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491:. The USTA and the WTA then withdrew their sanction for the Tennis Week Open, and organized another tournament; 25 of the 32 participants withdrew from the Tennis Week Open. This was just the beginning of the issues Richards would encounter in trying to play professional women's tennis, which eventually led to her suing the USTA and winning.
328:, which at the time was considered to be a perversion, with transsexualism classified as a form of insanity. Richards named her female persona "Renée", which is French for "reborn". Her struggle with gender identity created sexual confusion, depression, and suicidal tendencies. She began seeing Dr. Charles Ihlenfeld, a disciple of
421:
called
Richards an "extraordinary spectacle", and characterized reactions to her as "varying from astonishment to suspicion, sympathy, resentment, and more often than not, utter confusion." The USOC stated "there is competitive advantage for a male who has undergone a sex change surgery as a result
549:
Richards has since expressed ambivalence about her legacy, and came to believe her past as a man provided her with advantages over her competitors, saying "Having lived for the past 30 years, I know if I'd had surgery at the age of 22, and then at 24 went on the tour, no genetic woman in the world
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Richards played professionally from 1977 to 1981 when she retired at age 47. She was ranked as high as 20th overall (in
February 1979), and her highest ranking at the end of a year was 22nd (in 1977). Her first professional event as a female was the 1977 U.S. Open. Her greatest successes on court
425:
On August 16, 1977, Judge Alfred M. Ascione found in
Richards's favor. He ruled: "This person is now a female" and that requiring Richards to pass the Barr body test was "grossly unfair, discriminatory and inequitable, and a violation of her rights." He further ruled that the USTA intentionally
332:
who specialized in endocrinology, transsexualism, and sexual reassignment. Upon seeing
Ihlenfeld she began getting hormone injections with the long-term hope for a life change. In the mid-1960s she traveled in Europe dressed as a woman, intending to go to North Africa to see
683:(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.
315:
to continue medical training and played tennis in the Navy. While serving in the Navy, she won both the singles and doubles at the All Navy
Championship, with a very effective left-hand serve. During this time she was ranked as high as fourth in the region.
595:, in which she expresses regret over the type of fame that came with her being transgender, although she said in 2007 that she did not regret undergoing the sex reassignment process in itself. In 2021, Richards continued her autobiography with
2124:
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415:. She asserted that participating in the tournament would constitute "an acceptance of her right to be a woman." Some USTA members felt that others would undergo sex change to enter women's tennis.
353:; however, she ultimately decided against it and returned to New York. Richards married model Barbara Mole in June 1970, and together they had a son Nicholas in 1972. They were divorced in 1975.
479:, under the name Renée Clark. In the summer of 1976 she entered the La Jolla Tennis Tournament Championships, where she crushed the competition, and her unique left hand serve was recognized by
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of physical training and development as a male." Richards finally agreed to take the Barr body test. The test results were ambiguous. She refused to take it again and was barred from play.
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and excelled as the wide receiver for the football team, the pitcher for the baseball team, and on the tennis and swim teams. Her baseball skills even led to an invitation to join the
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and was captain of the men's tennis team, and was considered by some to be one of the best college tennis players in the country. After graduating from Yale, she went to the
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280:. Her father David Raskind was an orthopedic surgeon, and her mother was one of the first female psychiatrists in the United States, in addition to being a professor at
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in New York. She played competitive tennis for a while and was ranked sixth out of the top 20 males over 35. After an internship and residency, she joined the
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discriminated against
Richards, and granted Richards an injunction against the USTA and the USOC, allowing her to play in the US Open. Richards lost to
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Richards was inducted into the USTA Eastern Tennis Hall of Fame in 2000. On August 2, 2013, Richards was among the first class of inductees into the
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Richards was born
Richard Raskind on August 19, 1934, in New York City and raised, as she put it, as "a nice Jewish boy" in
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In the early 1970s, Richards resolved to undergo sex reassignment and was referred to surgeon
Roberto C. Granato Sr. by
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570:. She now lives in a small town north of New York City with her platonic companion and assistant, Arleen Larzelere.
