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Suppose a subaltern had just landed and hears the approach of what he thinks is an enemy tank, what would he do? The answer so often was that he would get on the blower and tell his company commander; to the question what would he have done had he been a company commander in similar circumstances came a similar answer. This tendency to hang decisions on the next superior should have no place in the mental attitude of an airborne officer, for in nine cases out of ten he might never make the contact; but, even if he did, it was action that was wanted and this was where initiative came in.
44:
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to this, but I think that for the majority it always holds true. When a parachute soldier lands he knows that his future chances of survival rest on his personal skill. His weapon and the comparatively small amount of ammunition he can carry are all he has. He is, for some time at least, away from artillery or tank support; he may be dropped wide and find himself alone and he may be injured; but it is his battle and he knows it. When he jumps the parachute soldier gains something that he never loses.
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forces were as important as their number, and he drew additional lessons on the disproportionate effect that surprise manoeuvre had on a "demoralised or unprepared enemy", as opposed to a 'well-trained opposition', from the operations of his own 6th
Airborne Division in Normandy. Later in life, Gale examined the issues of war in the nuclear age. Still an advocate of manoeuvre and high-quality forces, Gale was to stress the importance of achieving mobility and flexibility in the face of the
751:, of Gales' 1st Para Brigade, was selected to participate. The raid, "a model of a combined operation on a minor scale", in Gale's own words was very successful, with the objective – to seize equipment from a German radar station in France – being achieved, although there were casualties. Frost would later command the battalion, most notably in the
784:(RAF), as well as to solve the aircraft shortages that stymied many attempts to conduct further airborne operations. There was a great deal of rivalry between the two services, with the RAF sure that large-scale bombing would win the conflict, and therefore unwilling to transfer any aircraft to the army for use by airborne forces.
957:. It was achieved with light casualties. The two parachute brigades, the 3rd and 5th, landed soon after and landed, for the most part, where intended, although numbers of paratroopers dropped in the flooded countryside. The Merville Gun Battery also fell, although with heavy losses to Lieutenant-Colonel
1312:
Gale's approach to military affairs emerged from both his personal history and personality. Gale, a 'tall, bluff, ruddy' individual, with a reputation as 'a bit of a buccaneer' but allegedly possessing a 'hectoring manner and a loud voice', was one of a number of First World War veterans to challenge
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Of all the characteristics the airborne soldier would expect and look for in his officers initiative is probably the most important. I tried this test by putting it in the form of a question of what an individual would do in certain circumstances, and this I tried out later when training my division.
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The parachute soldier has characteristics that mark him out among men. First, he is a volunteer and, second, he has to overcome something every time he jumps. Few men will willingly hurl themselves out of an aeroplane, and when doing so they inevitably have to fight fear. Perhaps some may get callous
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During the Second World War, Gale applied these principles to the development of airborne forces. An advocate of shock manoeuvre with elite forces, Gale stressed extensive training, the use of the latest battlefield technologies and strong personal leadership. For Gale, the quality of one's military
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For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in covering the retirement of the infantry with his section of machine guns, holding up the attack and causing the enemy heavy casualties. Later, when a shell landed in the centre of the gun limbers, he went out under heavy fire and unhitched the killed
779:
Then in April 1942 Gale, by now a war-substantive lieutenant-colonel, was ordered to hand over his brigade to Edwin
Flavell, formerly his company commander in France over twenty years before, and, much to his displeasure, posted back to the War Office as Deputy Director of Staff Duties (DDSD), and
1322:
manoeuvrist theorists during his time at the Staff
College, Quetta in the early 1930s. Gale saw a narrative in the sequence of developments from the creation of the new infantry tactics of 1918, through to the tanks and airborne forces of the 1940s, that demonstrated the 'fundamental necessity of
1317:
in 1916 heavily influenced Gale's thinking, and he emerged from the war with a suspicion of predominantly firepower-led operations. Looking back, Gale was to remember the 'wonderful panorama' of the infantry successfully advancing using modern infiltration tactics on a clear day in the spring of
588:
was a fellow subaltern who, like Gale, was to attain the highest ranks in the army. However, in 1922 the MGC was disbanded and Gale reverted to serving with the
Worcestershire Regiment, and served with the 3rd Battalion, Worcesters before that, too, was disbanded, with Gale transferring to the
1069:
On 5 September the division was taken out of the front lines, after almost exactly three months since landing in
Normandy, and returned to the United Kingdom for rest and recuperation, after sustaining almost 4,500 casualties. Soon after returning to England the 6th Airborne Division's sister
770:
This splendid material deserved the best officers. In forming my brigade I was fortunate in having the privilege of selecting all company commanders, the commanding officers selecting the remainder. There was no shortage of volunteers. I took as my yardstick their potential as leaders. Though
1061:, advancing some 45 miles in nine days, capturing 400 square miles of enemy territory and capturing over 1,000 of the enemy. All this was achieved despite the belief of Crocker, the corps commander, and Gale himself, that the division was poorly equipped for a rapid pursuit.
427:. Instead Gale followed in his father's footsteps and gained employment as an insurance agent, but he rapidly grew to dislike the job; determined to enter the British Army, he attended regular physical training classes and studied hard to improve his academic grades.
