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881:
44:
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621:
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517:
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596:. This is because any natural impediment to the flow of the river may cause the current to deflect in a different direction. When this happens, the alluvium carried by the river can build up against this impediment, redirecting the course of the river. The flow is then directed against the opposite bank of the river, which will erode into a more concave shape to accommodate the flow. The bank will still block the flow, causing it to reflect in the other direction. Thus, a bend in the river is created.
1370:
790:. In this system, the first tributaries of a river are 1st order rivers. When two 1st order rivers merge, the resulting river is 2nd order. If a river of a higher order and a lower order merge, the order is incremented from whichever of the previous rivers had the higher order. Stream order is correlated with and thus can be used to predict certain data points related to rivers, such as the size of the drainage basin (drainage area), and the length of the channel.
2068:
775:
809:
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2020:
1044:
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1956:
330:
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freely from headwaters to the sea have better water quality, and also retain their ability to transport nutrient-rich alluvium and other organic material downstream, keeping the ecosystem healthy. The creation of a lake changes the habitat of that portion of water, and blocks the transportation of sediment, as well as preventing the natural meandering of the river. Dams block the migration of fish such as
2004:
56:
1972:
3757:
2100:
1096:
1008:, improved navigation, recreation, and ecosystem management. Many of these projects have the effect of normalizing the effects of rivers; the greatest floods are smaller and more predictable, and larger sections are open for navigation by boats and other watercraft. A major effect of river engineering has been a reduced sediment output of large rivers. For example, the
608:. The alluvium carried by rivers, laden with minerals, is deposited into the floodplain when the banks spill over, providing new nutrients to the soil, allowing them to support human activity like farming as well as a host of plant and animal life. Deposited sediment from rivers can form temporary or long-lasting
1060:
sides of rivers, meant to hold back water from flooding the surrounding area during periods of high rainfall. They are often constructed by building up the natural terrain with soil or clay. Some levees are supplemented with floodways, channels used to redirect floodwater away from farms and populated areas.
1560:
Up to 60% of fresh water used by countries comes from rivers that cross international borders. This can cause disputes between countries that live upstream and downstream of the river. A country that is downstream of another may object to the upstream country diverting too much water for agricultural
1059:
Dikes are channels built perpendicular to the flow of the river beneath its surface. These help rivers flow straighter by increasing the speed of the water at the middle of the channel, helping to control floods. Levees are also used for this purpose. They can be thought of as dams constructed on the
928:
River ecosystems have also been categorized based on the variety of aquatic life they can sustain, also known as the fish zonation concept. Smaller rivers can only sustain smaller fish that can comfortably fit in its waters, whereas larger rivers can contain both small fish and large fish. This means
572:
The sediment yield of a river is the quantity of sand per unit area within a watershed that is removed over a period of time. The monitoring of the sediment yield of a river is important for ecologists to understand the health of its ecosystems, the rate of erosion of the river's environment, and the
1867:
that direct this water to rivers. This can cause flooding risk as large amounts of water are directed into the rivers. Due to these impermeable surfaces, these rivers often have very little alluvium carried in them, causing more erosion once the river exits the impermeable area. It has historically
1283:, and spread rapidly. By 1300, there were at least 10,000 mills in England alone. A medieval watermill could do the work of 30–60 human workers. Water mills were often used in conjunction with dams to focus and increase the speed of the water. Water wheels continued to be used up to and through the
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that does not require any inputs beyond the river itself. Dams are very common worldwide, with at least 75,000 higher than 6 feet (1.8 m) in the U.S. Globally, reservoirs created by dams cover 193,500 square miles (501,000 km). Dam-building reached a peak in the 1970s, when between two or
444:
months, higher temperatures melt snow and ice, causing additional water to flow into rivers. Glacier melt can supplement snow melt in times like the late summer, when there may be less snow left to melt, helping to ensure that the rivers downstream of the glaciers have a continuous supply of water.
1822:
make up 40% of the world's fish species, but 20% of these species are known to have gone extinct in recent years. Human uses of rivers make these species especially vulnerable. Dams and other engineered changes to rivers can block the migration routes of fish and destroy habitats. Rivers that flow
1224:
began to be used to raise the elevation of water. Drought years harmed crop yields, and leaders of society were incentivized to ensure regular water and food availability to remain in power. Engineering projects like the shadoof and canals could help prevent these crises. Despite this, there is
1841:(PFAS) is a widely used chemical that breaks down at a slow rate. It has been found in the bodies of humans and animals worldwide, as well as in the soil, with potentially negative health effects. Research into how to remove it from the environment, and how harmful exposure is, is ongoing.
1141:. It is also thought that these civilizations were the first to organize the irrigation of desert environments for growing food. Growing food at scale allowed people to specialize in other roles, form hierarchies, and organize themselves in new ways, leading to the birth of civilization.
1031:, the excavation of sediment buildup in a channel, to provide a deeper area for navigation. These activities require regular maintenance as the location of the river banks changes over time, floods bring foreign objects into the river, and natural sediment buildup continues. Artificial
751:
that continuously deposit alluvium into the sea from their mouths. Depending on the activity of waves, the strength of the river, and the strength of the tidal current, the sediment can accumulate to form new land. When viewed from above, a delta can appear to take the form of several
544:
when applied specifically to rivers. This debris comes from erosion performed by the rivers themselves, debris swept into rivers by rainfall, as well as erosion caused by the slow movement of glaciers. The sand in deserts and the sediment that forms bar islands is from rivers. The
1219:
used mills and water wheels beginning in the seventh century. Between 130 and 1492, larger dams were built in Japan, Afghanistan, and India, including 20 dams higher than 15 meters (49 ft). Canals began to be cut in Egypt as early as 3000 BC, and the mechanical
632:, which do not always have a continuous flow of water throughout the year. This may be because an arid climate is too dry depending on the season to support a stream, or because a river is seasonally frozen in the winter (such as in an area with substantial
1225:
evidence that floodplain-based civilizations may have been abandoned occasionally at a large scale. This has been attributed to unusually large floods destroying infrastructure; however, there is evidence that permanent changes to climate causing higher
868:, as well as scrapers feeding on algae. Further downstream, the river may get most of its energy from organic matter that was already processed upstream by collectors and shredders. Predators may be more active here, including fish that feed on plants,
828:
includes the life that lives in its water, on its banks, and in the surrounding land. The width of the channel of a river, its velocity, and how shaded it is by nearby trees. Creatures in a river ecosystem may be divided into many roles based on the
1775:
and is responsible for creating all children and fish. Some sacred rivers have religious prohibitions attached to them, such as not being allowed to drink from them or ride in a boat along certain stretches. In these religions, such as that of the
2998:
Middleton, Nick (26 April 2012). ""Introduction", "River ecology", "The Amazon: mightiest of them all", "River floods", "Sacred flows", "The first civilizations", "Natural barriers", "River rights and conflicts", "Water power", "Tamed rivers"".
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in mountains, meaning that melting snow can't replenish rivers during warm summer months, leading to lower water levels. Lower-level rivers also have warmer temperatures, threatening species like salmon that prefer colder upstream temperatures.
