510:. He called for the closure of one-third of the country's 7,000 railway stations. Passenger services would be withdrawn from around 5,000 route miles accounting for an annual train mileage of 68 million and yielding, according to Beeching, a net saving of £18m per year. There were no proposals to improve or repurpose the usage and efficiency of the existing network or how to maintain or dispose of redundant infrastructure. The reshaping would also involve the shedding of around 70,000 British Railways jobs over three years. Beeching forecast that his changes would result in an improvement in British Railways' accounts of between £115M and £147M. The cut-backs would include the scrapping of a third of a million goods wagons, much as Stedeford had foreseen and fought against.
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488:, the railways continued to record increasing losses – from £15.6M in 1956 to £42M in 1960. Passenger and goods traffic was also declining in the face of increased competition from the roads; by 1960, one in nine households owned or had access to a car. It would be Beeching's task to find a way of returning the industry to profitability as soon as possible.
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614:. Underpinning Beeching's proposals was his belief that there was still too much duplication in the railway network. Of the 7,500 miles (12,100 km) of trunk route, 3,700 miles (6,000 km) involves a choice between two routes, 700 miles (1,100 km) a choice of three, and over a further 700 miles (1,100 km) a choice of four.
996:, most of which was closed. To the east of the current East Grinstead station, the line passed through a deep cutting. This cutting currently forms part of the A22 relief road through East Grinstead. Due to the depth of the cutting, locals wanted to call the road Beeching Cut, but it was decided to call it Beeching Way.
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set out his conclusion that of the 7,500 miles (12,100 km) of trunk railway throughout
Britain, only 3,000 miles (4,800 km) "should be selected for future development" and invested in. This policy would result in traffic through Britain being routed through nine selected lines. Traffic to
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commented in 2008 that history has been somewhat unkind to "Britain's most hated civil servant", by forgetting that he proposed a much better bus service that ministers never delivered, and that in some ways he was used to do their "dirty work for them". Hislop describes
Beeching as "a technocrat
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stated in 1960, "the industry must be of a size and pattern suited to modern conditions and prospects. In particular, the railway system must be modelled to meet current needs". In this respect, Beeching can be thus seen to have taken a courageous approach to implementing an unpopular policy which
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The
Beeching Report remains controversial. Critics have accused Beeching of ignoring the social consequences of his proposals (there is little doubt that rail replacement bus services were rarely a success); encouraging car use; ignoring possible economies that might have saved lines; and, getting
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On the other hand, Hardy points out
Beeching's political naïveté, and Fiennes notes that because a passenger service was producing a loss did not mean that it would continue to do so in the future. Like Fiennes and Hardy, Terry Gourvish's business history of British Rail sees Beeching as having a
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Others have argued that it was ministers, not
Beeching, who were responsible for any shortcomings in assessing the social case for retaining lines and that economies had been tried and largely failed; also that the road lobby was less significant than the Treasury in making policy, and the Labour
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opposition and railway-using public. Beeching was undeterred and argued that too many lines were running at a loss, and that his charge to shape a profitable railway made cuts a logical starting point. As one author puts it, Beeching "was expected to produce quick solutions to problems that were
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As a result of the report, just over 4,000 route miles (6,400 kilometres) were removed from the system on cost and efficiency grounds, leaving
Britain with 13,721 miles (22,082 km) of railway lines in 1966. A further 2,000 miles (3,200 km) were lost by the end of the 1960s, while other
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of 1933 attempted to address the issue of growing abstraction of rail traffic by road and the low level of road pricing. At the appointment of the
British Transport Commission in 1947, the question of uneconomic branch lines and their selection for closure was the subject of a Railway Executive
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Some have accused him of being part of or even the scapegoat for a conspiracy against the railways involving politicians, civil servants and the road lobby. The report was commissioned by a
Conservative government with strong ties to the road construction lobby and its findings were largely
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In early 1965 Beeching unveiled the new brand for the railways – British Rail – and its 'double arrow' symbol, which is still in use as the symbol of
National Rail now. The legal name of the British Railways Board did not change. On 16 February Beeching introduced the second stage of his
438:. Smith declined but recommended Beeching in his place, a suggestion which Marples accepted. Stedeford and Beeching clashed on a number of issues connected with Beeching's proposal to drastically prune Britain's rail infrastructure. In spite of questions being asked in
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in
November 1965 that Beeching had been dismissed by Tom Fraser. Beeching denied this, pointing out that he had returned early to ICI as he would not have had enough time to undertake an in-depth transport study before the formal end of his secondment from ICI.
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wasn't open to argument to romantic notions of rural England or the warp and weft of the train in our national identity. He didn't buy any of that. He went for a straightforward profit and loss approach and some claim we are still reeling from that today".
