126:, usually members of organizations that compete in internal leagues and external events with other professionals and the general public. There are over 1,700 professionals spread across a half-dozen organizations. There is no universal authority for riichi mahjong in Japan: professionals cannot dictate how mahjong parlors or amateur organizations and players operate, nor can they regulate each other since everything is left to the free market. Likewise, there is no global authority regulating riichi mahjong. Since 2018, there exists a league of select professionals (coming from the other professional mahjong organizations) named M.League which takes the game and presents it as a professional sport. Teams of professionals receive salary as players, compete in ranking and playoffs as teams, and wear team jerseys to enhance the image of mahjong as a sport.
1568:: The hand is drawn when a winning hand cannot be made from the discard after the fourth quad is called, unless all the four quads were called by a single player. If the four quads were collectively called by two or more players, the game may end upon the last player to make a quad discarding (either safely or dealing in), or it may end immediately. If all four quads were called by a single player, the hand continues. Once four quads have been made and the game is allowed to continue, generally, a fifth quad is unable to be formed. Like most optional settings, it is possible that a local mechanism is in place to allow for further quads, but is very rare.
1228:, the next adjacent bonus indicator tile is flipped, starting with the upper tile from the fourth stack from the back end. The indicator is flipped immediately after the quad is called, and after that the player draws a supplemental tile for their hand from the back end of the dead wall. The number of indicators increases in that direction, which becomes five if a single player calls four quads, and that is the largest possible number from the upper tiles in the third to seventh stacks of the dead wall (see
135:
1259:: A variation uses specially marked red number 5 tiles that are also bonus tiles, regardless of whether it is an indicator tile or not. The red 5 tiles also stack with normal bonus tiles if the indicator tile display a 4. One red 5 tile for each suit is usually used in place of regular five tiles, with some local variants using various amounts (two 5-pin only, two 5-pin and one 5-sō and 5-wan, two of each 5 in all three suits,
1995:. Smaller events, such as the European Riichi Championship, as well as a few other tournaments can have attendance numbers of tens of people, sometimes even over 100 at events like the European Riichi Championship, and as high as 224 at the World Riichi Championship (2017 Las Vegas edition). The total reach extends to almost 50 countries, but some countries may have few players, others may have hundreds or thousands.
1898:(三麻), which eliminates 28 tiles from the number suit's 2-man through 8-man tiles and removes the ability to call "chii". There is a four player version called "Clear Mahjong" that was created by Noboyuki Fukomoto for the manga "Ten: Tenhōdōri No Kaidanji". There is a version for two players called "San Hako Mahjong" that keeps all tiles, permits calling "chii", and utilizes a dummy player.
1723:
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1207:
964:
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1219:
1201:
1163:
1109:
976:
652:
308:
1322:, the number of points payable depends on which player is the dealer, which in the case, had a 1.5x multiplier. If the winner is the dealer, the points is multiplied as such. Wins via self-drawn tiles split the payment of points. If the winner is a non-dealer, the payment will be a ratio of 1:2 of score for non-dealer and dealer.
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1702:(西入; entering West). The prevailing wind becomes West. A North round (北場) may come next in the same way. Depending on the rules, it can be followed by an East round again or instead White dragon, Green dragon, Red dragon and East rounds. Any extra round ends as soon as one player has 30,000 points or more.
710:
Players can make a meld (open group) by calling for another player's discard. They reveal the meld on the table and then make their own discard. Calling for another player's discard makes the group and the hand open. When a winning tile of a closed hand is a discard, the group including that discard
146:
Japanese mahjong is usually played with 136 tiles. The tiles are mixed and then arranged into four walls that are each two stacked tiles high and 17 tiles wide. 26 of the stacks are used to build the players' starting hands, 7 stacks are used to form a dead wall, and the remaining 35 stacks form the
1363:
If a winning tile is discarded and the player does not call it to win, that player cannot win on any discard after it until their next turn. This is known as "temporary furiten". This applies even if that winning tile could not have been called for the win due to the resulting hand having no yaku.