1070:, or power generation from rivers. Dams typically transform a section of the river behind them into a lake or reservoir. This can provide nearby cities with a predictable supply of drinking water. Hydroelectricity is desirable as a form of
1910:
can change the flooding cycles and water supply available to rivers. Floods can be larger and more destructive than expected, causing damage to the surrounding areas. Floods can also wash unhealthy chemicals and sediment into rivers.
1112:
of Earth were born on floodplains between 5,500 and 3,500 years ago. The freshwater, fertile soil, and transportation provided by rivers helped create the conditions for complex societies to emerge. Three such civilizations were the
1035:
are often constructed to "cut off" winding sections of a river with a shorter path, or to direct the flow of a river in a straighter direction. This effect, known as channelization, has made the distance required to traverse the
640:
is required to fuel the river. These rivers can appear in a variety of climates, and still provide a habitat for aquatic life and perform other ecological functions. Non-perennial rivers are believed to have once flowed on Mars.
1465:
from being a fully canalized channel with hard embankments to being wider with naturally sloped banks and vegetation. This has improved wildlife habitat in the Isar, and provided more opportunities for recreation in the river.
1707:
mythology, and in other cultures. In
Genesis, the flood's role was to cleanse Earth of the wrongdoing of humanity. The act of water working to cleanse humans in a ritualistic sense has been compared to the Christian ritual of
1393:
at a larger scale, and these canals were used in conjunction with river engineering projects like dredging and straightening to ensure the efficient flow of goods. One of the largest such projects is that of the
377:
of higher elevation land is what typically separates drainage basins; water on one side of a ridge will flow into one set of rivers, and water on the other side will flow into another. One example of this is the
1327:, pre-industrial river uses diminished in favor of more complex uses. This meant that the local ecosystems of rivers needed less protection as humans became less reliant on them for their continued flourishing.
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267:
of some species, and lowered the amount of alluvium flowing through rivers. Decreased snowfall from climate change has resulted in less water available for rivers during the summer. Regulation of pollution,
1532:
people in New Guinea. The two cultures speak different languages and rarely mix. 23% of international borders are large rivers (defined as those over 30 meters wide). The traditional northern border of the
2083:
603:
that are periodically flooded when there is a high level of water running through the river. These events may be referred to as "wet seasons' and "dry seasons" when the flooding is predictable due to the
1492:
1931:, can restore the natural habitats of river species. Regulators can also ensure regular releases of water from dams to keep animal habitats supplied with water. Limits on pollutants like
1168:. For civilizations built around rivers, fish were an important part of the diet of humans. Some rivers supported fishing activities, but were ill-suited to farming, such as those in the
461:
holds that all or most rivers flow from North to South, but this is not true. As rivers flow downstream, they eventually merge to form larger rivers. A river that feeds into another is a
1791:. While most rivers in India are revered, the Ganges is most sacred. The river has a central role in various Hindu myths, and its water is said to have properties of healing as well as
1066:
restrict the flow of water through a river. They can be built for navigational purposes, providing a higher level of water upstream for boats to travel in. They may also be used for
3400:
676:. Other rivers and streams have been covered over or converted to run in tunnels due to human development. These rivers do not typically host any life, and are often used only for
3799:
313:, a geographic feature that can contain flowing water. A stream may also be referred to as a watercourse. The study of the movement of water as it occurs on Earth is called
856:
in the form of leaves. In this type of ecosystem, collectors and shredders will be most active. As the river becomes deeper and wider, it may move slower and receive more
429:. Water flows into rivers in places where the river's elevation is lower than that of the water table. This phenomenon is why rivers can still flow even during times of
106:, or another river. A river may run dry before reaching the end of its course if it runs out of water, or only flow during certain seasons. Rivers are regulated by the
912:. Plants in the riparian zone of a river help stabilize its banks to prevent erosion and filter alluvium deposited by the river on the shore, including processing the
880:
786:, a stream order is a positive integer used to describe the level of river branching in a drainage basin. Several systems of stream order exist, one of which is the
43:
1389:. The nineteenth century saw canal-building become more common, with the U.S. building 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of canals by 1830. Rivers began to be used by
1137:
climates of the surrounding areas made these societies especially reliant on rivers for survival, leading to people clustering in these areas to form the first
1927:
areas have become protected from development. Water restrictions can prevent the complete draining of rivers. Limits on the construction of dams, as well as
1417:
has evolved from when they were a center of trade, food, and transportation to modern times when these uses are less necessary. Rivers remain central to the
933:, the concept of larger habitats being host to more species. In this case, it is known as the species-discharge relationship, referring specifically to the
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1554:
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without being treated, along with pollution from industry. This has resulted in a loss of animal and plant life in urban rivers, as well as the spread of
1787:
Rivers are some of the most sacred places in
Hinduism. There is archeological evidence that mass ritual bathing in rivers at least 5,000 years ago in the
5057:
145:, areas where all water eventually flows to a common outlet. Rivers have a great effect on the landscape around them. They may regularly overflow their
3792:
4030:
720:. However, if human activity siphons too much water away from a river for other uses, the riverbed may run dry before reaching the sea. The outlets
4398:
2860:"Stream Order, Morphometry, Physico-Chemical Conditions, and Community Structure of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in an Intermittent Stream System"
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2749:
2520:
1156:, rivers were a source of transportation and abundant resources. Many civilizations depended on what resources were local to them to survive.
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as goods such as grain and fuel could be floated downriver to supply cities with resources. River transportation is also important for the
1987:
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uses, pollution, as well as the creation of dams that change the river's flow characteristics. For example, Egypt has an agreement with
397:
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faster than areas with harder rock, causing a difference in elevation between two points of a river. This can cause the formation of a
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379:
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1118:
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1549:. Since the flow of a river is rarely static, the exact location of a river border may be called into question by countries. The
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833:. "Shredders" are organisms that consume this organic material. The role of a "grazer" or "scraper" organism is to feed on the
620:
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The flow of a river can act as a means of transportation for plant and animal species, as well as a barrier. For example, the
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Modern river engineering involves a large-scale collection of independent river engineering structures that have the goal of
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River transportation has historically been significantly cheaper and faster than transportation by land. Rivers helped fuel
1144:
1445:. The restoration of water quality and recreation to urban rivers has been a goal of modern administrations. For example,
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now runs dry in the deserts of Mexico, rather than running to the sea, due to diversion of water for agricultural uses.
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1944:
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waters the garden and then splits into four rivers that flow to provide water to the world. These rivers include the
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are an anadromous fish that may die in the river after spawning, contributing nutrients back to the river ecosystem.
3112:"A brief history and summary of the effects of river engineering and dams on the Mississippi River system and delta"
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that feed a river, and make up the river's source. These streams may be small and flow rapidly down the sides of
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can be deeper and longer, causing rivers to run dangerously low. This is in part because of a projected loss of
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4994:
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2625:"Formation of fluvial islands and its determining factors, case study of the River Neris, the Baltic Sea basin"
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three dams were completed every day, and has since begun to decline. New dam projects are primarily focused in
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and lower river flow may have been the determining factor in what river civilizations succeeded or dissolved.
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and light from dissolving into water, making it impossible for underwater life to survive in these so-called
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Attempts have been made to regulate the exploitation of rivers to preserve their ecological functions. Many
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31:
2019:
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The most basic river projects involve the clearing of obstructions like fallen trees. This can scale up to
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The river can then be modeled by the availability of resources for each creature's role. A shady area with
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2566:"Sediment yield and runoff frequency of small drainage basins in the Mojave Desert, California and Nevada"
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736:. Since the levels of these rivers are often already at or near sea level, the flow of alluvium and the
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mythology also have stories of floods, some of which contain no survivors, unlike the
Abrahamic flood.
