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liquor, instead avoiding socializing and focusing on saving his earnings. Just when he has earned enough to buy a rickshaw, it is confiscated by warlord soldiers. As he leaves, he spots some camels captured by the soldiers. He takes the camels and escapes and later sells them, earning the unwanted nickname Camel. However, the cash
Xiangzi obtains from this is not enough for him to buy another new rickshaw, forcing him to begin saving anew. He is hired by Mr. Cao, a university lecturer who pays little but offers steady employment and fair treatment. Cao is later implicated by Ruan Ming, one of his students. During the course of the investigation, Platoon Leader Sun, a secret policeman, extorts Xiangzi into handing over his savings, leaving Xiangzi penniless again. Left with no choice, Xiangzi returns to work for Fourth Master Liu, the boss of a thriving rickshaw rental company.
744:("by Lau Shaw"). According to Jean M. James ("Note on the Text and the Translation" in the James edition), "King cut, rearrange, rewrote, invented characters, and changed the ending." King changed various aspects of the original story, including the addition of two characters, rearrangement of the plot, and rewriting the ending. In order to create a happy ending pleasing to American audiences, the English translation has Xiangzi rescue Fuzi (rendered as "Little Lucky One") from the brothel. Lao She never agreed to these changes, but because there was no copyright agreement between China and the United States at the time, he could not prevent the spread of this version of the novel.
513:
532:, progressively becoming poorer due to Huniu's spendthrift ways and Xiangzi's meager earnings. Later, Huniu befriends the meek and long-suffering Fuzi, whose alcoholic father has forced her into prostitution, renting her a room in which to meet clients. When Huniu becomes genuinely pregnant, she becomes sedentary and over-indulges in rich food, complicating her health. One winter day, Xiangzi meets an aging rickshaw puller and his grandson, Xiao Ma. After buying food for them, Xiangzi becomes disillusioned with his ambition of owning his own rickshaw.
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dog and ought to be able to hold down a job." As his job depends on his physical wellbeing, his economic status becomes more precarious as his earnings dwindle and he gives way to common vices, leaving him little money for food and further weakaning his economic status. "No matter how hard you work or how ambitious you are, you must not start a family, you must not get sick, and you must not make a single mistake!" "If you avoid dying of starvation when young, good for you. But it was almost impossible to avoid dying of starvation when old."
105:
589:), and the evolution of that relationship. The relationship is both financial, requiring months and years of calculation to graduate from being a renter to being an owner, and physical. "His strength seemed to permeate every part of the rickshaw. . . . he was energetic, smooth in his motions, precise. He didn't appear to be in any hurry and yet he ran very fast . . . . "
609:
Finally, isolation and individualism are some of the most important themes in the book. "His life might well be ruined by his own hands but he wasn't about to sacrifice anything for anybody. He who works for himself knows how to destroy himself. These are the two starting points of
Individualism."
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contributed to the popularity of earlier translations in the United States. China was depicted as chaotic, corrupt, poor, and backward, which was exactly how foreigners liked to see it. By creating the character of Ruan Ming who is a dishonest, hypocritical revolutionary, the
Chinese revolution may
592:
Another important theme that the book explores is the relationship between the characters’ development and their economic existence. As
Xiangzi pulls a rickshaw, the author says that "A man with his physique, his ability to endure so much, and his determination should not be treated like a pig or a
539:
However, when
Xiangzi returns to the tenement compound where he once lived with Huniu, he finds Fuzi's home empty. While searching for her, Xiangzi once again meets the old man he once took pity on. No longer pulling a rickshaw, the old man became a peddler after his grandson died. His advice leads
523:
Set in the 1920s, the novel's protagonist is an orphaned peasant who moves to
Beijing to earn a living. Xiangzi is a young, hard-working, well-built rickshaw puller who dreams of owning his own rickshaw. He distinguishes between himself and other rickshaw men who spend their money on cigarettes and
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argued that “Lao She failed to depict the revolutionary potential of rickshaw pullers" and that his novel expressed a “reactionary” attitude, which is why the novel was not emphasized in literary histories and college textbooks in China between 1949 and the mid-1980s, and why during this time new
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Although honest and industrious, Xiangzi finds himself entangled between Fourth Master Liu and his manipulative daughter Huniu, ten years his senior. Huniu eventually seduces
Xiangzi, deceives him into thinking she is carrying his child, and insists on marrying him. Her father disowns her and the
535:
