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498:, believing that it made them vulnerable to speculators and people who would take advantage of them. He came into conflict with the Indian Bureau and other government officials who supported the reservation system, as well as all those who made profits from them. In May 1904, Pratt denounced the Indian Bureau and the reservation system as a hindrance to the civilization and assimilation of Native Americans. This controversy, coupled with earlier disputes with the government over civil service reform, led to Pratt's forced retirement as superintendent of the Carlisle School on June 30, 1904.
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Pratt was outspoken and a leading member of what was called the "Friends of the Indian" movement at the end of the 19th century. He believed in the "noble" cause of "civilizing" Native
Americans. He said, "The Indians need the chances of participation you have had and they will just as easily become
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at the end of the Red River War. In addition, he worked to give prisoners agency and some independence: enlisting them in guard duty, assigning them other supervisory roles over their community, leading marching and maneuvers for exercise. In June 1879, while he was still stationed in
Florida, Pratt
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of 1874â1875. The severe winter of 1874-1875 resulted in many hostiles surrendering to US Indian Agents for their tribes. Pratt was responsible for gathering testimony to assess charges against men for actions outside warfare. He worked with interpreters and prisoners to clear as many charges as
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by cultural assimilation, which he effected both at Fort Marion and
Carlisle. He believed that to claim their rightful place as American citizens, Native Americans needed to renounce their tribal way of life, convert to Christianity, abandon their reservations, and seek education and employment
435:
Pratt did not regard his innovations at Fort Marion as limited to Native
Americans. He developed the paradigm of compulsory immersion education. At various times, it would be used in attempted assimilation of other minorities in the United States and its territories, including African Americans,
401:. Pratt was chosen to lead and supervise the prisoners at the fort, because he had experience with both the Indians and interpreters from working on their cases. After he requested further authority over the prisoners, he began to experiment with education at the fort.
649:
490:
Pratt regarded Native
Americans as worthy of respect and help, and capable of full participation in society. Many of his contemporaries regarded Native Americans as nearly subhuman. . Pratt preached assimilation in a day marked by rank segregation.
393:'s Attorney General concluded that a state of war could not exist between a nation and its wards (which the federally recognized tribes were considered). He ordered the prisoners to be sent as prisoners of war for permanent imprisonment at
296:. While on a recruiting detail in Indiana during the winter of 1863-1864, Pratt met Anna Mason. They were married on April 12, 1864. Eight days later he was commissioned as a first lieutenant of the 11th Regiment Indiana Cavalry.
41:
350:
Pratt was promoted to captain in
February 1883; major in July 1898; lieutenant colonel in February 1901; and to colonel in January 1903. He retired from the Army in February 1903; in April 1904 he was advanced to
314:
to be reunited with Anna, where he ran a hardware store. After two years in the hardware business, he re-entered the Army in March 1867 as a second lieutenant of the 10th United States
Cavalry. This was an
501:
The legacy of Pratt's boarding school programs is controversial among modern Native
American tribes. Some have labelled the wider American Indian boarding school system, that Pratt began, as a form of
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236:. He is also known for using the phrase "kill the Indian, save the man" in reference to the ethos of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School and efforts to forcibly assimilate
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Pratt served in administrative roles for the remainder of the war and was mustered out of the
Volunteer Service on May 29, 1865, at the rank of
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in 1849, hoping to strike it rich, but was robbed and murdered by another prospector. Pratt had to support his mother and two younger brothers.
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among the "best classes" of
Americans. In his writings he described his belief that the government must "kill the Indian...to save the man".
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Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice, 2008 BYU Law Review 377
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Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Latinos, Pacific Islanders, Asians, and Mormons. He took his pedagogical inspiration from the Puritans.
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as a young child, and had lifelong facial scarring as a result. In 1847, his father moved the family west to
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Richard Henry Pratt Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
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played Sergeant Wilks, who advocates a more harsh treatment of Indian prisoners than does Pratt.