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of 1955 stated, "there will be a marked reduction in the stopping and branch-line services which are little used by the public and which, on any dispassionate review of the situation, should be largely handed over to road transport". Prime Minister
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positive effect on railway management while not achieving perfection. There is a broad consensus that the detail of figures used in individual cases were imperfect, but a wide divergence of view as to the significance of and motives for this.
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After the war, Smith returned to ICI as technical director and was replaced as chief engineer of Armament Design by Sir Steuart Mitchell who promoted Beeching, then 33, to the post of deputy chief engineer with a rank equivalent to that of
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These proposals were rejected by the government, which put an early end to his secondment from ICI; Beeching returned there in June 1965. It is a point of contention whether he left by mutual arrangement with the government or was sacked.
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At that time the government was seeking professional advice from outside the railway industry to improve the financial position of British Railways. There was widespread concern at the time that, despite substantial investment in the
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deep-seated and not susceptible to purely intellectual analysis." For his part, Beeching was unrepentant about his role in the closures: "I suppose I'll always be looked upon as the axe man, but it was surgery, not mad chopping."
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A cubit arm erect vested Sable cuffed Argent the hand Proper supporting a sword sheathed point upwards Gules hilt pommel quillons and chape Or and grasping two arrows in saltire points upward Or all between two branches of beech
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in due course, and that in the meantime he would be a part-time member of the British Transport Commission with immediate effect, becoming the chairman of the commission from 1 June 1961. The board was to be the successor to the
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On either side a lion that to the dexter Gules the sinister Or each charged on the shoulder with an annulet enclosing two bars wavy counter-changed and resting the interior hind paw on a rock Proper.
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service, which he closed. It was previously called The Railway until the 1990s, and in 2022 its new owner renamed it The Hoptimist, claiming that it wanted to bring people together, not isolate them.
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Upon returning to ICI, Beeching was appointed liaison director for the agricultural division and organisation and services director. He later rose to become deputy chairman from 1966 to 1968. In the
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and two-and-a-half times higher than the salary of any head of a nationalised industry at the time. Beeching was given a leave of absence for five years by ICI in order to carry out this task.
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476:. Beeching would receive the same yearly salary that he was earning at ICI, the controversial sum of £24,000 (over £490,000 in 2016 currency), which was £14,000 more than his predecessor
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It is worth noting that the size, shape and level of service of the railway network in Great Britain was the subject of debate for many decades before the appointment of Beeching. The
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380:. In 1948 he joined ICI, as personal technical assistant to Sir Frank Smith; he remained for around 18 months, working on the production lines for various products such as
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to examine assizes and quarter sessions; he eventually proposed a mass reorganisation of the court system, involving the setting-up of regional courts in cities such as
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with a view to improving efficiency and reducing production costs. He was then appointed to the Terylene Council, and subsequently to the board of ICI Fibres Division.
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newspaper, his mother a schoolteacher and his maternal grandfather a dockyard worker. Shortly after his birth, Beeching's family moved to
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Party was funded by rail unions. Beeching's findings have also been reviewed in two books by his contemporaries: R.H.N (Dick) Hardy:
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implemented by the subsequent Labour governments whose party received funds from unions associated with road industry associations.
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from 1973 to 1975 and the Economic Insurance Company. In 1968 he was invited to deliver the MacMillan Memorial Lecture to the
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Beeching was nevertheless instrumental in modernising many aspects of the railway network, particularly a greater emphasis on
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411:. In 1957 he was appointed to the ICI board as technical director, and for a short time also served as development director.
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The Times, "Beeching Report Proposes Closing Nearly a Third of Britain's 7,000 Railway Stations", 28 March 1963, p. 8.
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was decorated with various railway memorabilia, in particular regarding the Aberystwyth – London and Aberystwyth –
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The lines chosen in the 'Beeching II' report "for future development". The fate of other lines was not discussed.
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In 1938 he married Ella Margaret Tiley, whom he had known since his schooldays. They initially set up home in
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In 1953 he went to Canada as vice-president of ICI (Canada) Ltd, and was given overall responsibility for a
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is also so named. Coincidentally, a smaller pedestrian area in the vicinity is known as Stephenson's Walk.
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356:. Whilst with Armament Design, Beeching worked under the department's superintendent and chief engineer,
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Unsurprisingly, Beeching's plans were hugely controversial not only with trade unions, but with the
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in London, where he was appointed senior physicist carrying out research in the fields of physics,
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The Times, "The Second Stage of Dr. Beeching's Reorganisation Proposals", 17 February 1965, p. 8.