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411:(USTA), which runs the US Open, in New York state court, alleging discrimination by gender in violation of the
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511:– and winning the 35-and-over women's singles. Richards was twice a semifinalist in mixed doubles, with
388:(WTA), and the United States Open Committee (USOC) required all female competitors to verify their sex with a
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in New York. She then became the surgeon director of ophthalmology and head of the eye-muscle clinic at the
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began requiring genetic screening for female players that year. Richards challenged that policy, and the
2192:"Original Transgender Pride Flag, Will & Grace Artifacts Donated to Smithsonian | Out Magazine"
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who competed on the professional circuit in the 1970s, and became widely known following male-to-female
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After four years of playing tennis, she decided to return to her medical practice, which she moved to
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1629:
Birrell, Susan, and Cheryl L. Cole. Women, sport, and culture. Champaign, IL: Human
Kinetics, 1994.
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in 1976 as a woman, but refused to take the test, and thus was not allowed to compete in the Open,
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2067:"National Gay & Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame's Inaugural Class Announced | Out Magazine"
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After moving to
California, Richards played in regional competitions for her local club, the
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and specialized in ophthalmology, graduating in 1959 and serving a two-year internship at
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then invited her to play in his professional tennis tournament, the Tennis Week Open in
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in the first round of the singles competition, but made it to the finals in doubles.
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would have been able to come close to me. And so I've reconsidered my opinion."
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Hyman, Paula; Moore, Deborah Dash; Weisbard, Phyllis Holman (January 1998).
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Note: The Australian Open was held twice in 1977, in January and December.
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in New York. After an internship, she served two years of residency at the
295:, but she decided to focus on tennis. After high school Richards attended
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for the 35-and-over singles title at the Open. Richards posted wins over
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360:, successfully transitioning in 1975. After surgery, Richards went to
372:
In 1976, Richards's gender reassignment was outed by local TV anchor
599:. Richards's first autobiography served as the basis for the film
1519:"Renée Richards Documentary Debuts at Tribeca Film Festival"
1835:
Balancing on the Mechitza: Transgender in Jewish Community
621:
and the documentary premiered on ESPN on October 4, 2011.
2268:. The Villages, FL, USA: Hallard Press, LLC, June 2021,
1718:
No Way Renee: The Second Half of My of My Notorious Life
1640:"21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture"
573:
In 2014 a wooden racket used by her was donated to the
566:. In addition she served on the editorial board of the
392:
of their chromosomes. Richards applied to play in the
1796:
Yes, But Is It Good for the Jews?: A Beginner's Guide
233:, when she fought to compete as a woman in the 1976
1705:
Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 2010.
617:. The film was one of the anchor films of the 2011
454:
The Robert MacNeil Report; Transexuality and Sports
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2041:"Simon & Schuster: Renee Richards – Biography"
1703:Sports justice: the law and the business of sports
593:No Way Renée: The Second Half of My Notorious Life
2003:Women, media and sport: challenging gender values
568:Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
2123:Foer, Franklin; Tracy, Marc (October 30, 2012).
1715:Richards, Renée; Ames, John (February 9, 2007).
483:, a tour player from UCLA. Her long-time friend
2242:Transsexual pioneer Renee Richards regrets fame
1874:. Milwaukee Sentinel. July 13, 1978. p. 9
585:In 1983, Richards published an autobiography,
495:were reaching the doubles final at her first
8:
544:National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame
32:
1760:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. p. 240.
252:. Among the first professional athletes to
2129:. New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing.
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2266:Diary 1999: An Eye-Opening Medical Memoir
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597:Diary 1999: An Eye-Opening Medical Memoir
2240:Goldsmith, Belinda (February 18, 2007).