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participating. Despite the operation's success, with Gale calling it "the most successful of all airborne operations", both divisions suffered very heavy casualties and the need for the entire operation was questionable, both at the time and later.
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However, when I arrived I found I had been sent not on a course but to a corps. I asked to be returned to my unit, but was very properly told to shut up and get on with it. In this way began my secondment to the famous
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852:. No British airborne division had ever been deployed into battle entirely through aerial means, and devising plans and formulating tactics for the operation placed a great deal of pressure on Gale.
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to replace the very heavy losses suffered by the 1st
Airborne Division (now commanded by Hopkinson who had succeeded Browning) during its operations, but it was soon expanded with the arrival of the
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landing on the western flank, and the
British 6th Airborne Division, under Gale, on the eastern flank. The 6th Airborne Division was to capture a number of bridges over the river Orne and the
612:
on 1 January 1934. Gale left India in
January 1936 and returned to England to serve with the DCLI, receiving a brevet promotion to major on 1 July. In February 1937 he was transferred to the
855:
However, Gale's thoroughness paid off when the division successfully landed in
Normandy in June 1944. For his part in planning and taking part in Operation Tonga, Gale was awarded the
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were limited, and although he received above average grades in his annual reports, he remained a subaltern for fifteen years, until he was promoted to the rank of captain in the
780:
subsequently promoted to
Director of Air. Gale's remit as Director of Air was to attempt to formulate a clear policy about the use of airborne forces between the army and the
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539:, who was to serve in Gales' later career. On 23 February the company merged into the 42nd Battalion, MGC. It was during his service as a subaltern in France that he won the
294:
238:
816:, codename for the British airborne landings in Normandy, in June 1944. The division was initially understrength due to trained British airborne troops being transferred to
1243:, he was transferred and became Director-General of Military Training. Gale was promoted to general on 6 June 1952, eight years after he landed in Normandy, and appointed
1179:
On 4 December 1946, Gale was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general. In January 1946, shortly after I Airborne Corps was disbanded, Gale became GOC of the
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leadership springs from a number of qualities, sometimes not discernible until the supreme test, there is one quality I felt to be essential; this was initiative.
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The next few months were spent organizing the brigade, choosing officers and devising new training schemes. He later described the methods he used in his brigade:
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1139:. He was promoted to the permanent rank of major-general on 7 January 1945, with the acting rank of lieutenant-general from 24 May. In July, after
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on 13 October. In December 1938 he was promoted to major and moved to the Staff Duties (Planning) section of the General Staff at the War Office.
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following, and began to relieve the airborne troops at the bridges. The arrival of the rest of the 6th Airlanding Brigade in the evening, in
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broke out in August 1914, Gale, only recently turned 18, was still below the medical standards required for a recruit and failed to join a
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were still fighting. In India Gale took elements of his old 6th Airborne Division, still led by Bols, under command, along with the
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1281:. During the post-war years, Gale also held a number of ceremonial and non-military posts; he was aide-de-camp (general) to the
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716:/CIGS), who was impressed with the high morale and standards in Gale's battalion; he accepted the command. In late October the
709:
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on 29 July 1982, just four days after his 86th birthday. His widow, Daphne (whom he married in 1924), subsequently lived in a
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Machine Gun School in India. In 1928 he joined the 1st Battalion, Worcesters. During his time in India he gained entry to the
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in mid-March 1918, Gale was awarded his MC for 'conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty'. The citation for the MC reads:
384:, Australia. The early years of his life were spent in Australia and New Zealand due to his father's gaining employment in
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In February 1932, Gale was seconded for service as a General Staff Officer Grade 3 (GSO3) in India. He was appointed a
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523:, as he was suffering from both mental and physical exhaustion, and was sent to England on leave, and diagnosed with
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the military status quo that had led to the terrible losses on the Western Front. Events such as the losses in the
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between 1954 and 1957, Colonel of the Worcestershire Regiment between 1950 and 1961, and Colonel-Commandant of the
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in 1944. After the end of the conflict, Gale remained in the army and eventually, in 1958, succeeded Field Marshal
1019:, spent the next two months in a static defence role, holding a nine thousand yard front southwards from the sea.
