1312:
1671:. These movementsâwhich preferred not to be identified as parties due to the term's association with communismâwere made up of intellectual groups that had been dissidents during communist rule. The Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland all had strong opposition movements under communism, allowing these movements to form strong centre-right parties. In nations where the centre-right lacked experience in political organisation, many of the first-generation centre-right movements lost momentum and faded into irrelevance in the years thereafter. Nationalism and populism became the dominant political forces here until the end of the decade.
1039:, such as those in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, and they have made up the primary centre-right ideologies in Scandinavia. In contemporary politics, these two ideologies often co-exist in the same party. Christian democracy has been the predominant centre-right ideology in continental Europe, particularly in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. It has performed most successfully in Catholic countries, while Christian democracy in other countries takes on more left-wing positions or fails to gain influence. Christian democratic parties are affiliated with the
1755:
1743:, centre-right parties in Europe were more likely to send military forces than centre-left parties. This was especially true in Central and Eastern Europe, where memories of the Soviet Union encouraged close alignment with the United States and strong support for combatting dictatorships. The centre-right in this region fragmented at the onset of the 21st century as much of the centre-right shifted away from liberalism to more conservative and nationalist politics with a strong stance against European integration. As
1173:
1508:. They sought to avoid the far-right and far-left politics that had brought about Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, respectively, and they saw European integration as a means to protect against socialism and anti-Christianity. The modern centre-right developed in response as a political unification of several distinct right-wing schools of thought. Ideological diversity meant flexibility in policy positions, but it also caused
726:
1462:
1069:, though different factions hold different beliefs about when the state should intervene in economic and social affairs. Conservatives generally have limited trust in human nature and believe society forms a natural hierarchical structure. Liberalism is individualist and maintains that people are best fit to make decisions for themselves. Christian democrats lean toward
1577:. In several countries, centre-right parties were opposed by domestic communism on top of their opposition to the Soviet Union. As suffrage expanded and the centre-right spread across social classes, cultural issues and social identity, such as support for nationalism and religion, became more prominent themes. The European centre-right began supporting
1728:
on immigration and crime. Centre-right parties in other countries shifted leftward with pro-labour policies to remain competitive with the centre-leftâthis included parties in
Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Sweden. The 2000s also saw an example of a successful populist centre-right party with the ascension of
1675:
were more inclined toward liberal positions, favouring market capitalist policies over government intervention, which was associated with communist rule. Anti-communism and anti-totalitarianism were paramount among all factions of the centre-right in these regions, and they condemned the West for treating
1798:
was followed by a decline in support for major centre-right and centre-left parties through the 2010s. For the centre-right, this occurred most prominently in newer democracies, while support was steadier in more established ones. To regain support, the
European centre-right shifted toward the centre
1778:
that began in 1998. In
Bolivia, dissatisfaction with the centre-right's handling of economic crises reached a crescendo with public demonstrations that relegated the centre-right to a relatively ineffective opposition. Colombia was an exception, where the long-standing centre-right dominance remained
1452:
set in. In nations where the centre-right lacked a unified party, such as
Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, far-right movements seized power. Strong pre-existing centre-right parties retained power in other countries, including Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The
1727:
The 2000s saw a shift back to the right in Europe, where centre-right parties formed coalition governments with far-right parties in countries such as France, Italy, and the
Netherlands. The European and American centre-right adopted some nationalist far-right ideas at this time, including positions
1556:
similarly brought about the creation of a strong
Christian democratic movement in Italy, which was a leading political force in various coalitions for over 50 years. The United Kingdom was the only major exception to the spread of Christian democracy, as its old centre-right was seen as triumphant
1718:
among left-wing politics in the 1990s, the centre-right was forced to moderate, sacrificing the more aggressive aspects of right-wing politics that developed in the 1980s and abandoning its opposition to the welfare state. It saw reduced support at this time as the centre-left usurped much of its
1674:
Centre-right liberals in
Central and Eastern Europe supported integration with the Western World and acceleration of industrialisation, while conservatives wished to preserve individual national identities and protect Catholic traditions from Western secularism. Post-communist centre-right groups
1593:
Christian democrats supported a modest welfare state, and the
European centre-right was reluctant to support more radical initiatives to liberalise the economy. In Southeast Asia, the centre-right secured power in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, implementing growth-oriented
1204:
an appropriate means to spread and protect democracy. Taking a strong pro-peace stance can alienate members of a centre-right voting bloc. It is often more reluctant to support peace agreements because these often involve compromising on other centre-right positions such as maintaining a strong
1163:
or emphasise policies geared toward economic growthâthese traits are common in Latin
America where centre-right parties differentiate themselves from far-right parties by appealing to the middle and working classes. In most countries, centre-right ideologies such as conservatism and Christian
1144:. Social market economies allow cooperation between employers and unions, and they provide for basic welfare programs, though centre-right parties that have less appeal among working class voters have less incentive to dedicate themselves to these positions. Centre-right conservatives oppose
954:
The centre-right is heterogeneous and encompasses multiple distinct ideologies. Centre-right parties and coalitions are traditionally understood to be divided into separate factions depending on their priorities: economic, social, and cultural. They are unified by their opposition to
1064:
Centre-right politics is associated with conservative positions on social and cultural issues and free-market liberal positions on economic issuesâcentre-right parties see their strongest support among demographics that share all of these positions. It broadly supports
973:, and international cooperation. Christian democrats hold conservative positions on most issues, but in a more moderate fashion than groups specifically described as conservative, and they trend centrist on economic issues. Instead of a strong government, it advocates
1384:
church by advocating a more tempered approach. Christian democracy likewise presented itself as an alternative to liberalism and socialism. Centre-right figures were involved in early democratisation processes to ensure that their own advantages from the previous
1358:
Early conservative and liberal parties clashed with one another: conservatives supported monarchy, land-owners, and the church, while liberals supported anti-clericalism, free markets, individualism, and scientific advancement. Due to limitations in
977:
where other social units such as family, the community, and various organisations are major actors in society. While still supporting a market economy, Christian democrats are more open to state intervention than conservatives, so as to prevent
1282:
people, but the
European centre-right has come to support protections on the basis of sexual orientation. Some centre-right groups have taken the position that gay marriage and adoption by gay couples are an extension of the traditional
1652:, led by businessmen and tradesmen, implemented secular neoliberal policies. In European nations, women were most likely to support the centre-right until a leftward shift among women took place over the 1970s and 1980s.
894:
liberals. Christian democracy developed in the 1870s as another response to anti-clericalism. The centre-right provided a moderate position to compete with socialism in the 19th century, and it became a driving force for
1690:
parties that maintained conservative positions on social issues. Secularism especially became a challenge for Christian democracy, causing it to lose political influence. African political parties rapidly began joining
1311:
1585:
faction of the Republican Party. The American centre-right promoted pro-business stances over the following decades, which led to economic justifications for supporting higher taxes as well as social programs such as
986:. Political scientists disagree as to whether post-war Christian democracy is continuous with that of the 19th century, and Christian democracy is sometimes regarded separately from the typical right-wing voter bloc.
1164:
democracy are perceived by the public as most capable of managing the economy. Economic downturn often leads to a short-term benefit for centre-right parties before a longer-term benefit for centre-left parties.
