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doing it you are making it harder for every other boy who in ignorance and darkness must grope his way through the mazes which only childhood knows. In doing it you will make it harder for unborn children. You may save them and make it easier for every child that sometime may stand where these boys stand. You will make it easier for every human being with an aspiration and a vision and a hope and a fate. I am pleading for the future; I am pleading for a time when hatred and cruelty will not control the hearts of men. When we can learn by reason and judgment and understanding and faith that all life is worth saving, and that mercy is the highest attribute of man.
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persuaded him to enter the car to discuss a tennis racket that he had been using. The precise sequence of the events that followed remains in dispute, but a preponderance of opinion placed
Leopold behind the wheel of the car while Loeb sat in the back seat with the chisel. Loeb struck Franks, who was sitting in front of him in the passenger seat, several times in the head with the chisel, then dragged him into the back seat and gagged him, where he died.
919:. He expressed his appreciation in an article: "To me the Brethren Service Commission offered the job, the home, and the sponsorship without which a man cannot be paroled. But it gave me so much more than that – the companionship, the acceptance, the love which would have rendered a violation of parole almost impossible." He was known as "Nate" to neighbors and co-workers at Castañer General Hospital in
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537:. Leopold called Franks' mother, identifying himself as "George Johnson," and told her that Franks had been kidnapped; instructions for delivering the ransom would follow. After mailing the typed ransom note and burning their blood-stained clothing, then cleaning the blood stains from the rented vehicle's upholstery, they spent the remainder of the evening playing cards.
385:. His father was Jewish and his mother was Catholic. Like Leopold, Loeb was exceptionally intelligent. He was an avid reader, with a passion for history and crime stories. At age 12, he entered the innovative University High School. With the encouragement of his governess, he completed his high school education in two years. In 1923, at the age of 17, he would become the
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measure. Has your Honor a right to consider the families of these defendants? I have been sorry, and I am sorry for the bereavement of Mr. and Mrs. Franks, for those broken ties that cannot be healed. All I can hope and wish is that some good may come from it all. But as compared with the families of
Leopold and Loeb, the Franks are to be envied – and everyone knows it.
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intricate plan for collecting the ransom which involved a long series of complex instructions which would be communicated, one instruction would be given at a time, by phone. They typed the final set of instructions which involved the actual money drop in the form of a ransom note, using the typewriter which was stolen from the fraternity house. They purchased a
854:, he became a model prisoner and made many significant contributions to the improvement of the living conditions in the Stateville Penitentiary. These improvements included reorganizing the prison library, revamping the schooling system and teaching its students, and volunteer work in the prison hospital. In 1944, Leopold volunteered for the
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820:, "I must tell you of the line that came to me from an unknown correspondent in Chicago. This anonymous contributor said he had the absolute low-down on the recent slaying of Dickie Loeb. Seems that Loeb made a slight mistake in grammar. He ended a sentence in a proposition..." While some sources state
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The judge was persuaded, but he explained in his ruling that his decision was based primarily on precedent and the youth of the accused. On
September 10, 1924, he sentenced both Leopold and Loeb to life imprisonment for the murder, and an additional 99 years for the kidnapping. A little over a month
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And Loeb's the same. Here are the faithful uncle and brother, who have watched here day by day, while Dickie's father and his mother are too ill to stand this terrific strain, and shall be waiting for a message which means more to them than it can mean to you or me. Shall these be taken into account
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Here is
Leopold's father – and this boy was the pride of his life. He watched him and he cared for him, he worked for him; the boy was brilliant and accomplished. He educated him, and he thought that fame and position awaited him, as it should have awaited. It is a hard thing for a father to see his
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Once the Franks family received the ransom note on the following morning, Leopold called a second time and dictated the first set of instructions for the delivery of the ransom payment. The intricate plan was stalled almost immediately when a nervous relative forgot the address of the store where he
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Loeb was the first to confess. He asserted that
Leopold had planned everything and had killed Franks in the backseat of the car while he (Loeb) drove. Leopold's confession followed swiftly thereafter. He insisted that he was the driver and Loeb the murderer. Their confessions otherwise corroborated
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were offered in exchange for information. Leopold and Loeb both enjoyed chatting about the murder with their friends and relatives. Leopold discussed the case with his professor and a female friend, joking that he would confess and give her the reward money. Loeb helped a couple of reporter friends
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was supposed to receive the next set of directions, and it was abandoned entirely when word came that Franks' body had been found. Leopold and Loeb destroyed the typewriter and they also burned a car robe (lap blanket) which they had used to move the body. They then went about their lives as usual.