400:, gaining an average academic record but becoming a prolific reader. After this, he attended further education at
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as a GSO2, with responsibilities for the creation of training pamphlets and publications. He transferred to the
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1219:), was responsible for northern Palestine, with his old 6th Airborne Division, now commanded by Major-General
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was for five Allied divisions (two US, two British and one Canadian) to land on designated beaches between
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527:. He returned to service in January 1918, although now serving with the 126th Machine Gun Company of the
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1581:"Gale, Sir Richard Nelson (1896–1982), army officer : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - oi"
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In May 1943, Gale was promoted to the acting rank of major-general and became GOC of the newly formed
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Gale was posted, in the summer of 1916, to the 164th Machine Gun Company, which was in support of the
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on 22 December. When Gale joined the regiment, he put his name forward for a course on training with
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2575:"Henry VIII's Palace Hit by Fatal Blaze: Hampton Court Wing Gutted, 1 Dead, Art Treasures Destroyed"
1085:, formerly an infantry brigade commander, who was soon to lead the division in a ground role in the
812:. Gale had just under a year to organize and train the division before it was due to participate in
685:, which had fought with the BEF. The battalion, along with the rest of the division, was serving in
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1314:
1277:; he retired permanently in September 1960 after two years in the post and was replaced by General
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1255:, on 24 September; he held the post until retiring in 1957, in turn handing over BAOR to General
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423:, but did not possess the academic qualifications or physical grades required for entry into the
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In mid-August, with the situation in Normandy turning against the Germans and forcing them to
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on 1 November 1916, and to the substantive rank on 1 July 1917. He was next involved in the
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593:, attending from 1930 to 1931, and after two years in the institution he graduated as a
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DropZone Normandy: the story of the American and British airborne assault on D Day 1944
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mobility on the battlefield', and the importance of surprise at all levels of warfare.
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724:, along with the 1st Parachute Brigade, under Gale, were assigned to the newly created
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Major-General Richard Gale, GOC 6th Airborne Division, addresses his men, 4 June 1944.
689:, reforming after having sustained very severe casualties in France, before moving to
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863:(war-substantive), and also to the temporary rank of major-general. The plan for the
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Gale initially retired in 1957, but in September 1958 he was recalled to serve with
2928:
Churchill's Lions: A biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II
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cancelled these plans and, after almost six years, the war finally came to an end.
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Gale, Richard (1955). "Infantry in Modern Battle: Its Organization and Training".
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Gale, Richard (1956). "Generalship and the art of Command in this Nuclear Age".
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and, wishing for a field command, was given command of the 2/5th Battalion,
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Kings at arms: The Use and Abuse of power in the Great Kingdoms of the East
480:
Appointed to the MGC on 13 March 1916, in short order he was posted to the
463:
and was accepted, being transferred to the Machine Gun Training Centre at
1175:
General Sir Richard Gale inspecting a RNLAF Honor Guard, 29 October 1956.
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1858:
743:, perhaps better known as the Bruneval Raid, take place, in which Major
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was formed as part of the expansion of the British Army's newly created
1156:
1011:
from driving the Allies back into the sea. After mid-June, when German
902:
and hold the nearby surrounding areas, to destroy the bridges over the
1081:
In December Gale handed over command of the division to Major-General
388:, but the Gale family returned to England in 1906. He was educated at
1239:. Then in 1949, after handing over the command to Lieutenant-General
657:(BEF) in France and Belgium, had been promoted to the acting rank of
369:
556:
and wounded horses, so enabling the transport to move away to cover.
2947:
Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War
989:, completed the 6th Airborne Division's concentration in Normandy.
564:, Gale continued to serve on the Western Front, taking part in the
1200:
1188:
1170:
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965:. At dawn, Gale himself landed in Normandy by a glider piloted by
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2563:
Gen Sir Richard Gale dies at 86; Briton had key role at Normandy
1304:
until she died during a major fire at the palace in March 1986.
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1143:(VE-Day), Gale, with the corps HQ, was sent to India, where the
992:
The next week saw the 6th Airborne Division, serving as part of
886:, in the east. Airborne troops were to secure each flank of the
1070:
formation, the 1st Airborne Division, then under Major-General
580:
When the war ended in November 1918, Gale volunteered to go to
376:, and his wife Helen Webber Ann, daughter of Joseph Nelson, of
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637:
Brigadier Gale (left) in conversation with Lieutenant Colonel
3278:
People educated at King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon
1247:(C-in-C), Northern Army Group, Allied Land Forces Europe and
1227:. Gale relinquished command of the division to Major-General
1684:, Stratford-upon-Avon: Herald Press, & Edward Fox, p. v.
1231:
in December 1947 and, in January 1948, he was appointed GOC
1078:, which Gale believed was doomed to failure from the start.
1030:(right) talking to Major-General Richard Gale and Brigadier
584:
in 1919, serving with the 12th Battalion, MGC where Captain
1057:, the division was ordered to go over to the offensive and
937:
unit forming part of the 6th Airlanding Brigade, landed in
1112:. The operation was carried out in late March 1945 by the
921:
Shortly after midnight on 6 June 1944, known otherwise as
312:(25 June 1896 – 29 July 1982) was a senior officer in the
1034:. Both men had just been decorated by Lieutenant General
859:(DSO) on 29 August 1944; in May, he had been promoted to
653:
By December 1940 Gale, who had not seen service with the
535:. Among the fellow officers in his new company was Major
3268:
Military personnel from the London Borough of Wandsworth
1412:
Infantry in Modern Battle: Its Organization and Training
1331:
threat, foreshadowing in many ways the evolution of the
476:
with which I served until its final disbandment in 1922.
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Generalship and the art of Command in this Nuclear Age
3213:
British military personnel of the Palestine Emergency
1615:
1613:
1089:. Gale was then appointed to the headquarters of the
1049:
at General Montgomery's HQ in Normandy, 13 July 1944.
