626:. These documents, along with 34,000 pages of FBI files, which, although discovered in 1981, had not been disclosed to the public, represented a windfall of previously undisclosed information. As a direct result of this new evidence, Anna Hauptmann again amended her civil complaint on July 14, 1986, to clear her late husband's name by continuing to assert that he was "framed from beginning to end" by the police looking for a suspect. She suggested that the rail of the ladder taken from the attic, where they used to live in 1935, was planted by the police, and that the ransom money was left behind by Isidor Fisch, who was possibly the real kidnapper. Fisch applied for a passport on May 12, 1932, the same day that the Lindbergh baby was found dead. On December 9, 1933, he sailed for Germany, taking with him "$ 600 to buy
484:
had been murdered by his confederates. However, during the trial, "Condon did identify
Hauptmann, although he took a pounding from the defense for his earlier failure to do so", and later claimed that he had "immediately recognized John". His initial description of "John" as a person "in his thirties, 5'9" tall, and 165 pounds and spoke with a distinct German accent turned out to be a fair description of Hauptmann."
33:
649:
602:
Today, the
Lindbergh phenomenon is a giant hoax perpetrated by people who are taking advantage of an uninformed and cynical public. Notwithstanding all of the books, TV programs, and legal suits, Hauptmann is as guilty today as he was in 1932 when he kidnapped and killed the son of Mr and Mrs Charles
483:
Turrou that
Hauptmann was not "John", the man whom Condon claimed he had passed the ransom money to in St. Raymond's Cemetery. He further stated that Hauptmann looked different (for instance that he had different eyes, was heavier, and had different hair), and that "John" was actually dead because he
615:(then 86) for over $ 100 million in wrongful-death damages. She claimed that the newly discovered documents proved misconduct by the prosecution and the manufacture of evidence by government agents, all of whom were biased against Hauptmann because he happened to be of German ethnicity. In 1983, the
426:
During the trial, Hauptmann was identified as the man who received the ransom money, the man who had spent some of the ransom gold certificates, and as a man seen near the
Lindbergh home on the day of the kidnapping. He had been absent from work on the day of the ransom payment and had quit his job
630:", although Hauptmann testified during the trial that he had in fact given this exact amount to Fisch. In addition to this, "Fisch's German relatives described him as being penniless, and his American associates claimed he left the country owing them sizable debts." In 1990, New Jersey's governor,
526:
Several books have been written proclaiming
Hauptmann's innocence. These books variously criticize the police for allowing the crime scenes to become contaminated, Lindbergh and his associates for interfering with the investigation, Hauptmann's trial lawyers for ineffectively representing him, and
495:
Other coverage has said that certain witnesses were intimidated, and some claim that the police planted or doctored evidence, such as the ladder; or that the police doctored
Hauptmann's time cards and ignored fellow workers who stated that Hauptmann was working the day of the kidnapping. These and
487:
While waiting in a car nearby, Lindbergh heard the voice of "John" calling to Condon during the ransom drop-off, but never saw him. Although he testified before the Bronx grand jury that he heard only the words "Hey, Doc!", and that it would be very difficult to say he could recognize a man by his
507:
Erastus Mead Hudson was a fingerprint expert who knew about the then-rare silver nitrate process of collecting fingerprints from wood and other surfaces on which the previous powder method would not work. He found that
Hauptmann's fingerprints were not on the wood, even in places that the man who
471:
In the latter part of the 20th century, the case against
Hauptmann came under serious scrutiny. For instance, one item of evidence at his trial was a scrawled phone number on a board in his closet, which was the number of the man who delivered the ransom, John F. Condon. A juror at the trial said
422:
Evidence against
Hauptmann included: $ 14,600 of the ransom money found in his garage; testimony alleging handwriting and spelling similarities to that found on the ransom notes; testimony that lumber used in constructing the ladder probably originated in Hauptmann's house; Condon's address and
1382:
For the
Lindbergh case, the revisionist movement began in 1976 with the publication of a book by a tabloid reporter named Anthony Scaduto. In Scapegoat, Scaduto asserts that the Lindbergh baby was not murdered and that Hauptmann was the victim of a mass conspiracy of prosecution perjury and
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deposited by a gas station was on the list of Lindbergh ransom bills. On the bill's margin, the attendant, who found the certificate suspicious, had written the license plate number of the customer's car, which turned out to be Hauptmann's. Hauptmann was placed under surveillance by the
326:. The friend wielded Hauptmann's army pistol during the commission of this crime. Hauptmann's other charges include burgling a mayor's house with the use of a ladder. Released after three years in prison, he was arrested three months later on suspicion of additional burglaries.