1401:, several European nations formed weak centre-right parties, which grew through a consolidation of the middle-class at the expense of socialist parties. These centre-right parties gained influence during the
1540:, pragmatism, and support for moderate state intervention. Its conception of government was heavily influenced by the constitutionalism and separation of powers of the United Kingdom and the United States.
1535:
Europe had little appetite for nationalist ideologies after the end of fascism, so Christian democracy was popularised as an alternative right-wing ideology. Instead of nationalism, its ideas were based on
1561:, and the failure of Nazi Germany to invade meant that its pre-war institutions remained intact. Here conservatism remained dominant, meaning less state intervention relative to other European nations.
1363:, early centre-right parties were able to maintain sufficient support by appealing solely to the upper class. Christian democracy developed as a new European ideology in the 1870s as a response to the
1644:
followed the Western centre-right strategy in the 1980s and 1990s, appealing to the centre while maintaining a militarist, nationalist platform. New political parties were formed in Turkey after the
1811:. These further pushed the public from the centre-right to opposition parties across the political spectrum. The weakening of the centre-right corresponded with increased support for the far-right.
1224:
Culturally, the centre-right has prioritised national and religious identity, especially by the mid-20th century. It has used religion and moral values as uniting elements, particularly with the
1255:, the centre-right can attract support from voters with more moderate anti-immigrant positions. Centre-right opposition to immigration comes from the challenge that immigration presents to the
3710:
1711:
for decades, saw a proliferation of centre-right opposition parties by the 1990s, with new parties forming and established parties shifting toward the centre-right to remain competitive.
1640:
The predominantly centre-right United States Republican Party began a rightward shift in the 1980s, with its moderate factions declining in numbers over the following decades. The Indian
1275:
to gain an advantage over far-right parties. The centre-right is more likely to present immigration as a prominent issue when it is placed in the context of economic and cultural policy.
1136:
capitalism. First developed by Christian democrats in post-war Germany, this system allows the state to intervene in the economy to regulate how business may be conducted, but it opposes
4350:
1008:
relative to liberal centre-right parties. Conservatives and liberals both oppose heavy governmental involvement in the economy. Right-liberalism is common in Europe, contrasted with the
965:
is a political ideology predominant in Europe that is often described as centre-right. It applies Christian morality to political issues, giving a religious justification for supporting
1294:
Centre-right parties support environmental preservation, though they are often seen as less interested in the subject than left-wing parties. The centre-right rejects concepts of
1814:
To align more closely with conservative allies, Christian democratic parties had begun adopting more conservative economic policies by 2013. The American centre-right supported
1799:
and moved away from neoliberalism, replacing it with a renewed focus on public safety, economic growth, and social issues. It saw further trouble later in the decade with the
1686:
More broadly, the European centre-right became increasingly secular by the 1990s, creating a division between centre-right parties that were more liberal on social issues and
1594:
policies based on free market policies with moderate governmental intervention, leading to significant economic expansion. The centre-right rose to power in Greece with the
3708:
Taflaga, Marija (2023). "The Centre-Right: Christian Democrats, Conservatives, and Liberals". In Carter, Neil; Keith, Daniel; Sindre, Gyda M.; Vasilopoulou, Sofia (eds.).
1453:
use of market economics to keep wages steady, as well as the relative weakness of labour unions, meant that centre-right liberalism went unchallenged in much of Europe.
1548:(CDU). Formed by a grassroots Christian movement, the CDU played a significant role in forming post-war Germany, combining social Christianity, market liberalism, and
1770:
Although citizens throughout Latin America most commonly self-identified as centre-right, the region saw a surge of popularity for expanding government programs and
1148:, believing that individuals should be allowed to retain their wealth. This tends to attract the more wealthy to the ideology. While left-wing politics involves
1512:
across centre-right parties. The centre-right became a dominant political force in much of the western world over the following decades, including the American
1790:
Canada was one of the last Anglosphere countries for the centre-right to be restored after World War II, with no centre-right parties holding power until the
4412:
701:
4375:
1380:
The European centre-right was a force of moderation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Conservatism stood between socialism and the strongly
1826:. The centre-right underwent a decline throughout the western world in the late 2010s and early 2020s, led by demographic changes such as increased
754:
1389:
were retained. Centre-right liberalism declined with the beginning of the 20th century, and many liberal parties merged with conservative parties.
1822:
at the beginning of the 21st century, but by the 2010s these groups had lost influence as the Republican Party shifted from the centre-right to
4342:
3689:
Salih, M. A. Mohamed (2006). "Globalising Party Politics in Africa: The Influence of Party-based Democracy Networks". In Burnell, Peter (ed.).
1748:
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3770:
3721:
3679:
3636:
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3567:
3497:
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1545:
1332:
1177:
992:
is commonly grouped with the centre-right, though adherents of the far-right may argue that the centre-right is insufficiently conservative.
1864:
1422:
1581:
as a means to limit the appeal of the nationalism that had led to fascism. In the United States, the centre-right was associated with the
1834:. At this time, the centre-left came into power and centre-right parties drifted rightward or were supplanted by new far-right parties.
706:
4740:
1259:
and to national identity. Supporters of centre-right politics in Europe often fear that immigration will lead to consequences such as
4725:
1328:
1244:. Centre-right parties that take strong stances on cultural issues are more susceptible to radicalise and adopt far-right positions.
871:
3744:
3698:
3613:
1859:
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and providing support to Christiansâa trait often shared with their far-right counterparts. The centre-right more strongly supports
4405:
1708:
1513:
711:
1668:
1040:
927:
1795:
939:
4905:
4890:
1645:
982:. Unlike historical Christian political movements, Christian democracy is non-denominational and is not affiliated with the
4302:
4268:
4039:
3822:
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1621:
and cuts in welfare spending. It also led a period of opposition to immigration in Europe at this time. By the 1980s, the
1044:
362:
4895:
3655:
Wills-Otero, Laura. "Colombia: Analyzing the Strategies for Political Action of Ălvaro Uribe's Government, 2002â10". In
747:
150:
1402:
4885:
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1815:
1754:
1751:. This party was more accepting of secularism and neoliberalism, and it became the nation's dominant political force.
1477:
1418:
1347:
and various 17th century figures who preceded him. The liberal movement was heavily influenced by English philosopher
1719:
leverage on economic issues. In Western Europe, this marked the beginning of a broader decline in moderate politics.
1159:
Alongside its support for lowering spending, the centre-right supports lower taxes. In some cases, they may advocate
1606:
from dictatorship to democracy. Spain and Portugal underwent similar transitions as they emerged from dictatorship.
1879:
1637:. At this time, centre-right parties took a more active role in challenging the welfare state and union influence.
1529:
1279:
1206:
1160:
1048:
693:
3534:
Freudenstein, Ronald. "Sense and Sensibility: EU Eastern Enlargement and the Future of Europe's Centre-Right". In
1766:(right) of Argentina were elected amid a resurgence of the centre-right in their respective nations in the 2010s.
