693:(1989). Article 3 calls upon parties to ensure that institutions and facilities for the care of children adhere to health standards. Article 17 recognizes the child's right to access information that is pertinent to his/her physical and mental health and well-being. Article 23 makes specific reference to the rights of disabled children, in which it includes health services, rehabilitation, preventive care. Article 24 outlines child health in detail, and states, "Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services." Towards implementation of this provision, the Convention enumerates the following measures:
789:
848:, the right to associate freely, and the right to refuse to perform a procedure based on their morals. Healthcare providers often experience violations of their rights. For instance, particularly in countries with weak rule of law, healthcare providers are often forced to perform procedures which negate their morals, deny marginalized groups the best possible standards of care, breach patient confidentiality, and conceal crimes against humanity and torture. Furthermore, providers who do not oblige these pressures are often persecuted. Currently, especially in the United States, much debate surrounds the issue of "provider consciousness", which retains the right of providers to abstain from performing procedures that do not align with their moral code, such as abortions.
741:(2006) specifies that "persons with disabilities have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability." The sub-clauses of Article 25 state that States shall give the disabled the same "range, quality, and standard" of health care as it provides to other persons, as well as those services specifically required for prevention, identification, and management of disability. Further provisions specify that health care for the disabled should be made available in local communities and that care should be geographically equitable, with additional statements against the denial or unequal provision of health services (including "food and fluids" and "life insurance") on the basis of disability.
335:
493:
583:
of these (in non-exhaustive fashion) include preventing discrimination in access or delivery of care; refraining from limitations to contraceptive access or family planning; restricting denial of access to health information; reducing environmental pollution; restricting coercive and/or harmful culturally-based medical practices; ensuring equitable access to social determinants of health; and providing proper guidelines for the accreditation of medical facilities, personnel, and equipment. International obligations include allowing for the enjoyment of health in other countries; preventing violations of health in other countries; cooperating in the provision of
255:
484:
entitlements such as the rights to food, work, housing, life, non-discrimination, human dignity, and access to importance, among others, towards the recognition of the right to health. Similarly, the
General Comment acknowledges that "the right to health embraces a wide range of socio-economic factors that promote conditions in which people can lead a healthy life, and extends to the underlying determinants of health." In this respect, the General Comment holds that the specific steps towards realizing the right to health enumerated in Article 12 are non-exhaustive and strictly illustrative in nature.
772:
give all parties a unique voice in health advocacy and promotion. He is careful to note here that, while this likely entails some minimum standard of access to health resources, it does not guarantee or necessitate an equitable state of health for each person due to inherent biological differences in health status. This distinction is an important one, as some common critiques of a "right to health" are that it establishes a right to an unreachable standard and that it aspires to a state of health that is too subjectively variable from person to person or from one society to the next.
885:
provide its citizens with it. He asserts that the healthcare system is based on the erroneous assumption of unlimited resources. Limited resources inhibits governments from providing everyone with adequate healthcare, especially in the long term. Attempting to provide "beneficial" healthcare to all people utilizing limited resources could lead to economic collapse. Lamm asserts that access to healthcare but a small part in producing a healthy society, and to create a healthy society, resources should also be spent on social resources.
664:
549:
understood and processed by health care services is "one essential condition for health", but does is not the sole qualifier or an exchangeable term with "health". In other words, health care services are not sufficient for health, as public health practitioners understand it – there are external factors that have both nuanced as well as pronounced positive and negative impact on health and well-being of the global human population.
376:, which was adopted in 1965 and entered into effect in 1969. The Convention calls upon States to "Prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, color, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law," and references under this provision "The right to public health, medical care, social security and social services."
596:
214:
385:
364:
rights expressed in the
Universal Declaration establishes a "responsibility extends beyond the provision of essential health services to tackling the determinants of health such as, provision of adequate education, housing, food, and favourable working conditions," further stating that these provisions "are human rights themselves and are necessary for health."
553:
574:
who do not have sufficient means with the necessary health insurance and health-care facilities, and to prevent any discrimination on internationally prohibited grounds in the provision of health care and health services." Additional emphasis is placed upon non-discrimination on the basis of gender, age, disability, or membership in indigenous communities.
896:, argues that the financial and logistical burdens of ensuring health care for all are unattainable, and that resource constraints make it unrealistic to justify a right towards prolonging life indefinitely. Instead, Loefler suggests that the goal of improving population health is better served through socioeconomic policy than a formal right to health.
36:
861:
justiciable. The US is an outlier to these trends, at least at the federal level. Nonetheless, there have been campaigns in the US seeking to support a constitutional recognition of the right to health. Where constitutions do recognize a justiciable right to health, the responses by courts has been mixed.
