475:
patient regularly. Surgery is considered in more serious situations where the patient is severely symptomatic. Surgical options include either: replacement of the valve or repair of the valve (termed annuloplasty). When it comes to replacement, there is a choice between a bioprosthetic valve or a mechanical valve, depending upon the specific patient characteristics. Mechanical valve has greater durability, but requires anti-coagulation to reduce the risk of thrombosis. Treatment of pulmonary hypertension will depend on the specific cause of the pulmonary hypertension. On top of this, the following may also be considered: diuretic, oxygen and anti-coagulant therapy.
484:
from hypertrophy to failure is not well understood, and the best management approach involves reducing/minimising the risk factors of progression. Lifestyle changes can often help to reduce the risk of this progression. Lifestyle changes include: eating less salty food as salt consumption leads to greater fluid retention by the body; smoking cessation; avoiding excessive alcohol consumption as alcohol reduces the force of heart contractions. Once right ventricular hypertrophy progresses to right ventricular failure, the treatment becomes that of heart failure. Briefly, this includes the use of:
399:
29:
391:
365:
levels increase due to increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Catecholamines can act on the alpha-adrenergic receptors and beta-adrenergic receptors which are G-protein coupled receptors. This binding initiates the same intracellular signalling pathways as angiotensin and endothelin. There is
483:
After a prolonged period, the right ventricle fails to adapt sufficiently to pump against increased right ventricle pressure, which is termed right ventricular failure. This right ventricular failure is the main complication of right ventricular hypertrophy. The mechanisms underlying the progression
465:
Right ventricular hypertrophy in itself is not the main issue, but what right ventricular hypertrophy represents is. Right ventricular hypertrophy is the intermediate stage between increased right ventricular pressure (in the early stages) and right ventricle failure (in the later stages). As such,
474:
Since the main causes of right ventricular hypertrophy is tricuspid regurgitation or pulmonary hypertension (discussed above), management involves treatment of these conditions. Tricuspid regurgitation is typically treated conservatively by aiming to treat the underlying cause and following up the
456:
can be used to directly visualise right ventricular wall thickness. The preferred technique is the trans-oesophageal approach giving a view of 4 chambers. The normal thickness of a right ventricular free wall ranges from 2-5 millimetres, with a value above 5 mm considered to be hypertrophic.
466:
management of right ventricular hypertrophy is about either preventing the development of right ventricular hypertrophy in the first place, or preventing the progression towards right ventricle failure. Right ventricular hypertrophy in itself has no (pharmacological) treatment.
303:
Right ventricular hypertrophy can be both a physiological and pathophysiological process. It becomes pathophysiological (damaging) when there is excessive hypertrophy. The pathophysiological process mainly occurs through aberrant signalling of the neuroendocrine hormones;
418:(ECG) to measure cardiac chamber hypertrophy is well established but since the left ventricular activity is dominant on the ECG a large degree of RVH is often required for any detectable changes. Nonetheless, the ECG is used to assist with the diagnosis of RVH. A
1014:
999:
65:. The right ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart. It is located towards the right lower chamber of the heart and it receives Deoxygenated blood from the right upper chamber (right atrium) and pumps blood into the lungs.
354:(using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers) are a well-recognized clinical approach for reversing maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy independently of blood pressure.
68:
Since RVH is an enlargement of muscle it arises when the muscle is required to work harder. Therefore, the main causes of RVH are pathologies of systems related to the right ventricle such as the
445:
However, the
American Heart Association recommended the use of additional diagnostic tests to diagnose RVH because no single criteria or set of criteria were considered sufficiently reliable.
253:, and other restrictive lung diseases. RVH often occurs as a result of these disorders. RVH is seen in 76% of patients with advanced COPD and 50% of patients with restrictive lung disease.
347:(PKC) is an intermediate molecule in the signalling pathway and mice lacking PKC shown resistance to heart failure compared to mice overexpressing PKC which shown heart dysfunction.