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Levin portrayed
Leopold, under the pseudonym Judd Steiner, as a brilliant but a deeply disturbed teenager, psychologically driven to kill because of his troubled childhood and an obsession with Loeb. Leopold later wrote that reading Levin's book made him "physically sick... More than once I had to
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Leopold and Loeb put their plan in motion on the afternoon of May 21, 1924. Using an automobile that
Leopold rented under the name Morton D. Ballard, they offered Franks a ride as he walked home from school. The boy initially refused, because his destination was less than two blocks away, but Loeb
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The easy thing and the popular thing to do is to hang my clients. I know it. Men and women who do not think will applaud. The cruel and thoughtless will approve. It will be easy today; but in
Chicago, and reaching out over the length and breadth of the land, more and more fathers and mothers, the
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Leopold later claimed, long after Loeb was dead, that he pleaded in vain with Loeb to admit to killing Franks. "Mompsie feels less terrible than she might, thinking you did it," he quotes Loeb as saying, "and I'm not going to take that shred of comfort away from her." Most observers believed that
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Police found a pair of eyeglasses near Franks' body. Although the prescription and the frame were common, they were fitted with an unusual hinge which was only purchased by three customers in
Chicago, one of whom was Leopold. When questioned, Leopold offered the possibility that his glasses might
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Leopold believed it was possible that he and Loeb could become such individuals, and as such, by his interpretation of
Nietzsche's doctrines, they were not bound by any of society's normal ethics or rules. In a letter to Loeb, he wrote, "A superman ... is, on account of certain superior qualities
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Though Leopold and Loeb knew each other casually while growing up, they began to see more of each other in the mid-1920s, and their relationship flourished at the University of Chicago, as part of a mutual friend group. Their sexual relationship began in February 1921 and continued until the pair
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These would ask that the shedding of blood be stopped, and that the normal feelings of man resume their sway. Your Honor stands between the past and the future. You may hang these boys; you may hang them by the neck until they are dead. But in doing it you will turn your face toward the past. In
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Has the court any right to consider anything but these two boys? The State says that your Honor has a right to consider the welfare of the community, as you have. If the welfare of the community would be benefited by taking these lives, well and good. I think it would work evil that no one could
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We read of killing one hundred thousand men in a day . We read about it and we rejoiced in it – if it was the other fellows who were killed. We were fed on flesh and drank blood. Even down to the prattling babe. I need not tell you how many upright, honorable young boys have come into this court
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was exposed as a fabrication when Leopold's chauffeur told police that he was repairing Leopold's car while the men claimed to be using it. The chauffeur's wife confirmed that the car was parked in the Leopold garage on the afternoon of the murder. The destroyed typewriter was recovered from the
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and murdering a younger adolescent as their perfect crime. They spent seven months planning everything, from the method of abduction to the disposal of the body. To obfuscate the actual nature of their crime and their motive for it, they decided to make a ransom demand, and they also devised an
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in 1865, crimes of this sort increased, marvelously. No one needs to tell me that crime has no cause. It has as definite a cause as any other disease, and I know that out of the hatred and bitterness of the Civil War crime increased as America had never seen before. I know that Europe is going
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This terrible crime was inherent in his organism, and it came from some ancestor. Is any blame attached because somebody took Nietzsche's philosophy seriously and fashioned his life upon it? It is hardly fair to hang a 19-year-old boy for the philosophy that was taught him at the university.
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Darrow's impassioned, eight-hour-long "masterful plea" at the conclusion of the hearing has been called the finest speech of his career. Its principal arguments were that the methods and punishments of the American justice system were inhumane, and the youth and immaturity of the accused:
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After a lengthy search for a suitable victim, mostly on the grounds of the Harvard School for Boys in the Kenwood area, where Leopold had been educated, the pair decided upon Robert "Bobby" Franks, the 14-year-old son of wealthy Chicago watch manufacturer Jacob Franks. Bobby Franks was an
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Leopold and Loeb were summoned for formal questioning on May 29. They asserted that on the night of the murder, they had picked up two women in Chicago using Leopold's car, then dropped them off some time later near a golf course without learning their last names. Their
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By many accounts, Leopold was sensitive about his appearance. He threw himself into intellectual pursuits where he met with remarkable success. Leopold had studied 15 languages and claimed to speak five fluently. He had achieved a measure of national recognition as an
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Your Honor knows that in this very court crimes of violence have increased growing out of the war. Not necessarily by those who fought but by those that learned that blood was cheap, and human life was cheap, and if the State could take it lightly why not the boy?
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and married a widowed florist, Gertrude (Feldman) Leopold, on February 5, 1961. Judge Ángel M. Umpierre presided over the wedding at a civil ceremony which was held at the Brethren Service Project in Castañer, Puerto Rico. Leopold earned a master's degree at the
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Loeb did strike the fatal blows. Some circumstantial evidence – including testimony from eyewitness Carl Ulvigh, who claimed that he saw Loeb driving and Leopold in the back seat minutes before the kidnapping – suggested that Leopold could have been the killer.
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Darrow's handling of the law as defense counsel has been criticized for hiding psychiatric expert testimony that conflicted with his polemical goals and for relying on an absolute denial of free will, one of the principles legitimizing all criminal punishment.
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and later, they used it to knock their victim unconscious. They also purchased a length of rope; to make sure each of them was equally culpable in the murder, they planned to wrap it around their victim's neck and each pull on one end, strangling him to death.
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him, but he was unharmed while Loeb sustained more than fifty wounds, including defensive wounds on his arms and hands. His throat had been slashed from behind. News accounts suggested that Loeb had propositioned Day; some appeared to praise Day.
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A sexual motive for the killing was suggested. Though several prison officials including the Warden believed that Loeb had been murdered, Day was found not guilty by a jury after a short trial in June 1936. There is no evidence that Loeb was a
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One piece of evidence was a letter written by Leopold claiming that he and Loeb were having a homosexual affair. Both the prosecution and the defense interpreted this information as supportive of their own position. Darrow called a series of
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to lead the defense team. It was rumored that Darrow was paid $ 1 million for his services, but he was actually paid $ 65,000 (equivalent to $ 1,200,000 in 2023). Darrow took the case because he was a staunch opponent of
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of his find the drugstore he and Leopold had tried to send Jacob Franks to, and when asked to describe Bobby he replied: "If I were to murder anybody, it would be just such a cocky little son of a bitch as Bobby Franks."
1056:'s 1985 play, was based on contemporary newspaper accounts of the case, and included an overt portrayal of Leopold and Loeb's sexual relationship. In 2019, the story was fictionally retold again in the third season of
430:), interpreting them as transcendent individuals possessing extraordinary and unusual capabilities, whose superior intellects allowed them to rise above the laws and rules that bound the unimportant, average populace.
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in 1925 for an appendectomy, and Loeb was transferred there in 1930. Once they were reunited, the two of them expanded the prison's school system, adding a high school curriculum and a junior college curriculum.
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through the same experience today; I know it has followed every war; and I know it has influenced these boys so that life was not the same to them as it would have been if the world had not made red with blood.