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Hauptmann's attorney, Edward J. Reilly, argued that the evidence against Hauptmann was entirely circumstantial, as no reliable witness had placed Hauptmann at the scene of the crime, nor were his fingerprints found on the ladder, the ransom notes, or anywhere in the nursery.
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argued that Hauptmann could not have received a fair trial because the press created an atmosphere of prejudice against him. Bommersbach noted that in those days, newspapers acted as both "judge and jury", and covered crime in a way that would be considered
260:. He was the youngest of five children. Neither he nor his family or friends used the name Bruno, although prosecutors in the Lindbergh kidnapping trial insisted on referring to him by that name. At the age of eleven, he joined the Boy Scouts (
598:(1999) to address, at least in part, what he calls a "revision movement". In these texts, he explains in detail the evidence against Hauptmann. He provides an interpretation discussing both the pros and cons of that evidence. He concluded:
868:; this report also concerns the arrest of one Richard Bruno Hauptmann, charged with Extortion in connection with the $ 50, Thousand Lindbergh Ransom Money. September 25, 1934. New Jersey State Police Museum and Learning Center Archives.
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telephone number found written on the inside of one of Hauptmann's closets; and what appeared to be a hand-drawn sketch of a ladder found in one of Hauptmann's notebooks. Experts retained by the defense were never called to testify.
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Additionally, neither Lindbergh nor the go-between who delivered the ransom initially identified Hauptmann as the recipient. Condon, after seeing Hauptmann in a lineup at New York Police Department Greenwich Street Station, told
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made the ladder must have touched. Upon reporting this to a police officer and stating that they must look further, the officer said, "Good God, don't tell us that, Doctor!" The ladder was then washed of all fingerprints, and
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this was the one item that convinced him the most; according to some accounts, a reporter later admitted he had written the number himself. However, Hauptmann stated in court that he had written it but could not remember why.
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in September or October 1918; and that he was struck in the helmet by shrapnel from shelling, knocking him out so that he was left for dead. When he came to, he crawled back to safety and was back on duty that evening.
372:, but the infant's body was found on May 12 in woods 4 miles (6.4 km) from the family's home. The death was ascribed to a blow to the head, which some have theorized occurred accidentally during the abduction.
236:. Anna later sued the State of New Jersey, various former police officers, the Hearst newspapers that had published pre-trial articles insisting on Hauptmann's guilt, and former prosecutor David T. Wilentz.
809:
Richard ("Bruno") Hauptmann Biography, Famous American Trials, Richard Hauptmann (Lindbergh Kidnapping) Trial by Douglas Linder, 2000 Famous Trials – UMKC School of Law – Prof. Douglas Linder –
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558:, which took the position that Hauptmann was framed and that the police both withheld and fabricated evidence. This led to further investigation, and in 1985, Ludovic Kennedy published
583:. She points out that instead of being investigated as a possible suspect (due to his fame), Lindbergh helped lead the investigation despite being home at the time of the abduction.
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On September 19, Hauptmann realized he was being watched and attempted to escape, speeding and running through red lights. He was captured after finding himself blocked by a truck on
504:, to question the manner in which the investigation and the trial were conducted. Hauptmann's widow campaigned until the end of her life to have her husband's conviction reversed.
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For more than 50 years, Hauptmann's widow fought with the New Jersey courts without success to get the case re-opened. In 1982, the then 82-year-old Anna Hauptmann sued the
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became known as "The Crime of the Century". Both Hauptmann and his wife, Anna Hauptmann, proclaimed his innocence to his death, when he was executed in 1936 by
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refused her request that the federal judge considering the case should be disqualified because of judicial bias, and in 1984, the judge dismissed her claims.