3253:
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1151:, and planning began for airborne operations in the
1093:(FAAAA), becoming deputy to the American commander,
796:
Major-General Richard Gale talking to troops of the
1351:
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
239:
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
230:
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3248:Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
3238:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
2799:
1590:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
1579:
1524:
1003:, engaged in almost constant fighting, notably at
693:in January 1941. Then, in the summer of 1941, the
328:in 1918 whilst serving as a junior officer in the
701:, and Gale was offered command of the brigade by
1377:(USA) – 16 January 1948 (Officer – 20 June 1944)
1015:ceased, the division, reinforced by the 1st and
503:and, towards the end of the year, served in the
553:
469:
443:unit in London. He finally gained entry to the
1815:(Supplement). 21 November 1916. p. 11393.
943:captured the Caen canal and Orne river bridges
931:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
645:, during an inspection of Down's battalion at
415:When Gale left Aldenham he wanted to become a
3218:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
1414:(Canadian Army Journal 8, no. 1, 1955: 52–61)
1408:(Sampson Low, Marston & Co, London, 1948)
8:
3258:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
2810:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2601:(2 April 1945). 2 April 1945. Archived from
2530:(Supplement). 14 October 1952. p. 5451.
2478:(Supplement). 6 December 1946. p. 6007.
1682:The Story of Shakespeare's School, 1853–1953
1535:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1209:British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan
1203:, and commanded the division throughout the
372:, England, to Wilfred Gale, a merchant from
2318:(Supplement). 29 August 1944. p. 4043.
1345:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
969:. By midday on D-Day elements of Brigadier
235:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
3288:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
3233:Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry officers
2980:
2911:. London (UK): Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
2840:With the 6th Airborne Division in Normandy
2623:
2411:(Supplement). 27 April 1945. p. 2282.
1835:(Supplement). 19 April 1918. p. 4811.
1420:(RUSI Journal 101, no. 603, 1956: 376–384)
410:King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon
42:
31:
2510:(Supplement). 29 July 1952. p. 4121.
2431:(Supplement). 19 June 1945. p. 3255.
1893:(Supplement). 26 July 1918. p. 8800.
519:in June 1917 but was not involved in the
499:(TF). With his company, he fought in the
2741:(Supplement). 9 July 1940. p. 4251.
2240:(Supplement). 18 May 1943. p. 2257.
1318:1918, contributing to his embracing the
1195:, where there were tensions between the
3165:Deputy Supreme Allied Commander, Europe
2807:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2338:(Supplement). 9 May 1944. p. 2171.
1587:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1532:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1458:
1347:– 1954 (KCB – 1953; CB – 2 August 1945)
1275:Deputy Supreme Allied Commander, Europe
271:Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown
170:Deputy Supreme Allied Commander, Europe
3243:Graduates of the Staff College, Quetta
3106:Colonel of the Worcestershire Regiment
2801:"Gale, Sir Richard Nelson (1896–1982)"
2541:Gen Gale 'back with the chaps' in NATO
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1526:"Gale, Sir Richard Nelson (1896–1982)"
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1505:
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1501:
1215:(later replaced by Lieutenant-General
1104:, the airborne landings in support of
358:Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe
3298:Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers officers
3208:British Army personnel of World War I
3203:British Army generals of World War II
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1406:With the 6th Airborne Div in Normandy
929:'s 'D' Company of the 2nd Battalion,
669:(TA) unit that was part of Brigadier
7:
3303:War Office personnel in World War II
2719:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2456:
2441:
2377:
2360:
2296:
2206:
2179:
2155:
2131:
2119:
1845:
1793:
1781:
1749:
1737:
1074:, took part in the hugely ambitious
455:, "the regiment of my choice", as a
1155:, in particular the recapturing of
1059:pursued to the Germans to the Seine
714:Chief of the Imperial General Staff
390:Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
3228:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
3158:The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
1771:. 29 September 1916. p. 9481.
1727:. 21 December 1915. p. 12693.
1225:responsible for southern Palestine
1211:, commanded by Lieutenant-General
836:, as well as the formation of the
681:, then commanded by Major-General
408:. For a time, he was a boarder at
25:
3223:Commanders of the Legion of Merit
1996:. 18 November 1932. p. 7344.
1669:Major-General Richard Nelson Gale
1436:The Worcestershire Regiment, the
1430:Great battles of biblical history
1381:Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur
1207:. Gales' division, serving under
603:Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
597:. Promotion prospects during the
445:Royal Military College, Sandhurst
368:Gale was born on 25 June 1896 in
261:Commander of the Legion of Honour
156:Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
3308:Worcestershire Regiment officers
3293:Recipients of the Military Cross
3138:C-in-C British Army of the Rhine
2076:. 5 November 1937. p. 6896.
1484:"British Army officer histories"
1375:Commander of the Legion of Merit
1235:, succeeding Lieutenant-General
1191:before, in March, being sent to
826:1st Canadian Parachute Battalion
495:, a first-line formation of the
489:164th (North Lancashire) Brigade
425:Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
256:Commander of the Legion of Merit
27:British Army general (1896–1982)
2971:British Army Officers 1939−1945
2056:. 5 February 1937. p. 789.