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to manage the right to fresh water from the river, as well as mark the exact location of the border.
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from farms can lead to a proliferation of algae on the surface of rivers and oceans, which prevents
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Along with mythological rivers, religions have also cared for specific rivers as sacred rivers. The
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1323:. As fish and water could be brought from elsewhere, and goods and people could be transported via
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3373:"Paris mayor dips into the Seine River to showcase its improved cleanliness before Olympic events"
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along the Ganges river are the steps that allow people to bathe and release the ashes of the dead.
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The
Sumerian civilization was made possible by the floodplains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
63:(dark blue) and the rivers which flow into it (medium blue). The darker green marks the Amazon's
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119:
87:
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began to be used at least 2,000 years ago to harness the energy of rivers. Water wheels turn an
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remains of a person is released into the Ganges, their soul is released from the mortal world.
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The counterweight system of the shadoof is an early example of the engineering of river water.
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was banned in the Seine for over 100 years due to concerns about pollution and the spread of
1354:, as logs can be shipped via river. Countries with dense forests and networks of rivers like
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on rivers to transport it, was especially important. Rivers also were an important source of
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were said to be the cause of the river's yearly flooding, itself personified by the goddess
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moves about Earth. This means that all water that flows in rivers must ultimately come from
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Shanafield, Margaret; Bourke, Sarah A; Zimmer, Margaret A; Costigan, Katie H (March 2021).
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in New York City, which was covered in the 1800s and now exists only as a sewer-like pipe.
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and controls on pollution from factories have improved the water quality of urban rivers.
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and other nutrients it contains. Forests in a riparian zone also provide important animal
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saw rivers as goddesses. The Nile had many gods attached to it. The tears of the goddess
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boat is attempting to prevent crossings of the Rio Grande river from Mexico into the U.S.
169:; the locations of a river's banks can change frequently. Rivers get their alluvium from
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describes these four rivers as flowing with water, milk, wine, and honey, respectively.
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systems, where rock dissolves to form caves. These rivers provide a habitat for diverse
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Rivers may run through low, flat regions on their way to the sea. These places may have
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3401:"Isar-Plan – Water management plan and restoration of the Isar river, Munich (Germany)"
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where the flow slows down. Rivers rarely run in a straight line, instead, they bend or
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can form, with cliffs on either side of the river. Areas of a river with softer rock
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Rivers have sustained human and animal life for millennia, including the first human
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due to sediment. Rivers also change their landscape through their transportation of
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A river in a permeable area does not exhibit this behavior and may even have raised
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Not all precipitation flows directly into rivers; some water seeps into underground
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than the river itself, and in these areas, water flows downhill into the river. The
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and have strong religious, political, social, and mythological attachments to them.
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requiring a specific minimum volume of water to pass into the Nile yearly over the
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and other bypass systems have been attempted, but these are not always effective.
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is one of the primary means of shipping goods on the
Mississippi and other rivers.
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that larger rivers can host a larger variety of species. This is analogous to the
17:
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A diagram of a possible river with the
Strahler number of each tributary labeled.
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the surrounding area, spreading nutrients to the surrounding area. Sediment or
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1759:. Many African religions regard certain rivers as the originator of life. In
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3137:
3111:
2384:"River Systems and Fluvial Landforms – Geology (U.S. National Park Service)"
2215:
2205:
2151:
2131:
1606:
1566:
1509:
1358:
have historically benefited the most from this method of trade. The rise of
1272:
1114:
1095:
849:
842:
813:
783:
757:
549:
of the debris is gradually sorted by the river, with heavier particles like
510:
486:
462:
362:
350:
314:
237:
205:
95:
55:
2750:"Yucatán Peninsula's hidden underground life tracks changes at the surface"
1012:
produced 400 million tons of sediment per year. Due to the construction of
3701:
1652:
in exchange for money. Souls that were judged to be good were admitted to
369:
uphill of a river that feeds it with water in this way is in that river's
263:, and other engineered structures has eliminated habitats, has caused the
5284:
5158:
4621:
4588:
4265:
4107:
4074:
3285:
3159:
1916:
1912:
1873:
1796:
1661:
1618:
1546:
1446:
1373:
The Canal du Midi was one of the first large canal projects in the world.
1324:
1157:
1028:
937:
of a river, the amount of water passing through it at a particular time.
917:
913:
869:
857:
838:
637:
592:
Rivers rarely run in a straight direction, instead preferring to bend or
541:
537:
437:
414:
221:
154:
131:
123:
3295:
3287:
Rivers in
History: Perspectives on Waterways in Europe and North America
3169:
3161:
Rivers in
History: Perspectives on Waterways in Europe and North America
2623:
Baubinienė, Aldona; Satkūnas, Jonas; Taminskas, Julius (February 2015).
1784:, the river is considered a living being that must be afforded respect.
1477:
is famous for its relationship to the city, from industry to recreation.
1043:
5351:
5271:
5233:
5168:
5095:
4931:
4880:
4408:
4403:
4385:
4365:
4270:
4207:
4142:
4079:
3061:"Rivers and Streams: Life in Flowing Water | Learn Science at Scitable"
2891:
2859:
2220:
2210:
2090:
2026:
2010:
1924:
1881:
1772:
1709:
1653:
1542:
1450:
1359:
1226:
1221:
1181:
1177:
1052:
905:
817:
741:
729:
605:
593:
498:
494:
470:
454:
430:
358:
197:
178:
174:
170:
166:
2700:
2565:
2413:"What determines the directional flow of rivers in the United States?"
949:
is so wide in parts that the variety of species on either side of its
5251:
5198:
5193:
4726:
4598:
4423:
4418:
4370:
4360:
4330:
4255:
4010:
3941:
3913:
3812:
2178:
2163:
1978:
1869:
1846:
1824:
1781:
1685:
1660:
to forget their previous life. Rivers also appear in descriptions of
1649:
1622:
1614:
1538:
1462:
1426:
1355:
1336:
1138:
1134:
1017:
993:
966:
889:
748:
701:
502:
441:
306:
260:
256:
220:, and recreation. Humans have engineered rivers to prevent flooding,
162:
158:
79:
48:
3635:
3145:
3119:
2875:
565:. This sediment may be deposited in river valleys or carried to the
5035:
2464:"Geology – Grand Canyon National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
1680:, and two rivers that are possibly apocryphal but may refer to the
4824:
4809:
4764:
4508:
4481:
4428:
4295:
4290:
4260:
4245:
4054:
2677:"An overview of the hydrology of non-perennial rivers and streams"
2225:
2190:
2168:
1890:
1806:
1734:
1704:
1689:
1657:
1610:
1588:
1562:
1491:
1474:
1468:
1434:
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1368:
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for the more efficient movement of goods, as well as projects for
1308:
1302:
1231:
1200:
1173:
1143:
1094:
1080:
1076:
1042:
997:
987:
901:
885:
879:
834:
807:
773:
717:
716:, the water they contain will always tend to flow down toward the
709:
691:
665:
648:
619:
585:
575:
550:
515:
482:
396:
374:
342:
328:
302:
150:
111:
99:
54:
42:
3521:"Endpoint of the Colorado River, Mexico | U.S. Geological Survey"
276:
have helped to improve water quality and restore river habitats.