968:, where he subsequently taught classes. He became a researcher in the Social Service Program of Puerto Rico's Department of Health, he worked for an urban renewal and housing agency, and he conducted studies on
369:, which threatened the warblers. He maintained his interest in birds after his crime, raising birds in prison and working to help with the struggling Puerto Rican Parrot population after his release on parole.
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Best Seller list for 14 weeks, and it received mostly positive reviews, but some accused him of writing the book solely as a means of rehabilitating his public image by ignoring the dark side of his past.
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charged with murder, some saved and some sent to their death, boys who fought in this war and learned to place a cheap value on human life. You know it and I know it. These boys were brought up in it.
594:". Neither claimed to have looked forward to the killing, but Leopold admitted interest in learning what it would feel like to be a murderer. He was disappointed to note that he felt the same as ever.
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humane, the kind and the hopeful, who are gaining an understanding and asking questions not only about these poor boys, but about their own – these will join in no acclaim at the death of my clients.
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would almost certainly end in conviction and the death penalty. Thus, he elected to enter a plea of guilty, hoping to convince Cook County Circuit Court Judge John R. Caverly to impose sentences of
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pathogens and then he was subjected to several experimental malaria treatments. He later wrote that all his good work in prison and after his release was an effort to compensate for his crime.
830:, "Richard Loeb, despite his erudition, today ended his sentence with a proposition", no evidence has been found that this was ever published, and actual copy from that date reads otherwise.
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as having spoken his first words at the age of four months and three weeks old. Leopold began his college studies at the University of Michigan, but later returned home to study at the
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lay the book down and wait for the nausea to subside. I felt as I suppose a man would feel if he were exposed stark-naked under a strong spotlight before a large audience."
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ruled against him, holding that Leopold, as the confessed perpetrator of the "crime of the century," could not reasonably argue that any book had injured his reputation.
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The Loeb-Leopold case : with excerpts from the evidence of the alienists and including the arguments to the court by counsel for the people and the defense (1926)
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The trial, technically an extended sentencing hearing, as their guilty pleas had already been accepted, ran for 32 days. The state's attorney,
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him, profited from his life story and "intermingled fact and fiction to such an extent that they were indistinguishable." Eventually, the
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After 33 years and numerous unsuccessful petitions, Leopold was released on parole on March 13, 1958. The Brethren Service Commission, a
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in a shower room by his fellow inmate James Day; he died in the prison hospital soon afterward. Day claimed that Loeb had attempted to
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767:. Although they were kept apart as much as possible, the two of them managed to maintain their friendship. Leopold was transferred to
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389:'s youngest graduate. Following graduation from Michigan, Loeb enrolled in a few history classes at the University of Chicago.
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Leopold was an active member of the Natural History Society of Puerto Rico, he traveled throughout the island to observe
3513:"'Scream' Screenwriter Kevin Williamson Confirms Billy and Stu's Queer-Coded Relationship Was Based on Real Gay Killers"
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note for their murder victim, Bobby Franks. Emboldened, they progressed to a series of more serious crimes, including
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of being like Leopold and Loeb due to them framing him as a drug addict for the sole purpose of their own enjoyment.
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Richard Albert Loeb was born on June 11, 1905, in Chicago, the third of four sons of Anna Henrietta (née Bohnen) and
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3487:"Seattle author Micah Nemerever reinvents the story of homicidal duo Leopold and Loeb in 'These Violent Delights'"
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with Nathan Leopold. Before it could open, Aguirre-Sacasa was forced to stop the production after being served a
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With the body on the floor of the back seat, out of view, the men drove to their predetermined dumping spot near
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Loeb was not as strictly intellectual as Leopold. He often socialized, played tennis, and read detective novels.
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inherent in him, exempted from the ordinary laws which govern men. He is not liable for anything he may do."
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by Marilyn Bardsley. Crime Library – Courtroom Television Network. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
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Rebain, Erik, "Arrested Adolescence: The Secret Life of Nathan Leopold," Rowman & Littlefield, 2023.
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The Kirtland's warbler : the story of a bird's fight against extinction and the people who saved it
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by Marilyn Bardsley. Crime Library – Courtroom Television Network, LLC. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
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Nothing but the Night: Leopold and Loeb and the truth behind the murder that rocked 1920s America
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It will take fifty years to wipe it out of the human heart, if ever. I know this, that after the
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across-the-street neighbor of Loeb's who had played tennis at the Loeb residence several times.
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in 1948. A fictionalized version of the events formed the basis of Meyer Levin's 1956 novel
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3457:"Stephen Dolginoff Musical Thrill Me: The Leopold & Loeb Story Will Get London Revival"
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The Franks murder has inspired works of film, theatre and fiction, including the 1929 play
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The pair began asserting their perceived immunity from normal restrictions with acts of
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plus 99 years. Loeb was murdered by a fellow prisoner in 1936. Leopold was released on
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Leopold continued his work after Loeb's death. Despite the fact that he suffered from
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By the time the two men returned to Chicago, word had already spread that Franks was
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Leopold v. Levin, 259 N.E.2d 250, 255–256 (Ill. 1970); Gertz, supra note 48, at 166.
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The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural History and Conservation of the Puerto Rican Parrot
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Later in 1958, Leopold attempted to set up the Leopold Foundation, to be funded by
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in various theatrical and cinematic representations of the Leopold and Loeb case.
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While it was generally assumed that the men's defense would be based on a plea of
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have dropped out of his pocket during a bird-watching trip the previous weekend.
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in 1958. The case has since served as the inspiration for several dramatic works.