768:
Players can make an open quad using another player's discarded tile if they have three of that same tile in their hand. They reveal the meld on the table with all four tiles face up, with one placed sideways to indicate from whom the discard was taken. Players cannot make this type of quad using an
761:
Players can make a closed quad if they have four of the same tile in their hand. They reveal those tiles, then place them to the right side of their hand with two tiles face up and two face down. They then draw another tile from the dead wall. A closed quad does not use another player's discard and
749:
indicator tile is flipped, and players need to draw a supplemental tile from the end of the dead wall. Depending on the rules, the number of tiles in the dead wall is kept at 14 by reserving the last available tile from the wall, or the number decreases at that time. There are three types of quads.
1330:
In many mahjong variants, discards are simply placed in the middle of the table in a disorganized fashion. However, with the
Japanese variant, tiles are neatly placed in order of discard in front of each player. In turn, each player accumulates a discard pile, with each hand. Typically, discards
723:" (吃 or チー) using a tile discarded by the left player, who is prior in order. Players place the meld face up on the table, usually on the right side of their hands, with the discard placed sideways at the leftmost position of the meld to indicate which tile was taken from the left's discard pile.
88:
In 1924, a soldier named Saburo
Hirayama brought the game to Japan. In Tokyo, he started a mahjong club, parlor, and school. In the years after, the game dramatically increased in popularity. In this process, the game itself was simplified from the Chinese version. Then later, additional rules
1343:
have discard specific rules, by which they must indicate the source and type of discarded tile. This way, a record is maintained for all discarded tiles corresponding to each player. Likewise, game strategy depends on the state of the discards and the players' hands.
812:
cannot happen at the same time since there are only four of each tile. Depending on the ruleset being used, these calls may be allowed when the next player has already drawn and seen their next tile. In such cases, that player takes first precedence if they call
1860:
Push-fold decisions revolve around using tile acceptance and defensive information to weigh whether a player should pursue a winning hand at the risk of dealing in, against abandoning completing their hand in order to discard the tiles least likely to deal in.
1686:, あがりやめ, "win and stop") is when the last dealer decides to exercise this option after winning a hand, for instance when they are the top player at the time. In some cases, a stop may be allowed simply for playing a hand and ending with a ready hand (
960:
At the start of a hand, the upper tile from the third stack of back end of the dead wall is flipped and becomes a bonus tile indicator. A tile of a next succeeding number or color is the bonus tile. For example, if an indicator is a Green dragon
1817:
Tile efficiency, also known as tile acceptance theory, is a concept to estimate which tile is best to discard. The goal is to move to a completed hand as fast as possible, aided by maximizing the number of available tiles that improve the hand
89:
were adopted to increase the complexity. Mahjong, as of 2010, is the most popular table game in Japan. As of 2008, there were approximately 7.6 million mahjong players and about 8,900 mahjong parlors in the country. The parlors did 300 billion
880:
is a value for limit hands with stringent criteria to fulfill, and in some variations cumulative allows multiple limit hands to be stacked. These hands separate any non-limit hands, ignoring any other scoring patterns and points.
1750:(祝儀) is given to players who won their hand. For each shūgi the winning hand has, additional payments are made by either the player who threw the winning tile, or by each player in the case of a self-draw. Common shūgi are:
1413:: On a player's first turn when no meld has been called, if a player has nine different terminal (also known as major) or honor tiles, the player may declare the hand to be drawn. For example, the hand may be
1669:
A game ends when a player's score becomes negative (below zero), or in some rare local rules, at zero points or less. Some rules may allow continued gameplay with a player having a negative point value.
643:). Often, the face of the White dragon tiles is blank white. The kanji of the Green dragon tiles in Japan is usually 𤼵 which is slightly different from 發 since it includes the kanji 矢 instead of 殳.
1841:
Unlike some other mahjong variants, in
Japanese Mahjong the player who deals in pays the full point value of the winning player's hand. Defense revolves around avoiding dealing into a player with a
1852:(現物). Both the contents and order of tiles in a player's discard pile can be further used to identify tiles that are either statistically unlikely or impossible to be one of their winning tiles.
1991:
Outside Japan, there are clubs sporadically located across Europe, North
America, Asia and South America. There are also tournaments of various sizes, the largest outside of Japan being the
779:; 加槓) by adding a self-drawn tile or a tile already in their hand to an open meld of the same three tiles. The tile is usually added sideways on top of the sideways tile in the open meld.
