379:, which was the most conspicuous since that of 1618. When Hooke made his first observations of the comet of 1664, he devised his own method of computing the angular diameter of the nucleus by comparing it with the apparent diameter of a weather vane support on distant building and measuring the distance between the telescope and the weather vane. Accurate angular measurements were of great importance to the astronomers of the time and Hooke realised he needed a precise instrument for this purpose. His problem was solved in 1667, when he saw Richard Towneley's micrometer, which was based on a prototype of 1640 invented by William Gascoigne. This instrument used a pair of fine-pitched screws to move two pointers in the
443:, Flamsteed recorded how Christopher Towneley and Moore had collected the papers of Gascoigne, along with some of Horrocks and Crabtree. These eventually went into the library at Towneley. Flamsteed claimed that reading Gascoigne's papers in less than two hours provided him with the foundations for his understanding of optics. He returned for a longer stay in September 1672 to make measurements, together with Towneley, of the conjunction of the planet Mars with fixed stars with the intention of estimating the size of the solar system. Due to adverse weather conditions, Flamsteed only achieved his objective when he returned to Derbyshire later the same week.
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quantity of rain that fell in Paris. He further claimed that the eastern parts of
Lancashire were subject to more rain than Yorkshire due to clouds driven by south-west winds falling as rain on the high ground that divides the two counties. Towneley called for more measurements elsewhere to test the claim that his area had more rain than in other parts of the country. Only
420:(1933–1984) recognised that a large amount of Flamsteed's correspondence had survived and began to collect and collate copies. This important work was continued after his death and was published from 1995. The Flamsteed correspondence explains how Towneley and Flamsteed began a correspondence that provides a unique insight into the early years of the
401:
Mr. Hookes
Attempt for the Explication of Waters Ascent into small Glasse Canes with praeliminarie Discourse", and dated Ap. 20, 1667. This autograph manuscript was lot 128 in a sale of the Towneley family's manuscripts sold in 1883. According to Webster it is now in Yale University Library. Hooke's first publication, in 1661, was a pamphlet on
547:
without stopping and
Flamsteed was able to prove to his own satisfaction that the Earth rotated at a constant speed. Although Towneley and Tompion could be considered the first people to attempt to make a deadbeat escapement, it was only in about 1715 that George Graham created one that was truly successful.
546:
Flamsteed wrote often to
Towneley about the clocks, which were made to run for a year between windings. It proved difficult to keep both clocks running for a whole year and, in January 1678, Tompion replaced the original escapement with one of his own design. The clocks eventually went for four years
479:
A regular topic of the
Flamsteed letters was the weather and how clouds had prevented measurement; on two occasions, Towneley was able to help. The new Observatory at Greenwich was nearing completion and a solar eclipse on 1 June 1676 was selected for the inaugural observations. The day turned out to
400:
As late as 1965, the historian
Charles Webster was able to describe Towneley as "this mysterious figure of seventeenth-century science" due to the fact that information about him was scattered through many works. Only one complete piece of work by Towneley survives, titled "Short Considerations uppon
581:
activities on his land, however there is no hard evidence to support this conjecture. Rather there is evidence that
Towneley had already expressed interest in measuring rainfall across different parts of England before 1677. In July 1676, Flamsteed promised Towneley he would take note of rainfall at
562:
of the Royal
Society in 1694. In the report, Towneley described the measurements in great detail "to show you how little trouble there is to this task; which therefore I hope some of your ingenious friends may be persuaded to undertake". He wrote that at Towneley in Lancashire there was twice the
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and, in 1683, Flamsteed recorded a catalogue of eclipses of
Jupiter's satellites for the following year based on communication from, amongst others, Mr Towneley. This was at the time, the best method of determining longitude and, although unsuited for use at sea, was successful in determining the
555:
In 1977, British meteorologists celebrated the tercentenary of the start of systematic rainfall recording in the
British Isles by Richard Towneley. Towneley began making regular measurements of rainfall in January 1677 and published records of monthly rainfall for 15 years from that time in the
470:
of the moons of Jupiter, and Flamsteed made copies of Towneley's results taken between 9 September 1665 and 21 September 1672. Flamsteed's first task as Astronomer Royal was to continue Towneley's work on the moons of Jupiter. The same work was also underway at the
366:
had developed one before the Civil War. Towneley had produced an improved version of that micrometer and was using it in Lancashire. The Royal Society showed great interest in Towneley's micrometer and he sent them one made in Lancashire by one of his tenants.