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Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools
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Adams, David Wallace. "Education for Extinction". (1995). University Press of Kansas.
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Smith, Andrea. "Soul Wound: The Legacy of Native American Schools." Web. 1 Nov. 2010.
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featured an episode titled "The Special Courage of Captain Pratt" (1964); the actor
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1050:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
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517:. During his retirement years, he continued to lecture and argue his viewpoints.
307:, a military society for officers who had served the Union during the Civil War.
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288:. After his first three-month term expired, he re-enlisted as a sergeant of the
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Battlefield and Classroom: Four Decades with the American Indian, 1867â1904
432:, the first of many off-reservation boarding schools for Native Americans.
421:. Pratt spoke to Chipco and wrote an ethnographic study about the village.
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The Buffalo War: The History of the Red River Indian Uprising of 1874
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Pratt's role at the Carlisle School is addressed in the documentary,
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Pratt's long and active military career included eight years in the
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Pratt was opposed to the segregation of Native American tribes on
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706:"From Warrior to Saint: The life of David Pendelton Oakerhater"
228:. Pratt is associated with the first recorded use of the word "
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officer who founded and was longtime superintendent of the
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Photographs of a student (left) prior to his admission to
448:"Association of races and classes is necessary to destroy
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portrayed Pratt in the 1965 episode "The Journey" of the
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Pratt's father later left his family to take part in the
726:. NPR.org. January 6, 2014. Accessed November 11, 2016.
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Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States
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that adversely affected their children and families.
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32:
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724:The Ugly, Fascinating History Of The Word 'Racism'
327:, they were nicknamed by Native Americans as the "
859:Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2003. p 215
338:, during the Indian Wars. He participated in the
468:and after being admitted to the school (right),
323:. When they were assigned to Fort Sill in the
8:
844:American Indian Boarding Schools Haunt Many
331:", because of the texture of their hair.
828:Quaqua Society â Massachusetts Bay Colony.
216:(December 6, 1840 â March 15, 1924) was a
40:
29:
1109:20th-century United States Army personnel
1104:19th-century United States Army personnel
1079:Carlisle Indian Industrial School faculty
440:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
367:General Pratt and a young student at the
989:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
970:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
817:. Florida Anthrolopogical Society. 1973.
696:
662:
248:Pratt was born on December 6, 1840, in
234:racial segregation in the United States
1074:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
734:
732:
232:," which he used in 1902 to criticize
1039:Works by or about Richard Henry Pratt
525:Pratt died on March 15, 1924, at the
319:regiment, some of whose members were
7:
424:On November 1, 1879, he founded the
480:Americanization of Native Americans
745:Texas State Historical Association
417:village which was headed by Chief
25:
912:"Burial detail: Pratt, Richard H"
466:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
426:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
369:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
222:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
183:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
985:Eastman, Elaine Goodale (1935).
708:. Oklahoma State. Archived from
677:
665:
200:
162:
148:
1084:Educators from New York (state)
644:American Indian outing programs
630:Our Spirits Don't Speak English
478:Pratt instituted a practice of
404:In the 1870s at Fort Marion in
303:. He became a companion of the
1089:People from Rushford, New York
846:". Accessed September 2, 2014.
569:portrayed Richard Henry Pratt.
1:
966:Pratt, Richard Henry (2004).
545:Representation in other media
513:Pratt retired to his home in
469:
376:
286:9th Indiana Infantry Regiment
240:into white American culture.
857:Battlefield & Classroom.
838:Bear, Charla. May 12, 2008,
290:2nd Regiment Indiana Cavalry
1099:United States Army generals
535:Arlington National Cemetery
100:Arlington National Cemetery
1125:
1048:Richard Henry Pratt Papers
987:Pratt, the Red Man's Moses
814:The Florida anthropologist
766:Battlefield and Classroom.