When Huniu dies during childbirth and
Xiangzi's infant child is stillborn, Xiangzi is distraught. Despite initially finding comfort in Fuzi, Xiangzi is reluctant to remarry due to his own poverty and the fact that Fuzi provides for two younger brothers. Overcome by apathy and depression, Xiangzi
385:
In 1945, Evan King published an unauthorized translation of the novel. He cut, rearranged, rewrote, invented characters, and changed the ending. Two characters, the girl student and One Pock Li, are King's inventions, not Lao She's. King also added considerable embellishment to the two seduction
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The daughter of Fourth Master Liu, owner of the
Harmony Shed from which Xiangzi often rents rickshaws. Described as unattractive and coarse, Huniu nevertheless cares for Xiangzi and eventually manipulates him into marrying her. Her death and the death of their unborn child accelerate Xiangzi's
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aligned with concerns of
Chinese leftists and the Chinese Communist Party, but Lao She had never fully aligned himself with the left. For instance, the final sentences read, "Handsome, ambitious, dreamer of fine dreams, selfish, individualistic sturdy, great Hsiang Tzu. No one knows how many
576:, the options he faces and choices he makes, and especially the fundamental issues of whether to work independently or as a servant to a family, and whether to rent or own a rickshaw. It also describes a series of adventures he has and his interactions with a number of other characters.
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Xiangzi begins "a downward spiral that carried him to society’s lowest rung." No longer thrifty, he spends his earnings on alcohol, tobacco, and brothels, becoming lazy, selfish, and dishonest, neglecting his physical appearance and health, and contracting numerous cases of unspecified
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indulges in alcohol, tobacco, and prostitutes, becoming friendlier with his fellow rickshaw pullers but less diligent in his work. He eventually resolves to return to his former industrious ways, relating his life to Mr. Cao, who then offers him his old job and lodging for Fuzi.
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The owner of Harmony Shed and Huniu's father. A veteran of Beijing's underworld, Fourth Master Liu initially appreciates Xiangzi's exceptional work ethic. Eventually, he disowns Huniu following her marriage to Xiangzi in order to prevent them from inheriting his assets.
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A prematurely aged rickshaw puller and his grandson whom Xiangzi encounters in a teahouse. He is moved by their hardships, purchasing food for them. His encounters with the old man eventually convince Xiangzi of the fruitlessness of life as a rickshaw puller.
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lampooned communism, and the Red Guards paraded him through the streets and beat him in public. Being humiliated both mentally and physically, he, according to the official record, committed suicide by drowning himself in Beijing's Taiping Lake in 1966.
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editions were expurgated, deleting the novel's pessimistic conclusion, including Fuzi's suicide, turning Ruan Ming into a positive or neutral character, and removing scatological language and description of “naturalistic” detail, mostly to do with sex.
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in the 1920s, where he finds employment first as a laborer and then as a rickshaw puller. He hopes to become independent through hard work, honesty, and thrift, but frequent misfortune leads his life and character to degradation.
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In 1948, leftist critic Xu Jia lamented that Lao She intended to depict a sick society or bad luck that drove Xiangzi to his fate. The excessive depiction of sex and the negative implicit comments on Chinese society in
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funerals he marched in, and no one knows when or where he was able to get himself buried, that degenerate, selfish, unlucky offspring of society's diseased womb, a ghost caught in Individualism's blind alley."
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by her father to an army officer who then abandons her, Fuzi is forced into prostitution and later sold to a brothel, The White Manor. During their time as neighbors, she and Huniu become occasional friends.
382:, Lao She said that he had edited the manuscript ("taken out some of the coarser language and some unnecessary descriptions") and he expressed regret for the lack of hope expressed in the original edition.
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was intended to show sympathy for the working class and he did not mean to say that the source of hope in Rickshaw Boy was revolution. Lao She apologized for this and expressed gratitude to the
37:
606:. Xiangzi was born into poverty and presented with few options to escape it, leading him to believe that the hard work and honesty of his youth were a waste and hastening his descent.
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Little Fuzi's father. Formerly a rickshaw puller, Er Qiangzi squanders the money from the sale of his daughter on alcohol, eventually relying on her earnings to support his addiction.