5289:
4854:
4819:
4375:
4335:
4300:
3110:
Alexander, Jason S.; Wilson, Richard C.; Green, W. Reed (2012).
2564:
Griffiths, Peter G.; Hereford, Richard; Webb, Robert H. (2006).
2195:
1752:
1740:
1681:
1641:
1640:
is bordered by several rivers. Ancient Greeks believed that the
1626:
1602:
1525:
1458:
1256:
1204:
1161:
1084:
1063:
865:
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581:
558:
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434:
426:
366:
298:
297:
towards another body of water downhill. This flow can be into a
294:
233:
209:
208:. Rivers have produced abundant resources for humans, including
189:
127:
103:
83:
5039:
3781:
2724:"Deep, Perennial or Semi-Perennial Rivers Flowed on Early Mars"
1837:
from factories and urban areas can also damage water quality. "
756:
shapes as the river mouth appears to fan out from the original
664:
may flow underground through flooded caves. This can happen in
5279:
4774:
4215:
1185:
566:
3628:"Dams and Rivers: A Primer on the Downstream Effects of Dams"
3488:"Inside India's Gargantuan Mission to Clean the Ganges River"
3138:"Dams and Rivers: A Primer on the Downstream Effects of Dams"
2278:
Manual of
Hydrology: Part 1. General Surface-Water Techniques
1859:
are typically surrounded by impermeable surfaces like stone,
1248:
was a textile mill powered by the pictured hydroelectric dam.
3626:
Collier, Michael; Webb, Robert H.; Schmidt, John C. (1996).
3136:
Collier, Michael; Webb, Robert H.; Schmidt, John C. (1996).
1381:, connecting rivers within France to create a path from the
908:. The land that interfaces with a water body is that body's
837:
that collects on rocks and plants. "Collectors" consume the
497:
the slopes on the sides of the river. When a river carves a
3005:. New York City: Oxford University Press (published 2012).
588:
is known for its fertile floodplains, which flood annually.
157:
carried by rivers shapes the landscape around it, forming
114:
moves around the Earth. Water first enters rivers through
1617:. This power has caused rivers to have a central role in
1553:
between the United States and Mexico is regulated by the
453:
Rivers flow downhill, with their direction determined by
386:. Water on the western side of the divide flows into the
1950:
Ten largest rivers by discharge (excluding tributaries):
1291:
and other factories, but were eventually supplanted by
188:. The organisms that live around or in a river such as
2317:"Rivers, Streams, and Creeks | U.S. Geological Survey"
1402:. The river was then used for shipping crops from the
636:), or in the headwaters of rivers in mountains, where
1609:. They have also become associated with the reverse,
900:
focuses on habitats that flood seasonally, including
2417:
Geographic FAQ Hub: Answers to Your Global
Questions
349:. The sides of rivers have land that is at a higher
5339:
5303:
5270:
5242:
5124:
5073:
4924:
4863:
4745:
4607:
4579:
4480:
4452:
4384:
4206:
4073:
3990:
3912:
3823:
2358:"Rivers and the Landscape | U.S. Geological Survey"
1421:of cities and nations. Famous examples include the
1593:The Ogun River in Nigeria is sacred to the Yoruba.
1331:began to develop projects that enabled industrial
1211:civilization used aqueducts to transport water to
317:, and their effect on the landscape is covered by
3236:Macklin, Mark G.; Lewin, John (3 February 2015).
1899:is expected to reduce the level of waters in the
1644:of those who perished had to be borne across the
1172:. Other animals that live in or near rivers like
1020:, and the removal of natural banks replaced with
390:, whereas water on the other side flows into the
1453:, until cleanup efforts to allow its use in the
1279:, water mills began to automate many aspects of
1024:, this sediment output has been reduced by 60%.
820:provide organic matter for organisms to process.
672:and have become an important target of study by
553:sinking to the bottom, and finer particles like
513:as the river's flow falls down a vertical drop.
417:. These, in turn, can still feed rivers via the
255:, and human activity. The construction of dams,
3651:"Positioning urban rivers within urban ecology"
3326:"Positioning urban rivers within urban ecology"
2280:(Water Supply Paper 1541-A). Reston, VA: USGS.
1410:to other states as well as the Atlantic Ocean.
961:. Species that travel from the sea to breed in
2829:"Delta Landforms (U.S. National Park Service)"
1569:, to maintain both countries access to water.
1184:could provide food and valuable goods such as
425:beneath the surface of the land stored in the
5051:
3793:
3630:. Circular (Report). U.S. Geological Survey.
3140:. Circular (Report). U.S. Geological Survey.
3114:. Circular (Report). U.S. Geological Survey.
2267:
2265:
2263:
953:are distinct. Some fish may swim upstream to
612:. These islands exist in almost every river.
469:. Rivers must flow to lower altitudes due to
30:"Rivers" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
3486:Franklin-Wallis, Oliver (30 November 2023).
2858:Harrel, Richard C.; Dorris, Troy C. (1968).
1508:, rivers are often used as a border between
1457:. Another example is the restoration of the
852:trees might experience frequent deposits of
657:, Philippines features an underground river.
5382:List of rivers that have reversed direction
2272:Langbein, W.B.; Iseri, Kathleen T. (1995).
2142:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
1555:International Boundary and Water Commission
1160:of commodities, especially the floating of
744:or downriver depending on the time of day.
732:) have their levels rise and fall with the
200:have different roles, including processing
5058:
5044:
5036:
3800:
3786:
3778:
1195:to use rivers for thousands of years. The
680:or flood control. One such example is the
333:The major drainage basins in North America
3034:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
2808:Vernon-Harcourt, Leveson Francis (1896).
2446:Vernon-Harcourt, Leveson Francis (1896).
1541:, a river that today forms the border of
1398:, whose drainage basin covers 40% of the
740:that flows in these rivers may be either
628:About half of all waterways on Earth are
3559:"The Threats Facing Freshwater Habitats"
3290:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 2008.
3164:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 2008.
3105:
3103:
3101:
1795:from sins. Hindus believe that when the
1203:, Egypt, is an ancient dam built on the
1040:in 116 kilometers (72 mi) shorter.
440:present in higher elevation regions. In
433:. Rivers are also fed by the melting of
309:refers to water that flows in a natural
232:from dams. People associate rivers with
4399:International scale of river difficulty
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3131:
3129:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
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3087:
3085:
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2993:
2991:
2989:
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2969:
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2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
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2947:
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2939:
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2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2238:
1948:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3455:Trimarchi, Maria (23 September 2023).
3424:
3422:
3395:
3393:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3054:
3052:
3050:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2803:
2801:
2779:Howard, Brian Clark (1 January 2017).
2774:
2772:
2770:
2743:
2741:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2618:
2616:
2559:
2557:
2514:
2512:
2510:
1872:to be directed directly to rivers via
1656:and permitted to drink water from the
1377:One of the first large canals was the
1319:with the growth of technology and the
122:of water down a slope, the melting of
3481:
3479:
3477:
3024:
3022:
2823:
2821:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2406:
2404:
2311:
2244:
2242:
7:
3457:"The Great Flood: More Than a Myth?"