1371:– 22 March 1945, 7 January 1949
1007:, in an attempt to prevent the
906:, and, finally, to destroy the
710:Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces
533:42nd (East Lancashire) Division
529:126th (East Lancashire) Brigade
493:55th (West Lancashire) Division
283:Sir Richard Nelson "Windy" Gale
2949:. Barnesley: Pen & Sword.
2887:Call to arms: an autobiography
2016:. 16 March 1934. p. 1781.
1956:. 25 March 1930. p. 1891.
1424:Call to arms. An autobiography
641:(third from right), CO of the
568:, until the end of the war on
447:in the summer of 1915 and was
1:
1976:. 1 April 1932. p. 2142.
1393:Grand Officier de la Couronne
1149:44th Indian Airborne Division
1108:, the Allied crossing of the
983:British 3rd Infantry Division
802:Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle
2842:. London (UK): Sampson Low.
2831:UK public library membership
2776:Dover, Major Victor (1981).
2036:. 3 July 1936. p. 4228.
1604:UK public library membership
1549:UK public library membership
1135:, Gale was given command of
1017:4th Special Service Brigades
618:Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
605:(DCLI) on 26 February 1930.
160:Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
89:Kingston upon Thames, London
3074:GOC British Troops in Egypt
2930:. Stroud (UK): Spellmount.
2889:. London (UK): Hutchinson.
1389:(France) – 28 December 1956
1383:(France) – 28 December 1956
1357:Distinguished Service Order
1251:(BAOR), succeeding General
1183:, succeeding Major-General
1123:, with the British 6th and
975:1st Special Service Brigade
857:Distinguished Service Order
655:British Expeditionary Force
243:Distinguished Service Order
3324:
3263:Machine Gun Corps officers
2909:March Past : A Memoir
2763:. London (UK): Ian Allan.
1448:(Hutchinson, London, 1971)
1442:(Leo Cooper, London, 1970)
1440:and 36th Regiments of foot
1432:(Hutchinson, London, 1968)
1426:(Hutchinson, London, 1968)
1353:– 1950 (OBE: 11 July 1940)
1131:In the last months of the
1125:US 17th Airborne Divisions
1100:. Planning then began for
1091:First Allied Airborne Army
730:General Officer Commanding
3171:
3162:
3154:
3144:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3071:
3063:
3053:
3047:GOC 1st Infantry Division
3044:
3036:
3020:
3012:
3002:
2996:GOC 6th Airborne Division
2993:
2988:
2983:
1387:Croix de Guerre with Palm
1292:Gale died at his home in
1249:British Army of the Rhine
507:. He was promoted to the
175:British Army of the Rhine
41:
2976:Generals of World War II
1680:Watkins, Leslie (1953).
896:101st Airborne Divisions
734:Frederick "Boy" Browning
732:(GOC) was Major-General
3273:NATO military personnel
2796:Farrar-Hockley, Anthony
1521:Farrar-Hockley, Anthony
1335:doctrine of the 1980s.
1289:between 1956 and 1967.
1233:British Troops in Egypt
1114:US XVIII Airborne Corps
1076:Operation Market Garden
963:8th Parachute Battalion
757:Operation Market Garden
749:2nd Parachute Battalion
663:Leicestershire Regiment
643:1st Parachute Battalion
591:Staff College at Quetta
545:German spring offensive
521:Passchendaele offensive
453:Worcestershire Regiment
354:The Viscount Montgomery
251:Mentioned in Despatches
206:Leicestershire Regiment
180:British Troops in Egypt
148:Worcestershire Regiment
3283:People from Wandsworth
2926:Mead, Richard (2007).
2885:Gale, Richard (1968).
2838:Gale, Richard (1948).
2816:10.1093/ref:odnb/31134
1596:10.1093/ref:odnb/31134
1541:10.1093/ref:odnb/31134
1271:Sir Bernard Montgomery
1176:
1050:
918:
882:, by the mouth of the
846:6th Airlanding Brigade
805:
777:
747:'s 'C' Company of the
718:1st Airlanding Brigade
679:46th Infantry Division
675:138th Infantry Brigade
650:
566:Hundred Days Offensive
558:
478:
2858:Canadian Army Journal
1369:Mention in Despatches
1181:1st Infantry Division
1174:
1141:Victory in Europe Day
1047:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1025:
916:
838:5th Parachute Brigade
830:3rd Parachute Brigade
810:6th Airborne Division
798:5th Parachute Brigade
795:
764:
726:1st Airborne Division
695:1st Parachute Brigade
677:, itself part of the
636:
517:Capture of Wytschaete
342:6th Airborne Division
338:1st Parachute Brigade
200:1st Parachute Brigade
195:6th Airborne Division
185:1st Infantry Division
116:Years of service
3023:GOC I Airborne Corps
2945:Smart, Nick (2005).
1302:Hampton Court Palace
1294:Kingston upon Thames
1217:Sir Gordon MacMillan
1187:, then stationed in
908:Merville Gun Battery
874:in the west, on the
868:invasion of Normandy
3067:Sir Charles Allfrey
2593:"Horizon Unlimited"
2392:, pp. 118–119.