582:
Subsequent sections of the
General Comment detail the obligations of nations and international organizations towards a right to health. The obligations of nations are placed into three categories: obligations to respect, obligations to protect, and obligations to fulfill the right to health. Examples
418:
The States
Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary
771:
Susser further sets out four provisions that he sees as covered under a right to health: equitable access to health and medical services; a "good-faith" social effort to promote equal health among different social groups; means to measure and assess health equity; and equal sociopolitical systems to
744:
Hendriks criticizes the failure of the convention to define specifically the term "disability"; he contends further that "the absence of a clear description may prejudice the uniform interpretation, or at least place in jeopardy the consistent protection the
Convention seeks to guarantee." He does,
532:
The third segment of the framework linking Health and Human Rights introduces the concept that the protection and promotion of human rights and health are linked fundamentally in a dynamic relationship. While literature has largely supported the first two relationships, this third hypothesis has not
836:
to violations of human rights in healthcare settings. For instance, racial and ethnic minorities may be segregated into poorer quality wards, disabled persons may be contained and forcibly medicated, drug users may be denied addiction treatment, women may be forced into vaginal examinations and may
483:
Like the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the General Comment clarifies the interrelated nature of human rights, stating that, "the right to health is closely related to and dependent upon the realization of other human rights," and thereby underscoring the importance of advancements in other
474:
for reasons beyond the influence or control of the State. Article 12 tasks the State with recognizing that each individual holds an inherent right to the best feasible standard of health, and itemizes (at least in part) the 'freedoms from' and 'entitlements to' that accompany such a right; however,
881:
protect or guarantee them, and that it is unclear who holds the social responsibility for the right to health. John
Berkeley, in agreement with Barlow, critiques further that the right to health does not consider adequately the responsibility that an individual has to uphold his or her own health.
573:
in access to health care and underlying determinants of health, as well as to means and entitlements for their procurement." Moreover, responsibility for ameliorating discrimination and its effects with regards to health is delegated to the State: "States have a special obligation to provide those
363:
writes that the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights "enshrines a vision that requires taking all human rights—civil, political, economic, social, or cultural—as an indivisible and organic whole, inseparable and interdependent." Likewise, Gruskin et al. contend that the interrelated nature of the
884:
Richard D Lamm vehemently argues against making healthcare a right. He defines a right as one that is to be defended at all costs, and a concept that is defined and interpreted by the judicial system. Making healthcare a right would require governments to spend a large portion of its resources to
780:
receiving the same treatment, if any at all, as the more financially fortunate. The high costs of medicine and treatment make it problematic for poor countries to receive equal care. He states, "Excellence without equity looms as the chief human-rights dilemma of health care in the 21st century."
775:
While Susser's discussion centers on healthcare as a positive right, Paul Hunt refutes this view and makes the argument that the right to health also encompasses certain negative rights such as a protection from discrimination and the right to not receive medical treatment without the recipient's
536:
The article supports this concept by stating that this link suggests there are dramatic practical consequences in the independent operations of, but also in the interaction in activities of, the practice of public health and the practice of human rights. There is what is deemed an interdependence
354:
of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services." The
Universal Declaration makes additional accommodations for security in case of physical debilitation or disability, and makes special mention of care given to those in motherhood or
520:
In the first volume of the "Health and Human Rights", Jonathan Mann and his colleagues published a transformative article to explore the potential collaboration in Health and Human Rights. In this article, Mann et al. describe a framework for connecting the two domains that are interlinked. This
458:
In 2000, the United
Nations' Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued General Comment No. 14, which addresses "substantive issues arising in the implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights" with respect to Article 12 and "the right to the
318:
broadly as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." The Constitution defines the right to health as "the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health," and enumerates some principles of this right as healthy child
880:
Philip Barlow writes that health care should not be considered a human right because of the difficulty of defining what it entails and where the 'minimum standard' of entitlements under the right ought to be established. Additionally, Barlow contends that rights establish duties upon others to
779:
Paul Farmer addresses the issue of unequal access to health care in his article, "The Major Infectious Diseases in the World - To Treat or Not to Treat." He discusses the growing "outcome gap" between the populations receiving health interventions and the ones that are not. Poor people are not
728:
The World Health Organization website comments, "The CRC is the normative and legal framework for WHO's work across the broad spectrum of child and adolescent health." Goldhagen presents the CRC as a "template for child advocacy" and proposes its use as a framework for reducing disparities and
860:
As of 2008, at least 115 national constitutions now recognize the right to health. Sometimes, these rights are justiciable, meaning that they can be pursued by action in court. Indeed, a trend in constitutional reform around the world has been both to entrench the right to health and make it
851:
Legal reform as a mechanism to combat and prevent violations of patient and provider rights presents a promising approach. However, in transitional countries (newly formed countries undergoing reform), and other settings with weak rule of law, may be limited. Resources and tools for lawyers,
548:
focus has more so evolved around how people can be healthy. According to this surprisingly simple definition, public health's mission is to promote positive health and prevention of health problems – disease, disability, premature death. That is, the traditional sense of individual health as
712:
To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking-water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of
719:
To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breastfeeding, hygiene and environmental sanitation and the prevention of
652:
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph I of this article, States Parties shall ensure to women appropriate services in connection with pregnancy, confinement and the post-natal period, granting free services where necessary, as well as adequate nutrition during pregnancy and
286:. There is debate on the interpretation and application of the right to health due to considerations such as how health is defined, what minimum entitlements are encompassed in a right to health, and which institutions are responsible for ensuring a right to health.