306:. Hauptmann later claimed he was deployed to western France with the 177th Regiment of Machine Gunners in either August or September 1918, then fought in the
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Hauptmann's widow, Anna, had his body cremated. Two Lutheran pastors conducted a private memorial service in German. A crowd of some 2,000 gathered outside.
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Hauptmann was convicted, however, and immediately sentenced to death. His appeals failed, though his execution was stayed twice while New Jersey Governor
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611:, various former police officers, the Hearst newspapers that had published pre-trial articles insisting on Hauptmann's guilt, and former prosecutor
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but was transferred to the 103rd Infantry Replacement Regiment upon his arrival. In 1918, Hauptmann was assigned to the 12th Machine Gun Company at
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Some authors suggest Lindbergh was involved in the kidnapping and/or death of his baby, including retired judge Lise Pearlman in her 2020 book
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454:. Reporters present said he made no statement. His spiritual advisor said that Hauptmann told him, before being taken from his cell, "
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After the war, Hauptmann and a friend robbed two women wheeling baby carriages they were using to transport food on the road between
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753:, Autobiography: Unedited & Uncorrected (Translated). New Jersey State Police Museum and Learning Center Archives, May 4, 1935.
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562:, in which he argued that Hauptmann had not kidnapped and murdered Lindbergh Jr. The book was made into the 1996 television film
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368:; a homemade ladder was found under the window of the child's room. The $ 50,000 demanded in a ransom note had been delivered by
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Hauptmann's father died in 1917. During that same year, Hauptmann learned that his brother, Herman, had been killed fighting in
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in particular questioned much of the evidence, such as the origin of the ladder and the testimony of many of the witnesses.
1098:, Original Manuscript: Unedited & Uncorrected, circa 1937. New Jersey State Police Museum and Learning Center Archives.
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in November 1923, the 24-year-old Hauptmann was protected by a member of the established German community and worked as a
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1576:"Hauptmann's Ladder: A Step-by-Step Analysis of the Lindbergh Kidnapping," Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio,
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Hauptmann, Bruno Richard. Statement. December 6, 1934. New Jersey State Police Museum and Learning Center Archives.
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Lindbergh, for his part, believed that Hauptmann must have been involved in the kidnapping and murder of his son.
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who was convicted of the abduction and murder of Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Jr., the 20-month-old son of aviator
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866:
Investigation concerning a recovered $ 10.00 U.S. gold certificate which is part of the Lindbergh Ransom Money
1123:. Hunterdon County Court of Oyer and Termner. Vol. 5. New Jersey State Law Library. 1935. p. 2606.
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341:. He married a German waitress, Anna Schoeffler (1898–1994), in 1925 and became a father eight years later.
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295:. Shortly thereafter, Hauptmann was conscripted into the German Army and assigned to an artillery battery.
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291:. Not long after that, he was informed that another brother, Max, had also been killed while fighting in
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Report of Examination of Ladder for the New Jersey State Police: Summary of Observations and Conclusions
810:
634:, declined her appeal for a meeting to clear Hauptmann's name. Anna Hauptmann died on October 10, 1994.
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In 1985, more than 23,000 pages of Hauptmann-case police documents were found in the garage of the late
221:
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941:"Death sentence by court to convict Hauptmann for kidnap and murder of son of avia...HD Stock Footage"
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1284:"Retired Oakland judge has shocking theory about infamous Lindbergh kidnapping. And it's catching on"
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Record Number 1 A 95/19 against Fritz Petzold and accomplice, County Court at Bautzen, June 17, 1919,
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1554:"Sleeping Dogs: A true story of the Lindbergh baby kidnapping," Split Oak Press, Ithaca, New York,
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the reliability of the witnesses and physical evidence presented at the trial. Scottish journalist
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Not all modern authors agree with these theories. Jim Fisher, a former FBI agent and professor at
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1200:; Charles Lindbergh Testimony, p. 5, September 26, 1934. The New York City Municipal Archive.