2351:, pp. 115–116.
2182:, pp. 115–116.
1315:Battle of the Somme
1237:Sir Charles Allfrey
1205:Palestine Emergency
1087:Battle of the Bulge
1055:withdraw to Falaise
759:in September 1944.
501:Battle of the Somme
324:he was awarded the
316:who served in both
225:Palestine Emergency
18:Richard Nelson Gale
3175:Sir Hugh Stockwell
3084:Sir George Erskine
3016:Frederick Browning
2798:; revised (2004).
2757:Crookenden, Napier
2738:The London Gazette
2686:, p. 41, 156.
2605:on 3 November 2012
2527:The London Gazette
2507:The London Gazette
2475:The London Gazette
2428:The London Gazette
2408:The London Gazette
2335:The London Gazette
2315:The London Gazette
2237:The London Gazette
2209:, p. 122–123.
2073:The London Gazette
2053:The London Gazette
2033:The London Gazette
2013:The London Gazette
1993:The London Gazette
1973:The London Gazette
1953:The London Gazette
1890:The London Gazette
1832:The London Gazette
1812:The London Gazette
1768:The London Gazette
1724:The London Gazette
1339:Honours and awards
1287:Parachute Regiment
1283:Queen Elizabeth II
1279:Sir Hugh Stockwell
1245:Commander-in-Chief
1177:
1161:surrender of Japan
1095:Lieutenant General
1051:
1028:Bernard Montgomery
994:Lieutenant-General
919:
876:Cotentin Peninsula
848:, under Brigadier
840:, under Brigadier
832:, under Brigadier
806:
739:February 1942 saw
720:, under Brigadier
659:lieutenant-colonel
651:
72:Wandsworth, London
3181:
3180:
3172:Succeeded by
3145:Succeeded by
3123:Military offices
3113:Succeeded by
3081:Succeeded by
3054:Succeeded by
3003:Succeeded by
2984:Military offices
2937:978-1-86227-431-0
2829:(Subscription or
2579:Los Angeles Times
2146:, pp. 26–27.
2089:, pp. 31–32.
1874:, pp. 30–31.
1602:(Subscription or
1547:(Subscription or
1308:Military thinking
1213:Sir Evelyn Barker
1106:Operation Plunder
1102:Operation Varsity
1098:Lewis H. Brereton
1038:, commanding the
987:Operation Mallard
800:, in front of an
560:Soon promoted to
543:(MC). During the
497:Territorial Force
474:Machine Gun Corps
457:second lieutenant
441:Territorial Force
394:foundation school
330:Machine Gun Corps
277:
276:
204:2/5th Battalion,
152:Machine Gun Corps
16:(Redirected from
3315:
3155:Preceded by
3131:Sir John Harding
3128:Preceded by
3096:Preceded by
3091:Honorary titles
3064:Preceded by
3037:Preceded by
3013:Preceded by
2981:
2960:
2941:
2922:
2900:
2881:
2866:
2851:
2834:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2803:
2791:
2778:The Sky Generals
2772:
2743:
2742:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2581:. 31 March 1986.
2571:
2565:
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2554:
2549:
2543:
2538:
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2518:
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2358:
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2346:
2340:
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2326:
2320:
2319:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2257:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1895:
1894:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1623:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1528:
1517:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1486:. Unit Histories
1480:
1298:grace and favour
1253:Sir John Harding
1137:I Airborne Corps
753:Battle of Arnhem
741:Operation Biting
722:George Hopkinson
712:(and soon to be
667:Territorial Army
665:, a second-line
624:Second World War
576:Between the wars
570:11 November 1918
547:launched by the
467:, Lincolnshire.
334:Second World War
311:
306:
299:
292:
221:Second World War
190:I Airborne Corps
105:
85:
68:
66:
46:
36:Sir Richard Gale
32:
21:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3168:
3160:
3150:
3148:Sir Dudley Ward
3141:
3133:
3118:
3109:
3101:
3086:
3077:
3069:
3059:
3057:Horatius Murray
3050:
3042:
3031:Post disbanded
3026:
3018:
3008:
2999:
2967:
2957:
2944:
2938:
2925:
2919:
2903:
2897:
2884:
2880:(603): 376–384.
2869:
2854:
2837:
2828:
2820:
2818:
2794:
2788:
2775:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2624:Crookenden 1976
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2552:General to quit
2550:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2367:
2363:, pp. 143.
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2260:
2252:
2245:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1898:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1859:"1914-1918.net"
1857:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1825:
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1820:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
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1736:
1732:
1717:
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1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1671:Pegasus archive
1667:
1626:
1618:
1611:
1601:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1556:
1546:
1519:
1518:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1460:
1455:
1402:
1341:
1310:
1257:Sir Dudley Ward
1229:Horatius Murray
1169:
1159:, although the
1121:Matthew Ridgway
1067:
1042:, on behalf of
1040:U.S. First Army
935:glider infantry
925:, men of Major
850:Hugh Kindersley
814:Operation Tonga
790:
782:Royal Air Force
706:Sir Alan Brooke
699:airborne forces
671:Gerard Bucknall
631:
626:
578:
437:First World War
433:
431:First World War
421:Royal Artillery
419:officer in the
402:Aldenham School
366:
350:Operation Tonga
336:he served with
322:First World War
304:
297:
290:
286:
269:
266:Croix de Guerre
264:
259:
258:(United States)
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
223:
219:
217:First World War
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
158:
154:
150:
87:
83:
70:
64:
62:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3102:
3099:Bowcher Clarke
3097:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3043:
3040:Charles Loewen
3038:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2965:External links
2963:
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2961:
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2882:
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2751:
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2744:
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2712:
2710:, p. 132.