528:
Next, the article posits a reverse relationship: that human rights violations have health impacts. It also calls for health expertise to help understand how health and well-being can be impacted by human rights violations through measurement and assessment.
524:
The first relationship between Health and Human Rights is a political one. Mann and colleagues state that health policies, programs, and practices have an impact on human rights, especially when state power is considered in the realm of public health.
648:
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of health care in order to ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, access to health care services, including those related to family
373:
745:
however, acknowledge that the lack of a clear definition for "disability" may benefit the disabled by limiting the State's ability to limit extension of the convention's provisions to specific populations or those with certain conditions.
470:" Instead, the right to health is articulated as a set of both freedoms and entitlements which accommodate the individual's biological and social conditions as well as the State's available resources, both of which may preclude a
776:
voluntary consent. However, Hunt does concede that some positive rights, such as the responsibility of society to pay special attention to the health needs of the underserved and vulnerable, are included in the right to health.
634:
537:
that cannot be negated. Mann and his colleagues further posit that research, education, experience, and advocacy are all required to understand this intersection, in order to understand and advance human well-being globally.
510:. He was known for being a powerful pioneer and advocate for the promotion of health, ethics, and human rights, championing the theory that Health and Human Rights were inextricably interlinked in a dynamic relationship.
540:
Ultimately, Mann and his colleague's mission is to convey that, while individual health has been much of the focus for medical and other health provision services, especially concerning physical illness and disability,
475:
it does not charge the State with ensuring that all individuals, in fact, are fully healthy, nor that all individuals have made full recognition of the rights and opportunities enumerated in the right to health.
358:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is noted as the first international declaration of fundamental human rights, both freedoms and entitlements alike. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
1466:
411:
279:
637:
outlines women's protection from gender discrimination when receiving health services and women's entitlement to specific gender-related healthcare provisions. The full text of Article 12 states:
326:" that governments cannot abridge, and are rather obligated to protect and uphold. The WHO Constitution, notably, marks the first formal demarcation of a right to health in international law.
2139:
800:." Notably, this encompasses both patient and provider rights in the delivery of healthcare services, the latter being similarly open to frequent abuse by the states. Patient rights in
1729:
738:
283:
788:
513:
According to Mann, Health and Human Rights are complementary approaches for defining and advancing human well-being. In 1994, Jonathan Mann and his colleagues started the "
459:
highest attainable standard of health." The General Comment provides more explicit, operational language on the freedoms and entitlements included under a right to health,
322:
Frank P. Grad credits the WHO Constitution as "claiming ... the full area of contemporary international public health," establishing the right to health as a "fundamental,
2442:
1284:
241:
1462:
837:
be denied life-saving abortions, suspected homosexual men may be forced into anal examinations, and women of marginalized groups and transgender persons may be
343:
2014:
492:
2789:
2277:
507:
334:
1855:
1790:
709:
To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to all children with an emphasis on the development of primary health care;
2694:
1390:
813:
347:
1888:
587:
for disasters and emergencies; and refraining from use of embargoes on medical goods or personnel as an act of political or economic influence.
2495:
2435:
845:
319:
development; equitable dissemination of medical knowledge and its benefits; and government-provided social measures to ensure adequate health.
2071:
2053:
1721:
690:
275:
388:
States Parties and signatories of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Parties and signatories to the ICESCR:
2858:
2663:
1257:
1230:
274:
to which all individuals are entitled. The concept of a right to health has been enumerated in international agreements which include the
2392:
1368:
1340:
338:
Romanian activists create a "25" using umbrellas, a reference to Article 25 of the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
2822:
2774:
2545:
290:
267:
234:
1979:
1027:
2428:
2365:
2173:
911:
75:
57:
2461:
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
1824:
254:
2036:
1759:
1181:
Gruskin, Sofia; Edward J. Mills; Daniel Tarantola (August 2007). "History, Principles, and Practice of Health and Human Rights".
1086:
506:
was a Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of Health and Human Rights and Professor of Epidemiology and International Health at the
2386:
2370:
46:
1946:
2827:
2724:
2480:
1490:
227:
2380:
1278:
2764:
763:
503:
2590:
2500:
2417:
Judith Paula Asher, The Right to Health: A Resource Manual for Ngos, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010. I
1626:
969:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"
1882:"Dual Loyalty & Human Rights in Health Professional Practice: Proposed Guidelines & Institutional Mechanisms"
761:
contends that the right to health is a particularly unique and challenging right because it is often expressed as a
2467:
1117:
569:, a concept not addressed in the initial International Covenant. The document notes, "The Covenant proscribes any
2878:
2868:
2863:
2812:
2754:
869:
311:
2883:
2853:
2769:
2734:
2679:
2565:
838:
323:
1574:
Toebes, Brigit (August 1999). "Towards an Improved Understanding of the International Human Right to Health".
1306:
2475:
2002:
768:
where society bears an obligation to provide certain resources and opportunities to the general population.