3253:"The Loeb and Leopold Case: A Neglected Source for Richard Wright's "Native Son""
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2726:"Leopold, Loeb and the Curious Case of the Greatest Newspaper Lead Never Written"
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1956:
1407:"DIFFERED IN COLLEGE LIFE.; Loeb Popular at Michigan -- Leopold Shunned Fellows"
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Both Leopold and Loeb admitted that they were driven by their thrill-seeking,
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Leopold and Loeb, who were 19 and 18, respectively, at the time, settled on
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Murder Will Out: Rethinking the Right of Publicity Through One Classic Case
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most of the evidence in the case. Both confessions were announced by the
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253:; June 11, 1905 – January 28, 1936), usually referred to collectively as
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408:. The Loebs owned a summer estate (the farm part of which is now called
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For the Thrill of It: Leopold, Loeb and the Murder that Shocked Chicago
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361:. Leopold and several other ornithologists identified nesting sites of
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Krum, Morrow (June 2, 1924). "Find U. of C. Co-ed Friend of Leopold".
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tracks north of the lake. To obscure the body's identity, they poured
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3659:, University of Illinois Press, 1999. (originally published in 1975)
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Famous American Trials: Illinois v. Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb.
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and made astute observations about the parasitic nesting behavior of
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from Northwestern University Special Collections, Evanston, Illinois
2904:"Leopold, Paroled After 33 Years, Becomes Ill at Shock of Freedom",
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Bowman-Hulbert Psychiatric Report: Nathan Leopold Jr (Report). 1924.
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from Archie comics. The production eventually opened under the name
3602:"Howard's Leopold and Loeb Reference in Better Call Saul Explained"
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Murder Most Queer: The Homicidal Homosexual in the American Theater
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2482:"QUEER CRIME: The Not-So-Perfect Partnership of Leopold and Loeb"
325:
Nathan Freudenthal Leopold Jr. was born on November 19, 1904, in
3855:
1991:
Map of the Scene of the Kidnapping and Murder of Bobby Franks.
518:
on the face and genitals to disguise the fact that he had been
3540:""Riverdale" Just Made A Wild Connection To Real-Life Murders"
1764:
1021:
400:
The two young men grew up with their families in the affluent
3030:. University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station.
1078:(2014), theater scholar Jordan Schildcrout examines changing
797:
while in prison, but Day was later caught at least once in a
629:." The Leopold and Loeb families hired the renowned criminal
3752:
Checklist of the Birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands
2567:. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Book Co. pp. 178–179, 182.
1279:"Mocavo and Findmypast are coming together – findmypast.com"
3815:
by Douglas Linder. Famous American Trials –
242:
3829:
Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb, Crime of the 20th Century
3773:
from Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois
2440:
Attorney for the Damned: Clarence Darrow in the Courtroom
2217:"Leopold and Loeb gain national attention – May 21, 1924"
3028:
Checklist of Birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands
985:
Checklist of Birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands
684:, another to the delusions that had led to their crime.
668:
in the form of absent parenting, and in Leopold's case,
617:
became a media spectacle and the third – after those of
590:(supermen) delusions, and their aspiration to commit a "
280:
After the two men were arrested, Loeb's family retained
3168:"Revised 'Never the Sinner' An Even More Riveting Work"
1793:
Arrested Adolescence: The Secret Life of Nathan Leopold
923:, where he worked as a laboratory and X-ray assistant.
886:, was published in 1958 as part of his campaign to win
261:
who kidnapped and murdered 14-year-old Bobby Franks in
193:
Homicide (from 58 inflicted wounds from a razor attack)
2187:"CrimeArchives: The Leopold-Loeb Case – Interrogation"
1085:
Other works said to be influenced by the case include
1040:. In 1957, two more fictionalizations were published:
420:
were arrested. Leopold was particularly fascinated by
2361:. Northwestern University Archives. 1924. p. 16.
1760:"The Perfect Crime: In Love with Murder – Transcript"
1465:
by Douglas O. Linder. 1997. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
2112:"Darrow Will Drop Carefully Reared Insanity Defense"
1927:"Leopold & Loeb kill Bobby Franks – Chicago, IL"
1902:
1900:
1898:
245:
239:
3930:
3889:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2395:, Prof. Douglas Linder. Retrieved November 1, 2007.
2025:
Northwestern University Retrieved October 30, 2007.
1916:
Northwestern University Retrieved October 30, 2007.
937:In 1959, Leopold sought to block production of the
236:
209:
201:
189:
170:
144:
125:
109:
101:
79:
53:
34:
3304:"Falk Still Gets His Kicks From Alter-ego Columbo"
1961:"Armand S. Deutsch, Hollywood fixture, dies at 92"
544:Chicago police launched a thorough investigation;
3093:"Leopold and Loeb Still Fascinate 90 Years Later"
2011:
2009:
2007:
381:, a wealthy lawyer and retired vice president of
3728:(musical, published by Dramatists Play Service)
2544:University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law
2533:, Prof. Douglas Linder. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
2524:University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law
2461:University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law
1650:"Richard Loeb: UM Alumni Card · Online Exhibits"
2990: (Supreme Court of Illinois 1970),
695:
3365:"Reopening the Case Files of Leopold and Loeb"
2291:"Two Rich Mens' Sons Confess to Franks Murder"
780:On January 28, 1936, Loeb was attacked with a
3867:
2141:The Glasses: The Key Link to Leopold and Loeb
8:
2664:Leopold, Loeb & The Crime of the Century
2652:Leopold, Loeb & The Crime of the Century
2346:Leopold, Loeb & The Crime of the Century
2037:"Leopold & Loeb – Enter Clarence Darrow"
974:University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine
3817:Illinois v. Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb
2724:Farrell, John Aloysius (December 1, 2009).
2442:. Simon & Schuster (1957), pp. 17–18.
1308:Homicide in Chicago 1924 Leopold & Loeb
1101:episode "Columbo Goes To College" (1990),
613:The trial of Leopold and Loeb at Chicago's
3874:
3860:
3852:
3657:Leopold and Loeb: The Crime of the Century
3086:
3084:
2633:Leopold and Loeb: The Crime of the Century
2580:, University of Illinois, October 28, 1924
2424:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2371:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2058:Leopold and Loeb: The Crime of the Century
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1580:. United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
1456:The Leopold and Loeb Trial:A Brief Account
1366:Leopold and Loeb: The Crime of the Century
226:(November 19, 1904 – August 29, 1971) and
133:
122:
42:
31:
4077:Violence against men in the United States
3754:. University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras.