2700:
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2640:
2638:, p. 325.
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2019:
1999:
1979:
1959:
1939:
1927:
1925:, p. 112.
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1363:Military Cross
1360:
1359:31 August 1944
1354:
1348:
1340:
1337:
1333:AirLand battle
1309:
1306:
1241:George Erskine
1185:Charles Loewen
1168:
1165:
1066:
1063:
1013:counterattacks
977:had landed at
967:Billy Griffith
947:Pegasus Bridge
945:(now known as
910:by the coast.
890:, with the US
828:, joining the
789:
786:
728:, whose first
683:Charles Hudson
630:
627:
625:
622:
599:interwar years
577:
574:
541:Military Cross
531:, part of the
509:temporary rank
432:
429:
398:City of London
365:
362:
346:D-Day landings
326:Military Cross
275:
274:
247:Military Cross
232:
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99:United Kingdom
97:
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86:(aged 86)
80:
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2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2918:0-297-77456-5
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2896:0-09-086430-1
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2787:0-304-30480-8
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2674:, p. 41.
2673:
2668:
2665:
2662:, p. 54.
2661:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2626:, p. 51.
2625:
2620:
2617:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2598:Time Magazine
2594:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2542:
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2523:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2497:
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2435:
2430:
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2424:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2398:
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2379:
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2255:
2250:
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2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2170:, p. 32.
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1937:, p. 31.
1936:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1848:, p. 39.
1847:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
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1764:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1708:, p. 29.
1707:
1702:
1699:
1696:, p. 28.
1695:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1622:, p. 27.
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1597:
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1589:
1588:
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1407:
1404:
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1399:
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1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
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1358:
1355:
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1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1300:apartment in
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:Field Marshal
1266:and replaced
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:James Cassels
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:war in Europe
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:Major General
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
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1073:
1064:
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988:
984:
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976:
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948:
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877:
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869:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
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843:
839:
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831:
827:
823:
819:
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772:
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763:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:
700:
696:
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688:
684:
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676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
648:
644:
640:
635:
628:
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
610:brigade major
606:
604:
600:
596:
595:staff officer
592:
587:
583:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Edwin Flavell
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Ypres Salient
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
482:Western Front
477:
475:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
406:Hertfordshire
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:and then the
339:
335:
332:. During the
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
303:
296:
289:
284:
281:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
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244:
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218:
215:
211:
207:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
168:
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161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
108:
102:
98:
94:
90:
81:
77:
73:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3163:
3136:
3104:
3072:
3045:
3030:
3021:
2994:
2989:
2946:
2927:
2908:
2886:
2877:
2873:RUSI Journal
2871:
2862:
2856:
2839:
2819:. Retrieved
2805:
2777:
2760:
2750:Bibliography
2736:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:the original
2596:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2558:
2547:
2536:
2525:
2516:
2505:
2496:
2484:
2473:
2464:
2437:
2426:
2417:
2406:
2397:
2385:
2356:
2344:
2333:
2324:
2313:
2304:
2235:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2082:
2071:
2062:
2051:
2042:
2031:
2022:
2011:
2002:
1991:
1982:
1971:
1962:
1951:
1942:
1930:
1888:
1879:
1867:
1853:
1841:
1830:
1821:
1810:
1801:
1796:, p. 9.
1789:
1784:, p. 8.
1777:
1766:
1757:
1752:, p. 6.
1745:
1740:, p. 5.
1733:
1722:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1585:
1574:
1530:
1488:. Retrieved
1445:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1400:Publications
1325:
1311:
1291:
1261:
1178:
1130:
1080:
1072:Roy Urquhart
1068:
1052:
1036:Omar Bradley
997:John Crocker
991:
959:Jock Pearson
955:coup de main
951:Horsa Bridge
933:(2 OBLI), a
920:
854:
818:North Africa
807:
804:, June 1944.
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
738:
652:
607:
586:John Harding
579:
559:
554:
486:
479:
470:
461:machine guns
449:commissioned
434:
417:British Army
414:
367:
314:British Army
282:
278:
213:Battles/wars
110:British Army
84:(1982-07-29)
82:29 July 1982
69:25 June 1896
29:
3198:1982 deaths
3193:1896 births
3116:Donald Nott
2990:New command
2905:Lovat, Lord
2865:(1): 52–61.
2780:. Cassell.