3267:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2596:"Floodplains — All About Watersheds"
2550:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
1695:The book of Genesis also contains a
1613:and destruction, especially through
1597:The importance of rivers throughout
1366:has made this practice less common.
704:is formed from the river's sediment.
501:or a similar high-elevation area, a
341:, the continuous processes by which
1839:Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
1699:. Similar myths are present in the
1601:has given them an association with
747:Rivers that are not tidal may form
724:of a river can take several forms.
493:section of land such as rocks will
2814:. Clarendon Press. pp. 14–19.
2521:"River pattersn and their meaning"
2452:. Clarendon Press. pp. 14–19.
1863:, and concrete. Cities often have
1498:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
1125:civilization in the Nile, and the
884:This marsh is a floodplain of the
845:feed on living things to survive.
380:Continental Divide of the Americas
134:beneath the surface of the Earth.
25:
3002:Rivers: A Very Short Introduction
477:of a river is typically within a
27:Natural flowing freshwater stream
5395:
5394:
3766:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3649:Francis, Robert A. (June 2012).
3324:Francis, Robert A. (June 2012).
2748:Arellano, Astrid (29 May 2024).
2493:education.nationalgeographic.org
2284:from the original on 9 May 2012.
2274:"Hydrologic Definitions: Stream"
2098:
2082:
2066:
2050:
2034:
2018:
2002:
1986:
1970:
1954:
1935:can help improve water quality.
1000:province of China from flooding.
992:This levee protects the city of
5091:Drainage system (geomorphology)
4556:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3593:Lohan, Tara (12 October 2022).
3265:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.02.004
2864:The American Midland Naturalist
2548:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.03.001
2519:Twidale, C.R. (20 March 2004).
1016:, sediment buildup in man-made
465:, and the place they meet is a
5101:Strahler number (stream order)
2781:"11 Rivers Forced Underground"
2649:10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.025
1668:, beginning with the story of
1:
3371:Nouvian, Tom (17 July 2024).
1939:Rivers by amount of discharge
1119:Tigris–Euphrates river system
1055:provides hydroelectric power.
712:or man-made features such as
289:A river is a natural flow of
4722:Universal Soil Loss Equation
4672:Hydrological transport model
4566:Storm Water Management Model
3238:"The rivers of civilization"
2411:Warner, Hugh (2 July 2024).
489:. Rivers flowing through an
2754:Mongabay Environmental News
1945:List of rivers by discharge
1672:. A river beginning in the
841:of dead organisms. Lastly,
708:While rivers may flow into
573:effects of human activity.
407:Los Glaciares National Park
357:of a river are the smaller
5462:
4226:Antecedent drainage stream
3245:Quaternary Science Reviews
1942:
1578:
1485:
1271:, and grind grains with a
1191:Humans have been building
981:
767:
29:
5390:
4990:
4962:River valley civilization
4845:Riparian-zone restoration
3675:10.1007/s11252-012-0227-6
3595:"5 big threats to rivers"
3434:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
3430:"When Rivers are Borders"
3350:10.1007/s11252-012-0227-6
3198:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
3194:"When Rivers are Borders"
3030:"River Continuum Concept"
2811:Rivers and Canals: Rivers
2722:News Staff (7 May 2020).
2449:Rivers and Canals: Rivers
1287:as a source of power for
1127:Indus Valley Civilization
931:species-area relationship
325:Source and drainage basin
293:that flows on or through
224:crops, perform work with
173:, which carves rock into
137:Rivers flow and merge in
110:, the processes by which
5025:Countries without rivers
5000:Rivers by discharge rate
4712:Runoff model (reservoir)
4677:Infiltration (hydrology)
1720:. Floods also appear in
1400:contiguous United States
624:Dried out rivers on Mars
5214:River channel migration
4697:River Continuum Concept
4462:Agricultural wastewater
3059:McCabe, Declan (2011).
1895:Retreating snow in the
1749:Ancient Celtic religion
965:rivers are anadromous.
831:River Continuum Concept
804:River Continuum Concept
653:The Blue Water Cave in
337:Rivers are part of the
32:Rivers (disambiguation)
5144:Bar (river morphology)
5020:River name etymologies
4947:Hydraulic civilization
4805:Floodplain restoration
4581:Point source pollution
4356:Sedimentary structures
3750:Environment portal
2600:allaboutwatersheds.org
1904:
1816:
1744:
1697:story of a great flood
1594:
1573:Religion and mythology
1501:
1478:
1374:
1312:
1249:
1154:pre-industrial society
1149:
1100:
1056:
1001:
957:as part of a seasonal
893:
821:
812:The headwaters of the
779:
705:
658:
625:
589:
529:
410:
334:
305:, or another river. A
68:
52:
36:River (disambiguation)
5326:Erosion and tectonics
5321:Degradation (geology)
4632:Discharge (hydrology)
4594:Industrial wastewater
4075:Sedimentary processes
2528:Earth-Science Reviews
1901:Western United States
1894:
1810:
1738:
1726:Aboriginal Australian
1592:
1495:
1472:
1372:
1306:
1285:Industrial Revolution
1267:, work metal using a
1235:
1207:4,500 years ago. The
1147:
1098:
1083:, and other areas in
1046:
991:
941:Movement of organisms
924:Fish zonation concept
883:
811:
777:
695:
652:
623:
579:
519:
403:Perito Moreno Glacier
400:
332:
58:
47:A boat floats on the
46:
5347:Deposition (geology)
5074:Large-scale features
4737:Volumetric flow rate
4321:Riffle-pool sequence
3599:World Economic Forum
2254:Cambridge Dictionary
1678:Tigris and Euphrates
1512:, cities, and other
1455:2024 Summer Olympics
1406:and cotton from the
1242:Dover, New Hampshire
826:ecosystem of a river
616:Non-perennial rivers
459:common misconception
4911:Whitewater kayaking
4906:Whitewater canoeing
4707:Runoff curve number
4551:Flood pulse concept
3667:2012UrbEc..15..285F
3436:. 17 September 2020
3342:2012UrbEc..15..285F
3296:10.2307/jj.490884.5
3257:2015QSRv..114..228M
3200:. 17 September 2020
3170:10.2307/jj.490884.5
2693:2021WIRWa...8E1504S
2641:2015Geomo.231..343B
2540:2004ESRv...67..159T
1884:. In modern times,
1878:waterborne diseases
1666:Abrahamic religions
1516:. For example, the
1425:'s relationship to
1315:Rivers became more
1263:to move water into
898:flood pulse concept
876:Flood pulse concept
662:Subterranean rivers
645:Subterranean rivers
630:intermittent rivers
401:Melting toe of the
118:, whether from the
5377:Sediment transport
5331:River rejuvenation
5304:Regional processes
4937:Aquatic toxicology
4850:Stream restoration
4815:Infiltration basin
4667:Hydrological model
4183:Sediment transport
4006:Estavelle/Inversac
3884:Subterranean river
3762:Ecology portal
1905:
1817:
1789:Indus river valley
1745:
1595:
1502:
1482:Politics of rivers
1479:
1375:
1313:
1250:
1150:
1104:Pre-industrial era
1101:
1057:
1002:
894:
872:, and other fish.