2126:Jewish Jocks: An Unorthodox Hall of Fame
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260:. After retiring from play, she coached
2198:from the original on September 24, 2015
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535:. She later coached Navratilova to two
503:– the pair lost a close match to
459:American Archive of Public Broadcasting
248:ruled in her favor, a landmark case in
2218:Second Serve: the Renée Richards Story
1950:from the original on February 25, 2017
1852:from the original on February 25, 2017
1813:from the original on February 25, 2017
1774:from the original on February 25, 2017
1735:from the original on February 25, 2017
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1502:"From tennis outcast to trans pioneer"
564:Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital
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309:Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital
301:University of Rochester Medical Center
221:(born August 19, 1934) is an American
2104:from the original on February 8, 2015
2073:from the original on November 1, 2013
1896:(1983) New York : Stein and Day.
624:In 2017, Richards was interviewed by
7:
1838:. North Atlantic Books. p. 15.
1646:from the original on August 5, 2016.
1464:List of select Jewish tennis players
577:, which is part of the Smithsonian.
27:US tennis player and ophthalmologist
2092:Bazelon, Emily (October 25, 2012).
2047:from the original on March 13, 2007
1757:Day by Day in Jewish Sports History
575:National Museum of American History
2494:Sportspeople from Queens, New York
2454:LGBTQ people from New York (state)
2439:Yale Bulldogs men's tennis players
2429:Female United States Navy officers
2165:Wadler, Joyce (February 1, 2007).
2143:from the original on June 15, 2015
81:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
25:
2409:Tennis players from New York City
2384:American transgender sportspeople
2364:American LGBTQ military personnel
2288:. Tribecafilm.com. Archived from
1971:"Tucker Carlson's Fighting Words"
452:Interview with Renee Richards on
434:Tennis career after transitioning
2369:American military sports players
2264:Richards, Renée with Ray Dyson.
2220:. New York City, New York, USA:
2216:Richards, Renée with John Ames.
1969:Sanneh, Kelefa (April 2, 2017).
1488:United States Tennis Association
638:Grand Slam performance timelines
628:near the end of the documentary
469:), Boston, MA and Washington, DC
446:
409:United States Tennis Association
382:United States Tennis Association
256:, she became a spokesperson for
242:United States Tennis Association
198:Grand Slam mixed doubles results
1482:Bostic, Stephanie, ed. (1979).
2459:American women autobiographers
2434:University of Rochester alumni
2419:Transgender military personnel
2394:Jewish American tennis players
2359:American female tennis players
2255:. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
2005:Thousand Oaks u.a.: Sage, 1994
324:During college Richards began
1:
1799:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
1609:. New York: ESPN Films, 2011.
2194:. Out.com. August 20, 2014.
1933:Jewish Women in America: A-L
1906:"The Second Half of My Life"
341:surgeon at Clinique Parc in
258:transgender people in sports
2484:21st-century American women
613:about Richards directed by
2510:
2489:Jews from New York (state)
2479:21st-century American Jews
2379:American transgender women
2069:. Out.com. June 18, 2013.
1911:February 19, 2007, at the
386:Women's Tennis Association
166:Grand Slam doubles results
134:Grand Slam singles results
2469:American women memoirists
2389:Horace Mann School alumni
2374:American ophthalmologists
2247:October 23, 2010, at the
591:, and in 2007, a second,
445:
413:New York Human Rights Law
362:Newport Beach, California
37:
2399:American autobiographers
2334:Jews in Sports biography
1484:USTA Player Records 1978
489:South Orange, New Jersey
351:sex reassignment surgery
231:sex reassignment surgery
2414:Transgender sportswomen
1872:"Ex-Wife of Renee Weds"
1103:
918:
730:Australia Championships
689:
407:Richards then sued the
404:in the summer of 1976.
2444:Yale University alumni
2404:Transgender memoirists
1832:Dzmura, Noach (2010).
1793:Geller, Jonny (2008).
1754:Wechsler, Bob (2008).
1721:. Simon and Schuster.