548:. Having given up on his dream of owning his own rickshaw, he behaves as unscrupulously as the rickshaw pullers he once looked down on, and takes low-paying, low-effort jobs carrying
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655:. According to the introductory section of the Foreign Languages Press (Beijing) English translation, "Before Liberation wrote many works of literature, including his best novel
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Beijing's rickshaw pullers, Xiangzi sells him out for a small sum. His advancing venereal disease ends his career as a rickshaw puller, forcing him to take menial jobs as a
582:-- "filthy, beautiful, decadent, bustling, chaotic, idle, lovable"—is important as a backdrop for the book. "The only friend he had was this ancient city." (p. 31)
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In addition, the novel explores elements of naturalism. The novel often presents controversial topics such as infant mortality, child labor, domestic abuse, etc.
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The daughter of an impoverished family in the compound where Huniu and Xiangzi set up home following their marriage, Fuzi is the daughter of Er Qiangzi.
887:(Cambridge: Harvard, 1977), writes, "The heroes in these stories are all outcasts and underdogs, in varying degrees . . . . Xiangzi, the main figure in
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Xiangzi to a brothel called The White Manor, to which Fuzi was sold. This sequence of events finally destroys Xiangzi's industriousness and ambition.
450:, Cao and his wife treat Xiangzi with relative kindness. A political dispute involving one of Cao's students forms a secondary plot to the story.
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required changes to Lao She's novel in terms of “negative image depiction”. The novel was not republished in its original version until 1982.
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in the early 20th-century leftists Chinese literary scenes in general, and particularly on the way that influence was transferred to China by
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Foreign Languages Press (Beijing) published an English translation by Shi Xiaojing (Lynette Shi) in 1988 under the English title
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by Lao She. In A Companion to World Literature, K. Seigneurie (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118635193.ctwl0207
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1020:. Cambridge, Mass.: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University; distributed by Harvard University Press.
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Lao She went on to play a leading role in literary associations endorsed by the government, such as the
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891:(Rickshaw boy ), who becomes the victim of his own stubborn toiling, fits into this category." (p. 100)
781:). For this translation, Goldblatt went back to the 1939 first edition and consulted the 1941 edition.
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and was named a "People's Artist" and "Great Master of Language." However, at the beginning of the
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in 1949. In an afterword dated September 1954, included in the Foreign Languages Press edition of
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Lao She began the novel in spring, 1936, and it was published in installments in the magazine
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Most importantly, the novel profoundly satirizes the cruelty of Chinese society during the
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Douwe W. Fokkema, in "Lu Xun: The Impact of Russian Literature," in Merle Goldman, ed.,
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The first representative translation of the novel was by Jean M. James, published by the
740:(New York) published an English translation by Evan King in 1945 under the English title
374:") beginning in January 1937. Lao She returned to China from the United States after the
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Xiangzi's sometime employer. A university lecturer and socialist influenced by
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Fictional Realism in Twentieth-Century China: Mao Dun, Lao She, Shen Congwen
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army which kidnaps Xiangzi and confiscates his first rickshaw. Later, as a
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The book explores the intimate relationship between man and machine (the
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scenes. Despite the liberties taken, the book was a bestseller in the
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China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism
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341:'Camel Auspicious Lad') is a novel by the Chinese author
113:) in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
552:. When Ruan Ming takes money from an unnamed political group to
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873:. Jean M. James (trans.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
769:(New York: Harper Perennial Modern Chinese Classics, 2010) by
914:"Resignation Open Eyed: On the Novel Rickshaw Boy by Lao She"
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Biographical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China
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is the way in which the hero makes his living pulling a
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Moran, T. (2021). Resignation Open Eyed: On the Novel
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19:This article is about the novel. For the film, see
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979:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of
352:man. It is considered a classic of 20th-century
885:Modern Chinese Literature in the May Fourth Era
813:National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)
376:establishment of the People's Republic of China
1039:A History of Modern Chinese Fiction, 1917-1957
846:, included in Foreign Languages Press edition.
705:Lao She enjoyed a prestigious position in the
425:descent into despair and more severe poverty.
1321:Chinese novels adapted into television series
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920:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 1–10,
844:How I came to write the novel "Camel Xiangzi"
765:The most recent authoritative translation is
713:, he was severely persecuted. His 1932 novel
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653:China Federation of Literary and Art Circles
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663:) to expose and denounce the old society."
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618:The characterization or point of view in
46:, scan from the National Library of China
1073:. New York: Columbia University Press.