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Faulkner, Richard and Chris Austin, (2012) Holding the Line – How Britain's Railways were saved
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352:. His first post was with the Shell Design Section where he had a rank equivalent to that of
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Why Does Policy Change?: Lessons from British Transport Policy 1945–99 Dudley and Richardson
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982:. The gardens of the houses on the west side of the close meet the boundary of the old line.
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Beeching, at the age of 29, was lent by Mond Nickel on the recommendation of Dr Sykes at
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846:. Both are broadly sympathetic to Beeching's basic analysis and the proposed solution.
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The Times, "I.C.I. director to be first rail board chairman", 16 March 1961, p. 14.
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1168:"They Shall Grow Not Old - Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (223a - Kenneth Beeching)"
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Cooke, B.W.C., ed. (February 1965). "Notes and News: Dr. Beeching leaving B.R.".
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Hillman, Mayer and Anne Whalley (1980) The Social Consequences of Rail Closures
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Loft, Charles (2013) Last Trains – Dr Beeching and the Death of Rural England
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The Times, "Mr. Cousins says 'We Sacked Beeching'", 17 November 1965, p. 12.
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On 21 May 1969, Beeching performed the official opening ceremony for the
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The Times, "Lord Beeching: 'I Was Not Sacked'", 18 November 1965, p. 12.
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An illustrated history of the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway
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Gourvish, T. R. (1974), British Rail 1948 – 1973: A Business History
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348:, where he worked in its Armament Design and Research Departments at
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Beeching remained at Imperial College where he undertook a research
1139:"Few lines of comfort for BR: The Serpell Report on the railways",
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There is a pub that was called Lord Beechings at the end of the
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On 27 March 1963, under orders from Marples, Beeching published
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Sir Ewart Smith, who retired from ICI in 1959, was asked by the
271:) and John were born. All four Beeching boys attended the local
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Debrett's Handbook 1982, Distinguished People in British Life
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which did not require expensive and time-consuming shunting
372:. Beeching continued his work with armaments, particularly
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which was to be closed north of Newcastle; and traffic to
1663:"16 February 1965: Beeching plans for 'bloated' railways"
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Several ex-railway sites have been named after Beeching:
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on 7 July 1965, in the same year he became a director of
442:, Sir Ivan's report was not published until much later.
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who for a short but very notable time was chairman of
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Henshaw, David (1994). The Great Railway Conspiracy.
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Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
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Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
403:. He returned after two years to become chairman of
1319:"The Development of the Major Railway Trunk Routes"
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Second Beeching Report and creation of British Rail
286:. Beeching and his elder brother Geoffrey attended
209:(21 April 1913 – 23 March 1985), commonly known as
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1657:"Britain's most hated civil servant" (BBC website)
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267:where his brothers Kenneth (who was killed in the
544:that Beeching was to return to ICI in June 1965.
463:that Beeching would be the first chairman of the
1596:Karau, P., Parsons, M. and Robertson, K. (1984)
278:, Maidstone All Saints, and won scholarships to
1248:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
1246:The Oxford Companion to British Railway History
666:. In 1966 he was appointed as chairman of the
317:in 1936 and then the following year with the
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1221:British Railways 1948–73: A Business History
951:, is now a cul-de-sac called Beeching Close.
298:degrees. His younger brothers both attended
288:Imperial College of Science & Technology
1792:People educated at Maidstone Grammar School
943:The old station approach in the village of
864:politicians had deferred for many decades.
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1422:. Debrett's Peerage Limited. p. 129.
1191:The Times, Obituary, 25 March 1985, p. 12.
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966:city centre aptly named Beeching's Close.
536:. On 23 December 1964, Transport Minister
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27:British physicist and engineer (1913-1985)
1387:(Supplement). 12 June 1965. p. 5471.
1223:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1119:. London: Ian Allan Ltd. pp. 44–48.
1087:"East Grinstead - Baron Richard Beeching"
1000:In the late 1990s, a popular BBC sitcom,
797:Learn how and when to remove this message
689:The following year he became chairman of
643:it was announced that he would be made a
504:his report on the future of the railways
237:lines were reduced to freight use only.
1476:Lord Beeching re-opens the Dart Valley
1276:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 11.
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901:The Beechings Way industrial estate at
705:. He chose the subject "Organisation".
1244:Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon (1997).
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962:about 7 mi (11 km) south of
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1566:"Britain's most hated civil servant"
936:, located on the site of the former
779:adding citations to reliable sources
553:reorganisation of the railways. his
1777:Imperial Chemical Industries people
1458:from the original on 4 October 2018
890:, which until its refurbishment by
856:British Railways Modernisation Plan
1812:Life peers created by Elizabeth II
1116:Beeching: Champion of the Railway?