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Note: Gold certificates were rapidly being withdrawn from circulation and were becoming rare
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Memorandum For File: Unknown Subjects – Kidnaping and Murder of Charles A. Lindbergh Jr.
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788:; pp. 2–3, October 3, 1934. New Jersey State Police Museum and Learning Center Archives.
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274:) at night, studying carpentry for the first year, then switching to machine building (
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766:; p.1, October 3, 1934. New Jersey State Police Museum and Learning Center Archives.
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523:, refused to disclose to the public that Hauptmann's prints were not on the ladder.
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1397:"The Lindbergh Case: How Can Such a Guilty Kidnapper be so Innocent? – Page 3 of 3"
631:
1605:
268:). Hauptmann attended public school during the day while attending trade school (
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893:
1587:"The Dark Corners – Of the Lindbergh Kidnapping Volume 1," Infinity Publishing,
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396:
288:
32:
375:
On September 15, 1934, a bank teller realized that the serial number on a $ 10
1616:
1096:
The Crime – The Case – The Challenge (What Was Wrong with the Lindbergh Case?)
1033:; New Jersey State Police Museum and Learning Center Archives, April 11, 1935.
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492:. The police beat Hauptmann while in custody at the Greenwich Street Station.
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voice, he identified Hauptmann as having the same voice during his trial in
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338:
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109:
1339:
The Ghosts of Hopewell: Setting the Record Straight in the Lindbergh Case
1309:
1059:. 1600 File. New Jersey State Police Museum and Learning Center Archives.
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Bleam, I. C. Prison Clerk, New Jersey State Prison. Death House Menu, "
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Ich bin absolut unschuldig an den Verbrechen, die man mir zur Last legt
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On the evening of March 1, 1932, Charles Lindbergh Jr., son of aviator
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249:
1007:; U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. March 4, 1933.
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Report to Mr James M. Fawcett: Examination of Bruno Richard Hauptmann
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Report to Mr James M. Fawcett: Examination of Bruno Richard Hauptmann
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57:
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Last meal served to Bruno Richard Hauptmann, #17400, April 3, 1936"
724:. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Archived from
1213:; September 24, 1934. National Archives at College Park Maryland.
1157:; September 21, 1934. National Archives at College Park Maryland.
419:", while Hauptmann was named "The Most Hated Man in the World".
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Hauptmann v. Bornmann et al. USDC (NJ) Civil Action No. 86-2426
855:
The North American Review, Vol. 237, No. 1, January 1934, p. 55
534:
In her book about another high-profile trial of the 1930s, the
460:" ("I am absolutely innocent of the crimes I am accused of").
16:
German-American executed for kidnapping and murder (1899–1936)
1366:"The Lindbergh Case: A Look Back to the Future – Page 3 of 3"
1565:"The Sixteenth Rail," Fulcrum Publishing, Golden, Colorado,
1174:
Confidential Informant: Law Enforcement's Most Valuable Tool
581:
The Lindbergh Kidnapping Suspect No. 1: The Man Who Got Away
1046:; vol. 11 pp. 4687–88, 1935. New Jersey State Law Library.
691:"Top 25 Crimes of the Century – The Lindbergh Kidnapping"
1108:
The crime of the Century: The Lindbergh Kidnapping Hoax
1042:"The State of New Jersey vs. Bruno Richard Hauptmann,"
1016:"The State of New Jersey vs. Bruno Richard Hauptmann,"
212:(November 26, 1899 – April 3, 1936) was a German-born
1617:
YouTube: Hauptmann Testifies, Millions Wait 1935/01/30
1020:; vol. 5, p. 2606, 1935. New Jersey State Law Library.
864:
Horn, William F. Cpl. New Jersey State Police Report.
1584:, Copyright 2014 by Richard T. Cahill Jr., 448 pages.