735:" (碰 or ポン) using a tile discarded by any other player. Players place the meld face up on the table with one of those tiles placed sideways to indicate from whom the discard was taken.
1360:
A player cannot win on any discard if any of their potential winning tiles are present in their discard pile. This includes tiles that have been called by other players for open melds.
917:. A player must place their 1,000-point stick and place their discarded tile sideways to do so; the hand is then fixed and may not be changed except when forming certain closed quads.
1698:
If the score of the top player is less than 30,000 points after the last hand of the last round, the game continues into the West round (西場) in some rules. This situation is called
1791:
Japanese mahjong has an extensively developed theory. Japanese mahjong is reliant on both skill and luck, so strategy focuses on gaining probabilistic and strategical advantages.
1814:
In
Japanese mahjong the first player to complete their hand wins the round. As a result, it is typically advantageous for players to reach a complete hand as fast as possible.
174:
value. The flower and season tiles are omitted. Names for suit tiles follow the pattern of + , the numbers being
Japanese pronunciations of the corresponding Chinese words.
1738:(焼き鳥マーク) on the table, and a player flips their own after winning a hand. Chips or coins are also used as substitutes, and they are often removed instead of being flipped.
711:
is also considered open, while the hand is still regarded as closed. The calls operate exactly the same as any variation of mahjong, except
Japanese terminology is used.
1367:
Temporary furiten is permanent after riichi - If a player passes on a winning discard after declaring riichi, that player can no longer win on any discard.
1376:
In
Japanese mahjong, many rules allow abortive draws to be declared while tiles are still available. They can be declared under the following conditions:
2297:
1794:
Japanese mahjong is a comparative point game. Unlike betting variations of mahjong, decisions are made compared to other players instead of a strict
928:, or reveals all the tiles in the hand depending on the rules. The declaration increases the hand count allowing the player to score extra points.
1983:
The variant is available via online play. In addition, many game consoles port mahjong games, as well as various PC and mobile phone software.
76:. The variant is one of a few styles where discarded tiles are ordered rather than placed in a disorganized pile. This is primarily due to the
2352:
2041:
847:, are specific combinations of tiles or conditions that yield the value of hands. Unlike many variants, a winning hand consists of four
825:
While the basic rules to mahjong apply with the
Japanese variation, an additional, distinct set of rules are applied. (See the rules for
1922:
2373:
743:
Players can make a meld from 4 identical tiles in the same suit or 4 identical honor tiles. After calling a quad, the next adjacent
1734:(焼き鳥), if one did not win a hand in a match, that player pays a penalty. At the start of a match, each player has a marker called
295:): Named as each tile consists of a number of bamboo sticks that hold a hundred coins each. The face of the number one tiles is a
2266:
166:). Honor tiles are further divided between wind tiles and dragon tiles. Some rules may have red number five tiles which work as
80:
rule, which takes player discards into account. The variant has grown in popularity due to anime, manga, and online platforms.
1826:
1711:
1578:
1319:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1273:
941:
925:
904:
848:
731:
Players can make an open identical group, a triplet (three identical tiles in the same suit or honor tiles) by calling out "
1513:: On the first turn without any meld calls, the hand is immediately drawn when all four players discard the same wind tile.
150:
There are 34 different kinds of tiles, with four of each kind. Just like standard mahjong, there are three suits of tiles,
1678:
Some rule sets allow for the last dealer to decide whether to continue playing extra hands in the final round or stop. A
2508:
2009:
425:; see the lower character on the tile). Originally, this was 10,000 coins made up of 100 strings of 100 coins each (see
2216:
973:) are counted as a bonus tile by the sequence shown below, in which the Red dragon wraps around to the White dragon (
920:
As a possible house rule, a player can choose to reveal their hand to win more points if successful, which is called
2072:
719:
Players can make an open sequential group, a sequence (three consecutive tiles in the same suit), by calling out "
2004:
1992:
690:
Many basic rules of mahjong apply to the
Japanese variation. Valid collections of three tiles are called groups (
1876:(全ツッパ), conversely aiming to complete one's hand without regard to the risk their discarded tiles may pose; and
1549:: If all four players declare a ready hand, the hand is drawn after the last player discards without dealing in.