1649:
1485:
1248:
674:
3823:"Public Policy-making and Risk Profiles: Scandinavian Centre-right Governments after the Turn of the Millennium"
3604:
Liberalism, Fascism, Or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe
1779:
unchallenged. Centre-right parties retook power in several Latin American countries by the 2010s, including the
1492:
and complicit in the rise of fascism. European centre-right parties worked closely with the centre-left and the
4865:
1780:
1704:
1501:
1240:
expressed by left-wing ideologies. As European the centre-right secularises, it becomes less likely to support
1197:
1114:. The centre-right's handling of the economy, its incrementalist approach to politics, and its support for the
942:
led to declining support for the centre-right, and the following decade saw it replaced by greater support for
915:
810:
411:
342:
4359:
4269:"Only Right Makes Might? Center-Right Policy Competition Among Major Japanese Parties After Electoral Reform"
1692:
1599:
1521:
1473:
1414:
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997:
857:
being common centre-right economic positions. It typically seeks to preserve the cultural and socioeconomic
826:
795:
740:
366:
3895:"Political Articulation: Parties and the Constitution of Cleavages in the United States, India, and Turkey"
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1641:
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1582:
1410:
602:
1759:
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4765:
4116:"How Can Mainstream Parties Prevent Niche Party Success? Center-Right Parties and the Immigration Issue"
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357:
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298:
3516:
Botsiou, Konstantina E. "The European Centre-Right and European Integration: The Formative Years". In
1437:. The liberal centre-right opposed the other two European ideologies that were growing in popularity:
4442:
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1889:
1844:
1800:
1517:
1505:
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791:
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431:
238:
96:
76:
3861:"Turning Round the Telescope. Centre-right Parties and Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe"
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1874:
1823:
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1614:
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1233:
962:
814:
787:
771:
679:
669:
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649:
629:
486:
308:
293:
168:
116:
4211:"The New Challenges for the European Centre-Right and Centre-Left at the Beginning of New Century"
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4705:
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3487:
1827:
1622:
1578:
1537:
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1005:
956:
943:
634:
593:
528:
446:
258:
131:
61:
52:
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1430:
1340:
1336:
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1103:
1021:
1013:
979:
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875:
850:
818:
798:. Conservative and liberal centre-right parties have historically been more successful in the
451:
426:
71:
36:
4176:"Center-Right Parties in Peace Processes: 'Slow Learning' or Punctuated Peace Socialization?"
1425:
in Switzerland. Christian democracy found a place among the European centre-right during the
4860:
4835:
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4720:
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4499:
4314:
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4246:
4188:
4128:
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4052:
4017:
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3943:
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3835:
3800:
1493:
1489:
1449:
1442:
1364:
1272:
1091:
1066:
974:
830:
822:
806:
779:
588:
533:
515:
496:
481:
248:
183:
101:
4233:
3964:
1488:, the old centre-right was discredited in Europe, where it was seen as responsible for the
4810:
4745:
4680:
4615:
4150:"The Last Fifty Years: Development Strategy and Development Performance in Southeast Asia"
3947:
1819:
1808:
1771:
1687:
1630:
1434:
1426:
1367:
advocated by liberals. Closely aligned with Catholicism, its ideals were reflected in the
1352:
1153:
1137:
983:
966:
923:
906:
to temper support for nationalism; it became a dominant political position throughout the
730:
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574:
548:
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523:
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43:
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or catastrophism, arguing that they can reduce interest in solving environmental issues.
910:, particularly with the spread of Christian democracy across Europe. It aligned with the
4210:
3581:
Religious Freedom and Populism: The Appropriation of a Human Right and How to Counter It
3543:
Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis. "The Emergence of a New European Centre-Right, 1945â1962". In
1110:
are championed by the centre-right, combining protections for individual liberties with
4790:
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4735:
4685:
4600:
3927:
3759:
3754:
3733:
3668:
3646:
Bowen, James D. "The Right and Nonparty Forms of Representation and Participation". In
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3602:
1763:
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1587:
1381:
1284:
1214:
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1035:
Centre-right liberal and conservative parties have historically been successful in the
935:
931:
922:. Global economic downturn in the 1970s caused a rise in support for neoliberalism and
456:
406:
347:
213:
198:
1200:. It supports democratisation around the world, and some centre-right groups consider
725:
4879:
4845:
4815:
4785:
4660:
4484:
4192:
4105:
3910:
3789:"The Gender Gap in Voting Revisited: Women's Party Preferences in a European Context"
1680:
1634:
1618:
1603:
1406:
1374:
1369:
1339:. The centre-right came into being in the 19th century, developing with the earliest
1295:
1210:
1201:
1189:
1132:
1118:
have been attributed to its ability to remain in power for extended periods of time.
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854:
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243:
233:
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1729:
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1570:
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1316:
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of the United States. Economic ideologies associated with the centre-right include
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911:
903:
879:
783:
562:
441:
401:
396:
332:
313:
178:
4089:
1747:
lost support in Turkey, many Islamists moved to the centre-right, forming the new
802:, while Christian democracy has been the primary centre-right ideology in Europe.
3525:
Filandros, Ioannis. "The Origins and Foundations of the New Democracy Party". In
1830:
and ethnic diversity as well as the waning influence of religion and the rise of
4820:
4800:
4780:
4730:
4675:
4610:
4605:
4570:
1884:
1398:
1288:
1141:
1111:
1095:
1078:
1070:
1036:
1029:
1025:
842:
834:
799:
436:
386:
322:
318:
288:
223:
158:
1024:. Other ideologies sometimes grouped under the centre-right descriptor include
17:
4665:
4555:
4318:
4115:
3877:
3839:
3558:
Democracy Under Siege? Parties, Voters and Elections After the Great Recession
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859:
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283:
218:
208:
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4223:
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4165:
4140:
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4029:
3990:
3981:
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3918:
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3847:
3812:
1569:
During the Cold War, centre-right groups supported the United States and the
4700:
4655:
4545:
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4530:
4514:
4504:
1804:
1775:
1715:
1695:
in the 1990s. Among the centre-right, collaboration began between the Ghana
1626:
1433:
at this time, challenging the historical association of liberalism with the
1268:
620:
491:
263:
253:
173:
163:
1271:. Centre-right political parties sometimes take stronger positions against
4021:
1609:
The 1970s saw decreasing support for welfare policies with the end of the
1552:. Its social market economy model proved to be influential across Europe.
4855:
4850:
4625:
4620:
4494:
4447:
3855:
1894:
1744:
1525:
1360:
1218:
1090:, in both a cultural and socioeconomic context, and it is opposed to the
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303:
228:
203:
193:
86:
4285:
4149:
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1343:. Modern conservatism was derived from the ideas of British philosopher
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4535:
4056:
2171:
2169:
1438:
188:
4004:
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1707:. Japan, which had been ruled almost consistently by the centre-right
1213:
and social harmony over societal conflict. It is also associated with
4645:
4580:
4390:
4040:"Social Policies and Center-Right Governments in Argentina and Chile"
3793:
Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society
391:
4234:"CentreâRight Parties and Political Outcomes in East Central Europe"
3377:
3375:
3373:
2062:
2060:
4132:
1974:
1972:
1004:. Conservative centre-right parties are more likely to incorporate
996:
is sometimes grouped with the centre-right when it is expressed as
3965:"Dealing with Climate Change: A European Centreâright perspective"
3735:
Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior
3507:
Arvanitopoulos, Constantine; Tzifakis, Nikolaos. Introduction. In
1753:
1460:
1405:, where they responded with measures such as a restoration of the
1310:
1278:
Right-wing politics has historically opposed social acceptance of
1171:
1152:, centre-right parties forgo this in favour of supporting overall
2760:
2758:
1184:. In English: "All ways of Marxism lead to Moscow! Therefore CDU"
930:
allowed a new centre-right movement to develop and take power in
2454:
2452:
2450:
1787:
in Argentina, as well as a centre-right coalition in Venezuela.