722:"The Trial of Richard 'Bruno' Hauptmann: An Account"
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The State of New Jersey vs. Bruno Richard Hauptmann
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329:Hauptmann illegally entered the United States by
1460:"Biography of Isidor Fisch - UMKC School of Law"
1436:American Murder: Criminals, Crime, and the Media
446:On April 3, 1936, Hauptmann was executed in the
1834:People executed by New Jersey by electric chair
831:The concise encyclopedia of crime and criminals
600:
1612:Author Jim Fisher's Site on the Hauptmann Case
1595:, Copyright 2016 by Michael Melsky, 353 pages.
1573:, copyright by Adam Schrager, 2013, 314 pages.
1562:, Copyright 2012 by Michael Foldes, 236 pages.
1438:. Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press. p. 192.
805:
803:
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1606:Photographic Evidence from the Hauptmann Case
1343:. Southern Illinois Univ Press. p. 224.
8:
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1153:Turrou, Leon G. Special Agent FBI (62-3057)
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1110:, p. 164. (Gregory Ahlgren, Stephen Monier)
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1135:An Account of the Trial of Bruno Hauptmann
1044:Hunterdon County Court of Oyer and Termeer
1018:Hunterdon County Court of Oyer and Termeer
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844:Federal Sleuth Believes Bruno Wasn't Alone
298:Upon receiving his orders, he was sent to
121:murder-kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh Jr.
31:
20:
972:. Rutgers University Press. p. 336.
1854:Illegal immigration to the United States
1829:People convicted of murder by New Jersey
1608:on the New Jersey State Archives Website
846:". The Washington Post. January 28, 1935
812:Biography of ("Bruno") Richard Hauptmann
590:, has written two books on the subject,
1072:". The New York American. April 4, 1936
681:
1085:". The Washington Post. July 17, 1972.
1031:Letter from Julia Farr to Lloyd Fisher
986:from the original on February 18, 2017
912:from the original on February 18, 2017
1789:German emigrants to the United States
1769:20th-century executions by New Jersey
1255:The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd
1176:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 34.
7:
1804:German Army personnel of World War I
1372:from the original on October 3, 2011
1234:from the original on October 6, 2007
244:Bruno Richard Hauptmann was born in
1518:. New York: Scribner. p. 168.
1209:Tamm, E. A. Assistant Director FBI
588:Edinboro University of Pennsylvania
1466:from the original on March 2, 2022
1316:from the original on July 19, 2011
14:
1849:People from the Kingdom of Saxony
1814:German people convicted of murder
1335:Fisher, Jim (December 15, 1999).
1282:Fagan, Kevin (January 2, 2024).
647:
382:New York City Police Department
147:
1859:People from Eastchester, Bronx
1486:"Testimony of Bruno Hauptmann"
833:. Hawthorn Books, 1961, p. 134
333:on an ocean liner. Landing in
1:
1819:German people executed abroad
1774:20th-century German criminals
1709:The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case
1383:fabricated physical evidence.
538:case, investigative reporter
1809:German murderers of children
1540:The Airman and the Carpenter
898:. Rutgers University Press.
560:The Airman and the Carpenter
1784:Executed people from Saxony
1667:Henry Skillman Breckinridge
1211:Memorandum For The Director
617:United States Supreme Court
256:, which was a state of the
1875:
1839:People executed for murder
1253:Bommersbach, Jana (1992).
415:His trial was dubbed the "
348:
280:) for the next two years.
100:Execution by electrocution
1514:; Olshaker, Mark (2001).
203:
157:
30:
1196:"People vs. Hauptmann,"
969:The Case That Never Dies
720:Linder, Douglas (2005).
496:other findings prompted
119:Being convicted for the
1516:The Cases That Haunt Us
1288:San Francisco Chronicle
1172:Madinger, John (2000).
1094:Hoffman, Harold Giles.
1083:Witness to an Execution
784:Huddleson, Dr James H.
762:Huddleson, Dr James H.
521:New Jersey State Police
452:New Jersey State Prison
386:New Jersey State Police
356:Crime and investigation
210:Bruno Richard Hauptmann
44:Bruno Richard Hauptmann
1692:Norman Schwarzkopf Sr.
818:June 21, 2010, at the
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596:The Ghosts of Hopewell
513:Norman Schwarzkopf Sr.