514:
2239:
663:
2873:
2505:
2490:
423:
The reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child;
217:
176:
92:
2037:
The Comparative Fortunes of the Right to Health: Two Tales of Justiciability in Colombia and South Africa
1847:
1782:
888:
Another criticism of the right to health is that it is not feasible. Imre J.P. Loefler, former editor of
599:
Participation in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW):
2817:
2625:
2615:
2580:
2112:
1907:
1394:
948:
445:
2414:
Bogumil Terminski, Selected Bibliography on Human Right to Health, Geneva: University of Geneva, 2013.
2744:
2704:
2585:
1881:
1817:"Abusing patients: health providers' complicity in torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment"
1417:
1138:
Pillai, Navanethem (December 2008). "Right to Health and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights".
833:
438:
198:
2794:
2515:
2510:
2485:
2411:
Andrew Clapham, Mary Robinson (eds), Realizing the Right to Health, Zurich: rüffer & rub, 2009.
943:
852:
providers, and patients interested in improving human rights in patient care have been formulated.
723:
To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family planning education and services.
50:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
2832:
2709:
2635:
2530:
2296:
2077:
1607:
1591:
1206:
1163:
938:
796:
An alternative way to conceptualize one facet of the right to health is a "human right to health
757:
meaning that they are areas upon which society cannot interfere or restrict by political action,
1627:"The Human Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health: New Opportunities and Challenges"
1251:
1676:
Farmer, Paul (2001). "The Major Infectious Diseases in the World – to Treat or Not to Treat?".
1334:
1224:
2739:
2699:
2652:
2600:
2525:
2375:
2344:
2269:
2220:
2169:
2104:
2100:
2067:
1693:
1651:
1599:
1556:
1507:
1437:
1362:
1198:
1155:
1078:
181:
293:
measures the right to health for countries around the world, based on their level of income.
2729:
2645:
2610:
2334:
2326:
2259:
2251:
2210:
2202:
2059:
1685:
1641:
1583:
1546:
1538:
1499:
1488:
Hendriks, Aart (November 2007). "UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities".
1429:
1190:
1147:
1068:
1018:
918:
805:
699:
584:
150:
1971:
2807:
2759:
2620:
2570:
2125:
1920:
829:
821:
703:
129:
1816:
517:" to underline the importance of this inextricable link between Health and Human Rights.
368:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)
2749:
2674:
2630:
2339:
2314:
2264:
2215:
2190:
1936:"Broken laws, broken lives: medical evidence of torture by US personnel and its impact"
1751:
1551:
1526:
1073:
570:
496:
1194:
1151:
1053:
2847:
2779:
2714:
2595:
2081:
928:
923:
905:
758:
566:
543:
202:
155:
119:
100:
1611:
1210:
1167:
2689:
2684:
2575:
2452:
1935:
595:
17:
1722:"Advancing human rights in patient care: the law in seven transitional countries"
1646:
1226:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
410:
The United Nations further defines the right to health in Article 12 of the 1966
374:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
2555:
1689:
1418:"Children's Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child"
817:
801:
360:
124:
2330:
1527:"Health as a Human Right: An Epidemiologist's Perspective on the Public Health"
808:, information, life, and quality care, as well as freedom from discrimination,
2560:
2381:
General Comment No. 14. The right to the highest attainable standard of health
933:
868:
became the first state to enact a constitutional right to health care through
351:
2255:
2206:
1503:
2540:
2398:
2007:
Trinity International University, the Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity
1433:
384:
2420:
2348:
2315:""Health Care Is a Human Right" Is a Meaningless and Devastating Manifesto"
2273:
2224:
2096:
1697:
1655:
1603:
1511:
1441:
1202:
1159:
1082:
2063:
1587:
1560:
1542:
1336:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
635:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
591:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
552:
2802:
2640:
2058:. Globalization and Human Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
430:
307:
2300:
1111:
2605:
2550:
2535:
2520:
809:
716:
To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;
565:
The General Comment also makes additional reference to the question of
434:
426:
The improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene;
1595:
1283:. Geneva: UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2000.
968:
2295:, vol. 25, no. 4, American Bar Association, pp. 8–11,
865:
380:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)
315:
271:
171:
114:
1054:"The Preamble of the Constitution of the World Health Organization"
2291:
Lamm, R. (1998), "The case against making healthcare a "right."",
2166:
Litigating Health Rights, Can Courts Bring More Justice to Health?
1634:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
825:
787:
662:
594:
551:
491:
383:
333:
253:
2424:
1253:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
412:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
280:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
29:
993:
667:
States parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child:
462:
The General Comment makes the direct clarification that "the
2293:
American Bar Association: Defending Liberty Pursuing Justice
1972:"Rule aims to protect health providers' right of conscience"
844:
Provider rights include: the right to quality standards of
47:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2003:"Protecting the healthcare provider's right of conscience"
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
578:
Responsibilities of states and international organizations
2039:." Harvard Human Rights Journal 26, no.1 (2013): 179–216.