2876:
2874:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1451:
1449:
1447:
4017:American people of German-Jewish descent
3785:"Inside Facts on the Leopold-Loeb Crime"
2410:Geis, Gilbert; Bienen, Leigh B. (1998).
1816:
1814:
1812:
1795:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 22.
1711:"The Leopold And Loeb Trial: An Account"
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
763:Leopold and Loeb were initially held in
4007:American people convicted of kidnapping
3839: – main site/CD ordering
3467:from the original on September 30, 2021
3436:from the original on September 30, 2021
3406:from the original on September 30, 2021
3396:"Murder by Numbers movie review (2002)"
3344:from the original on September 30, 2021
3314:from the original on September 30, 2021
3283:from the original on September 30, 2021
3099:from the original on September 29, 2017
2405:
2403:
2401:
1270:
349:honors and planned to begin studies at
4022:People convicted of murder by Illinois
3982:1920s kidnappings in the United States
3375:from the original on November 27, 2021
2859:from the original on December 28, 2023
2829:(1958). New York: Doubleday & Co.
2492:from the original on December 25, 2023
2480:Hardwick, Courtney (August 30, 2021).
2417:
2386:JURIST – The Trial of Leopold and Loeb
2364:
2307:from the original on December 27, 2021
1848:
1846:
1660:from the original on November 20, 2023
1476:"Nathan F. Leopold, Jr. (1904 - 1971)"
1002:on August 29, 1971, at the age of 66.
858:. He was deliberately inoculated with
3550:from the original on January 30, 2024
3519:from the original on January 15, 2022
3493:from the original on October 26, 2023
2917:"The Companionship, the Acceptance."
2906:Rochester (NY) Democrat and Chronicle
2847:"The New York Times Best Seller List"
2197:from the original on December 1, 2017
1690:from the original on January 29, 2023
1486:from the original on January 29, 2023
1162:Thrill Me: The Leopold and Loeb Story
944:on the grounds that Levin's book had
856:Stateville Penitentiary Malaria Study
759:Leopold (top) and Loeb (bottom), 1924
7:
3844:Thrill Me:The Leopold and Loeb Story
3836:Thrill Me:The Leopold and Loeb Story
3719:Dolginoff, Stephen (author/composer)
3232:from the original on August 18, 2021
3180:from the original on August 30, 2013
3144:from the original on August 18, 2021
2542:Darrow's summation for the defense.
2122:from the original on August 18, 2021
1937:from the original on October 3, 2018
1604:from the original on January 2, 2013
1387:from the original on August 18, 2021
1347:
1345:
1203:wrote an unauthorized play in which
257:, were two American students at the
4012:American people convicted of murder
3069:from the original on April 18, 2015
2150:UMKC Law. Retrieved April 11, 2007.
1865:from the original on April 28, 2018
1772:from the original on April 16, 2018
1289:from the original on March 23, 2016
1226:" from American crime drama series
1065:The case is referenced in the play
412:and is a popular wedding venue) in
4047:Incidents of violence against boys
3581:from the original on June 17, 2021
3455:Shenton, Mark (January 15, 2015).
3363:Lybarger, Jeremy (July 26, 2018).
3091:Hinkson, Jake (October 19, 2012).
2782:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
2738:from the original on June 26, 2019
2590:King, Greg; Wilson, Penny (2022).
2257:from the original on June 18, 2018
1973:from the original on April 2, 2015
1855:"Leopold and Loeb's Perfect Crime"
1721:from the original on March 4, 2022
1222:In the season six episode titled "
1151:episode "Big Murderer On Campus",
25:
3977:1924 murders in the United States
3705:(play), Samuel French, Inc., 1987
2359:Joint Report of All Psychiatrists
2227:from the original on May 29, 2019
1853:Noe, Denise (February 29, 2004).
898:
812:Several weeks after the killing,
3813:Leopold and Loeb Trial Home Page
3766:Northwestern University Archives
3648:Baatz, Simon. "Criminal Minds,"
3426:"Graphic Novelist Daniel Clowes"
3302:King, Susan (December 8, 1990).
2694:. Poynter Online. Archived from
2077:Chronicle of 20th Century Murder
1322:Chronicle of 20th Century Murder
722:life's hopes crumble into dust.
647:not guilty by reason of insanity
232:
3972:20th-century American criminals
3394:Ebert, Roger (April 19, 2002).
2713:. Follett Pub. Co. p. 344.
833:
799:sexual act with a fellow inmate
27:American kidnapper-murderer duo
4002:American murderers of children
3823:The Loeb and Leopold Wordpress
3783:Charles DeLacy (August 1930).
3726:: The Leopold & Loeb Story
3600:Fogarty, Paul (May 24, 2022).
2939:. Law.umkc.edu. Archived from
2895:. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
2711:The madhouse on Madison Street
1907:Statement of Nathan F. Leopold
1254:Brian Draper and Torey Adamcik
1080:attitudes toward homosexuality
824:had previously written in the
337:, Leopold was recorded in his
224:Nathan Freudenthal Leopold Jr.
58:Nathan Freudenthal Leopold Jr.
1:
3777:"Leopold and Loeb Collection"
3739:Morita, Yoshimitsu (director)
3571:"Theater Review - Arch humor"
2803:In Nathan Leopold's Own Words
2709:Murray, Jesse George (1965).
739:later, Loeb's father died of
726:in this general bereavement?
304:. Both men were sentenced to
213:Life + 99 years' imprisonment
113:Life + 99 years' imprisonment
4072:University of Chicago alumni
3967:20th-century American trials
3216:University of Michigan Press
3208:Schildcrout, Jordan (2014).
