2008:
1940:
484:
2020:
1988:
2032:
2050:
2097:
1976:
2140:
1274:
69:
500:
2065:
1952:
2116:
2080:
1197:
1964:
2128:
51:
1939:
2007:
431:
642:. They are simple yet popular vegetables, usually made with a plentiful tomato gravy and garnished with green chillies and fresh coriander. When cooked roti is shredded by hand and mixed into it, it is colloquially known as "rotli shaak ma bhuseli". Alternatively, this dish is also eaten mixed with plain cooked rice.
373:. It is cultivated and eaten as a vegetable, but must be harvested at a young stage of development to be edible. The vegetable is popular in India, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Vietnam. When the fruit fully ripens, it becomes too fibrous for eating. The fully developed fruit is the source of the loofah
1314:
for strains less than 10%, followed by a plateau for strains from 10% to 60%, and finally a stress increase associated with densification at strains greater than 60%. Segment samples created from cross sections of the entire luffa sponge (diameter: 92.51 ± 6.15mm, height: 19.76 ± 4.95mm) when tested
1281:
Block samples (height: 12.69 ± 2.35mm, width: 11.30 ± 2.88mm, length: 13.10 ± 2.64mm) cut from the core region and hoop region of the luffa sponge exhibit different mechanical behaviors under compression depending on both the orientation they are loaded in as well as the location in the sponge they
1260:, is 103 MPa. The strain at which failure occurs, or failure strain, is small at only 5%. The mechanical properties of fiber bundles decrease dramatically when the size of the hollow region inside the bundle increases. Despite their low tensile strength, the fiber bundles have a high
1290:
of fibers. With the highly aligned fibers from the inner surface removed from the hoop region block samples, this yield behavior disappears. In general, the inner surface fibers most significantly impact the longitudinal properties of the luffa sponge column followed by the
1924:, and plateau stress (which is in the case of foam materials corresponds to the yield stress) are enhanced by increasing the strain rate. One explanation for this is that the luffa fibers undergo more axial deformation when dynamically loaded (high strain rates) than when
1204:
The hierarchical structure of luffa sponges results in mechanical properties that vary with the component of sponge tested. Specifically, the mechanical properties of fiber bundles differ from those of blocks from the bulk of the sponge, which differ from those of the
1589:
1282:
are sampled from. The hoop region consists of the section of sponge located around the outside between the inner and outer surfaces, while the core region is from the sponge center. Samples from both the hoop and core regions exhibited
1907:
is the density of its constituent, the fiber bundle. The constant D defines the strain at the onset of densification as well as the stress relationship in the densification region. It is determined by fitting experimental data.
1495:
2178:
introduced the formal botany genus name "Luffa". Tournefort referred to
Veslingius's earlier description and reiterated that "Luffa Arabum" is a plant from Egypt in the cucumber family. In establishing the genus
1264:
of 2.07– 4.05 MPa⋅m/kg, and their overall properties are improved when a high ratio of their cross sectional area is occupied by fibers, they are evenly distributed, and there is strong adhesion between fibers.
1849:
2096:
1645:
1386:
1987:
483:
720:", where it is boiled with minuscule spices and simmered in milk. Another popular version involves mashing it in groundnut oil, herbs, peanuts and topping it with the peeled skin pieces.
450:
fibers. If the loofah is allowed to fully ripen and then dried on the vine, the flesh disappears, leaving only the fibrous skeleton and seeds, which can be easily shaken out. Marketed as
2237:
1353:
1426:
2019:
1777:
1750:
1711:
883:(ഏണില്ല പീച്ചിങ്ങ). It is also used as a vegetable, cooked with dal or stir fried. The fully matured fruit is used as a natural scrub in rural Kerala. In some places such as
1905:
1878:
1502:
3057:
1675:
461:
In
Paraguay, panels are made out of luffa combined with other vegetable matter and recycled plastic. These can be used to create furniture and construct houses.