1720:
Beletsky L, Ezer T, Overall J, Byrne I, Cohen J (2013).
499:
at 2019 Alaska State of Reform Health Policy Conference
53:
2399:
25 Questions & Answers on Health and Human Rights
739:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
733:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
488:
The inextricable link between Health and Human Rights
284:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
753:
While most human rights are theoretically framed as
521:
framework is broken into three broad relationships.
302:
Constitution of the World Health Organization (1946)
258:
Protestors rally for the right to health in Pakistan
2788:
2661:
2466:
2387:
The right to health and the European Social Charter
372:Health is briefly addressed in the United Nations'
2813:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
2097:"American Constitutional Exceptionalism Revisited"
1880:International Dual Loyalty Working Group. (1993).
2164:Yamin, Alicia Ely; Gloppen, Siri Gloppen (2011).
1810:
1808:
444:The creation of conditions which would assure to
1875:
1873:
820:and persons who have been displaced, racial and
689:Health is mentioned on several instances in the
448:and medical attention in the event of sickness.
2376:Right to health on the Children's Rights Portal
2095:Versteeg, Mila; Zackin, Emily (26 March 2014).
695:
639:
416:
832:, and those living with HIV, are particularly
604: Party through signature and ratification
2436:
1463:"Article 25 – Health | United Nations Enable"
1020:Constitution of the World Health Organization
235:
8:
330:Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
2481:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
1752:"Health and Human Rights: a resource guide"
1393:. World Health Organization. Archived from
1026:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1948.
616: Unrecognized state, abiding by treaty
610: Party through accession or succession
2443:
2429:
2421:
508:Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
242:
228:
87:
2338:
2263:
2214:
1645:
1550:
1072:
1061:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
429:The prevention, treatment and control of
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
2055:The Future of Economic and Social Rights
2695:Right to an adequate standard of living
994:"Right to health - HRMI Rights Tracker"
960:
814:cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment
342:Article 25 of the United Nations' 1948
189:
163:
137:
106:
99:
2496:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
2393:The Right to Health: Fact Sheet No. 31
2121:
2110:
2017:from the original on 12 September 2015
1916:
1905:
633:Article 12 of the 1979 United Nations
2047:
2045:
1952:from the original on 11 February 2011
1821:World Report 2010, Human Rights Watch
1416:Goldhagen, Jeffrey (September 2003).
1364:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1287:from the original on 4 September 2009
1113:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
691:Convention on the Rights of the Child
659:Convention on the Rights of the Child
344:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
276:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
27:Human right towards individual health
7:
1762:from the original on 20 January 2012
1469:from the original on 21 October 2017
1371:from the original on 13 January 2015
1260:from the original on 7 November 2013
1233:from the original on 29 October 2013
1092:from the original on 17 October 2013
729:improving outcomes in child health.
268:economic, social, and cultural right
2313:Loefler, Imre J.P. (26 June 1999).
856:Constitutional right to health care
678: Only signed, but not ratified
291:Human Rights Measurement Initiative
270:to a universal minimum standard of
2240:"Health Care Is Not a Human Right"
2191:"Health Care Is Not a Human Right"
1367:. New York: United Nations. 1989.
1339:. New York: United Nations. 1979.
1033:from the original on 21 March 2014
792:"Healthcare is a human right" sign
749:Definitions in academic literature
25:
2616:Right to refuse medical treatment
2280:from the original on 24 May 2014.
2052:Young, Katharine G., ed. (2019).
1982:from the original on 7 March 2016
1934:F Hashemian; et al. (2008).
1894:from the original on 7 March 2013
1827:from the original on 29 July 2015
1732:from the original on 22 June 2013
1531:American Journal of Public Health
1343:from the original on 6 April 2011
405: Neither signed nor ratified
2238:Berkeley, John (4 August 1999).
1858:from the original on 7 July 2013
1793:from the original on 7 July 2013
1758:. Open Society Institute. 2013.
1120:from the original on 3 July 2017
892:and frequent contributor to the
533:been explored as substantially.
213:
212:
34:
2189:Barlow, Philip (31 July 1999).
1848:"Making Laws Work for Patients"
1783:"making laws work for patients"
1678:New England Journal of Medicine
1465:. United Nations. 14 May 2015.
1052:Grad, Frank P. (January 2002).
816:. Marginalized groups, such as
2828:Sexual and reproductive health
2725:Right to a healthy environment
2366:Joint Fact Sheet WHO/OHCHR/323
2140:"Health Care As a Human Right"
1491:European Journal of Health Law
346:states that "Everyone has the
1:
2745:Right to public participation
1525:Susser, Mervyn (March 1993).
1195:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61200-8
1152:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61783-3
466:is not to be understood as a
454:General Comment No. 14 (2000)
399: Signed but not ratified
348:right to a standard of living
2765:Right to science and culture
2168:. Harvard University Press.
1647:10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.03.001
890:Nairobi Hospital Proceedings
350:adequate for the health and
2859:Social problems in medicine
2591:Right to keep and bear arms
2501:Freedom from discrimination
2371:The Right to Health cartoon
2001:T Stanton Collett. (2004).