822:
780:
728:(often part of an
706:
659:
626:
590:
530:
524:was carved by the
449:The flow of rivers
411:
335:
247:are threatened by
130:, or seepage from
69:
53:
18:Right bank (river)
5431:Fluvial landforms
5408:
5407:
5209:River bifurcation
5033:
5032:
5010:Whitewater rivers
4916:Whitewater slalom
4747:River engineering
4647:Groundwater model
4608:River measurement
4536:Flood forecasting
4351:Sedimentary basin
4208:Fluvial landforms
4113:Bed material load
3889:River bifurcation
3738:Rivers portal
3305:978-0-8229-4345-7
3179:978-0-8229-4345-7
3012:978-0-19-958867-1
2701:10.1002/wat2.1504
2495:. 19 October 2023
2075:Mississippi River
2059:Brahmaputra River
1701:Epic of Gilgamesh
1419:cultural identity
1396:Mississippi River
1387:Mediterranean Sea
1329:River engineering
1261:rotational energy
1170:Pacific Northwest
1010:Mississippi River
984:River engineering
864:and a variety of
540:, often known as
16:(Redirected from
5453:
5398:
5397:
5139:Avulsion (river)
5067:River morphology
5060:
5053:
5046:
5037:
4995:Rivers by length
4830:River morphology
4732:Wetted perimeter
4637:Drainage density
4148:Headward erosion
3977:Perennial stream
3849:Blackwater river
3802:
3795:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3702:"PFAS Explained"
3698:
3687:
3686:
3655:Urban Ecosystems
3646:
3640:
3639:
3623:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3590:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3565:. 9 October 2010
3555:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3483:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3397:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3330:Urban Ecosystems
3321:
3310:
3309:
3282:
3269:
3268:
3242:
3233:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3107:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3056:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3026:
3017:
3016:
2995:
2896:
2895:
2855:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2776:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2672:
2661:
2660:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2592:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2525:
2516:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2354:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2313:
2286:
2285:
2269:
2258:
2257:
2246:
2102:
2086:
2070:
2054:
2038:
2022:
2006:
1990:
1974:
1958:
1886:sewage treatment
1868:been common for
1714:Baptism of Jesus
1488:Water rights law
1404:American Midwest
1341:flood prevention
1321:human population
1259:that can supply
1123:Ancient Egyptian
1072:renewable energy
1068:hydroelectricity
860:. This supports
561:carried further
373:or watershed. A
274:sewage treatment
245:river ecosystems
230:hydroelectricity
90:towards another
59:South America's
21:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5426:Bodies of water
5411:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5386:
5367:Helicoidal flow
5335:
5299:
5266:
5238:
5154:Channel pattern
5126:Alluvial rivers
5120:
5116:River sinuosity
5069:
5064:
5034:
5029:
5005:Drainage basins
4986:
4920:
4859:
4835:Retention basin
4795:Erosion control
4790:Detention basin
4741:
4657:Hjulström curve
4609:
4603:
4575:
4519:Non-water flood
4476:
4448:
4394:Helicoidal flow
4380:
4281:Fluvial terrace
4276:Floating island
4202:
4077:
4069:
4060:Rhythmic spring
3994:
3986:
3967:Stream gradient
3908:
3894:River ecosystem
3859:Channel pattern
3827:
3819:
3806:
3756:
3754:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3708:. 30 March 2016
3700:
3699:
3690:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3636:10.3133/cir1126
3625:
3624:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3485:
3484:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3323:
3322:
3313:
3306:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3146:10.3133/cir1126
3135:
3134:
3127:
3120:10.3133/cir1375
3109:
3108:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3013:
2997:
2996:
2899:
2876:10.2307/2423611
2857:
2856:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2674:
2673:
2664:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2445:
2444:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2289:
2271:
2270:
2261:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2201:River transport
2187:
2160:
2127:Lists of rivers
2123:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2043:RĂo de la Plata
2039:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1947:
1941:
1897:Rocky Mountains
1820:Freshwater fish
1805:
1767:rules over the
1761:Yoruba religion
1722:Norse mythology
1712:, famously the
1634:Greek mythology
1587:
1575:
1506:natural barrier
1490:
1484:
1352:lumber industry
1301:
1217:Spanish Muslims
1106:
1093:
986:
980:
975:
943:
926:
878:
806:
801:
796:
788:Strahler number
772:
766:
700:river delta in
690:
674:microbiologists
647:
618:
610:fluvial islands
451:
384:Rocky Mountains
327:
287:
282:
249:water pollution
143:drainage basins
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5459:
5457:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5413:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5372:Playfair's law
5369:
5364:
5359:
5357:Exner equation
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5295:Current ripple
5292:
5287:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5224:Slip-off slope
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5174:Meander cutoff
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5086:Drainage basin
5083:
5081:Alluvial plain
5077:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5040:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4896:Stone skipping
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4780:Drop structure
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4760:Balancing lake
4757:
4751:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4687:Playfair's law
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4642:Exner equation
4639:
4634:
4629:
4627:Bradshaw model
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4514:Urban flooding
4506:
4501:
4499:Crevasse splay
4496:
4494:100-year flood
4490:
4488:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4454:Surface runoff
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4434:Stream capture
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4346:Rock-cut basin
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4188:Suspended load
4185:
4180:
4178:Secondary flow
4175:
4170:
4168:Retrogradation
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4133:Dissolved load
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4065:Spring horizon
4062:
4057:
4052:
4050:Mineral spring
4047:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4031:list in the US
4028:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3957:Stream channel
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3879:Drainage basin
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3839:Alluvial river
3835:
3833:
3821:
3820:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3726:
3725:External links
3723:
3720:
3719:
3688:
3661:(2): 285–291.
3641:
3611:
3576:
3537:
3512:
3473:
3447:
3418:
3389:
3363:
3336:(2): 285–291.
3311:
3304:
3270:
3211:
3185:
3178:
3151:
3125:
3077:
3046:
3018:
3011:
2897:
2870:(1): 220–251.
2845:
2817:
2797:
2766:
2737:
2714:
2662:
2612:
2582:
2553:
2534:(3): 159–218.