1764:
238:
results in an increase in right ventricular wall thickness. The worldwide incidence of PH is 4 per million people. RVH occurs in approximately 30% of these cases.
1405:
1095:
210:
area accentuated by inspiration may be present. On occasion, the systolic murmur can be transmitted and auscultated over the liver. Less typically,
1822:
1139:
246:
1817:
1626:
1463:
1065:
328:
coupled receptors that act via internal signalling pathways. Through several intermediates, these pathways directly or indirectly increase
565:
167:
On physical examination, the most prominent features are due to the development of right-sided heart failure. These can include a raised
1631:
1621:
1210:
1928:
1759:
1373:
1799:
742:
Braz, Julian; Gregory, Kimberley (15 February 2004). "PKC-α regulates cardiac contractility and propensity toward heart failure".
1794:
422:
study on 51 adult male patients concluded that anatomical RVH may be diagnosed using one or more of the following ECG criteria:
1663:
1444:
785:
Lehtonen, Jari (1988). "Electrocardiographic
Criteria for the Diagnosis of Right Ventricular Hypertrophy Verified at Autopsy".
1739:
1734:
1658:
699:
Nakamura, Michinari; Sadoshima, Junichi (19 April 2018). "Mechanisms of physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy".
96:
Although presentations vary, individuals with right ventricular hypertrophy can experience symptoms that are associated with
1458:
222:
RVH usually occurs due to chronic lung disease or structural defects in the heart. One of the most common causes of RVH is
1961:
1890:
1722:
406:
The two main diagnostic tests used to confirm right ventricular hypertrophy are electrocardiography and echocardiography.
351:
2080:
1873:
1856:
1789:
1709:
1088:
324:
Angiotensin-II and endothelin-1 are hormones that bind to the angiotensin (AT) and endothelin (ET) receptors. These are
1923:
1368:
202:, an accentuated second pulmonary sound (S2), a third heart sound termed a âright ventricular gallopâ, as well as a
1905:
1393:
1378:
366:
also activation of cAMP and an increase in intracellular Ca2+ which leads to contractile dysfunction and fibrosis.
1680:
1983:
1648:
1575:
1302:
269:
242:
1933:
2107:
1863:
1653:
1550:
1531:
1361:
1134:
1029:
273:
264:
fails to close properly, allowing backward flow of blood. Other structural defects which lead to RVH include
245:, based on the underlying cause. The incidence of RVH varies between the groups. Common causes of PH include
2183:
2140:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2075:
1809:
1751:
1555:
1536:
1188:
1128:
1081:
374:
Hormones are not the only cause of RVH. Hypertrophy can also be caused by mechanical forces, mTOR pathways,
329:
285:
257:
168:
1729:
1695:
1638:
1616:
1438:
1420:
1356:
1223:
1176:
1104:
234:
tries to compensate for this increased pressure by changing its shape and size. Hypertrophy of individual
223:
97:
2178:
1493:
1488:
1383:
1193:
1989:
1517:
1498:
1398:
1309:
1252:
426:
277:
156:
1994:
1851:
1846:
1769:
1673:
1643:
1602:
1228:
1145:
1018:
508:
333:
265:
822:"AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram"
398:
230:
in the vessels supplying blood to the lungs. PH leads to increased pulmonary artery pressure. The
2097:
1895:
1717:
1668:
1293:
1240:
1150:
767:
724:
250:
123:
79:
RVH can be benign and have little impact on day-to-day life or it can lead to conditions such as
28:
2157:
2008:
1966:
1881:
1699:
1597:
1314:
1257:
1155:
1040:
936:
892:
843:
802:
759:
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513:
415:
281:
176:
41:
2130:
2022:
1915:
1611:
926:
882:
874:
833:
794:
751:
708:
640:
453:
344:
211:
69:
390:
295:, and strenuous activity. These increase the risk of heart and lung disease and hence RVH.