949:
value to increment based on the amount of its corresponding "indicator" tiles. Bonus tiles are not counted as
1278:
Among the modern mahjong variants, the Japanese scoring system is unique. Two variables are considered: the
1318:" (栄 or ロン, picking up a discard) and the opponent will pay the full amount of points instead. Based on the
1314:" (自摸 or ツモ, self-drawn), in which all opponents would pay the points to the winner. A discard is called a "
1710:
At the end of a match, players are often given bonus points or penalties depending on their placement (see
1959:
is based on this type of mahjong. Furthermore, riichi mahjong is found in several video game series as a
1951:
features the game involving yakuza and gambling, while employing various cheating tactics and techniques.
2488:
1934:
1754:
1485:
1248:
1230:
898:
891:
852:
838:
1806:, experienced players may deviate from optimal decision-making in order to bluff or mislead opponents.
1661:
A game ends after the last hand of the last round, which is usually the South (prevailing wind) round.
64:. While the basic rules to the game are retained, the variation features a unique set of rules such as
1894:
1356:(振聴 or フリテン), there are three situations in which a win using another player's discard is forbidden:
43:
1224:
The number of bonus tile indicators increases in the following manner: Each time a player calls a
2413:
2395:
2377:
2356:
2324:
2252:
2220:
2199:
2167:
560:
112:
2391:
2320:
2248:
2195:
2291:
2143:
2037:
1971:
1690:, 聴牌やめ), or in very rare cases, allow the last dealer to end the game regardless of position.
903:. A player may declare ready if a player's hand needs only one tile to complete a legal hand (
35:
2503:
1772:
1604:
913:. When declaring ready, a player can win on a discard regardless of validity of the hand or
108:
2181:
2086:
1251:
declaration, the tiles underneath these indicators are flipped for additional bonus points.
1652:(山崩れ). Literally 'landslide'. Damaging the wall to the point that it cannot be recovered
134:
115:
that can be connected to others over the Internet. There are also video game versions of
2310:
For this reason, called tiles are placed sideways to indicate the source of the discard.
2163:
1795:
1480:
414:
2497:
2273:
1965:
1916:
433:
of number five usually becomes "伍" instead of "五". The modern Japanese standard uses
426:
139:
2337:
2234:
1455:
1955:
1928:
1475:
1470:
1435:
90:
1465:
1460:
1331:
are placed in rows of 6 tiles as per customary rule. In addition, open calls for
1290:
value. A hand winner acquires points based on these values, which correspond to a
945:
value to a winning hand. Every kind of tile can become a bonus tile, allowing its
2057:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
788:
The order of precedence to pick up a discard when two or more players want it is
2091:
1803:
924:(open ready). In that case, the player shows only the tiles that are related to
116:
1848:
The sacred discard rules (furiten) can be used to identify safe tiles known as
1722:
1263:). In some variations, tiles of other numbers such as 3 or 7 can be marked red.
1884:
to avoid dealing in while still leaving open the opportunity to win the hand.
1868:(ベタ降り), the complete abandonment of winning in order to avoid dealing in to a
1799:
2409:
1833:(受け入れ) of the hand, the number of tiles that can be drawn to reduce shanten.
142:, including red dora tiles as well as season tiles which are used in variants
17:
2428:
2444:
1298:
counting is optional but not necessary, if the hand contains at least five
1746:
Often in mahjong parlors across Japan, an additional bonus payment called
1364:
Generally, other players making open melds does not end temporary furiten.
953:, regardless of the number of tiles present; the player still must form a
1960:
2462:
437:
as the suit's suffix, most western languages including English will use
826:
296:
61:
1825:(向聴) of the hand, the number of tiles required to reach a ready hand (
2430:
Riichi Book I. A Mahjong Strategy Primer for European Players, Ver. 9
2483:
909:), and the player has not claimed another players' discards to make
2070:
Pakarnian, John, "Game Boy: Glossary of Japanese Gambling Games",
1237:
Additional bonus points can be awarded on the following situation:
1206:
963:
658:
1911:
1907:
1721:
1218:
1200:
1162:
1108:
975:
651:
430:
307:
133:
98:
94:
1920:, which has also been made into a live action television series,
1212:
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1187:
1181:
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1156:
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986:
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242:
235:
228:
221:
214:
207:
200:
193:
101:
devoted to dramatic and comic situations involving mahjong (see
1829:). As a consequence, discards should also aim to increase the
1646:(多牌). Having more tiles than allowed (depending on the rules)
702:). Players can also form a quad using four of the same tile.