2733:"No. 34893"
2522:"No. 39671"
2502:"No. 39612"
2470:"No. 37811"
2423:"No. 37140"
2403:"No. 37056"
2330:"No. 36509"
2310:"No. 36679"
2232:"No. 36023"
2068:"No. 34451"
2048:"No. 34368"
2028:"No. 34301"
2008:"No. 34033"
1988:"No. 33884"
1968:"No. 33813"
1948:"No. 33591"
1885:"No. 30813"
1827:"No. 30642"
1807:"No. 29833"
1763:"No. 29769"
1719:"No. 29409"
1110:river Rhine
1032:Nigel Poett
981:, with the
979:Sword Beach
927:John Howard
904:river Dives
842:Nigel Poett
755:as part of
691:East Anglia
647:RAF Ringway
639:Ernest Down
549:German Army
344:during the
51:Nickname(s)
3187:Categories
3169:1958–1960
3142:1952–1957
3110:1950–1961
3078:1948–1949
3051:1946–1947
3027:1944–1945
3000:1943–1944
2956:1844150496
2833:required.)
2821:20 January
2636:Lovat 1978
2489:Dover 1981
2390:Dover 1981
2349:Dover 1981
2254:Dover 1981
2219:Dover 1981
2195:Dover 1981
2168:Dover 1981
2144:Dover 1981
2087:Dover 1981
1935:Dover 1981
1923:Smart 2005
1872:Dover 1981
1706:Dover 1981
1694:Dover 1981
1620:Dover 1981
1606:required.)
1567:Smart 2005
1551:required.)
1453:References
1167:Later life
971:Lord Lovat
900:Caen Canal
884:river Orne
880:Ouistreham
872:Varreville
844:, and the
834:James Hill
745:John Frost
614:War Office
513:lieutenant
382:Queensland
378:Townsville
364:Early life
318:world wars
96:Allegiance
65:1896-06-25
3006:Eric Bols
2769:249433658
2720:Gale 1956
2708:Gale 1968
2696:Gale 1948
2684:Gale 1968
2672:Gale 1968
2660:Gale 1955
2648:Gale 1956
2457:Gale 1968
2442:Gale 1968
2378:Gale 1968
2361:Gale 1968
2297:Mead 2007
2207:Gale 1968
2180:Gale 1968
2156:Gale 1968
2132:Gale 1968
2120:Mead 2007
1846:Gale 1968
1794:Gale 1968
1782:Gale 1968
1750:Gale 1968
1738:Gale 1968
1395:(Belgium)
1193:Palestine
1083:Eric Bols
1065:1944−1945
1044:President
888:beachhead
788:1943−1944
629:1939−1942
525:pyorrhoea
451:into the
435:When the
386:insurance
320:. In the
273:(Belgium)
208:(1940–41)
202:(1941–42)
197:(1943–45)
187:(1946–47)
182:(1948–49)
177:(1952–57)
172:(1958–60)
119:1915–1960
91:, England
74:, England
2907:(1978).
2759:(1976).
2609:28 April
1523:(2004).
1320:interwar
1199:and the
1153:Far East
1145:Japanese
1116:, under
1026:General
1005:Bréville
687:Scotland
465:Grantham
268:(France)
263:(France)
166:Commands
104:Service/
2848:4447265
1157:Bangkok
1009:Germans
1001:I Corps
861:colonel
703:General
649:, 1941.
562:captain
491:of the
396:in the
280:General
128:General
54:"Windy"
2953:
2934:
2915:
2893:
2846:
2827:
2784:
2767:
1600:
1545:
1490:2 July
1365:– 1918
1329:Soviet
953:) via
939:glider
878:, and
865:Allied
822:Sicily
708:, the
370:London
231:Awards
192:(1945)
106:branch
1201:Arabs
1189:Egypt
923:D-Day
582:India
307:
305:,
300:
298:,
293:
291:,
139:20116
2951:ISBN
2932:ISBN
2913:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2844:OCLC
2823:2009
2782:ISBN
2765:OCLC
2611:2009
1492:2017
1438:29th
1264:NATO
1197:Jews
949:and
941:and
894:and
892:82nd
820:and
392:, a
374:Hull
348:and
144:Unit
124:Rank
79:Died
59:Born
2878:101
2812:doi
1592:doi
1537:doi
1273:as
999:'s
973:'s
961:'s
673:'s
511:of
404:in
356:as
302:DSO
295:KBE
288:GCB
253:(2)
3189::
2876:.
2861:.
2804:.
2735:.
2595:.
2577:.
2524:.
2504:.
2472:.
2449:^
2425:.
2405:.
2368:^
2332:.
2312:.
2261:^
2246:^
2234:.
2187:^
2094:^
2070:.
2050:.
2030:.
2010:.
1990:.
1970:.
1950:.
1899:^
1887:.
1829:.
1809:.
1765:.
1721:.
1627:^
1612:^
1584:.
1557:^
1529:.
1500:^
1461:^
1259:.
1223:,
736:.
572:.
484:.
412:.
380:,
360:.
309:MC
285:,
2959:.
2940:.
2921:.
2899:.
2863:8
2850:.
2825:.
2814::
2790:.
2771:.
2722:.
2698:.
2613:.
1861:.
1598:.
1594::
1543:.
1539::
1494:.
67:)
63:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