391:
of the telescope and the pitch of the screw which moved the pointers. Hooke published an engraving of the instrument to accompany Towneley's description in 1667. Its principle was to lie at the heart of astronomical measurement down to the twentieth century.
459:, William Gascoigne and John Stephenson, and collected their papers. As an astronomer Towneley carried on the tradition of observation, that had been established in the north of England by Horrocks, Crabtree and Gascoigne based on the work of
371:
reported on it in November of the same year as "A description of an instrument for dividing a foot into many thousand parts, and thereby measuring the diameter of planets to a great exactness", with an illustration reproduced here.
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Greenwich, and expressed his opinion that "beyond Trent it is much more rainy than here". Flamsteed went as far as placing a rain gauge on an outhouse of the Observatory in 1677, but he never reported any measurements.
268:, a key primary historical source for the period 1460 to 1510. Before her death in 1672, they had eleven children, including Clement (1654–1666), Charles (1658–1712), Mary Ann (1660–1712) and Frances (1663–1728).
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gave him the micrometer illustrated by Hooke in 1667. Both Collins and Moore advised Flamsteed to contact Towneley to make best use of the micrometer, and Flamsteed first wrote to Towneley on 24 January 1671.
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on 28 October 1677, which Towneley was able to observe through "flying clouds" during the last part of the event, and thus time Mercury's exit. The only other European report of its exit came from
354:
Towneley published little of his own work but in May 1667 he sent a letter to the Royal Society "touching the invention of dividing a foot into many thousand parts for mathematical purposes".
323:
in 1661, and it seems Towneley also discussed the experiments with Boyle when he visited London in the winter of 1661–62. Later in 1662, Boyle was able to publish what is now known as
1014:
Oxford, Bodleian Library: Shelfmarks: MSS. Eng. c. 7031-2, Eng. d. 3537-40, Eng. e. 3387-93, French e. 41, Lat. misc. d. 100, Lat. misc. e. 133-4 Retrieved on 7 April 2008
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431:, who corresponded extensively with many mathematicians including Towneley. From their correspondence it appears Flamsteed visited London in June 1670, when
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in Lancashire. As a result, they recognised a relationship between the density of air and its pressure. Power eventually published the results in his book
1259:
303:, of Halifax, was both the Towneley family's physician and a friend who shared Towneley's enthusiasm for experimentation. On 27 April 1661, they used a
543:, around 1715, was significantly more accurate than the anchor and in the 19th century became the standard escapement used in quality pendulum clocks.