1089:. 21 February 2001. Archived from
820:Beeching – Champion of the Railway
472:, which would be abolished by the
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1787:Alumni of Imperial College London
1015:Coat of arms of Richard Beeching
980:The Reshaping of British Railways
508:The Reshaping of British Railways
227:The Reshaping of British Railways
169:6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
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691:Associated Electrical Industries
534:general election in October 1964
207:Richard Beeching, Baron Beeching
18:Richard Beeching, Baron Beeching
766:needs additional citations for
360:, a former chief engineer with
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1:
1418:Mosley, Charles, ed. (1981).
968:Countesthorpe railway station
954:There is a cul-de-sac in the
407:on the recommendation of Sir
1807:British Transport Commission
1705:British Transport Commission
1482:issue 350 July 1969 page 285
1407:. 9 July 1965. p. 6519.
1332:. February 1965. p. 104
578:would be routed through the
532:Labour came to power at the
470:British Transport Commission
432:British Transport Commission
362:Imperial Chemical Industries
1448:Macmillan Memorial Lectures
974:line between Leicester and
928:The road Beeching Drive in
854:branch line committee. The
693:, a role he also held with
290:in London, where both read
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300:Downing College, Cambridge
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1586:. Subterranea Britannica.
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309:under the supervision of
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1219:Gourvish, T. R. (1986).
1060:Straight Down The Middle
972:Midland Counties Railway
836:I Tried to Run a Railway
319:Mond Nickel Laboratories
280:Maidstone Grammar School
116:Maidstone Grammar School
1669:. BBC. 16 February 2008
1444:"Hugh Miller Macmillan"
1274:A walk along the tracks
938:Lowestoft North station
729:Queen Victoria Hospital
604:Great Western Main Line
486:1955 Modernisation Plan
121:Imperial College London
1731:British Railways Board
1330:British Railways Board
1113:Hardy, R.H.N. (1989).
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624:Minister of Technology
465:British Railways Board
446:Government appointment
327:mechanical engineering
282:, where Richard was a
1802:People from Sheerness
1797:People from Maidstone
1143:, 6 January 1983, p.9
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641:1965 Birthday Honours
492:First Beeching Report
434:to be chaired by Sir
424:Minister of Transport
245:Beeching was born in
1093:on 21 February 2001.
1003:Oh, Doctor Beeching!
903:Alford, Lincolnshire
775:improve this article
720:, then known as the
592:East Coast Main Line
580:West Coast Main Line
37:The Right Honourable
1772:British Rail people
1740:Sir Stanley Raymond
1693:Sir Brian Robertson
1685:Business positions
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810:the figures wrong.
722:Dart Valley Railway
697:from 1970 to 1977,
478:Sir Brian Robertson
415:Stedeford Committee
405:ICI Metals Division
296:First Class honours
161:on railway closures
1782:British physicists
1618:"The Beeching axe"
1584:"Disused Stations"
1404:The London Gazette
1384:The London Gazette
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474:Transport Act 1962
346:Ministry of Supply
342:Firth Brown Steels
311:Sir George Thomson
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1636:Debrett's Peerage
1572:. 1 October 2008.
1522:978-0-86093-647-3
1283:978-0-297-78042-7
1255:978-0-19-211697-0
1126:978-0-7110-1855-6
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1399:"No. 43708"
1379:"No. 43667"
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949:Oxfordshire
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727:He died at
664:Lloyds Bank
635:Later years
626:, told the
582:running to
506:, entitled
409:Ewart Smith
241:Early years
211:Dr Beeching
130:Occupations
101:Nationality
1767:Life peers
1751:Categories
1735:1963–1965
1709:1961–1963
1673:7 December
1462:29 January
1154:"Casualty"
1069:References
1051:Supporters
1045:Escutcheon
992:(West) to
896:Carmarthen
872:Ian Hislop
676:Birmingham
606:, then to
568:Manchester
564:Birmingham
538:Tom Fraser
440:Parliament
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323:metallurgy
187:Ella Tiley
66:1913-04-21
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645:life peer
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399:plant in
370:brigadier
315:Greenwich
294:and took
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247:Sheerness
215:physicist
150:1961-1985
136:Physicist
109:Education
95:, England
76:, England
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1726:Chairman
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1570:BBC News
1456:Archived
1272:(1982).
787:May 2013
712:between
612:Plymouth
598:and the
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576:Scotland
560:Coventry
527:en route
397:terylene
334:Solihull
219:engineer
213:, was a
139:engineer
1638:. 1985.
1336:10 July
1174:14 June
1042:Proper.
934:Suffolk
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822:(1989)
695:Redland
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401:Ontario
364:(ICI).
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166:Height
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915:Louth
680:Leeds
596:Wales
193:(
189:
174:Title
1675:2009
1602:ISBN
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1464:2019
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917:and
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716:and
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610:and
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325:and
255:Kent
217:and
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307:PhD
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