462:Botswana 1386:Category 1300:Religion 1290:Polygamy 1235:Abortion 1101:Military 1044:Politics 1030:Wildlife 431:foot rot 400:chickens 337:500,000 334:300,000 316:Chicken 298:450,000 295:250,000 292:145,000 284:375,000 281:200,000 278:264,000 270:200,000 267:100,000 264:333,181 207:palm oil 199:oil palm 173:include 135:tropical 1788:Réunion 1784:Mayotte 1775:Madeira 1770:(Spain) 1766:Melilla 1697:Tunisia 1667:Somalia 1652:Senegal 1637:Nigeria 1627:Namibia 1617:Morocco 1582:Liberia 1577:Lesotho 1527:Eritrea 1497:Comoros 1472:Burundi 1447:Algeria 1377:Outline 1338:Cuisine 1315:Culture 1223:Society 1199:Tourism 1169:Banking 1152:Economy 1061:Cabinet 1010:Climate 1000:Borders 945:1961–71 912:History 855:1 March 828:2 March 374:poultry 311:35,000 308:20,000 261:Cattle 231:coconut 175:sorghum 151:cassava 147:cassava 141:Cassava 1807:  1790:  1777:  1707:Zambia 1702:Uganda 1642:Rwanda 1597:Malawi 1557:Guinea 1452:Angola 1391:Portal 1358:Sports 1323:Anthem 1270:Health 1189:Mining 1181:Leone 803:  776:  723:  657:  630:  600:  570:  494:  385:N'Dama 376:. The 358:cattle 350:7,000 347:5,000 289:Goats 275:Sheep 229:, and 227:coffee 215:citrus 183:millet 125:rice, 59:tonnes 1762:Ceuta 1682:Sudan 1632:Niger 1587:Libya 1572:Kenya 1552:Ghana 1542:Gabon 1517:Egypt 1457:Benin 1353:Music 1348:Media 1305:Women 366:goats 362:sheep 303:Pigs 256:2005 223:cocoa 179:maize 90:cocoa 88:with 1692:Togo 1602:Mali 1492:Chad 1343:Flag 857:2011 830:2011 801:ISBN 774:ISBN 721:ISBN 655:ISBN 628:ISBN 598:ISBN 568:ISBN 523:2011 492:ISBN 437:and 406:and 396:Fula 372:and 370:pigs 253:2002 250:1984 129:and 114:Rice 109:Rice 1328:Art 71:GDP 1827:: 735:^ 703:^ 612:^ 582:^ 552:^ 531:^ 506:^ 466:^ 441:. 410:. 391:. 368:, 364:, 360:, 233:. 225:, 221:, 217:, 185:, 181:, 177:, 161:. 54:. 1425:e 1418:t 1411:v 895:e 888:t 881:v 859:. 832:. 809:. 782:. 729:. 663:. 636:. 606:. 576:. 525:. 500:. 119:t 20:)

Index

Rice production in Sierra Leone

economy of Sierra Leone
Gross Domestic Product
Sierra Leone
subsistence agriculture
tonnes
GDP
subsistence agriculture
self-sufficient
US dollars
cocoa

Rice
t
mangrove swamp
upland rice
deepwater rice
tropical
cassava
cassava
cassava mosaic disease
white thread fungus
food crops
sorghum
maize
millet
sweet potato
oil palm
perennial

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.