1667:
were introduced to centre-right politics in the 1990s after the
1448:
The European centre-right declined between 1931 and 1935 as the
838:
4394:
878:. It first developed as a political force with the creation of
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Globalising Democracy: Party Politics in Emerging Democracies
3623:
Luna, Juan Pablo; Kaltwasser, CristĂłbal Rovira, eds. (2014).
2198:
2196:
1989:
1987:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1205:
ethnic and religious identity. The centre-right leans toward
3187:
3185:
1544:
reformed its centre-right faction with the creation of the
1084:
The centre-right generally seeks to preserve the societal
1047:. In Europe, centre-right parties are affiliated with the
1012:
liberalism in Canada and the United Kingdom, and with the
3761:
Conservative Political Parties and the Birth of Democracy
2775:
2773:
2627:
2625:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2437:
2435:
2422:
2420:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
1327:
The concept of centre-right politics is derived from the
1228:. European centre-right parties place higher priority on
1043:
and centre-right liberal parties are affiliated with the
914:
during the Cold War, and in Europe it heavily influenced
3932:"Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies"
2023:
2021:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1429:. Centre-right parties became the primary supporters of
1331:, which originated with the seating arrangements of the
2469:
2467:
2302:
2300:
3554:
Hellwig, Timothy; Kweon, Yesola; Vowles, Jack (2020).
3453:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
3893:
De Leon, Cedric; Desai, Manali; TuÄal, Cihan (2009).
2987:
2985:
2983:
2898:
2896:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
3052:
3050:
3048:
841:
acceptance. Economically, the centre-right supports
3164:
4267:
4232:
4209:
4174:
4114:
4038:
4003:
3859:
3821:
3758:
3732:
3709:
3667:
3624:
3601:
3578:
3555:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3381:
2577:
2565:
2226:
1978:
1355:and the right to overthrow tyrannical government.
4074:"The Ideological Morphology of LeftâCentreâRight"
3352:
3152:
3140:
2674:
2662:
2109:
1807:policies, particularly through spending cuts and
805:The centre-right commonly supports ideas such as
4266:Winkler, Christian G.; Taniguchi, Naoko (2022).
3239:
1094:espoused by the far-right. Instead, it displays
1287:. Such support has not been widely extended to
1188:The centre-right places emphasis on protecting
1073:, which places value on individuals but adopts
3656:
3647:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3489:Reforming Europe: The Role of the Centre-Right
3364:
3039:
3027:
3015:
2926:
2887:
2827:
2604:
2553:
2458:
2175:
2066:
1417:in the United Kingdom, and a coalition of the
1236:overall, as opposed to generalised support of
4406:
4037:Niedzwiecki, Sara; Pribble, Jennifer (2017).
3268:
2764:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2650:
2490:
2380:
2330:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2214:
2148:
2097:
2039:
1993:
1951:
1913:
821:. It has historically stood in opposition to
748:
8:
4303:"Here to Stay? Populism as a New Party Type"
4173:Sandal, Nukhet; Loizides, Neophytos (2013).
3666:Noël, Alain; Thérien, Jean-Philippe (2008).
3328:
3227:
3215:
3203:
3176:
2592:
2538:
1409:. Among the strongest of these parties were
3712:The Routledge Handbook of Political Parties
3405:
3316:
3292:
3280:
3251:
2202:
1803:causing governments to enact controversial
4413:
4399:
4391:
3627:The Resilience of the Latin American Right
3577:Hirschberger, Bernd; Voges, Katja (2024).
886:and religious conservatives competed with
755:
741:
567:
57:
31:
3980:
3340:
3191:
3104:
3092:
2749:
2502:
2012:
1472:(right) were leading post-war figures of
4360:"What Happened to Center-Right America?"
4005:"Why Europe's Right Embraces Gay Rights"
2875:
2839:
2815:
2791:
902:The centre-right was reconfigured after
4343:"The Strange Death of the Centre Right"
4216:Online Journal Modelling the New Europe
3304:
3068:
3003:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2914:
2863:
2851:
2803:
2779:
2631:
2519:
2441:
2426:
2342:
2318:
2291:
2238:
2136:
2085:
2051:
2027:
1963:
1934:
1906:
1524:of the British Conservative Party, and
1500:, helping to define the welfare state,
1242:conservative positions on social issues
115:
85:
60:
42:
4353:from the original on 25 February 2023.
3787:Abendschön, S.; Steinmetz, S. (2014).
2737:
2411:
1000:. The centre-right can also include a
3948:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750
3465:
3393:
3116:
3056:
2991:
2902:
2616:
2473:
2306:
2160:
1677:mass killings under communist regimes
1546:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
1217:, which earned it support during the
1126:The centre-right commonly supports a
870:The centre-right is derived from the
7:
4378:from the original on 22 October 2018
4154:Journal of Southeast Asian Economies
3486:Arvanitopoulos, Constantine (2010).
3128:
3080:
2361:
2187:
1865:List of right-wing political parties
1617:. This led to increased support for
1573:, opposing the Soviet Union and the
863:and believes that changes should be
4341:Cliffe, Jeremy (15 February 2023).
4045:Latin American Politics and Society
1176:A 1953 poster for the centre-right
3936:Annual Review of Political Science
3454:Arvanitopoulos & Tzifakis 2010
1413:and its successors in France, the
25:
3866:Journal of European Public Policy
3828:European Political Science Review
3670:Left and Right in Global Politics
1860:Glossary of the French Revolution
1251:is most commonly associated with
782:. It is commonly associated with
4193:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00971.x
3911:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01345.x
3442:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
3430:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
2578:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
2566:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
2227:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
1979:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
1613:and the economic fallout of the
1557:under the wartime leadership of
724:
4358:Starr, Paul (22 October 2018).
4231:Vachudova, Milada Anna (2008).
4078:Journal of Political Ideologies
3716:. Routledge. pp. 137â148.
3693:. Routledge. pp. 141â162.
3353:De Leon, Desai & TuÄal 2009
3165:Abendschön & Steinmetz 2014
3153:De Leon, Desai & TuÄal 2009
3141:De Leon, Desai & TuÄal 2009
1669:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1130:, rejecting both socialism and
1081:elements as well as hierarchy.
1041:Centrist Democrat International
1002:liberal variant of conservatism
928:dissolution of the Soviet Union
4741:Openâclosed political spectrum
3765:. Cambridge University Press.
3674:. Cambridge University Press.
3418:Niedzwiecki & Pribble 2017
3382:Niedzwiecki & Pribble 2017
1:
4726:Leftâright political spectrum
4274:Journal of East Asian Studies
4090:10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770
4072:Ostrowski, Marius S. (2023).
3600:Luebbert, Gregory M. (1991).
2675:Hirschberger & Voges 2024
2663:Hirschberger & Voges 2024
2110:Hirschberger & Voges 2024
1792:premiership of Stephen Harper
1749:Justice and Development Party
1329:leftâright political spectrum
1045:International Democracy Union
872:leftâright political spectrum
4113:Pardos-Prado, Sergi (2015).