2399:, September 14, 2011, 00:37 UTC, retrieved October 24, 2011.
2171:, February 24, 2011, 00:40 UTC, retrieved February 24, 2011.
2256:, January 13, 2011, 11:34 UTC, retrieved February 11, 2011.
1310:
A player winning a hand via a self-drawn tile is called a "
2417:, April 16th, 2018, 23:13 UTC, retrieved April 16th 2018.
2484:
World Riichi Championship Rules and Clarifications page
2118:
869:
works as a doubler. A winning hand needs at least one
185:): Named as each tile consists of a number of circles.
2360:, April 19, 2011, 14:16 UTC, retrieved June 15, 2011.
2203:, March 10, 2011, 05:16 UTC, retrieved July 23, 2011.
441:
instead. The seven in this suit would thus be called
1864:
Push-fold lies on a spectrum of decisions including
1352:In the sacred discard rules, which are also called
982:The succeeding order of bonus tile is as follows:
2034:The Great Mahjong Book: History, Lore, and Play
2027:
2025:
1561:
1535:
1525:
1506:
1399:
1389:
897:means declaring a ready hand, and is a kind of
47:
1944:
1555:
1542:
1519:
1500:
1406:
1383:
413:): Named as each tile consists of a number of
2489:European Mahjong Association's Riichi Ruleset
8:
910:
2347:
2345:
2058:"Mah Jong - History and Useful Information"
162:(characters), and unranked honor tiles (字牌
2106:Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics
1963:, two popular examples of which being the
2368:
2366:
2211:
2209:
2182:"Mahjong Time - Riichi Competition Rules"
1798:basis. As mahjong is a game dependent on
646:
566:
452:
302:
188:
2235:"Mahjong Time - Mahjong Dora Indicator"
2021:
1892:There is a three player version called
1380:Nine different terminal and honor tiles
2296:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2289:
122:In Japan, there are what are known as
1771:Red fives (or other extra red tiles)
775:Players can make an added open quad (
7:
2414:Knowledge: Japanese-language version
2396:Knowledge: Japanese-language version
2378:Knowledge: Japanese-language version
2357:Knowledge: Japanese-language version
2325:Knowledge: Japanese-language version
2253:Knowledge: Japanese-language version
2221:Knowledge: Japanese-language version
2200:Knowledge: Japanese-language version
2168:Knowledge: Japanese-language version
792:(winning via a discard tile) first,
93:in sales in 2008. There are several
1581:under the following circumstances:
817:(winning via self-drawing a tile).
1923:The Legend of the Gambler: Tetsuya
1821:Discards should aim to reduce the
706:Making groups by calling (melding)
25:
1626:Machi ga kawaru riichi-go no kan
2036:. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing.
1484:. They could instead go for the
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
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1444:
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320:
313:
306:
248:
241:
234:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:
192:
2381:, February 14, 2012, 10:16 UTC.
2087:Mah-jongg ancient, progressive
1938:. A live action series named
1274:Japanese Mahjong scoring rules
939:(ドラ) are bonus tiles that add
1:
2427:Chiba, Daina (Mar 31, 2019).
2328:, August 16, 2011, 06:08 UTC.
2224:, August 31, 2011, 01:16 UTC.
754:" (槓 or カン) for all of them.
2010:European Mahjong Association
1906:This variant is featured in
1247:: when a player wins with a
2108:. Kodansha, 1986, Chapter 5
1730:In an optional rule called
1619:
1562:
1536:
1526:
1507:
1400:
1390:
66:
48:
2525:
2076:, January 22, 2010, p. 15.
1640:changes the player's waits
1271:
851:and requires at least one
836:
694:), divided into triplets (
103:
2125:(in Japanese). 2018-06-12
2005:World Riichi Championship
1993:World Riichi Championship
1945:
1880:(回し打ち), stepping back in
1556:
1543:
1520:
1501:
1407:
1384:
1245:(裏ドラ, hidden bonus tiles)
769:open meld of three tiles.
762:does not open their hand.