539:Arlington County, Virginia
27:United States Army officer
1010:. Garden City, New York:
778:Battlefield and Classroom
39:
1002:Haley, James L. (1976).
606:In the 2005 miniseries,
359:Fort Marion and Carlisle
284:, Pratt enlisted in the
172:United States Volunteers
941:Internet Movie Database
591:. In the same episode,
527:Letterman Army Hospital
292:; he saw action at the
280:At the outbreak of the
85:Letterman Army Hospital
855:Pratt, Richard Henry.
741:"Pratt, Richard Henry"
561:The television series
557:
555:Castillo de San Marcos
475:
457:
456:," Pratt wrote in 1902
430:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
406:St. Augustine, Florida
399:St. Augustine, Florida
382:
373:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
226:Carlisle, Pennsylvania
776:Richard Henry Pratt,
764:Richard Henry Pratt,
620:, Pratt is played by
553:Portrait of Pratt at
552:
463:
447:
366:
355:on the Retired List.
342:of 1868â1869 and the
294:Battle of Chickamauga
137:Years of service
739:Anderson, H. Allen.
533:. He is interred at
389:subsided, President
265:California Gold Rush
1094:Union Army officers
563:The Great Adventure
515:Rochester, New York
487:useful citizens."
312:Logansport, Indiana
258:Logansport, Indiana
214:Richard Henry Pratt
34:Richard Henry Pratt
871:"Amnesty Magazine"
799:2009-03-25 at the
672:American Civil War
558:
476:
458:
383:
325:Oklahoma Territory
310:Pratt returned to
282:American Civil War
276:American Civil War
250:Rushford, New York
218:United States Army
127:United States Army
69:Rushford, New York
50:lieutenant in 1879
48:United States Army
900:978-0-7006-0838-6
588:Death Valley Days
583:television series
503:cultural genocide
353:brigadier general
211:Brigadier-General
208:
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154:Brigadier-General
16:(Redirected from
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1043:Internet Archive
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998:
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943:. March 29, 1965
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873:. Archived from
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614:Steven Spielberg
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410:Indian Territory
391:Ulysses S. Grant
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340:Washita campaign
329:Buffalo Soldiers
317:African American
238:Native Americans
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66:December 6, 1840
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1033:External links
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945:. Retrieved
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919:. Retrieved
916:ANC Explorer
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879:. Retrieved
875:the original
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748:. Retrieved
744:
722:Gene Demby.
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710:the original
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599:was cast as
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573:Wayne Rogers
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336:Great Plains
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158:Regular Army
80:(1924-03-15)
1069:1924 deaths
1064:1840 births
921:12 February
601:Yellow Bear
473: 1882
395:Fort Marion
387:Indian Wars
380: 1890
46:Pratt as a
1058:Categories
947:August 25,
881:2006-02-08
750:5 February
618:DreamWorks
577:syndicated
567:Paul Burke
509:Retirement
413:visited a
385:After the
347:possible.
244:Early life
192:Anna Laura
131:Union Army
107:Allegiance
89:California
62:1840-12-06
1012:Doubleday
684:Education
197:Signature
189:Spouse(s)
140:1861â1903
995:35021899
797:Archived
638:See also
454:classism
415:Seminole
321:freedmen
254:smallpox
179:Commands
121:Service/
1041:at the
658:Portals
633:(2008).
580:western
301:captain
168:Captain
1018:
993:
974:
898:
450:racism
419:Chipco
271:Career
230:racism
123:branch
95:Buried
691:Notes
521:Death
115:Union
1016:ISBN
991:LCCN
972:ISBN
949:2015
923:2023
896:ISBN
752:2015
616:and
452:and
145:Rank
75:Died
56:Born
842:, "
840:NPR
537:in
428:at
371:in
260:.
224:at
1060::
1014:.
939:.
914:.
784:^
743:.
731:^
585:,
541:.
470:c.
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377:c.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