3083:
1105:
In Japan, in regions other than the Ryukyu
Islands and Kyushu, it is predominantly grown for use as a sponge or for applying soap, shampoo, and lotion. As with
2183:, Tournefort identified just one member species and called it "Luffa Arabum". His 1706 article includes detailed drawings of this species (which is now called
931:(ꯁꯦꯕꯣꯠ ꯍꯦꯀꯞ), which is cooked with other ingredients like potato, dried fish, fermented fish and served. They are also steamed before consuming or crushed (
2031:
1975:
1310:
Overall, the stress-strain curves of block samples exhibit three stages of mechanical behavior common to porous materials. Namely, the samples follow
3005:
3070:
3018:
1431:
2415:
2064:
826:. Naturally growing in this region, it's consumed when it is still tender and green. It is used as a vegetable in curries, but also as a snack,
3119:
2049:
478:
3201:
2139:
2079:
1085:
and consumed as a vegetable at a young age. When it becomes ripe and dried, it is used as a body scrubbing material during bathing.
1784:
1181:
for the natural environment. When compressed longitudinally, a luffa sponge is able to absorb comparable energy per unit mass as
3044:
2231:
1303:
and energy absorption (as determined by the area under the stress-strain curve) compared to the hoop region due to its greater
1066:) and is cultivated all over the country during summer. It is commonly used as a green vegetable in traditional dishes of the
1594:
1002:
2392:
3075:
3186:
2187:). The species is native to tropical Asia but has been under cultivation in Egypt since late medieval times. The botanist
994:
2345:
1150:
1358:
2914:
2223:
2175:
2174:
in the late–1620s and described the plant under cultivation with artificial irrigation in Egypt. In 1706 the botanist
908:(घोसाळ ,smooth/sponge luffa) which are common vegetables, prepared with either crushed dried peanuts or with beans.
3132:
2283:
2278:
1200:
Definition of the parts of a luffa sponge and the relevant coordinate system for mechanical properties measurements
3196:
3088:
2071:
1257:
31:
3137:
2642:"A multiscale study on the structural and mechanical properties of the luffa sponge from Luffa cylindrica plant"
1322:
1206:
2115:
1315:
in compression exhibit this same characteristic behavior. The three stages can be described by the equations:
1229:
2501:
2432:
1393:
68:
3191:
2992:
1951:
2966:
2857:
2753:
2641:
2581:
611:(पाटे घिरौंला). Both are popular vegetables usually cooked with tomatoes, potatoes and served with rice.
2997:
2971:
1998:
1963:
1127:
253:
2452:
2368:
1755:
1728:
818:(ಟುಪ್ಪಾದ ಹೀರೆಕಾಯಿ), literally translating to "buttersquash" in English, while ridge gourd is known as
237:
3098:
3023:
2808:
2765:
1684:
1228:
from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. Each fiber bundle has a low density core region not occupied by fibers. The
2245:
469:
Luffa is a popular food item. There are various ways to prepare it including in soups or stir frys.
229:
1925:
1722:
1714:
1300:
1283:
1174:
716:), both accompanying many vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes, most notably in dishes like "khira
261:
221:
269:
3158:
3124:
2979:
2824:
2711:
2562:
1921:
1170:
975:
968:
280:
63:
2127:
1678:
1273:
1253:
1883:
1856:
1584:{\displaystyle \sigma =\sigma _{p}^{*}/D{(\varepsilon _{D}/\varepsilon _{D}-\varepsilon )}^{m}}
3106:
3062:
2927:
2781:
2731:
2669:
2661:
2609:
2601:
2554:
2304:
2188:
1718:
1311:
1233:
724:
677:), both being popular vegetables. They are eaten, fried or cooked with shrimp, fish, or meat.
627:
573:
443:
172:
2318:
1945:
Luffa (right), illustration from the
Japanese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)
3111:
2816:
2773:
2723:
2689:
2653:
2593:
2544:
2086:
1994:
1261:
1036:
1028:
964:
891:
823:
811:
750:
736:
703:
689:
646:
554:
369:
363:
245:
213:
205:
2476:
1653:
2845:
2419:
2241:
1217:
912:
845:
639:
600:
106:
2958:
2812:
2769:
580:(घिउरा). Apart from the fruit of the vegetable, flowers are also used as a vegetable as
499:
2167:
1241:
1178:
1133:
1067:
1044:
842:
757:
339:
162:
93:
3180:
2984:
2566:
2201:
2166:
The plant name "luffa" was introduced to
Western botany nomenclature by the botanist
1292:
1157:. While their mechanical performance tends to fall behind manmade materials, such as
831:
681:
406:
374:
347:
189:
152:
1196:
3163:
2828:
2777:
2752:
Shen, Jianhu; Xie, Yi Min; Huang, Xiaodong; Zhou, Shiwei; Ruan, Dong (2013-07-01).