3026:Leopold, Nathan Jr. (1963).
2816:. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
2731:U.S. News & World Report
2690:Ink, Dr. (August 23, 2002).
2565:World's greatest court trial
2563:Scopes, John Thomas (1925).
2553:. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
2470:. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
2118:. July 27, 1924. p. 1.
2001:. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
1680:"Richard Loeb (1905 - 1936)"
1553:University of Michigan Press
1371:University of Illinois Press
396:Adolescence and early crimes
383:Sears, Roebuck & Company
2760:(1975). New York: Putnams.
2329:. Doubleday (1958), p. 66.
2280:, September 10, 1924, p. 3.
1121:and the 2008 International
899:Leopold's post-prison years
865:In the early 1950s, author
4093:
3936:Patrick Eugene Prendergast
3902:
3308:Greensboro News and Record
2886:Rutgers Law Review archive
2778:Levin, M. (May 21, 1996).
2613:Life & Death In Prison
1892:Higdon (1975), pp. 150–154
875:, was published in 1956.
649:, Darrow concluded that a
615:Cook County Criminal Court
424:'s concept of "supermen" (
404:neighborhood on Chicago's
284:as lead counsel for their
3848:from York Theatre Company
2919:The Brethren Encyclopedia
2529:October 11, 2018, at the
2459:Darrow's plea of guilty.
2391:November 3, 2010, at the
2016:Statement of Richard Loeb
1395:– via Google Books.
991:, he never completed it.
966:University of Puerto Rico
882:Leopold's autobiography,
834:Leopold's years in prison
217:
197:
132:
117:
97:
41:
3790:True Detective Mysteries
3771:Harold S. Hulbert Papers
3652:39 (August 2008): 70–79.
3634:, 1958 (Introduction by
2987:Leopold v. Levin, et al.
2812:January 1, 2018, at the
2758:The Crime of the Century
2549:October 6, 2018, at the
2466:January 1, 2018, at the
1592:"Richard Loeb biography"
1310:Retrieved July 18, 2015.
1217:Weird Comic Book Fantasy
1048:by Mary-Carter Roberts.
1024:television in 1939, and
983:. In 1963, he published
801:. In his autobiography,
353:after a trip to Europe.
277:" without consequences.
3997:American male criminals
3931:Other cases represented
3257:African American Review
3251:Butler, Robert (2005).
3095:. criminalelement.com.
2619:March 30, 2007, at the
2348:, by Hal Higdon, p. 319
2299:. St. Petersburg, Fla.
2296:The Evening Independent
2116:The Sunday Morning Star
1551:. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
1547:Rapai, William (2012).
1461:March 15, 2007, at the
1369:. Champaign, Illinois:
1209:homosexual relationship
1139:'s 2005 graphic novel
844:Stateville Penitentiary
769:Stateville Penitentiary
4042:Criminals from Chicago
3645:(HarperCollins, 2008).
3489:. September 11, 2020.
3166:(September 22, 1995).
2976:, July 16, 1958, p. 23
2021:March 4, 2016, at the
1912:March 3, 2016, at the
1201:Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
1193:Chief Creative Officer
1191:Prior to becoming the
1167:These Violent Delights
1115:'s 1997 Austrian film
954:Illinois Supreme Court
913:Church of the Brethren
908:
907:Nathan Leopold in 1958
890:. His book was on the
847:
760:
736:
687:
610:
530:
470:
461:Murder of Bobby Franks
387:University of Michigan
302:transformative justice
48:Leopold in August 1924
3809:stored on Archive.org
3670:Kalin, Tom (director)
3164:Christiansen, Richard
3048:Higdon (1975), p. 361
3016:Higdon (1975), p. 332
2974:Chicago Daily Tribune
2921:. Vol. 2 1983. Print.
2908:, March 14, 1958, p.1
2891:July 7, 2010, at the
2594:. St. Martin's Press.
2412:Crimes of the Century
2253:. November 18, 2015.
2191:www.crimearchives.net
2047:on February 10, 2015.
1997:June 2, 2021, at the
1883:Higdon (1975), p. 151
1821:Baatz, Simon (2009).
1791:Rebain, Erik (2023).
1597:The Biography Channel
1576:Snyder, Noel (1987).
1042:Nothing but the Night
1030:film of the same name
906:
841:
775:
758:
625:– to be labeled "the
605:
528:
512:Pennsylvania Railroad
468:
367:brown-headed cowbirds
343:University of Chicago
259:University of Chicago
3941:Barmore v. Robertson
3750:Leopold, N.F. 1963.
3699:Logan, John (author)
3650:Smithsonian Magazine
3636:Erle Stanley Gardner
3515:. January 12, 2022.
2698:on October 22, 2013.
2513:, September 10, 1924
2511:Urbana Daily Courier
2247:"Leopold & Loeb"
2174:Urbana Daily Courier
2146:May 5, 2007, at the
1823:For the Thrill of It
1363:Higdon, Hal (1975).
1328:. pp. 106–107.
1320:Lane, Brian (1995).
1165:, Micah Nemerever's
627:trial of the century
414:Charlevoix, Michigan
271:crime of the century
3938:'s appeals (1894);
3630:Leopold, Nathan F.
3129:Samuel French, Inc.
2943:on February 3, 2011
2680:, February 19, 1936
2438:Weinberg, A (ed.).
2098:The Chicago Tribune
2035:Bardsley, Marilyn.
1959:(August 18, 2005).
1514:Bardsley, Marilyn.
1046:Little Brother Fate
1044:by James Yaffe and
946:invaded his privacy
564:Jackson Park Lagoon
422:Friedrich Nietzsche
363:Kirtland's warblers
228:Richard Albert Loeb
190:Cause of death
149:Richard Albert Loeb
139:Loeb in August 1924
18:Richard Albert Loeb
4067:Trials in Illinois
3632:Life plus 99 Years
3544:www.refinery29.com
2998:from the original.