3657:Luna & Kaltwasser (2014)
3648:Luna & Kaltwasser (2014)
3240:Winkler & Taniguchi 2022
1351:, including his support for
1319:was a foundation for modern
1098:tendencies and leans toward
4751:Right-wing authoritarianism
3608:. Oxford University Press.
3562:. Oxford University Press.
1816:traditionalist conservatism
1598:party in the 1970s, led by
1478:Italian Christian democracy
1419:Catholic Conservative Party
899:in the early 20th century.
707:Political parties by region
497:Party convention/conference
4922:
3731:Woshinsky, Oliver (2007).
3365:Luna & Kaltwasser 2014
2605:Sandal & Loizides 2013
2554:Luna & Kaltwasser 2014
2176:Sandal & Loizides 2013
1880:Paternalistic conservatism
1796:2007â2008 financial crisis
1714:Following the rise of the
1530:Rally of the French People
1280:lesbian, gay, and bisexual
1178:Christian Democratic Union
1168:Social and cultural issues
1161:private-public partnership
940:2007â2008 financial crisis
882:in the 19th century, when
694:Lists of political parties
4758:
4713:
4638:
4588:
4523:
4471:
4428:
4319:10.1017/S1062798708000288
4148:Rock, Michael T. (2018).
3878:10.1080/13501760701847341
3840:10.1017/S1755773916000072
3820:Arndt, Christoph (2017).
3269:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2765:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2726:Magni & Reynolds 2023
2714:Magni & Reynolds 2023
2702:Magni & Reynolds 2023
2690:Magni & Reynolds 2023
2651:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2491:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2381:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2331:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2275:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2263:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2251:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2215:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2149:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2098:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2040:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
1994:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
1952:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
1914:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
1486:aftermath of World War II
1249:opposition to immigration
702:Ruling parties by country
675:National unity government
4301:Zaslove, Andrej (2008).
4251:10.1177/1354068808090252
3982:10.1177/1781685818808720
3963:Lilkov, Dimitar (2018).
3739:. Taylor & Francis.
2345:, pp. 137â138, 141.
1709:Liberal Democratic Party
1693:political internationals
1502:democratic consolidation
916:democratic consolidation
778:that lean closer to the
712:Banned political parties
412:Leader of the Opposition
380:Leaders and organization
343:Parliamentary opposition
4121:The Journal of Politics
3317:Noël & Thérien 2008
3293:Noël & Thérien 2008
3281:Noël & Thérien 2008
3252:Noël & Thérien 2008
2203:Noël & Thérien 2008
1600:Konstantinos Karamanlis
1522:one-nation conservatism
1403:Depression of 1920â1921
1146:redistributive policies
1140:or infringement on the
1049:European People's Party
998:conservative liberalism
938:through the 1990s. The
827:redistributive policies
796:conservative liberalism
4696:Social justice warrior
4208:Vaida, Ovidiu (2017).
1767:
1642:Bharatiya Janata Party
1583:Rockefeller Republican
1481:
1324:
1185:
4906:Centre-right politics
4891:Political terminology
4771:Democratic transition
4766:Anti-authoritarianism
4641:Political pejoratives
4022:10.1353/jod.2023.0003
3585:. transcript Verlag.
3545:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
3536:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
3527:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
3518:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
3509:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
2178:, p. 419 note 1.
1870:Moderate conservatism
1855:Cultural conservatism
1850:Counter-revolutionary
1757:
1741:2003 invasion of Iraq
1701:Malawi Congress Party
1611:postwar economic boom
1550:national conservatism
1464:
1314:
1180:in Germany, invoking
1175:
1128:social market economy
865:implemented gradually
847:social market economy
768:Centre-right politics
645:Confidence and supply
502:Leadership convention
353:Official party status
309:Entrepreneurial party
27:Political orientation
4526:Political ideologies
4010:Journal of Democracy
3018:, pp. 211, 213.
2740:, pp. 173, 177.
2054:, pp. 178, 182.
1890:Religion in politics
1845:Classical liberalism
1801:European debt crisis
1762:(left) of Chile and
1625:had ended, with the
1518:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1506:European integration
1474:British conservatism
1108:separation of powers
971:individual liberties
920:European integration
792:liberal conservatism
650:Consensus government
640:Coalition government
432:Parliamentary leader
239:Classical radicalism
4896:Right-wing politics
4651:Champagne socialist
4561:Christian democracy
4490:Anti-Stalinist left
4474:Political positions
4286:10.1017/jea.2022.28
3899:Sociological Theory
3547:, pp. 207â222.
3538:, pp. 239â258.
3529:, pp. 223â238.
3520:, pp. 173â206.
3355:, pp. 209â210.
3343:, pp. 401â402.
3331:, pp. 252â253.
3307:, pp. 327â328.
3242:, pp. 503â506.
3230:, pp. 247â248.
3218:, p. 242, 244.
3155:, pp. 207â208.
3095:, pp. 223â224.
3040:Hatzivassiliou 2010
3028:Hatzivassiliou 2010
3016:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2977:, pp. 176â177.
2953:, pp. 179â180.
2941:, pp. 189â190.
2927:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2888:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2828:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2806:, pp. 288â289.
2568:, pp. 161â162.
2459:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2069:, pp. 210â211.
2067:Hatzivassiliou 2010
1966:, pp. 138â139.
1875:National liberalism
1824:right-wing populism
1785:Republican Proposal
1697:New Patriotic Party
1615:1970s energy crisis
1604:Greece transitioned
1234:freedom of religion
963:Christian democracy
815:freedom of religion
788:Christian democracy
731:Politics portal
680:Rotation government
670:Minority government
665:Majority government
630:Parliamentary group
487:Leadership election
169:Christian democracy
4886:Political spectrum
4826:Anti-establishment
4691:Social imperialism
4596:Buddhist socialism
4591:Religious politics
4422:Political spectrum
4364:The New York Times
4057:10.1111/laps.12027
2277:, pp. 26, 28.
2253:, pp. 24, 26.
1916:, pp. 18, 24.
1828:tertiary education
1768:
1623:post-war consensus
1579:social integration
1538:traditional values
1482:
1415:Conservative Party
1325:
1315:The philosophy of
1253:far-right politics
1196:, and maintaining
1186:
1006:ethnic nationalism
957:left-wing politics
944:far-right politics
635:Divided government
529:Crossing the floor
475:Internal elections
447:Party spokesperson
358:Single-issue party
53:Political Spectrum
4873:
4872:
4841:The Establishment
4796:Identity politics
4631:Religious Zionism
4181:Political Studies
3998:Magni, Gabriele;
3805:10.1093/sp/jxu009
3772:978-1-107-00162-6
3723:978-0-429-55441-4
3681:978-1-139-47252-4
3638:978-1-4214-1390-7
3592:978-3-8394-6827-2
3569:978-0-19-884620-8
3499:978-3-642-00560-2
3329:Freudenstein 2010
3228:Freudenstein 2010
3216:Freudenstein 2010
3204:Freudenstein 2010
3177:Freudenstein 2010
2767:, pp. 25â26.
2716:, pp. 51â53.
2704:, pp. 50â51.
2593:Freudenstein 2010
2539:Pardos-Prado 2015
2265:, pp. 21â22.
2151:, pp. 20â21.
2042:, pp. 24â25.