2152:
1544:
1525:
1512:
1319:
1198:
261:
231:
203:
73:
62:
61:) is a condition defined by an abnormal enlargement of the cardiac muscle surrounding the
538:
2145:
2053:
1951:
1943:
1841:
1351:
1344:
1331:
887:
862:
669:
305:
227:
105:
1023:
2172:
2135:
2046:
1181:
493:
362:
313:
101:
80:
256:
RVH also occurs in response to structural defects in the heart. One common cause is
2067:
2041:
1885:
1833:
1506:
1482:
1452:
1429:
1298:
1288:
771:
728:
498:
375:
309:
199:
1073:
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2002:
1900:
1690:
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1415:
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1339:
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954:
613:
518:
503:
438:
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379:
292:
1045:
838:
821:
2030:
1580:
1008:
712:
46:
878:
325:
207:
188:
1060:
940:
896:
847:
798:
763:
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1956:
1113:
931:
914:
488:
337:
235:
192:
184:
991:
172:
2036:
2016:
1171:
1003:
145:
116:
863:"Anatomy, echocardiography, and normal right ventricular dimensions"
755:
397:
389:
180:
1077:
429:
of more than (or equal to) 110° (see hexaxial reference figure)
382:. Immune cells can cause hypertrophy by inducing inflammation.
288:, and fractional shortening of the left ventricular mid-wall.
183:
on palpation. On inspection, patients may be chronically ill,
612:
Bhattacharya, Priyanka; Sharma, Sandeep (15 February 2019).
214:
may also be heard as a result of pulmonary insufficiency.
981:
336:. This can subsequently induce necrotic cell death,
2123:
2066:
1975:
1942:
1914:
1872:
1831:
1808:
1782:
1750:
1708:
1689:
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1330:
1279:
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1209:
1164:
1121:
1112:
985:
915:"RV pressure overload: from hypertrophy to failure"
159:, which include cough, haemoptysis and hoarseness.
40:
21:
241:PH is broadly split into five categories by the
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
155:People may rarely present with the symptoms of
135:Feeling of fullness in the upper abdominal area
343:This has been demonstrated in animal studies.
1089:
826:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
138:Discomfort or pain in the right upper abdomen
8:
641:"Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension"
291:Other risk factors for RVH include smoking,
1705:
1585:
1425:
1406:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
1276:
1118:
1096:
1082:
1074:
982:
908:
906:
694:
692:
690:
27:
18:
930:
886:
837:
663:
661:
332:(ROS) production causing accumulation in
670:"What is right ventricular hypertrophy?"
530:
284:, elevated fasting blood glucose, high
1140:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
247:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
7:
1464:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
564:Ibrahim, Bassem (12 December 2016).
1760:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
14:
340:, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
570:e-Journal of Cardiology Practice
435:dominant over S-wave in V1 or V2
402:ECG showing right axis deviation
151:Racing heart beat (palpitations)
112:Difficulty breathing on exertion
1445:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
668:Johnson, Jon (16 August 2017).
614:"Right Ventricular Hypertrophy"
352:reninâangiotensin (RAAS) system
320:Angiotensin-II and endothelin-1
260:. This is a disorder where the
639:Oudiz, Ronald (21 June 2018).
280:. RVH is also associated with
83:, which has a poor prognosis.
1:
1962:Pulseless electrical activity
1891:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
1765:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
312:and the catecholamines (e.g.
148:) of the legs, ankles or feet
55:Right ventricular hypertrophy
36:Right ventricular hypertrophy
22:Right ventricular hypertrophy
913:van der Bruggen, C (2017).
566:"Right Ventricular Failure"
226:(PH), defined as increased
2200:
1906:Wandering atrial pacemaker
1453:non-infective endocarditis
1394:Endocardial fibroelastosis
839:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.015
479:Managing the complications
441:dominant over R-wave in V6
270:ventricular septal defects
1984:hexaxial reference system
1929:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
1459:LibmanâSacks endocarditis
955:"Tricuspid Regurgitation"
820:Hancock, William (2009).