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622:in some ways reflects the influence of
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871:Rickshaw: the novel Lo-t'o Hsiang Tzu
753:Rickshaw: the novel Lo-t'o Hsiang Tzu
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1216:Peaches and Plums in the Spring Wind
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755:. It is based on the 1949 edition.
1043:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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730:Cover of an English translation of
1018:Lao She and the Chinese Revolution
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1336:Chinese novels adapted into films
1331:Chinese novels adapted into plays
751:in 1979 under the English title
409:A strong young man who moves to
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1197:Four Generations Under One Roof
918:A Companion to World Literature
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1010:References and further reading
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707:Chinese literary establishment
686:In 1955, Lao She claimed that
345:about the life of a fictional
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1306:Chinese Republican era novels
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801:An opera based on the novel
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1346:Novels adapted into operas
749:University of Hawaii Press
528:couple live together in a
150:"Camel the Auspicious Lad"
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1035:Hsia, Chih-tsing (1961).
789:The story was adapted as
564:Subject matter and themes
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1133:Novels and major stories
1054:. Jefferson: McFarland.
981:Harvard University Press
120:Traditional Chinese
692:Chinese Communist Party
674:(subscription required)
614:Historical significance
502:secret police detective
134:Simplified Chinese
1141:Lao Zhang's Philosophy
1016:Vohra, Ranbir (1974).
912:Moran, Thomas (2019),
738:Reynal & Hitchcock
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643:The subject matter of
633:The True Story of Ah Q
520:
1341:Novels set in Beijing
973:Mitter, Rana (2020).
767:Rickshaw Boy: A Novel
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515:
23:. For the opera, see
16:1937 novel by Lao She
1069:Wang, Dewei (1992).
722:English translations
558:professional mourner
25:Rickshaw Boy (opera)
1048:Song, Yuwu (2013).
834:, pp. 164–165.
811:, premiered at the
795:(1982) directed by
711:Cultural Revolution
630:in stories such as
455:Old man and Xiao Ma
192:Luoh.tuo shyang.tzy
42:Cover of a copy of
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21:Rickshaw Boy (film)
963:, additional text.
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624:Russian literature
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516:A 1946 edition of
496:An officer in the
491:Platoon Leader Sun
354:Chinese literature
244:Lok-tòh chèuhng-jí
1316:Novels by Lao She
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1292:
1251:This Life of Mine
1189:This Life of Mine
990:978-0-674-98426-4
935:978-1-118-63519-3
807:to a libretto by
638:Diary of a Madman
550:political banners
530:tenement compound
430:Fourth Master Liu
392:Book of the Month
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238:Yale Romanization
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165:Standard Mandarin
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1311:1937 novels
1165:Cat Country
832:Song (2013)
805:Guo Wenjing
797:Ling Zifeng
785:Adaptations
715:Cat Country
372:Cosmic wind
367:Yuzhou feng
1300:Categories
1285:Hu Jieqing
1149:Zhao Ziyue
1080:0231076568
1027:0674510755
999:1141442704
949:2021-12-07
696:Mao Zedong
481:Er Qiangzi
398:Characters
200:Wade–Giles
1224:Longxugou
944:214567984
700:civil war
678:In 1950,
72:Published
1232:Teahouse
587:rickshaw
574:rickshaw
554:unionize
350:rickshaw
252:Jyutping
62:Language
1173:Divorce
1126:Lao She
809:Xu Ying
601:pre-War
580:Beijing
498:warlord
441:Mr. Cao
411:Beiping
404:Xiangzi
360:History
347:Beijing
343:Lao She
308:Chinese
66:Chinese
56:Lao She
1278:People
1270:(2016)
1262:(1982)
1254:(1950)
1235:(1957)
1227:(1951)
1219:(1943)
1200:(1943)
1192:(1937)
1184:(1936)
1176:(1933)
1168:(1933)
1160:(1929)
1152:(1927)
1144:(1926)
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628:Lu Xun
390:and a
329::
327:pinyin
310::
273:Tâi-lô
52:Author
1208:Plays
940:S2CID
819:Notes
680:Baren
636:and "
419:Huniu
84:China
1075:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1022:ISBN
995:OCLC
985:ISBN
930:ISBN
775:ISBN
694:and
659:(or
508:Plot
473:Sold
466:Fuzi
338:lit.
140:骆驼祥子
126:駱駝祥子
75:1937
922:doi
640:".
300:or
214:IPA
1302::
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322:子
319:祥
316:驼
313:骆
306:(
27:.
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