1476:
535:, jerked backward due to recoil, causing inaccuracy. Towneley's design eliminated the recoil and was the first of a kind that came to be known as a
1481:
1471:
531:, Surveyor General of the King's Ordnance and a friend of Towneley. Towneley had recognised that the second hand of pendulum clocks, using an
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of a Keplerian telescope. By enclosing the object to be measured between the pointers, its angular diameter could be computed to within a few
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20:
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Once at Greenwich, Flamsteed asked Towneley to help him prove that the Earth rotated at a constant speed. Towneley designed a novel clock
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In 1970, Derek Howse brought to more general attention a collection of some seventy letters written between 1673 and 1688 by the first
625:, saw Towneley fined, culminating in accusations of involvement in the 1694 Lancashire Plot, an alleged attempt to restore the exiled
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1343:
1334:
An History of the Original Parish of Whalley, and Honor of Clitheroe, to Which is Subjoined an Account of the Parish of Cartmell
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be cloudy at Greenwich but Flamsteed was still able to report the event using data recorded by Towneley. The second event was a
362:. Towneley wrote to point out that Auzout was not the first person to have developed such a device as the English astronomer
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appears to have taken up Towneley's challenge and they jointly published the rainfall measurements for Towneley and
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288:, although they had to sell Nocton Hall. This allowed Towneley to devote himself to the study of mathematics and
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A local historian has suggested that Towneley was possibly prompted to maintain rainfall records in support of
797:
England's Leonardo: Robert Hooke (1635–1703) and the art of experiment in Restoration England. ALLAN CHAPMAN
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became king in 1685, the Catholics were again allowed to take part in public life, and Towneley became a
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Towneley's Catholicism isolated him from some of the key scientific networks of the period, such as the
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539:. The clocks were installed on 7 July 1676. The deadbeat escapement, widely introduced by clockmaker,
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Richard's uncle Christopher Towneley had befriended a number of the northern astronomers, including
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Flamsteed first visited Towneley Hall in 1671 to use the library there. Much later, when writing to
284:, where his brothers were educated. Confiscated in 1652, the family estates were returned after the
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Catalogue of the Towneley Manuscripts removed from Towneley Hall Lancashire to be sold 27 June 1883
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for this purpose and two astronomical clocks were commissioned to his design from the clockmaker
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During the winter of 1664–65, the skies of the northern hemisphere were dominated by a brilliant
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416:, to Towneley. This collection of letters was acquired by the Royal Society in 1891. Professor
226:, on 10 October 1629, eldest son of Charles Towneley (1600–1644) and Mary Trappes (1599–1690).
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931:, Volume 1, compiled and edited by Eric G. Forbes et al., Institute of Physics Publishing.
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In 1653, Richard married Mary Paston (1631–1672), a fellow Catholic from an influential
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Scientific and antiquarian papers of Christopher and Richard Towneley, 17th–18th cent.
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190:, or as Boyle named it, "Mr. Towneley's hypothesis". He also introduced
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Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge, auctioneers of London, (1883)
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Influential English astronomer, mathematician and natural scientist
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in 1643, to measure the pressure of air at different altitudes on
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The Correspondence of John Flamsteed, The First Astronomer Royal
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Towneley had a close friendship with the Belgian mathematician,
70:
1341:
Willmoth, Frances (2004). "Towneley, Christopher (1606–1674)".
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Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire
1318:"Richard Towneley, the Towneley Group and 17th century science"
621:. Periods of anti-Catholic agitation before and after the 1688
601:
A collection of his remaining scientific papers are now in the
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true longitude of remote coasts for the correction of charts.
1195:, Volume 1, Institute of Physics Publishing, pp. 477 and 579.
1292:
The Tompion Clocks At Greenwich And The Dead-Beat Escapement
969:, Volume 1, Institute of Physics Publishing, pp. 48, 52, 72
500:
The Tompion Clocks at Greenwich and the deadbeat escapement
210:
and is the main escapement used in pendulum clocks today.
1106:, Volume 2, Institute of Physics Publishing, pp. 624–627.
982:, Volume 2, Institute of Physics Publishing, pp. 420–421.
818:"William Gascoigne, Richard Towneley, and the Micrometer"
327:, but what he referred to as "Mr Towneley's hypothesis".
1055:, Volume 1, Institute of Physics Publishing, p. 325.
995:, Volume 1, Institute of Physics Publishing, p. 185.
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Towneley is thought to have attended college in the
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761:, Volume 2, Number 6, Springer-Verlag, pp. 441–502.
147:(10 October 1629 – 22 January 1707) was an English
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927:Meadows, Jack and Howse, Derek (1995) Preface to:
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171:. His uncle was the antiquarian and mathematician
466:Towneley's main astronomical work was measuring
881:, Volume 2, Number 6, Springer-Verlag, p. 479.