713:10.1038/s41569-018-0007-y
701:Nature Reviews Cardiology
394:Hexaxial reference system
243:World Health Organization
35:
26:
1864:Ventricular fibrillation
1135:Coronary artery aneurysm
539:"Pulmonary Hypertension"
274:pulmonary valve stenosis
129:General fatigue/lethargy
2141:Diastolic heart failure
2115:Athletic heart syndrome
2076:Ventricular hypertrophy
1810:Pre-excitation syndrome
1664:Left posterior fascicle
1189:Acute coronary syndrome
1129:Coronary artery disease
919:Cardiovascular Research
879:10.1136/hrt.2005.077875
330:reactive oxygen species
286:systolic blood pressure
258:tricuspid insufficiency
179:and a tender, enlarged
169:jugular venous pressure
1659:Left anterior fascicle
1439:infective endocarditis
1224:Hibernating myocardium
1105:Cardiovascular disease
799:10.1378/chest.93.4.839
403:
395:
224:pulmonary hypertension
98:pulmonary hypertension
1823:WolffâParkinsonâWhite
1783:Premature contraction
1681:AdamsâStokes syndrome
1384:Loeffler endocarditis
1194:Myocardial infarction
861:Ho, Siew Yen (2006).
401:
393:
278:atrial septal defects
1990:Right axis deviation
1952:Sudden cardiac death
1310:Pericardial effusion
1253:Ventricular aneurysm
545:. NHS. 14 March 2017
427:Right axis deviation
1995:Left axis deviation
1852:Atrial fibrillation
1847:Ventricular flutter
1770:Torsades de pointes
1644:Bundle branch block
1603:Sick sinus syndrome
1389:Cardiac amyloidosis
1374:Tachycardia-induced
1229:Myocardial stunning
1177:Prinzmetal's angina
1146:Coronary thrombosis
410:Electrocardiography
266:tetralogy of Fallot
2098:Atrial enlargement
1896:Pacemaker syndrome
1818:LownâGanongâLevine
1740:Junctional ectopic
1735:AV nodal reentrant
1241:Myocardial rupture
1151:Coronary vasospasm
932:10.1093/cvr/cvx145
873:(Supp 1): i2âi13.
674:Medical News Today
514:Cardiac glycosides
470:Treating the cause
404:
396:
251:pulmonary embolism
87:Signs and symptoms
2166:
2165:
2158:Obstructive shock
2062:
2061:
2009:Short QT syndrome
1976:Other / ungrouped
1967:Sinoatrial arrest
1882:Ectopic pacemaker
1778:
1777:
1598:Sinus bradycardia
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1315:Cardiac tamponade
1268:
1267:
1258:Dressler syndrome
1156:Myocardial bridge
1055:
1054:
961:. BMJ. March 2019
959:BMJ Best Practice
925:(12): 1423â1432.
416:electrocardiogram
282:abdominal obesity
191:and occasionally
177:parasternal heave
157:Ortner's syndrome
108:. These include:
104:and/or a reduced
52:
51:
16:Medical condition
2191:
2131:Cardiac fibrosis
2023:T wave alternans
1916:Long QT syndrome
1710:Supraventricular
1706:
1639:Intraventricular
1586:
1426:
1277:
1122:Coronary disease
1119:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1075:
983:
971:
970:
968:
966:
951:
945:
944:
934:
910:
901:
900:
890:
858:
852:
851:
841:
832:(11): 992â1002.
817:
811:
810:
782:
776:
775:
739:
733:
732:
696:
685:
684:
682:
680:
665:
656:
655:
653:
651:
636:
630:
629:
627:
625:
609:
586:
585:
583:
581:
561:
555:
554:
552:
550:
535:
454:Echocardiography
449:Echocardiography
345:Protein Kinase C
334:myocardial cells
212:diastolic murmur
141:Reduced appetite
76:or the airways.