1943:Physicians for Human Rights
1690:10.1056/NEJM200107193450310
314:(WHO) Constitution defines
2900:
2331:10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1766a
973:humanrightsmeasurement.org
784:Human right to health care
2755:Right to rest and leisure
2459:
1625:Hunt, Paul (March 2006).
1307:"Health and Human Rights"
870:Oregon Ballot Measure 111
393: Signed and ratified
312:World Health Organization
2770:Right to social security
2735:Right to Internet access
2680:Equal pay for equal work
2566:Presumption of innocence
2389:Secretariat of ESC, 2009
2256:10.1136/bmj.319.7205.321
2207:10.1136/bmj.319.7205.321
1852:Open Society Foundations
1787:Open Society Foundations
1756:Open Society Foundations
1726:Open Society Foundations
1504:10.1163/092902707X240620
1256:, United Nations, 1966,
1229:, United Nations, 1965,
1116:, United Nations, 1948,
713:environmental pollution;
479:Relation to other rights
2646:right to be a candidate
2476:Equality before the law
2319:British Medical Journal
2244:British Medical Journal
2195:British Medical Journal
1434:10.1542/peds.112.S3.742
912:Health and Human Rights
894:British Medical Journal
515:Health and Human Rights
324:inalienable human right
156:Ethics of public health
2506:Freedom of information
2491:Freedom of association
2120:Cite journal requires
1915:Cite journal requires
1576:Human Rights Quarterly
1280:General Comment No. 14
804:delivery include: the
793:
726:
686:
656:
630:
557:
500:
451:
407:
339:
259:
177:Health care efficiency
56:by rewriting it in an
2818:Intersex human rights
2626:Right of self-defense
2581:Right to a fair trial
2064:10.1017/9781108284653
2035:Katharine G. Young. "
1588:10.1353/hrq.1999.0044
1543:10.2105/ajph.83.3.418
949:Universal health care
791:
666:
598:
555:
495:
387:
337:
257:
2705:Right to development
2586:Right to family life
2536:Freedom from torture
2521:Freedom from slavery
1846:Ezer T. (May 2013).
1781:Ezer T. (May 2013).
1428:(Supp. 3): 742–745.
1314:cdn2.sph.harvard.edu
468:right to be healthy.
199:International health
2516:Freedom of religion
2511:Freedom of movement
2486:Freedom of assembly
2468:Civil and political
1146:(9655): 2005–2006.
944:Primary health care
839:forcibly sterilized
684: Non-signatory
628: Non-signatory
472:right to be healthy
446:all medical service
441:and other diseases;
18:Right to healthcare
2833:Right to sexuality
2710:Right to education
2636:Security of person
2531:Freedom of thought
1397:on 5 November 2013
939:My body, my choice
846:working conditions
794:
737:Article 25 of the
687:
631:
558:
556:Health Equity logo
501:
408:
340:
260:
58:encyclopedic style
45:is written like a
2841:
2840:
2740:Right to property
2700:Right to clothing
2685:Fair remuneration
2653:Right to homeland
2601:Right to petition
2526:Freedom of speech
2099:. Rochester, NY.
2073:978-1-108-41813-3
1189:(9585): 449–455.
998:rightstracker.org
830:sexual minorities
822:ethnic minorities
622: Only signed
361:Navanethem Pillay
252:
251:
182:Health indicators
86:
85:
78:
16:(Redirected from
2891:
2879:Health standards
2869:Health education
2864:Health economics
2730:Right to housing
2664:Economic, social
2611:Right to protest
2606:Right to privacy
2445:
2438:
2431:
2422:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2267:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2049:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1940:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1815:J Amon. (2010).
1812:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1717:
1702:
1701:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1649:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1076:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1025:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
965:
919:Health promotion
806:right to privacy
755:negative rights,
683:
677:
671:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
585:humanitarian aid
414:, which states:
404:
398:
392:
244:
237:
230:
216:
215:
151:Informed consent
88:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2884:Health sciences
2854:Right to health
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2808:Family planning
2793:
2784:
2760:Right of return
2720:Right to health
2668:
2665:
2657:
2621:Right to resist
2571:Right of asylum
2462:
2455:
2449:
2408:
2395:WHO and UN HCHR
2362:
2357:
2356:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2144:americanbar.org
2138:
2137:
2133:
2119:
2109:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2074:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1914:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1719:
1718:
1705:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
992:
991:
987:
977:
975:
967:
966:
962:
957:
902:
878:
858:
786:
751:
735:
704:child mortality
685:
681:
679:
675:
673:
669:
661:
629:
625:
623:
619:
617:
613:
611:
607:
605:
601:
593:
580:
563:
481:
464:right to health
456:
406:
402:
400:
396:
394:
390:
382:
370:
332:
304:
299:
264:right to health
248:
146:Right to health
130:Health politics
82:
71:
65:
62:
54:help improve it
51:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2775:Right to water
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Right of reply
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:Digital rights
2671:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2631:Right to truth
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2360:External links
2358:
2355:
2354:
2325:(7200): 1766.