1832:identity politics
1809:value-added taxes
1783:in Chile and the
1734:Silvio Berlusconi
1679:differently than
1559:Winston Churchill
1554:Alcide De Gasperi
1470:Alcide De Gasperi
1466:Winston Churchill
1431:liberal democracy
1341:political parties
1337:French Revolution
1333:National Assembly
1194:national security
1104:Constitutionalism
1022:market liberalism
980:social inequality
897:liberal democracy
876:French Revolution
851:market liberalism
819:national security
765:
764:
611:
610:
427:Political faction
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
4913:
4861:Radical politics
4836:Communitarianism
4806:Authoritarianism
4721:Horseshoe theory
4551:Social democracy
4510:Radical centrism
4500:Centrist Marxism
4415:
4408:
4401:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4354:
4330:
4297:
4271:
4262:
4236:
4227:
4213:
4204:
4178:
4169:
4144:
4118:
4109:
4068:
4042:
4033:
4007:
4000:Reynolds, Andrew
3994:
3984:
3959:
3922:
3889:
3863:
3851:
3825:
3816:
3776:
3764:
3750:
3738:
3727:
3715:
3704:
3685:
3673:
3660:
3651:
3642:
3630:
3619:
3607:
3596:
3584:
3573:
3561:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3406:Wills-Otero 2014
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2635:
2629:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2542:
2536:
2523:
2517:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2462:
2456:
2445:
2439:
2430:
2424:
2415:
2409:
2384:
2378:
2365:
2359:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2295:
2289:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2070:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2010:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1938:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1781:National Renewal
1776:a leftward shift
1760:Sebastiån Piñera
1705:Democratic Party
1703:, and the Kenya
1650:Motherland Party
1646:1980 coup d'Ă©tat
1514:Republican Party
1494:political centre
1490:Great Depression
1450:Great Depression
1443:social democracy
1365:anti-clericalism
1273:multiculturalism
1265:abuse of welfare
1156:across classes.
1092:radical politics
1067:small government
975:decentralisation
831:multiculturalism
823:radical politics
807:small government
780:political centre
757:
750:
743:
729:
728:
568:
534:Party discipline
516:Party discipline
482:Primary election
338:Opposition party
249:Social democracy
184:Environmentalism
58:
32:
21:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4811:Totalitarianism
4763:
4754:
4746:Pournelle chart
4718:
4709:
4681:Regressive left
4643:
4634:
4616:Christian right
4593:
4584:
4528:
4519:
4476:
4467:
4424:
4419:
4381:
4379:
4357:
4340:
4337:
4307:European Review
4300:
4265:
4230:
4207:
4172:
4147:
4112:
4071:
4036:
3997:
3962:
3928:Ziblatt, Daniel
3925:
3892:
3854:
3819:
3786:
3783:
3773:
3755:Ziblatt, Daniel
3753:
3747:
3730:
3724:
3707:
3701:
3688:
3682:
3665:
3654:
3645:
3639:
3622:
3616:
3599:
3593:
3576:
3570:
3553:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3511:, pp. 1â8.
3506:
3500:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3456:, pp. 1â2.
3452:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2854:, pp. 170.
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2638:
2630:
2623:
2619:, pp. 8â9.
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2526:
2518:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2480:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2448:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2387:
2379:
2368:
2360:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2073:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1941:
1933:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1840:
1820:neoconservatism
1772:state ownership
1725:
1688:religious right
1658:
1631:neoconservatism
1567:
1480:, respectively.
1459:
1435:labour movement
1427:interwar period
1395:
1393:Interwar period
1353:property rights
1309:
1304:
1261:increased crime
1170:
1154:economic growth
1138:nationalisation
1124:
1062:
1057:
1014:left-liberalism
984:Catholic Church
967:democratisation
952:
924:neoconservatism
761:
723:
718:
717:
716:
696:
686:
685:
684:
660:Hung parliament
655:Grand coalition
624:
623:between parties
613:
612:
607:
598:
579:
565:
555:
554:
553:
549:Party switching
544:Party-line vote
524:Conscience vote
518:
508:
507:
506:
476:
468:
467:
466:
422:Minority leader
417:Majority leader
381:
373:
372:
371:
304:Catch-all party
278:
270:
269:
268:
153:
142:
141:
136:
111:
81:
55:
37:Politics series
28:
23:
22:
18:Right of centre
15:
12:
11:
5:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4878:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4791:Green politics
4788:
4783:
4778:
4776:Libertarianism
4773:
4768:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4736:Overton window
4733:
4728:
4723:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4686:Social fascism
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4601:Christian left
4598:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4355:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4313:(3): 319â336.
4298:
4280:(3): 503â523.
4263:
4245:(4): 387â405.
4239:Party Politics
4228:
4205:
4187:(2): 401â421.
4170:
4145:
4133:10.1086/680040
4127:(2): 352â367.
4110:
4069:
4034:
3995:
3975:(2): 172â180.
3960:
3926:Gidron, Noam;
3923:
3905:(3): 193â219.
3890:
3872:(3): 315â330.
3852:
3834:(4): 495â518.
3817:
3799:(2): 315â344.
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3751:
3745:
3728:
3722:
3705:
3699:
3686:
3680:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3652:
3637:
3620:
3614:
3597:
3591:
3574:
3568:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3498:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3444:, p. 163.
3434:
3432:, p. 158.
3422:
3410:
3408:, p. 195.
3398:
3396:, p. 106.
3386:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3341:Vachudova 2008
3333:
3321:
3319:, p. 207.
3309:
3297:
3295:, p. 188.
3285:
3283:, p. 187.
3273:
3256:
3254:, p. 169.
3244:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3206:, p. 241.
3196:
3194:, p. 388.
3192:Vachudova 2008
3181:
3179:, p. 240.
3169:
3167:, p. 316.
3157:
3145:
3143:, p. 204.
3133:
3131:, p. 320.
3121:
3109:
3107:, p. 223.
3105:Filandros 2010
3097:
3093:Filandros 2010
3085:
3073:
3071:, p. 178.
3061:
3044:
3042:, p. 208.
3032:
3030:, p. 214.
3020:
3008:
3006:, p. 334.
2996:
2979:
2967:
2965:, p. 180.
2955:
2943:
2931:
2929:, p. 207.
2919:
2917:, p. 176.
2907:
2892:
2890:, p. 209.
2880:
2878:, p. 233.
2868:
2866:, p. 358.
2856:
2844:
2832:
2830:, p. 210.
2820:
2818:, p. 228.
2808:
2796:
2784:
2782:, p. 339.
2769:
2754:
2752:, p. 109.
2750:Woshinsky 2007
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2679:
2677:, p. 179.
2667:
2665:, p. 178.
2655:
2636:
2634:, p. 173.
2621:
2609:
2607:, p. 401.
2597:
2595:, p. 245.
2582:
2580:, p. 179.
2570:
2558:
2543:
2541:, p. 354.
2524:
2522:, p. 141.
2507:
2505:, p. 113.
2503:Woshinsky 2007
2495:
2478:
2476:, p. 498.
2463:
2461:, p. 212.
2446:
2444:, p. 142.
2431:
2429:, p. 181.
2416:
2385:
2366:
2364:, p. 319.
2347:
2335:
2323:
2321:, p. 174.
2311:
2309:, p. 153.