2964:; May 29, 1958; p9
2937:"E-mailed comment"
2827:Life Plus 99 Years
2327:Life Plus 99 Years
2277:Chicago Daily News
2176:, October 28, 1924
2161:Chicago Daily News
1966:The New York Times
1768:. April 10, 2018.
1654:apps.lib.umich.edu
1624:"Leopold and Loeb"
1411:The New York Times
1224:Plan and Execution
1006:In popular culture
994:Leopold died of a
932:Life Plus 99 Years
909:
884:Life Plus 99 Years
848:
827:Chicago Daily News
803:Life Plus 99 Years
761:
640:capital punishment
623:Sacco and Vanzetti
611:
531:
471:
351:Harvard Law School
294:capital punishment
205:Murder, kidnapping
105:Murder, kidnapping
4032:Crimes in Chicago
3949:
3948:
3897:McNamara brothers
3538:Reilly, Kaitlin.
2084:978-0-425-14649-1
1709:Linder, Douglas.
1684:famous-trials.com
1480:famous-trials.com
1182:In the WB series
1153:Stephen Dolginoff
1148:Murdoch Mysteries
1132:Murder by Numbers
1076:Murder Most Queer
959:Leopold moved to
818:syndicated column
672:by a governess.
666:childhood neglect
655:life imprisonment
606:Defense attorney
516:hydrochloric acid
379:Albert Henry Loeb
306:life imprisonment
221:
220:
121:
120:
68:November 19, 1904
16:(Redirected from
4084:
4062:Same-sex couples
4037:Criminal couples
3992:American gay men
3987:1920s in Chicago
3962:Leopold and Loeb
3903:Leopold and Loeb
3876:
3869:
3862:
3853:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3703:Never the Sinner
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3575:Creative Loafing
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3369:The Paris Review
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3124:Never the Sinner
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2933:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2852:. July 7, 1958.
2851:
2843:
2837:
2823:
2817:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2775:
2769:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2681:
2677:Syracuse Journal
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2630:
2624:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2540:
2534:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2477:
2471:
2457:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2396:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2303:. May 31, 1924.
2301:Associated Press
2287:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2100:. pp. 1, 8.
2093:
2087:
2074:
2068:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2043:. Archived from
2032:
2026:
2013:
2002:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1923:
1917:
1904:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1818:
1807:
1806:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1756:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1626:. Archived from
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:on April 1, 2007
1524:. Archived from
1511:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1472:
1466:
1453:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1275:
1229:Better Call Saul
1213:cease and desist
1127:Barbet Schroeder
1068:Inherit the Wind
1050:Never the Sinner
1026:Alfred Hitchcock
1018:Patrick Hamilton
989:Reach for a Halo
939:film version of
786:sexually assault
682:endocrine glands
678:expert witnesses
577:state's attorney
255:Leopold and Loeb
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
182:Joliet, Illinois
177:
174:January 28, 1936
165:, Illinois, U.S.
158:
156:
137:
123:
86:
74:, Illinois, U.S.
67:
65:
46:
32:
21:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4027:Clarence Darrow
3952:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3926:
3885:
3883:Clarence Darrow
3880:
3795:
3793:
3782:
3762:
3757:
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3400:rogerebert.com/
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3173:Chicago Tribune
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2251:chicagology.com
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2014:
2005:
1999:Wayback Machine
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1957:Purdum, Todd S.
1955:
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1169:(2020) and the
1038:film adaptation
1020:, performed on
1008:
901:
842:Leopold in the
836:
795:sexual predator
778:
753:
690:
688:Darrow's speech
662:Robert E. Crowe
635:Clarence Darrow
608:Clarence Darrow
600:
572:
529:The ransom note
463:
398:
375:
323:
318:
282:Clarence Darrow
235:
231:
202:Criminal charge
185:
179:
175:
166:
160:
154:
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150:
140:
128:
102:Criminal charge
93:
88:
84:
83:August 29, 1971
75:
69:
63:
61:
60:
59:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4090:
4088:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Male murderers
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
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3864:
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3849:
3840:
3832:
3826:
3825:by Erik Rebain
3820:
3810:
3802:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3761:
3760:External links
3758:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3744:Copycat Killer
3736:
3716:
3706:
3696:
3679:
3667:
3653:
3646:
3641:Baatz, Simon.
3639:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3592:
3569:Holman, Curt.
3561:
3530:
3504:
3478:
3447:
3417:
3386:
3355:
3338:The New Yorker
3325:
3294:
3263:(4): 555–567.
3243:
3225:978-0472072323
3224:
3200:
3191:
3155:
3137:978-0573626715
3136:
3110:
3080:
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3018:
3009:
3000:
2978:
2966:
2962:Daily Defender
2954:
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2208:
2178:
2166:
2164:, June 2, 1924
2152:
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2069:
2050:
2027:
2003:
1984:
1948:
1931:Waymarking.com
1918:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1859:Crime Magazine
1842:
1836:978-0060781026
1835:
1808:
1802:978-1538158609
1801:
1783:
1732:
1701:
1671:
1641:
1630:on May 1, 2014
1615:
1583:
1568:
1562:978-0472118038
1561:
1555:. p. 18.
1539:
1497:
1467:
1423:
1398:
1380:978-0252068294
1379:
1355:
1341:
1335:978-0425146491
1334:
1312:
1300:
1283:www.mocavo.com
1269:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1205:Archie Andrews
1113:Michael Haneke
1089:'s 1940 novel
1087:Richard Wright
1007:
1004:
900:
897:
892:New York Times
835:
832:
814:Mark Hellinger
782:straight razor
777:
774:
752:
749:
689:
686:
599:
596:
571:
568:
462:
459:
397:
394:
374:
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347:Phi Beta Kappa
322:
321:Nathan Leopold
319:
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178:(aged 30)
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47:
39:
38:
36:Nathan Leopold
35:
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3:
2:
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4057:Murderer duos
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3846:Review quotes
3845:
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3666:
3662:
3658:
3655:Higdon, Hal.