744:
72:
39:
2408:Knowledge contributors,
2390:Knowledge contributors,
2372:Knowledge contributors,
2351:Knowledge contributors,
2319:Knowledge contributors,
2247:Knowledge contributors,
2215:Knowledge contributors,
2194:Knowledge contributors,
2162:Knowledge contributors,
1225:
559:): Named after the four
1628:(待ちが変わるリーチ後のカン) Closed
821:Japanese rules overview
113:mahjong arcade machines
2095:, June 15, 2010, p. 3.
1727:
1712:final points and place
1657:Game ending conditions
1401:kyūshu yaochūhai tōhai
857:. When scoring, each
449:(or 7-man) in English.
143:
2119:"M.LEAGUE（Mリーグ）公式サイト"
1935:Mudazumo Naki Kaikaku
1725:
839:Japanese Mahjong yaku
827:Old Hong Kong Mahjong
686:General mahjong rules
137:
2085:Matsutani, Minoru, "
1736:yakitori māku (mark)
1694:Continuing into West
1592:with an invalid hand
124:professional players
60:, is a variation of
27:Variation of mahjong
2509:Mahjong video games
2338:Tile Classification
2032:Rep, Jelte (2007).
1497:Four winds' barrier
957:in order to count.
561:cardinal directions
2463:"San Hako Mahjong"
2104:Schodt, Frederik,
1728:
1706:Settling the score
1516:Four players ready
1292:points-value table
750:Players call out "
144:
2144:"Majan Equipment"
2043:978-0-8048-3719-4
1972:Final Fantasy XIV
1755:Limit value hands
1398:, shortened from
1326:Arranged discards
698:) and sequences (
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2445:"Clear Mahjong"
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1320:scoring table
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18:Richi Mahjong
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2449:Mahjong Wiki
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2281:. Retrieved
2274:the original
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1956:Mahjong Soul
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1527:Sūcha riichi
1492:kokushi musō
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107:). Japanese
102:
87:
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71:
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56:
55:
30:
29:
2092:Japan Times
1804:game theory
1688:tenpai-yame
1596:Furiten ron
1563:Sūkan sanra
1257:Red 5 tiles
922:ōpun riichi
843:A hand, or
154:(circles),
2498:Categories
2353:"麻雀の反則行為,"
2283:2012-04-18
2217:"ドラ (麻雀),"
2149:2009-11-16
2129:2023-06-05
2073:Metropolis
2016:References
1940:Shin Janki
1800:psychology
1764:One-shot (
1684:agari-yame
1665:Bankruptcy
1650:Yamakuzure
1613:. Calling
1598:. Calling
1588:. Calling
1284:value and
1249:ready hand
1231:four quads
911:open melds
889:Declaring
766:Open quad:
553:Wind tiles
2374:"麻雀のルール,"
1874:zentsuppa
1856:Push-fold
1579:penalized
1261:et cetera
629:sangenpai
447:seven-man
138:Japanese
119:mahjong.
2410:"麻雀での用例"
2292:cite web
1999:See also
1961:Minigame
1872:player;
1850:genbutsu
1777:aka-dora
1732:yakitori
1718:Yakitori
1243:Ura-dora
617:(North)
36:Japanese
2504:Mahjong
1882:shanten
1878:mawashi
1866:betaori
1837:Defense
1823:shanten
1766:ippatsu
1759:yakuman
1636:if the
1605:furiten
1586:Gotsumo
1494:) hand.
1408:九種么九牌倒牌
1354:furiten
1306:Winning
878:Yakuman
804:third.
700:shuntsu
607:(South)
557:kazehai
545:chūwan
539:chiiwan
524:ryanwan
443:chiiwan
429:). The
297:peafowl
281:chūpin
275:chiipin
260:ryanpin
84:History
78:furiten
62:mahjong
44:Hepburn
2040:
1870:tenpai
1845:hand.
1843:tenpai
1831:ukeire
1827:tenpai
1787:Theory
1700:shānyū
1634:riichi
1632:after
1620:tenpai
1615:riichi
1602:while
1573:Chombo
1339:, and
906:tenpai
893:riichi
885:Riichi
692:mentsu
627:(三元牌,
612:(West)
602:(East)
527:sanwan
395:chūsō
389:chiisō
374:ryansō
263:sanpin
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