2296:
2294:, p. 140.
2279:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2241:, p. 143.
2231:
2229:, p. 161.
2219:
2207:
2205:, p. 233.
2192:
2190:, p. 324.
2180:
2165:
2163:, p. 496.
2153:
2141:
2139:, p. 138.
2114:
2102:
2090:
2088:, p. 139.
2071:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2030:, p. 177.
2017:
2013:Ostrowski 2023
1998:
1983:
1981:, p. 162.
1968:
1956:
1939:
1937:, p. 137.
1918:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1764:Mauricio Macri
1724:
1721:
1665:Central Europe
1657:
1654:
1588:public housing
1566:
1563:
1458:
1455:
1394:
1391:
1382:anti-socialist
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1285:nuclear family
1215:anti-communism
1182:anti-communism
1169:
1166:
1150:class conflict
1123:
1120:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
951:
948:
936:Eastern Europe
770:is the set of
763:
762:
760:
759:
752:
745:
737:
734:
733:
720:
719:
715:
714:
709:
704:
698:
697:
692:
691:
688:
687:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
626:
625:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
608:
606:
605:
599:
597:
596:
591:
586:
584:Dominant-party
580:
578:
577:
571:
566:
561:
560:
557:
556:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
520:
519:
514:
513:
510:
509:
505:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
465:
464:
459:
457:Shadow cabinet
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
407:Lead candidate
404:
399:
394:
389:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:
360:
355:
350:
348:Party of power
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
214:Libertarianism
211:
206:
201:
199:Green politics
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
155:
154:
148:
147:
144:
143:
138:
137:
135:
134:
129:
123:
120:
119:
113:
112:
110:
109:
104:
102:Radical Centre
99:
93:
90:
89:
83:
82:
80:
79:
74:
68:
65:
64:
56:
51:
50:
47:
46:
44:Party politics
40:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4918:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4867:
4866:Triangulation
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4846:Individualism
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:Revolutionary
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4786:Progressivism
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4661:Liberal elite
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:Ultra-leftism
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4347:New Statesman
4344:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3969:European View
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3746:9781135901349
3742:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3702:
3700:9780203965719
3696:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3631:. JHU Press.
3629:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3615:9780198023074
3611:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3468:, p. 11.
3467:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3420:, p. 76.
3419:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3384:, p. 73.
3383:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:, p. 38.
3366:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3271:, p. 19.
3270:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3083:, p. 44.
3082:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2876:Luebbert 1991
2872:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2840:Luebbert 1991
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2816:Luebbert 1991
2812:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2792:Luebbert 1991
2788:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2728:, p. 50.
2727:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2692:, p. 51.
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2653:, p. 27.
2652:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2493:, p. 25.
2492:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:, p. 26.
2382:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2333:, p. 29.
2332:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2217:, p. 21.
2216:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2112:, p. 15.
2111:
2106:
2103:
2100:, p. 20.
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1996:, p. 18.
1995:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1954:, p. 24.
1953:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1794:in 2006. The
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:, leading to
1773:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1681:the Holocaust
1678:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1635:neoliberalism
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:privatisation
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:New Democracy
1591:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:National Bloc
1408:
1407:gold standard
1404:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1375:Pope Leo XIII
1372:
1371:
1370:Rerum novarum
1366:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1307:Early history
1306:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1296:climate grief
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1267:, or acts of
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:individualism
1208:
1203:
1202:regime change
1199:
1198:law and order
1195:
1192:, preserving
1191:
1190:public safety
1183:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1133:laissez-faire
1129:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1028:and populist
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:neoliberalism
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
985:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
958:
949:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:Western world
905:
900:
898:
893:
892:anti-clerical
889:
888:individualist
885:
881:
880:party systems
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
861:
856:
855:neoliberalism
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:, and strong
816:
812:
811:law and order
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
758:
753:
751:
746:
744:
739:
738:
736:
735:
732:
727:
722:
721:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
690:
689:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
622:
617:
616:
604:
601:
600:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
576:
573:
572:
570:
569:
564:
563:Party systems
559:
558:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
512:
511:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
472:
471:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
377:
376:
368:
367:International
364:
363:Transnational
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
274:
273:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:Republicanism
242:
240:
237:
235:
234:Progressivism
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
152:
146:
145:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
122:
121:
118:
114:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
92:
91:
88:
84:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
67:
66:
63:
59:
54:
49:
48:
45:
41:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4831:Collectivism
4760:
4715:
4640:
4590:
4566:Conservatism
4525:
4480:Post-leftism
4473:
4453:Centre-right
4452:
4380:. Retrieved
4363:
4346:
4310:
4306:
4277:
4273:
4242:
4238:
4218:(23): 3â18.
4215:
4184:
4180:
4160:(1): 39â49.
4157:
4153:
4124:
4120:
4081:
4077:
4051:(3): 72â97.
4048:
4044:
4016:(1): 50â64.
4013:
4009:
3972:
3968:
3942:(1): 17â35.
3939:
3935:
3902:
3898:
3869:
3865:
3831:
3827:
3796:
3792:
3760:
3734:
3711:
3690:
3669:
3626:
3603:
3580:
3557:
3492:. Springer.
3488:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3305:Zaslove 2008
3300:
3288:
3276:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3124:
3119:, p. 7.
3112:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3069:Botsiou 2010
3064:
3035:
3023:
3011:
3004:Ziblatt 2017
2999:
2994:, p. 4.
2975:Botsiou 2010
2970:
2963:Botsiou 2010
2958:
2951:Botsiou 2010
2946:
2939:Botsiou 2010
2934:
2922:
2915:Botsiou 2010
2910:
2905:, p. 3.
2883:
2871:
2864:Ziblatt 2017
2859:
2852:Ziblatt 2017
2847:
2842:, p. 2.
2835:
2823:
2811:
2804:Ziblatt 2017
2799:
2794:, p. 8.
2787:
2780:Ziblatt 2017
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2670:
2658:
2632:Botsiou 2010
2612:
2600:
2573:
2561:
2556:, p. 5.
2520:Taflaga 2023
2498:
2442:Taflaga 2023
2427:Botsiou 2010
2343:Taflaga 2023
2338:
2326:
2319:Botsiou 2010
2314:
2292:Taflaga 2023
2270:
2258:
2246:
2239:Taflaga 2023
2234:
2222:
2210:
2183:
2156:
2144:
2137:Taflaga 2023
2105:
2093:
2086:Taflaga 2023
2052:Botsiou 2010
2047:
2035:
2028:Botsiou 2010
2015:, p. 6.
1964:Taflaga 2023
1959:
1935:Taflaga 2023
1909:
1813:
1789:
1769:
1738:
1730:Forza Italia
1726:
1723:21st century
1713:
1685:
1673:
1659:
1639:
1608:
1592:
1575:Eastern Bloc
1571:Western Bloc
1568:
1542:West Germany
1534:
1510:factionalism
1498:post-war era
1483:
1457:Post-war era
1447:
1396:
1386:
1379:
1368:
1357:
1345:Edmund Burke
1326:
1321:conservatism
1317:Edmund Burke
1293:
1277:
1256:
1246:
1238:human rights
1230:Christianity
1226:middle class
1223:
1187:
1158:
1131:
1125:
1115:
1085:
1083:
1075:collectivist
1063:
1034:
990:Conservatism
988:
961:
953:
912:Western bloc
904:World War II
901:
869:
858:
843:free markets
804:
784:conservatism
767:
766:
603:Non-partisan
442:Party leader
402:Frontbencher
397:Caucus chair
333:Ruling party
314:Ethnic party
294:Cartel party
179:Conservatism
127:Centre-Right
126:
107:Centre-Right
106:
35:Part of the
29:
4821:Reactionary
4801:Corporatism
4781:Syndicalism
4731:Nolan Chart
4676:Red fascist
4611:Muslim left
4606:Jewish left
4571:Nationalism
4443:Centre-left
4084:(1): 1â15.