3654:
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3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3471:September 30,
3466:
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3440:September 30,
3435:
3431:
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3418:
3410:September 30,
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3379:September 30,
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3356:
3348:September 30,
3343:
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3335:
3329:
3326:
3318:September 30,
3313:
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3298:
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3287:September 30,
3282:
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3258:
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3247:
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3204:
3201:
3198:Source needed
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2702:
2697:
2693:
2692:"Ask Dr. Ink"
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2496:September 23,
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2070:
2066:
2065:0-252-06829-7
2062:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2041:Crime Library
2038:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1988:
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1715:Famous Trials
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1521:Crime Library
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1326:Berkley Books
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1234:Howard Hamlin
1231:
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1198:
1197:Archie Comics
1194:
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1138:
1137:Daniel Clowes
1134:
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1128:
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1120:
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1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:'s 1992 film
1104:
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1063:
1061:
1060:
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1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:and its 1959
1035:
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816:wrote in his
815:
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787:
783:
773:
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766:
765:Joliet Prison
757:
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742:
741:heart failure
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592:perfect crime
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455:perfect crime
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3915:Ossian Sweet
3909:Scopes Trial
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3794:. Retrieved
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3747:. Film, 2002
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3682:Levin, Meyer
3678:. Film, 1990
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2825:Leopold, N.
2821:
2807:UMKC archive
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1238:Saul Goodman
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762:
751:Imprisonment
745:
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724:
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674:
670:sexual abuse
659:
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588:Übermenschen
587:
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579:on May 31.
573:
555:
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543:
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493:
489:
485:
472:
469:Bobby Franks
436:
432:
427:Übermenschen
425:
418:
410:Castle Farms
399:
391:
376:
373:Richard Loeb
355:
324:
300:rather than
279:
254:
227:
223:
222:
176:(1936-01-28)
127:Richard Loeb
85:(1971-08-29)
29:
3611:December 4,
3554:January 30,
3523:January 15,
3497:October 26,
3236:October 18,
3119:Logan, John
3103:October 23,
3073:October 29,
2947:October 29,
2880:Larson EJ.
2863:October 15,
2756:Higdon, H.
2486:IN Magazine
2221:History.com
2126:October 18,
1941:January 28,
1869:February 3,
1694:January 29,
1490:January 29,
1391:October 18,
1173:killers in
1118:Funny Games
917:Puerto Rico
867:Meyer Levin
566:on June 7.
520:circumcised
439:petty theft
316:Early lives
298:retributive
91:Puerto Rico
3956:Categories
3734:0822221020
3714:034548701X
3694:0786703199
3686:Compulsion
3665:0252068297
3184:August 10,
3148:August 10,
3036:B006D31YB2
2835:1131524608
2789:0786703199
2780:Compulsion
2766:B000LZX0RO
2448:0226136507
2335:1131524608
1977:August 20,
1260:References
1242:Kim Wexler
1092:Native Son
1059:The Sinner
1054:John Logan
1034:Compulsion
941:Compulsion
872:Compulsion
852:depression
651:jury trial
619:Harry Thaw
570:Confession
510:along the
475:kidnapping
406:South Side
155:1905-06-11
64:1904-11-19
3724:Thrill Me
3585:April 13,
3269:1062-4783
2420:cite book
2414:. Boston.
2367:cite book
1776:April 11,
1532:April 11,
1516:"Freedom"
1265:Citations
1185:Riverdale
1171:Ghostface
1142:Ice Haven
1103:Tom Kalin
998:-related
928:royalties
707:Civil War
633:attorney
496:Wolf Lake
443:vandalism
339:baby book
290:criticism
3579:Archived
3548:Archived
3517:Archived
3491:Archived
3465:Archived
3461:Playbill
3434:Archived
3404:Archived
3373:Archived
3342:Archived
3312:Archived
3281:Archived
3277:40033693
3230:Archived
3178:Archived
3142:Archived
3121:(1999).
3097:Archived
3067:Archived
2996:archived
2889:Archived
2854:Archived
2810:Archived
2742:June 26,
2736:Archived
2666:, p. 293
2654:, p. 302
2617:Archived
2547:Archived
2527:Archived
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2195:Archived
2144:Archived
2120:Archived
2019:Archived
1995:Archived
1971:Archived
1935:Archived
1910:Archived
1863:Archived
1770:Archived
1725:March 4,
1719:Archived
1688:Archived
1658:Archived
1602:Archived
1600:. 2012.
1484:Archived
1459:Archived
1385:Archived
1293:March 7,
1287:Archived
1248:See also
1236:accuses
1179:(1996).
1159:musical
1155:'s 2005
1135:(2002),
996:diabetes
961:Santurce
921:Adjuntas
822:Ed Lahey
807:chaplain
331:Illinois
267:Illinois
3430:NPR.org
3334:"Swoon"
3063:(1939)"
1098:Columbo
972:at the
970:leprosy
950:defamed
860:malaria
631:defense
546:rewards
535:missing
508:culvert
504:Indiana
500:Hammond
402:Kenwood
327:Chicago
286:defense
263:Chicago
210:Penalty
163:Chicago
110:Penalty
72:Chicago
3944:(1921)
3923:(1932)
3917:(1925)
3911:(1925)
3905:(1924)
3899:(1911)
3890:Trials
3796:May 7,
3732:
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1176:Scream
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1123:remake
1095:, the
888:parole
846:, 1931
480:chisel
447:ransom
310:parole
184:, U.S.
3675:Swoon
3273:JSTOR
2857:(PDF)
2850:(PDF)
1108:Swoon
930:from
598:Trial
559:alibi
451:arson
3798:2014
3730:ISBN
3710:ISBN
3690:ISBN
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3606:HITC
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