856:, Volume 2, Number 6, Springer-Verlag, p. 471.
19:For those of the same or a similar name, see
8:
1415:"Colonel Charles Townley's Regiment of Foot"
1347:(Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1309:Tompion Clocks At Greenwich & the Dead B
427:Flamsteed's first regular correspondent was
358:had claimed a French first in inventing the
229:The Towneleys were prominent members of the
1180:A Pennine parish – the history of Cliviger
31:
1182:, The Rieve Edge Press (Burnley), p 58-60
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387:, providing the observer knew the exact
319:in 1663, but an early draft was seen by
1344:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1294:. The Antiquarian Horological Society.
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816:LaCour, L. Joe; Sellers, David (2016).
733:
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649:
598:that passed smoothly over rough roads.
1377:"Will of Richard Towneley (1628–1707)"
1375:Towneley, Richard (20 December 1706).
1311:. The Antiquarian Horological Society.
1258:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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879:Archives for History of Exact Sciences
854:Archives for History of Exact Sciences
759:Archives for History of Exact Sciences
636:on 22 January 1707, and was buried at
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571:in Essex for the years 1697 to 1704.
496:was able to record the entire event.
233:minority in Lancashire and long-time
7:
832:Society for the History of Astronomy
253:infantry regiment and was killed at
21:Richard de Towneley (disambiguation)
1165:Derham, W. and Towneley, R. (1704)
527:. The clocks were paid for by Sir
14:
1477:17th-century English astronomers
1332:Whitaker, Thomas Dunham (1818).
1193:Correspondence of John Flamsteed
1104:Correspondence of John Flamsteed
1053:Correspondence of John Flamsteed
993:Correspondence of John Flamsteed
980:Correspondence of John Flamsteed
967:Correspondence of John Flamsteed
173:Christopher Towneley (1604–1674)
1068:, Vol. 13 No. 154, pp. 404–412.
594:. He also designed and built a
551:Systematic rainfall measurement
296:Collaboration with Robert Boyle
1482:17th-century English inventors
1191:Eric G. Forbes et al. (1995),
1102:Eric G. Forbes et al. (1997),
1093:, Vol. 11 No. 127, pp. 662–64.
991:Eric G. Forbes et al. (1995),
978:Eric G. Forbes et al. (1997),
965:Eric G. Forbes et al. (1995),
942:"Redirecting to ArchiveSearch"
395:
280:, almost certainly the French
1:
1472:English College, Douai alumni
787:, Vol. 2 No. 29, pp. 541–544.
218:Richard Towneley was born at
1361:UK public library membership
774:, Vol. 2 No. 25, p. 457–458.
249:; Charles Towneley raised a
237:loyalists. Their main home,
202:, which became the standard
264:family, best known for the
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1264:Retrieved 17 February 2008
1169:, Volume 24, pp. 1878–881.
1167:Philosophical Transactions
1154:Philosophical Transactions
1091:Philosophical Transactions
1066:Philosophical Transactions
823:The Antiquarian Astronomer
806:Retrieved 15 November 2007
785:Philosophical Transactions
772:Philosophical Transactions
770:Towneley, Richard (1667),
559:Philosophical Transactions
447:Astronomy at Towneley Hall
396:Flamsteed's correspondence
330:
307:, of the type invented by
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1010:13 September 2007 at the
877:Webster, Charles (1965),
852:Webster, Charles (1965),
757:Webster, Charles (1965),
632:Richard Towneley died at
592:François Walther de Sluze
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1178:Thornber, Titus (1987),
1143:, Vol. 106, pp. 378–380.
1089:Flamsteed, John (1676),
1487:English Roman Catholics
1141:Meteorological Magazine
1064:Flamsteed, John (1683)
802:30 October 2007 at the
317:Experimental Philosophy
247:First English Civil War
1353:10.1093/ref:odnb/27602
1139:Lewis, R.P.W. (1977),
783:Hooke, Robert (1667),
512:
492:much further south on
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331:Gascoigne's micrometer
309:Evangelista Torricelli
1307:Howse, Derek (1971).