2738:Lilkov 2018
2412:Cliffe 2023
1885:Reactionary
1758:Presidents
1739:During the
1629:supporting
1468:(left) and
1399:World War I
1335:during the
1289:transgender
1207:paternalism
1142:free market
1112:rule of law
1096:loss-averse
1079:corporatist
1071:personalism
1037:Anglosphere
1030:nationalism
1026:agrarianism
835:immigration
800:Anglosphere
594:Multi-party
437:Party chair
387:Backbencher
323:Minor party
319:Major party
299:Competitive
289:Elite party
224:Nationalism
159:Agrarianism
97:Centre-Left
77:Centre-Left
4880:Categories
4666:Loony left
4556:Liberalism
3475:References
3466:Vaida 2017
3394:Bowen 2014
3117:Vaida 2017
3057:Starr 2018
2992:Vaida 2017
2903:Vaida 2017
2617:Vaida 2017
2474:Arndt 2017
2307:Salih 2006
2161:Arndt 2017
1648:, and the
1516:as led by
1387:status quo
1373:issued by
1349:John Locke
1257:status quo
1116:status quo
1100:gradualism
1087:status quo
1060:Governance
994:Liberalism
950:Ideologies
884:monarchist
860:status quo
776:ideologies
774:political
772:right-wing
621:Coalitions
539:Party line
328:Mass party
284:Bloc party
259:Syncretism
219:Monarchism
209:Liberalism
151:Ideologies
117:Right-Wing
4701:Soft left
4656:Hard left
4546:Socialism
4541:Communism
4531:Anarchism
4515:New Right
4505:Third Way
4463:Far-right
4372:0362-4331
4327:1062-7987
4294:1598-2408
4259:1354-0688
4224:2247-0514
4201:0032-3217
4166:2339-5095
4141:0022-3816
4106:256033370
4098:1356-9317
4065:1531-426X
4030:1086-3214
3991:1781-6858
3956:1094-2939
3919:0735-2751
3886:1350-1763
3856:Bale, Tim
3848:1755-7739
3813:1072-4745
3129:Bale 2008
3081:Rock 2018
2362:Bale 2008
2188:Bale 2008
1805:austerity
1732:, led by
1716:Third Way
1627:new right
1269:terrorism
1122:Economics
1055:Positions
589:Two-party
575:One-party
492:Open list
452:Secretary
264:Third Way
254:Socialism
174:Communism
164:Anarchism
132:Far-Right
62:Left-Wing
4901:Centrism
4856:Populism
4851:Hardline
4761:See also
4626:Islamism
4621:Hindutva
4495:New Left
4433:Far-left
4376:Archived
4351:Archived
4002:(2023).
3930:(2019).
3858:(2008).
3781:Journals
3757:(2017).
1895:Whiggism
1838:See also
1745:Islamism
1565:Cold War
1526:Gaullism
1423:Radicals
1421:and the
1361:suffrage
1291:people.
1219:Cold War
1010:centrist
845:and the
229:Populism
204:Islamism
194:Feminism
72:Far-Left
4706:Wingnut
4671:Moonbat
4576:Fascism
4536:Marxism
1661:Eastern
1528:of the
1496:in the
1484:In the
1439:fascism
1302:History
932:Central
874:of the
849:, with
189:Fascism
4716:Models
4646:Baizuo
4581:Nazism
4448:Centre
4370:
4325:
4292:
4257:
4222:
4199:
4164:
4139:
4104:
4096:
4063:
4028:
3989:
3954:
3917:
3884:
3846:
3811:
3769:
3743:
3720:
3697:
3678:
3635:
3612:
3589:
3566:
3496:
1699:, the
1504:, and
1397:After
1247:While
926:. The
837:, and
794:, and
392:Caucus
149:Major
87:Centre
4458:Right
4382:9 May
4102:S2CID
3480:Books
1902:Notes
1656:1990s
1209:over
277:Types
4438:Left
4384:2024
4368:ISSN
4323:ISSN
4290:ISSN
4255:ISSN
4220:ISSN
4197:ISSN
4162:ISSN
4137:ISSN
4094:ISSN
4061:ISSN
4026:ISSN
3987:ISSN
3952:ISSN
3915:ISSN
3882:ISSN
3844:ISSN
3809:ISSN
3767:ISBN
3741:ISBN
3718:ISBN
3695:ISBN
3676:ISBN
3633:ISBN
3610:ISBN
3587:ISBN
3564:ISBN
3494:ISBN
1818:and
1663:and
1633:and
1476:and
1441:and
1106:and
1077:and
1020:and
934:and
918:and
890:and
853:and
839:LGBT
462:Whip
4335:Web
4315:doi
4282:doi
4247:doi
4189:doi
4129:doi
4086:doi
4053:doi
4018:doi
3977:doi
3944:doi
3907:doi
3874:doi
3836:doi
3801:doi
1602:as
4882::
4374:.
4366:.
4362:.
4349:.
4345:.
4321:.
4311:16
4309:.
4305:.
4288:.
4278:22
4276:.
4272:.
4253:.
4243:14
4241:.
4237:.
4214:.
4195:.
4185:61
4183:.
4179:.
4158:35
4156:.
4152:.
4135:.
4125:77
4123:.
4119:.
4100:.
4092:.
4082:28
4080:.
4076:.
4059:.
4049:59
4047:.
4043:.
4024:.
4014:34
4012:.
4008:.
3985:.
3973:17
3971:.
3967:.
3950:.
3940:22
3938:.
3934:.
3913:.
3903:27
3901:.
3897:.
3880:.
3870:15
3868:.
3864:.
3842:.
3830:.
3826:.
3807:.
3797:21
3795:.
3791:.
3372:^
3259:^
3184:^
3047:^
2982:^
2895:^
2772:^
2757:^
2682:^
2639:^
2624:^
2585:^
2546:^
2527:^
2510:^
2481:^
2466:^
2449:^
2434:^
2419:^
2388:^
2369:^
2350:^
2299:^
2282:^
2195:^
2168:^
2117:^
2074:^
2059:^
2020:^
2001:^
1986:^
1971:^
1942:^
1921:^
1736:.
1683:.
1590:.
1532:.
1520:,
1445:.
1377:.
1263:,
1221:.
1102:.
1051:.
1032:.
969:,
959:.
946:.
867:.
833:,
829:,
825:,
813:,
809:,
790:,
786:,
365:/
321:/
4414:e
4407:t
4400:v
4386:.
4329:.
4317::
4296:.
4284::
4261:.
4249::
4226:.
4203:.
4191::
4168:.
4143:.
4131::
4108:.
4088::
4067:.
4055::
4032:.
4020::
3993:.
3979::
3958:.
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