456:
366:Highfields, New Jersey
308:Battle of Saint-Mihiel
276:
270:
262:
1794:German male criminals
1779:Criminals from Saxony
1682:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
1141:July 9, 2009, at the
364:, was kidnapped from
222:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
1824:Lindbergh kidnapping
1716:Crime of the Century
1653:Lindbergh kidnapping
1492:. UMKC School of Law
1259:Simon & Schuster
1198:The Bronx Grand Jury
892:Fisher, Jim (1994).
751:The Story of My Life
671:Presumption of guilt
565:Crime of the Century
417:Trial of the Century
351:Lindbergh kidnapping
345:Lindbergh kidnapping
234:Trenton State Prison
226:Lindbergh kidnapping
84:Trenton State Prison
1434:Mayo, Mike (2008).
1070:Bruno Dies in Chair
749:Hauptmann, Richard
701:on January 19, 2011
689:Chua-Eoan, Howard.
609:State of New Jersey
574:Isabella Rossellini
502:Director of the FBI
438:reviewed the case.
172:First-degree murder
96:Cause of death
88:Trenton, New Jersey
1844:People from Kamenz
1737:Hauptmann's Ladder
1403:on October 3, 2011
1081:Folliard, Edward "
895:The Lindbergh Case
592:The Lindbergh Case
277:Maschinenschlosser
1746:
1745:
1687:Charles Lindbergh
1677:Richard Hauptmann
1593:978-1-4958-1042-8
1582:978-1-6063519-3-2
1571:978-1-55591-716-6
1560:978-0-9823513-9-0
1525:978-0-74321-239-7
1445:978-1-57859-196-1
1350:978-0-8093-2285-5
979:978-0-8135-3385-8
964:Gardner, Lloyd C.
905:978-0-8135-2147-3
436:Harold G. Hoffman
362:Charles Lindbergh
254:Kingdom of Saxony
218:Charles Lindbergh
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54:November 26, 1899
25:Richard Hauptmann
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697:. Archived from
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624:Governor Hoffman
613:David T. Wilentz
545:sensationalistic
540:Jana Bommersbach
536:Winnie Ruth Judd
467:Guilt questioned
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377:gold certificate
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1401:the original
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930:Archived at
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632:James Florio
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78:(1936-04-03)
18:
1764:1936 deaths
1759:1899 births
1310:"Biography"
1293:January 21,
1226:Extradition
705:February 1,
628:Reichsmarks
603:Lindbergh.
594:(1987) and
570:Stephen Rea
568:, starring
397:Park Avenue
324:Nebelschütz
304:Königsbrück
289:World War I
1753:Categories
677:References
490:Flemington
388:, and the
240:Background
177:Kidnapping
106:Occupation
50:1899-11-26
1723:Baby Case
1407:April 29,
1376:April 29,
1320:April 29,
556:Scapegoat
550:In 1974,
442:Execution
339:carpenter
214:carpenter
182:Extortion
110:Carpenter
1496:July 17,
1470:March 2,
1464:Archived
1370:Archived
1314:Archived
1238:June 10,
1232:Archived
1139:Archived
984:Archived
934:and the
910:Archived
816:Archived
732:June 24,
664:J. Edgar
641:See also
130:Executed
946:YouTube
547:today.
519:of the
510:Colonel
450:at the
403:in the
300:Bautzen
252:in the
250:Dresden
232:at the
152:
144:
1660:People
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1542:(1985)
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667:(film)
554:wrote
515:, the
312:gassed
293:Russia
285:France
246:Kamenz
224:. The
135:Spouse
90:, U.S.
62:Saxony
58:Kamenz
1701:Media
411:Trial
405:Bronx
320:Wiesa
194:Death
146:(
142:
1589:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1498:2024
1472:2022
1440:ISBN
1409:2011
1378:2011
1345:ISBN
1322:2011
1295:2024
1263:ISBN
1240:2007
1178:ISBN
992:2016
974:ISBN
918:2016
900:ISBN
734:2009
707:2011
695:Time
572:and
322:and
73:Died
40:Born
478:FBI
390:FBI
287:in
196:by
1755::
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148:m.
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48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