2305:
2283:
2230:
2181:
2174:
2156:
2131:
2122:|journal=
2087:
2072:
2041:
2028:
1993:
1963:
1926:
1917:|journal=
1869:
1838:
1804:
1773:
1743:
1703:
1684:(3): 208–210.
1668:
1640:(7): 603–607.
1617:
1582:(3): 661–679.
1566:
1537:(3): 418–426.
1517:
1498:(3): 273–298.
1480:
1454:
1408:
1391:"Child Rights"
1382:
1354:
1326:
1298:
1270:
1243:
1216:
1173:
1130:
1103:
1044:
1010:
985:
959:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
908:
901:
898:
877:
874:
857:
854:
785:
782:
764:positive right
750:
747:
734:
731:
725:
724:
721:
717:
714:
710:
707:
680:
674:
668:
660:
657:
655:
654:
650:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
592:
589:
579:
576:
571:discrimination
562:
559:
497:Lisa Murkowski
480:
477:
455:
452:
450:
449:
442:
427:
424:
401:
395:
389:
381:
378:
369:
366:
331:
328:
303:
300:
298:
295:
250:
249:
247:
246:
239:
232:
224:
221:
220:
209:
208:
207:
206:
197:World health (
192:
191:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
174:
166:
165:
161:
160:
159:
158:
153:
148:
140:
139:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
117:
109:
108:
104:
103:
97:
96:
84:
83:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2896:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Global health
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2780:Right to work
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Right to food
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Right to life
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:(7205): 321.
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:(7205): 321.
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2175:9780979639555
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1981:
1978:. CNN. 2008.
1977:
1976:CNNHealth.com
1973:
1967:
1964:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1909:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1481:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1067:(12): 981–4.
1066:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1011:
999:
995:
989:
986:
974:
970:
964:
961:
954:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
929:Health system
927:
925:
924:Health policy
922:
920:
917:
914:
913:
909:
907:
906:Global health
904:
903:
899:
897:
895:
891:
886:
882:
875:
873:
871:
867:
862:
855:
853:
849:
847:
842:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
790:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
767:
765:
760:
759:Mervyn Susser
756:
748:
746:
742:
740:
732:
730:
722:
718:
715:
711:
708:
705:
701:
697:
696:
694:
692:
672: Parties
665:
658:
651:
647:
646:
645:
643:
638:
636:
597:
590:
588:
586:
577:
575:
572:
568:
567:health equity
561:Health equity
560:
554:
550:
547:
545:
544:public health
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
516:
511:
509:
505:
504:Jonathan Mann
498:
494:
490:
489:
485:
478:
476:
473:
469:
465:
460:
453:
447:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
422:
421:
420:
415:
413:
386:
379:
377:
375:
367:
365:
362:
356:
353:
349:
345:
336:
329:
327:
325:
320:
317:
313:
309:
301:
296:
294:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
256:
245:
240:
238:
233:
231:
226:
225:
223:
222:
219:
211:
210:
204:
203:Global health
200:
196:
195:
194:
193:
188:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
168:
167:
162:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
142:
141:
136:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
120:Public health
118:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
102:
101:Health policy
98:
94:
90:
89:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
2795:reproductive
2719:
2690:Labor rights
2666:and cultural
2576:Right to die
2453:human rights
2451:Substantive
2406:Bibliography
2322:
2318:
2308:
2292:
2286:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2165:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2113:cite journal
2090:
2054:
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
2010:
2006:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1942:
1929:
1908:cite journal
1896:. Retrieved
1860:. Retrieved
1851:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1820:
1795:. Retrieved
1786:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1755:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1725:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1637:
1633:
1620:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1425:
1421:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:the original
1385:
1373:. Retrieved
1363:
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1335:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1279:
1273:
1262:, retrieved
1252:
1246:
1235:, retrieved
1225:
1219:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1122:, retrieved
1112:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1064:
1060:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1019:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
997:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:
963:
910:
893:
889:
887:
883:
879:
863:
859:
850:
843:
797:
795:
778:
774:
770:
762:
754:
752:
743:
736:
727:
698:To diminish
688:
641:
640:
632:
581:
564:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
502:
487:
486:
482:
471:
467:
463:
461:
457:
439:occupational
417:
409:
371:
357:
341:
321:
310:of the 1946
305:
288:
263:
261:
145:
72:
63:
44:
2823:LGBT rights
2556:Nationality
2546:LGBT rights
2383:CESCR, 2000
2013:(2): 1, 5.
1661:14 November
1319:11 December
802:health care
355:childhood.
125:Medical law
2848:Categories
2561:Personhood
1956:7 November
1831:4 December
1473:20 October
1447:5 November
1422:Pediatrics
1401:5 November
1375:7 November
1264:7 November
1237:7 November
1183:The Lancet
1140:The Lancet
1096:14 October
1037:14 October
955:References
934:Health law
834:vulnerable
720:accidents;
653:lactation.