1524:April 3, 2012, at the
501:Betty Ann Grubb Stuart
477:John Wayne Tennis Club
246:New York Supreme Court
129:No. 20 (February 1979)
619:Tribeca Film Festival
50:Country (sports)
2449:LGBTQ tennis players
2094:"Cross-Court Winner"
1605:. Film. Directed by
1490:(USTA). p. 238.
766:French Championships
380:. Subsequently, the
278:Forest Hills, Queens
126:Highest ranking
2474:American memoirists
2100:. The Slate Group.
2001:Creedon, Pamela J.
644:
505:Martina Navratilova
467:Library of Congress
326:dressing as a woman
305:Lenox Hill Hospital
282:Columbia University
262:Martina Navratilova
34:
2171:The New York Times
2167:"The Lady Regrets"
1920:, February 8, 2007
1917:Talk of the Nation
838:U.S. Championships
642:
418:Sports Illustrated
313:United States Navy
289:Horace Mann School
287:Richards attended
250:transgender rights
190:Career titles
158:Career titles
115:Career titles
2292:on March 21, 2011
2043:. Simonsays.com.
1892:Richards, Renee,
1701:Abrams, Roger I.
1642:. Time Magazine.
1528:. April 22, 2011.
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499:in 1977, with
471:
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390:Barr body test
378:Tucker Carlson
369:
366:
358:Harry Benjamin
330:Harry Benjamin
321:
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273:
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219:Renée Richards
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2032:
2029:, 1977 p. 272
2028:
2023:
2020:
2017:, 1977 p. 269
2016:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1998:
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1936:. Routledge.
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227:tennis player
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185:Mixed doubles
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70:(age 90)
60:
56:
53:United States
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2324:Second Serve
2323:
2294:. Retrieved
2290:the original
2280:
2265:
2260:
2236:
2217:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2186:
2176:December 20,
2174:. Retrieved
2170:
2145:. Retrieved
2125:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2097:
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1932:
1925:
1915:
1901:
1894:Second Serve
1893:
1888:
1878:November 27,
1876:. Retrieved
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1834:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1795:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1756:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1717:
1710:
1702:
1634:
1602:
1514:
1505:
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629:
626:Katie Couric
623:
606:
602:Second Serve
600:
596:
592:
588:Second Serve
586:
584:
572:
567:
557:
548:
541:
517:Nancy Richey
513:Ilie Năstase
493:
474:
457:1976-08-23,
453:
424:
416:
406:
402:Italian Open
384:(USTA), the
371:
355:
349:, regarding
323:
286:
275:
239:
218:
217:
29:
2349:1934 births
2147:February 8,
2108:February 8,
2077:December 5,
1345:French Open
1172:French Open
987:French Open
560:Park Avenue
533:Pam Shriver
509:Betty Stöve
337:, a famous
225:and former
105:Left-handed
2343:Categories
2230:0812828976
2202:August 25,
1607:Eric Drath
1470:References
1312:Career SR
1294:Tournament
1139:Career SR
1111:Tournament
954:Career SR
926:Tournament
724:Career SR
697:Tournament
615:Eric Drath
609:is a 2011
554:Retirement
485:Gene Scott
368:Court case
343:Casablanca
320:Transition
272:Early life
254:transition
64:1934-08-19
2318:glbtq.com
2296:March 19,
2098:slate.com
2051:March 19,
1954:March 19,
1856:March 19,
1817:March 19,
1778:March 19,
1739:March 19,
1506:BBC Sport
1372:Wimbledon
1199:Wimbledon
1014:Wimbledon
802:Wimbledon
537:Wimbledon
497:U.S. Open
481:Bob Perry
400:, or the
398:Wimbledon
266:Wimbledon
2245:Archived
2196:Archived
2141:Archived
2102:Archived
2071:Archived
2045:Archived
1948:Archived
1909:Archived
1850:Archived
1811:Archived
1772:Archived
1733:Archived
1644:Archived
1522:Archived
1458:See also
465:and the
268:titles.