2506:
2480:
2455:
2429:
2400:
2375:
2334:
2287:
2259:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:Water conflict
2134:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1943:Main article:
1940:
1937:
1908:Climate change
1813:Colorado River
1804:
1801:
1771:in modern-day
1674:Garden of Eden
1574:
1571:
1524:separates the
1483:
1480:
1408:American South
1383:Atlantic Ocean
1317:industrialized
1300:
1299:Industrial era
1297:
1197:Sadd el-Kafara
1193:infrastructure
1166:drinking water
1105:
1102:
1092:
1089:
1038:Missouri River
982:Main article:
979:
978:Infrastructure
976:
974:
971:
942:
939:
925:
922:
877:
874:
854:organic matter
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
768:Main article:
765:
764:Classification
762:
738:brackish water
689:
686:
682:Sunswick Creek
670:microorganisms
646:
643:
617:
614:
526:Colorado River
450:
447:
392:Atlantic Ocean
371:drainage basin
326:
323:
286:
283:
281:
278:
253:climate change
228:, and produce
218:drinking water
214:transportation
202:organic matter
194:aquatic plants
82:that flows on
65:drainage basin
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5458:
5447:
5446:Water streams
5444:
5442:
5441:Sedimentology
5439:
5437:
5436:Geomorphology
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5401:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5352:Water erosion
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5244:Bedrock river
5241:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:Riparian zone
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Braided river
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5056:
5054:
5049:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Surface water
4975:
4973:
4972:Sacred waters
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:Riparian zone
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:Body of water
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Riverboarding
4889:
4887:
4886:River surfing
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:and modelling
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4571:Return period
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:Flood control
4529:
4527:
4526:Flood barrier
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
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4158:Palaeochannel
4156:
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4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
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4121:
4119:
4118:Granular flow
4116:
4114:
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4109:
4106:
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3867:
3865:
3864:Channel types
3862:
3860:
3857:
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3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Braided river
3842:
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3513:
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3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3462:
3461:HowStuffWorks
3458:
3451:
3448:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3406:
3405:Climate Adapt
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
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3307:
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3297:
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3262:
3258:
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3250:
3246:
3239:
3232:
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3228:
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3218:
3216:
3212:
3199:
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3025:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3008:
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2718:
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2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:Geomorphology
2626:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2571:
2570:pubs.usgs.gov
2567:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2494:
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2481:
2469:
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2459:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2364:. 6 June 2018
2363:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2323:. 6 June 2018
2322:
2318:
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2310:
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2255:
2251:
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2239:
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2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:sewer systems
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1728:religion and
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:on a boat by
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:human history
1591:
1586:
1582:
1581:Sacred waters
1577:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1473:The Seine in
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:New York City
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:Canal du Midi
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:textile mills
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1246:United States
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Ancient Roman
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1110:civilizations
1103:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:flood control
999:
995:
990:
985:
977:
972:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
940:
938:
936:
932:
923:
921:
919:
915:
911:
910:riparian zone
907:
903:
899:
891:
887:
882:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
862:invertebrates
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
819:
815:
810:
803:
798:
793:
791:
789:
785:
776:
771:
763:
761:
759:
755:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
703:
699:
694:
687:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
651:
644:
642:
639:
635:
631:
622:
615:
613:
611:
607:
602:
597:
595:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:particle size
543:
539:
535:
527:
523:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
448:
446:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
408:
404:
399:
395:
393:
389:
388:Pacific Ocean
385:
381:
376:
372:
368:
365:. All of the
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:precipitation
344:
340:
331:
324:
322:
320:
319:geomorphology
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
279:
277:
275:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:civilizations
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:precipitation
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:, such as an
97:
93:
92:body of water
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:is a natural
74:
66:
62:
57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5106:River valley
5015:Flash floods
4967:River cruise
4864:River sports
4717:Stream gauge
4702:Rouse number
4692:Relief ratio
4541:Flood-meadow
4472:Urban runoff
4386:Fluvial flow
4371:River valley
4341:River island
4306:Meander scar
4221:Alluvial fan
4163:Progradation
4038:Karst spring
3982:Winterbourne
3937:Chalk stream
3899:River source
3874:Distributary
3824:
3808:
3774:at Wikibooks
3710:. Retrieved
3705:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3602:. Retrieved
3598:
3567:. Retrieved
3562:
3528:. Retrieved
3524:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3491:
3464:. Retrieved
3460:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3433:
3409:. Retrieved
3404:
3380:. Retrieved
3376:
3366:
3333:
3329:
3286:
3248:
3244:
3202:. Retrieved
3197:
3188:
3160:
3154:
3068:. Retrieved
3064:
3037:. Retrieved
3033:
3001:
2867:
2863:
2836:. Retrieved
2832:
2810:
2788:. Retrieved
2784:
2757:. Retrieved
2753:
2728:. Retrieved
2717:
2684:
2680:
2632:
2628:
2603:. Retrieved
2599:
2573:. Retrieved
2569:
2531:
2527:
2497:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2467:
2458:
2448:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2361:
2325:. Retrieved
2320:
2277:
2253:
2107:Paraná River
1963:Amazon River
1922:
1906:
1865:storm drains
1857:Urban rivers
1855:
1833:
1818:
1786:
1746:
1730:Mesoamerican
1718:Jordan River
1694:
1631:
1596:
1576:
1559:
1535:Roman Empire
1518:Lamari River
1503:
1439:Hudson River
1423:River Thames
1415:urban rivers
1413:The role of
1412:
1376:
1348:urbanization
1345:
1314:
1281:manual labor
1253:Water wheels
1251:
1190:
1151:
1107:
1062:
1058:
1026:
1003:
947:Amazon River
944:
927:
895:
847:
823:
781:
770:Stream order
746:
726:Tidal rivers
707:
688:The terminus
660:
627:
598:
591:
571:
531:
522:Grand Canyon
479:river valley
452:
412:
336:
288:
242:
226:water wheels
183:
136:
72:
70:
67:or watershed
61:Amazon River
40:
5311:Aggradation
5262:Plunge pool
5229:Stream pool
5219:River mouth
5111:River delta
4876:Fly fishing
4800:Fish ladder
4785:Daylighting
4504:Flash flood
4467:First flush
4414:Plunge pool
4138:Downcutting
4123:Debris flow
4098:Aggradation
3972:Stream pool
3563:Environment
3251:: 228–244.
2785:Environment
2681:WIREs Water
2635:: 343–352.