70:pulmonary artery
31:
19:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2153:Rheumatic fever
2119:
2058:
1971:
1938:
1910:
1868:
1827:
1804:
1774:
1746:
1693:
1685:
1579:
1562:
1470:
1419:
1410:
1326:
1320:Hemopericardium
1264:
1205:
1199:Unstable angina
1172:Angina pectoris
1165:Active ischemia
1160:
1108:
1102:
1071:
1056:
1051:
1050:
994:
980:
975:
974:
964:
962:
953:
952:
948:
912:
911:
904:
860:
859:
855:
819:
818:
814:
784:
783:
779:
744:Nature Medicine
741:
740:
736:
698:
697:
688:
678:
676:
667:
666:
659:
649:
647:
638:
637:
633:
623:
621:
611:
610:
589:
579:
577:
563:
562:
558:
548:
546:
537:
536:
532:
527:
481:
472:
463:
451:
412:
388:
372:
360:
322:
301:
299:Pathophysiology
262:tricuspid valve
232:right ventricle
220:
204:systolic murmur
165:
94:
89:
74:tricuspid valve
63:right ventricle
17:
12:
11:
5:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2184:Heart diseases
2181:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2146:Cardiac asthma
2143:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2054:Strain pattern
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1944:Cardiac arrest
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:AndersenâTawil
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1842:Atrial flutter
1838:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1352:Cardiomyopathy
1349:
1348:
1347:
1345:Chagas disease
1336:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1037:
1026:
1011:
995:
990:
989:
987:
986:Classification
979:
978:External links
976:
973:
972:
946:
902:
853:
812:
777:
756:10.1038/nm1000
750:(3): 248â254.
734:
707:(7): 387â407.
686:
657:
631:
587:
556:
529:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
480:
477:
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468:
462:
459:
450:
447:
443:
442:
436:
430:
411:
408:
387:
384:
371:
368:
363:Catecholamines
359:
358:Catecholamines
356:
350:Targeting the
321:
318:
306:angiotensin II
300:
297:
228:blood pressure
219:
216:
164:
161:
153:
152:
149:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
120:
113:
106:cardiac output
93:
90:
88:
85:
50:
49:
44:
38:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2196:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:Heart failure
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2047:ST depression
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1848:
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1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
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1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
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1793:
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1771:
1768:
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1758:
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1749:
1741:
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1728:
1724:
1721:
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1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:Trifascicular
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1633:
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1625:
1623:
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1613:
1609:
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1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
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1587:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1557:
1556:regurgitation
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:regurgitation
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:regurgitation
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:regurgitation
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
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1346:
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1338:
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1321:
1318:
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1308:
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1300:
1297:
1295:
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1284:
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1275:
1271:
1259:
1256:
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1238:
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1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
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1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:Stable angina
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
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1127:
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1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1012:
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1005:
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997:
996:
993:
988:
984:
977:
960:
956:
950:
947:
942:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
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907:
903:
898:
894:
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884:
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876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
854:
849:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:(4): 839â42.