2286:"Renée"
2253:Reuters
1980:July 7,
1399:US Open
1226:US Open
1041:US Open
394:US Open
347:Morocco
264:to two
235:US Open
204:US Open
172:US Open
153:Doubles
140:US Open
110:Singles
94:Retired
2272:
2228:
2133:
1940:
1842:
1803:
1764:
1725:
1446:0 / 0
1443:0 / 1
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1434:0 / 0
1275:0 / 1
1272:0 / 1
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907:0 / 1
904:0 / 0
901:0 / 0
898:0 / 1
895:0 / 1
892:0 / 1
889:0 / 0
886:0 / 1
539:wins.
531:, and
78:Height
1603:Renée
1450:0 / 3
1425:0 / 3
1392:0 / 0
1365:0 / 0
1338:0 / 0
1279:0 / 4
1254:0 / 4
1219:0 / 0
1192:0 / 0
1165:0 / 0
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1071:0 / 5
1034:0 / 0
1007:0 / 0
980:0 / 0
911:0 / 5
877:0 / 5
831:0 / 0
795:0 / 0
759:0 / 0
607:Renée
161:0 WTA
102:Plays
2329:IMDb
2298:2011
2270:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2204:2015
2178:2023
2149:2015
2131:ISBN
2110:2015
2079:2013
2053:2011
1982:2020
1956:2011
1938:ISBN
1880:2012
1858:2011
1840:ISBN
1819:2011
1801:ISBN
1780:2011
1762:ISBN
1741:2011
1723:ISBN
1309:1981
1306:1980
1303:1979
1300:1978
1297:1977
1135:1981
1130:1980
1125:1979
1120:1978
1115:1977
950:1981
945:1980
940:1979
935:1978
930:1977
721:1960
718:1959
715:1958
712:1957
709:1956
706:1955
703:1954
700:1953
671:DNQ
643:Key
507:and
463:WGBH
240:The
210:1979
208:SF (
178:1977
146:1979
144:3R (
97:1981
89:1977
58:Born
2327:at
2316:on
1431:SR
1260:SR
1077:SR
883:SR
677:NH
668:Q#
662:#R
659:QF
656:SF
176:F (
120:WTA
2345::
2251:.
2169:.
2157:^
2139:.
2096:.
1990:^
1973:.
1946:.
1848:.
1809:.
1770:.
1731:.
1652:^
1614:^
1533:^
1504:.
1486:.
1421:A
1417:1R
1412:SF
1407:3R
1403:A
1388:A
1385:A
1382:A
1379:A
1376:A
1361:A
1358:A
1355:A
1352:A
1349:A
1334:A
1331:A
1328:A
1325:A
1322:A
1249:3R
1244:3R
1240:A
1236:2R
1215:A
1212:A
1209:A
1206:A
1203:A
1188:A
1185:A
1182:A
1179:A
1176:A
1161:A
1158:A
1155:A
1152:A
1149:A
1066:1R
1061:2R
1056:3R
1051:1R
1046:1R
1030:A
1027:A
1024:A
1021:A
1018:A
1003:A
1000:A
997:A
994:A
991:A
976:A
973:A
970:A
967:A
964:A
872:1R
868:A
865:A
861:2R
856:1R
851:2R
847:A
843:1R
827:A
824:A
821:A
818:A
815:A
812:A
809:A
806:A
791:A
788:A
785:A
782:A
779:A
776:A
773:A
770:A
755:A
752:A
749:A
746:A
743:A
740:A
737:A
734:A
674:A
665:RR
634:.
605:.
546:.
527:,
523:,
345:,
284:.
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2300:.
2206:.
2180:.
2151:.
2112:.
2081:.
2055:.
1984:.
1958:.
1882:.
1860:.
1821:.
1782:.
1743:.
1508:.
1231:F
649:W
461:(
212:)
193:0
180:)
148:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