1290:Howse, Derek (1970).
1209:"The Galileo Project"
1025:"The Galileo Project"
892:"The Galileo Project"
525:Greenwich Observatory
523:and installed at the
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473:Observatoire de Paris
338:
1240:on 13 September 2007
1152:Towneley R. (1694),
619:Justice of the Peace
186:, helping formulate
1492:People from Burnley
1316:Webster, C (1966).
1300:1971tcag.book.....H
946:janus.lib.cam.ac.uk
840:2016AntAs..10...38L
748:, pp. 488–489.
638:St Peter's, Burnley
623:Glorious Revolution
537:deadbeat escapement
282:University of Douai
200:deadbeat escapement
153:natural philosopher
100:University of Douai
82:St Peter's, Burnley
1434:"Richard Towneley"
661:"Richard Towneley"
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482:transit of Mercury
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290:natural philosophy
245:forces during the
241:, was occupied by
206:used in precision
127:Natural philosophy
1396:"Richard Townley"
1359:(Subscription or
1276:, pp. 64–65.
1156:, Vol. 18, p. 52.
1118:, pp. 18–34.
1080:, pp. 24–25.
736:, pp. 62–63.
710:"Richard Townley"
533:anchor escapement
453:Jeremiah Horrocks
422:Royal Observatory
364:William Gascoigne
340:William Gascoigne
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414:John Flamsteed
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278:Low Countries
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239:Towneley Hall
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78:Resting place
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30:
26:
22:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1384:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1324:
1308:
1291:
1274:Webster 1966
1269:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
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1032:. Retrieved
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949:. Retrieved
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792:
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741:
734:Webster 1966
729:
717:. Retrieved
713:
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697:Webster 1966
692:
680:
668:. Retrieved
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429:John Collins
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389:focal length
374:
369:Robert Hooke
353:
348:Robert Hooke
321:Robert Boyle
316:
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255:Marston Moor
228:
224:Lincolnshire
217:
184:Robert Boyle
177:
144:
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116:
65:(1707-01-22)
53:Lincolnshire
29:
1467:1707 deaths
1462:1629 births
1443:18 December
1424:18 December
1419:BCW Project
1405:18 December
1244:25 November
1218:14 November
1034:15 November
951:16 November
901:17 February
719:18 December
670:18 December
605:in Oxford.
529:Jonas Moore
488:, although
433:Jonas Moore
385:arc seconds
381:focal plane
325:Boyle's Law
313:Pendle Hill
301:Henry Power
220:Nocton Hall
188:Boyle's Law
130:Mathematics
110:Boyle's Law
88:Nationality
49:Nocton Hall
1456:Categories
1382:. rootsweb
1363:required.)
1336:. Nichols.
1128:Howse 1971
1116:Howse 1970
1078:Howse 1970
916:Howse 1970
644:References
609:Later life
517:escapement
360:micrometer
344:micrometer
204:escapement
196:micrometer
169:Lancashire
157:astronomer
834:: 38–49.
569:Upminster
494:St Helena
305:barometer
257:in 1644.
133:Astronomy
1400:Geni.com
1254:cite web
1008:Archived
800:Archived
714:Geni.com
627:James II
615:James II
596:carriage
468:eclipses
251:Royalist
1386:7 April
1296:Bibcode
1284:Sources
836:Bibcode
579:hushing
486:Avignon
262:Norfolk
194:to the
165:Burnley
163:, near
91:English
1380:(http)
1357:
272:Career
235:Stuart
123:Fields
1321:(PDF)
613:When
377:comet
222:, in
1445:2019
1426:2019
1407:2019
1388:2008
1260:link
1246:2007
1220:2007
1036:2007
953:2007
903:2008
721:2019
672:2019
634:York
576:lime
214:Life
155:and
71:York
60:Died
42:Born
23:and
1349:doi
342:'s
167:in
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