642:Article 12
352:well-being
297:Definition
282:, and the
138:Principles
2541:Legal aid
2082:159320246
915:(journal)
876:Criticism
864:In 2022,
649:planning.
66:July 2018
2803:Abortion
2641:Suffrage
2349:10381735
2301:27880117
2278:Archived
2274:10426762
2225:10426762
2015:Archived
1980:Archived
1947:Archived
1889:Archived
1856:Archived
1825:Archived
1791:Archived
1760:Archived
1730:Archived
1698:11463018
1656:16650880
1612:45728868
1604:12408114
1512:18229764
1467:Archived
1442:12949339
1369:Archived
1341:Archived
1291:5 August
1285:Archived
1258:archived
1231:archived
1211:43724357
1203:17679022
1168:13258497
1160:19097276
1118:archived
1087:Archived
1083:12571728
1028:Archived
900:See also
818:migrants
431:epidemic
308:preamble
218:Category
93:a series
91:Part of
2551:Liberty
2340:1116108
2265:1126951
2216:1126951
2105:2416300
2021:14 June
1986:14 June
1898:14 June
1862:14 June
1797:14 June
1766:14 June
1736:14 June
1561:8438984
1552:1694643
1347:29 June
1124:29 June
1074:2567708
1003:9 March
978:9 March
810:torture
435:endemic
266:is the
107:Part of
52:Please
2790:Sexual
2347:
2337:
2299:
2272:
2262:
2223:
2213:
2172:
2103:
2080:
2070:
1696:
1654:
1610:
1602:
1596:762669
1594:
1559:
1549:
1510:
1440:
1209:
1201:
1166:
1158:
1081:
1071:
866:Oregon
812:, and
700:infant
682:
676:
670:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
403:
397:
391:
316:health
272:health
172:Health
115:Policy
2401:, WHO
2297:JSTOR
2149:2 May
2078:S2CID
1950:(PDF)
1939:(PDF)
1892:(PDF)
1885:(PDF)
1630:(PDF)
1608:S2CID
1592:JSTOR
1310:(PDF)
1207:S2CID
1164:S2CID
1090:(PDF)
1057:(PDF)
1031:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
826:women
419:for:
164:Goals
2345:PMID
2270:PMID
2221:PMID
2170:ISBN
2151:2020
2126:help
2101:SSRN
2068:ISBN
2023:2013
1988:2013
1958:2013
1921:help
1900:2013
1864:2013
1833:2016
1799:2013
1768:2013
1738:2013
1694:PMID
1663:2013
1652:PMID
1600:PMID
1557:PMID
1508:PMID
1475:2017
1449:2013
1438:PMID
1403:2013
1377:2013
1349:2017
1321:2018
1293:2009
1266:2013
1239:2013
1199:PMID
1156:PMID
1126:2017
1098:2013
1079:PMID
1039:2013
1005:2022
980:2022
798:care
702:and
306:The
289:The
262:The
190:Fora
2792:and
2335:PMC
2327:doi
2323:318
2260:PMC
2252:doi
2248:319
2211:PMC
2203:doi
2199:319
2060:doi
1686:doi
1682:345
1642:doi
1638:100
1584:doi
1547:PMC
1539:doi
1500:doi
1430:doi
1426:112
1191:doi
1187:370
1148:doi
1144:372
1069:PMC
2850::
2343:.
2333:.
2321:.
2317:.
2276:.
2268:.
2258:.
2246:.
2242:.
2219:.
2209:.
2197:.
2193:.
2142:.
2117::
2115:}}
2111:{{
2076:.
2066:.
2044:^
2011:10
2009:.
2005:.
1974:.
1945:.
1941:.
1912::
1910:}}
1906:{{
1887:.
1872:^
1854:.
1850:.
1823:.
1819:.
1807:^
1789:.
1785:.
1754:.
1728:.
1724:.
1706:^
1692:.
1680:.
1650:.
1636:.
1632:.
1606:.
1598:.
1590:.
1580:21
1578:.
1555:.
1545:.
1535:83
1533:.
1529:.
1506:.
1496:14
1494:.
1436:.
1424:.
1420:.
1312:.
1205:.
1197:.
1185:.
1162:.
1154:.
1142:.
1085:.
1077:.
1065:80
1063:.
1059:.
996:.
971:.
872:.
841:.
828:,
824:,
644::
546:'s
437:,
433:,
278:,
201:,
95:on
2444:e
2437:t
2430:v
2351:.
2329::
2254::
2227:.
2205::
2178:.
2153:.
2128:)
2124:(
2107:.
2084:.
2062::
2025:.
1990:.
1960:.
1923:)
1919:(
1902:.
1866:.
1835:.
1801:.
1770:.
1740:.
1700:.
1688::
1665:.
1644::
1614:.
1586::
1563:.
1541::
1514:.
1502::
1477:.
1451:.
1432::
1405:.
1379:.
1351:.
1323:.
1295:.
1213:.
1193::
1170:.
1150::
1100:.
1041:.
1007:.
982:.
766:,
706:;
243:e
236:t
229:v
205:)
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
60:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.