792:
788:
781:
778:
773:
769:
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749:
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738:
735:
730:
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710:
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671:
664:
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619:
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604:
602:
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575:
571:
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560:
557:
544:
540:
534:
531:
524:
520:
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515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
499:Beta Blockers
497:
495:
492:
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487:
486:
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478:
476:
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460:
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448:
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385:
383:
381:
377:
369:
367:
364:
357:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
317:
315:
314:noradrenaline
311:
307:
298:
296:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
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237:
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229:
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217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
162:
160:
158:
150:
147:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
126:) on exertion
125:
121:
119:) on exertion
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
107:
103:
102:heart failure
99:
91:
86:
84:
82:
81:heart failure
77:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
48:
45:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2179:Cardiomegaly
2085:
2068:Cardiomegaly
2042:ST elevation
2029:
2015:
2001:
1982:
1886:Ectopic beat
1834:fibrillation
1669:Bifascicular
1543:
1524:
1505:
1481:
1451:
1437:
1430:Endocarditis
1369:Hypertrophic
1303:Constrictive
1289:Pericarditis
1247:
1235:
1218:
1070:
1059:
1039:
1028:
1013:
998:
963:. Retrieved
958:
949:
922:
918:
870:
866:
856:
829:
825:
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790:
786:
780:
747:
743:
737:
704:
700:
677:. Retrieved
673:
648:. Retrieved
644:
634:
622:. Retrieved
617:
578:. Retrieved
573:
569:
559:
547:. Retrieved
542:
533:
519:Vasodilators
482:
473:
464:
452:
444:
413:
405:
380:immune cells
376:nitric oxide
373:
361:
349:
342:
323:
310:endothelin-1
302:
290:
255:
240:
221:
200:auscultation
197:
166:
154:
115:Chest pain (
95:
78:
67:
58:
54:
53:
1934:RomanoâWard
1901:Parasystole
1800:Ventricular
1752:Ventricular
1691:Tachycardia
1608:Heart block
1590:Bradycardia
1416:Endocardium
1379:Restrictive
1340:Myocarditis
1281:Pericardium
509:Antagonists
504:Aldosterone
420:post mortem
414:The use of
293:sleep apnea
2173:Categories
1832:Flutter /
1795:Junctional
1730:Junctional
1723:Multifocal
1696:paroxysmal
1612:Sinoatrial
1581:arrhythmia
1576:Conduction
1332:Myocardium
1041:DiseasesDB
618:StatPearls
525:References
144:Swelling (
122:Fainting (
47:Cardiology
2091:Pulmonary
1874:Pacemaker
1545:pulmonary
1526:tricuspid
1362:Alcoholic
489:Diuretics
461:Treatment
386:Diagnosis
326:G-protein
208:tricuspid
206:over the
193:jaundiced
189:cachectic
132:Dizziness
42:Specialty
1957:Asystole
1857:Familial
1551:stenosis
1532:stenosis
1513:stenosis
1494:stenosis
1489:prolapse
1211:Sequelae
1114:Ischemia
965:23 March
941:28957530
897:16543598
848:19281932
764:14966518
721:29674714
679:23 March
650:23 March
645:Medscape
624:23 March
580:23 March
549:23 March
338:fibrosis
249:(COPD),
236:myocytes
185:cyanotic
92:Symptoms
1357:Dilated
1299:Chronic
1107:(heart)
1035:D017380
888:1860731
807:2964996
772:8812202
729:4975072
175:, left
173:ascites
124:syncope
2037:J wave
1790:Atrial
1718:Atrial
1507:aortic
1483:mitral
1475:Valves
1421:valves
1273:Layers
1142:(SCAD)
1066:CHORUS
939:
895:
885:
846:
805:
770:
762:
727:
719:
620:. NCBI
543:nhs.uk
494:3 ACEi
439:S-wave
433:R-wave
370:Others
276:, and
218:Causes
146:oedema
117:angina
72:, the
2124:Other
2108:Right
2086:Right
1700:sinus
1649:Right
1399:Viral
1294:Acute
1248:weeks
1219:hours
1131:(CAD)
1061:02004
1046:11623
1024:429.3
1009:I51.7
867:Heart
787:Chest
768:S2CID
725:S2CID
181:liver
163:Signs
2103:Left
2081:Left
1698:and
1654:Left
1236:days
1030:MeSH
1019:9-CM
967:2019
937:PMID
893:PMID
844:PMID
803:PMID
760:PMID
717:PMID
681:2019
652:2019
626:2019
582:2019
576:(32)
551:2019
378:and
1064:at
1015:ICD
1000:ICD
927:doi
923:113
883:PMC
875:doi
834:doi
795:doi
752:doi
709:doi
316:).
198:On
59:RVH
2175::
2031:ST
2003:QT
1884:/
1632:3°
1627:2°
1622:1°
1617:AV
1610::
1301:/
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1033::
1022::
1007::
1004:10
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850:.
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57:(
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