2489:"Waterfall"
1995:Congo River
1929:dam removal
1829:fish ladder
1658:River Lethe
1514:territories
1391:cargo ships
1293:steam power
1277:Middle Ages
1269:trip hammer
1213:urban areas
1131:Indus River
1049:Na Hang Dam
601:floodplains
491:impermeable
423:groundwater
419:water table
409:, Argentina
339:water cycle
270:dam removal
243:Rivers and
139:confluences
108:water cycle
94:at a lower
5415:Categories
5362:Hack's law
5316:Base level
5257:Knickpoint
5184:Oxbow lake
5164:Floodplain
4982:Wild river
4662:Hydrograph
4652:Hack's law
4617:Baer's law
4561:Inundation
4546:Floodplain
4486:stormwater
4444:Whitewater
4316:Oxbow lake
4153:Knickpoint
4128:Deposition
4021:Hot spring
3962:Streamflow
3952:Stream bed
3869:Confluence
2726:. Sci News
2233:References
2147:Potamology
1933:pesticides
1851:dead zones
1843:Fertilizer
1827:for which
1793:absolution
1769:Ogun River
1646:River Styx
1638:underworld
1585:Flood myth
1579:See also:
1551:Rio Grande
1522:New Guinea
1486:See also:
1437:, and the
1364:automobile
1333:hydropower
1108:The first
1022:revetments
1014:reservoirs
973:Human uses
963:freshwater
754:triangular
714:reservoirs
678:stormwater
634:permafrost
467:confluence
355:headwaters
291:freshwater
285:Definition
280:Topography
265:extinction
86:or inside
77:freshwater
5340:Mechanics
5189:Point bar
5179:Mouth bar
5134:Anabranch
4952:Limnology
4901:Triathlon
4871:Canyoning
4840:Revetment
4770:Check dam
4682:Main stem
4439:Waterfall
4326:Point bar
4311:Mouth bar
4251:Billabong
4198:Water gap
4193:Wash load
4173:Saltation
4093:Anabranch
4016:Holy well
3904:Tributary
3683:1083-8155
3500:1059-1028
3358:1083-8155
2884:0003-0031
2709:2049-1948
2657:0169-555X
2216:Steamboat
2206:Riverboat
2185:Transport
2158:Crossings
2152:Limnology
2132:Salt tide
1835:Pollution
1627:mythology
1607:fertility
1567:Aswan Dam
1510:countries
1275:. In the
1273:millstone
1265:aqueducts
1199:dam near
1115:Sumerians
959:migration
935:discharge
850:deciduous
843:predators
814:River Wey
784:hydrology
758:coastline
563:downriver
511:waterfall
487:mountains
463:tributary
363:mountains
351:elevation
315:hydrology
238:fertility
206:predation
96:elevation
51:, in Laos
5400:Category
5285:Antidune
5272:Bedforms
5159:Cut bank
4755:Aqueduct
4622:Baseflow
4589:Effluent
4266:Cut bank
4231:Avulsion
4108:Bed load
4088:Abrasion
3525:usgs.gov
2730:5 August
2575:1 August
2499:1 August
2422:1 August
2362:usgs.gov
2321:usgs.gov
2282:Archived
2115:See also
1917:snowpack
1913:Droughts
1880:such as
1797:cremated
1705:Sumerian
1684:and the
1662:paradise
1619:religion
1547:Slovakia
1537:was the
1528:and the
1447:swimming
1362:and the
1360:highways
1325:railways
1240:mill in
1238:Cochecho
1158:Shipping
1033:channels
1029:dredging
918:habitats
914:nitrogen
870:plankton
858:sunlight
839:detritus
638:snowmelt
542:alluvium
538:sediment
481:between
438:glaciers
415:aquifers
222:irrigate
155:alluvium
141:to form
132:aquifers
124:glaciers
5234:Thalweg
5169:Meander
5096:Estuary
4932:Aquifer
4925:Related
4881:Rafting
4409:Meander
4404:Log jam
4366:Thalweg
4271:Estuary
4143:Erosion
4080:erosion
3992:Springs
3947:Current
3914:Streams
3854:Channel
3817:springs
3813:streams
3712:18 July
3706:epa.gov
3663:Bibcode
3604:18 July
3569:18 July
3530:18 July
3505:17 July
3466:17 July
3440:17 July
3411:22 July
3382:22 July
3377:AP News
3338:Bibcode
3253:Bibcode
3204:17 July
3070:22 July
3039:15 July
2892:2423611
2838:14 July
2833:nps.gov
2790:22 July
2759:22 July
2689:Bibcode
2637:Bibcode
2605:14 July
2536:Bibcode
2473:14 July
2468:nps.gov
2393:14 July
2388:nps.gov
2368:14 July
2327:14 July
2250:"River"
2221:Towpath
2211:Sailing
2121:General
2091:Yenisey
2027:Yangtze
2011:Orinoco
1925:wetland
1882:cholera
1861:asphalt
1803:Threats
1773:Nigeria
1716:in the
1710:baptism
1670:Genesis
1654:Elysium
1543:Hungary
1451:E. coli
1385:to the
1227:aridity
1222:shadoof
1182:beavers
1178:mussels
1129:on the
1117:in the
1091:History
1053:Vietnam
996:in the
906:marshes
818:England
794:Ecology
742:upriver
730:estuary
606:climate
594:meander
507:weather
499:plateau
471:gravity
455:gravity
431:drought
382:in the
359:streams
311:channel
198:insects
179:valleys
175:canyons
171:erosion
167:meander
163:islands
5421:Rivers
5252:Canyon
5199:Rapids
5194:Riffle
4727:WAFLEX
4599:Sewage
4482:Floods
4424:Riffle
4419:Rapids
4361:Strath
4331:Ravine
4256:Canyon
4011:Geyser
3942:Coulee
3927:Bourne
3922:Arroyo
3825:Rivers
3809:Rivers
3772:Rivers
3681:
3498:
3407:. 2020
3356:
3302:
3176:
3065:Nature
3009:
2890:
2882:
2707:
2655:
2179:Tunnel
2164:Bridge
1979:Ganges
1870:sewage
1847:oxygen
1825:salmon
1782:Russia
1765:Yemọja
1688:. The
1686:Ganges
1650:Charon
1636:, the
1625:, and
1623:ritual
1615:floods
1539:Danube
1463:Munich
1429:, the
1427:London
1356:Sweden
1337:canals
1180:, and
1139:cities
1135:desert
1133:. The
1121:, the
1018:levees
994:Honghu
967:Salmon
890:Poland
799:Models
749:deltas
702:Russia
655:Quezon
503:canyon
473:. The
442:summer
421:, the
307:stream
272:, and
261:levees
257:canals
196:, and
159:deltas
120:runoff
80:stream
49:Mekong
4825:Levee
4810:Flume
4765:Canal
4509:Flood
4429:Shoal
4296:Gully
4291:Gulch
4261:Chine
4246:Bayou
4103:Armor
4055:Ponor
3830:lists
3492:Wired
3241:(PDF)
2888:JSTOR
2687:(2).
2524:(PDF)
2226:Yacht
2191:Barge
2169:Ferry
1778:Altai
1741:ghats
1690:Quran
1642:souls
1611:death
1563:Sudan
1504:As a
1496:This
1475:Paris
1435:Paris
1431:Seine
1309:barge
1201:Cairo
1174:frogs
1081:India
1077:China
998:Hubei
955:spawn
951:basin
902:lakes
886:Narew
835:algae
722:mouth
718:ocean
710:lakes
666:karst
586:Egypt
551:rocks
534:banks
495:erode
483:hills
375:ridge
343:water
303:ocean
301:, an
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147:banks
112:water
100:ocean
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73:river
5290:Dune
4855:Weir
4820:Leat
4484:and
4376:Wadi
4336:Rill
4301:Glen
4286:Gill
4236:Bank
4078:and
4043:list
4026:list
3997:list
3932:Burn
3815:and
3714:2024
3679:ISSN
3606:2024
3571:2024
3532:2024
3507:2024
3496:ISSN
3468:2024
3442:2024
3413:2024
3384:2024
3354:ISSN
3300:ISBN
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3007:ISBN
2880:ISSN
2840:2024
2792:2024
2761:2024
2732:2024
2705:ISSN
2653:ISSN
2607:2024
2577:2024
2501:2024
2475:2024
2424:2024
2395:2024
2370:2024
2329:2024
2196:Raft
2174:Ford
1811:The
1757:Hapi
1753:Isis
1739:The
1682:Nile
1605:and
1603:life
1583:and
1545:and
1530:Fore
1526:Angu
1459:Isar
1307:The
1257:axle
1236:The
1205:Nile
1162:wood
1085:Asia
1064:Dams
1047:The
904:and
896:The
866:fish
824:The
734:tide
698:Lena
696:The
582:Nile
580:The
559:silt
555:sand
520:The
457:. A
435:snow
427:soil
367:land
299:lake
295:land
236:and
234:life
210:food
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190:fish
177:and
161:and
149:and
128:snow
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34:and
5280:Ait
4775:Dam
4241:Bar
4216:Ait
3671:doi
3632:doi
3346:doi
3292:doi
3261:doi
3249:114
3166:doi
3142:doi
3116:doi
2872:doi
2697:doi
2645:doi
2633:231
2544:doi
1780:in
1664:in
1632:In
1520:in
1461:in
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1186:fur
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