2727:
2657:
2580:
Shen, Jianhu; Min Xie, Yi; Huang, Xiaodong; Zhou, Shiwei; Ruan, Dong (2012-11-01).
1106:
142:
2932:
2906:
834:, ridge gourd is known as Peere(ಪೀರೆ) and is used to prepare chutney and ajethna.
2919:
2895:
1109:, many people grow it outside building windows as a natural sunscreen in summer.
3031:
2889:
2597:
2269:
1917:
1122:
1040:
895:
654:
515:
2333:
1182:
761:
650:
492:
50:
2880:
2785:
2665:
2605:
2558:
2953:
2940:
2549:
2528:
2210:
1490:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{e}<\varepsilon \leq \varepsilon _{D}(1-1/D)}
1249:
1220:
of fiber bundles isolated from the inner surface provide insight this basic
960:
860:
856:(సేతి బీరకాయ). It is used in making Dal, Fry, Roti Pacchadi, and wet curry.
838:
807:
488:
3150:
2735:
2673:
2613:
17:
532:
while in central/Western India, specially in Madhya
Pradesh, it is called
3145:
2874:
2799:
Chakravarty, H. L. (October 1948). "Extrafloral Glands of
Cucurbitaceæ".
1304:
1287:
1237:
1225:
1190:
876:
799:
119:
2527:
ZAELOR, Jingyoh; JULSIRIKUL, Duangta; KITTHAWEE, Sangvorn (2021-01-17).
3010:
2693:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1146:
916:
884:
793:
717:
615:
335:
313:
3036:
2640:
Chen, Qiang; Shi, Quan; Gorb, Stanislav N.; Li, Zhiyong (2014-04-11).
2820:
1296:
1010:
864:
685:
558:
390:
132:
3049:
2851:
1277:
Characteristic stress-strain curve of a luffa sponge in compression
753:), which is used as a vegetable in a curry, chutney and stir fry .
2945:
2171:
1916:
The mechanical properties of Luffa sponges change under different
1272:
1245:
1221:
1195:
1186:
1158:
1118:
979:
787:
728:
596:
511:
498:
482:
447:
430:
429:
343:
303:
293:
80:
30:
This article is about the plant. For the sponge made from it, see
446:
after being processed to remove everything except the network of
2041:
1094:
741:
569:(ਰਾਮ ਤੋਰੀ) and the fruit and flowers are mostly used in dishes.
410:
331:
217:
Mill. (smooth luffa, Egyptian luffa, dishrag gourd, gourd loofa)
2855:
2418:; 2008 Rolex Awards for Enterprise. Archived 2012-10-16 at the
2248:
Suite de l'Etablissement de
Quelques Nouveaux Genres de Plantes
1752:, while the strain at the onset of the densification region is
1256:, is 236* MPa. The highest stress achieved before fracture, or
2191:
visited Egypt in the early–1760s and noted that it was called
1019:, or in English, "silk melon"), Indonesia (where it is called
1149:
cellular material. These materials often exhibit exceptional
1053:) the luffa is eaten as a green vegetable in various dishes.
990:" and is a common ingredient in soups and stir-fried dishes.
389:
was taken by
European botanists in the 17th century from the
971:
and is a common ingredient in curries, even in dried forms.
528:), and cooked as vegetable. In eastern-UP it is also called
1844:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{D}=1-1.4(\rho ^{*}/\rho _{s})}
2754:"Behaviour of luffa sponge material under dynamic loading"
2586:
Journal of the
Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
2433:"Fish with colocasia and sponge gourd | Bhul kosu aru mas"
1224:
element of the luffa sponges. These fiber bundles vary in
2369:"What the Heck Is Chinese Okra? A Guide to the Vegetable"
2105:
seeds. Each division of the ruler is 1 mm. Seeds of
1299:
properties. Additionally, the core region exhibits lower
1286:
when compressed in the longitudinal direction due to the
784:(நுரை பீர்க்கங்காய்) and are used as vegetables to make
353:
In everyday non-technical usage, the luffa, also spelled
209:(L.) Roxb. (angled luffa, ridged luffa, vegetable gourd)
1640:{\displaystyle \varepsilon >\varepsilon _{D}(1-1/D)}
1295:
properties. There is no noticeable contribution to the
937:) with other ingredients and served with steamed rice (
603:
speaking Indian states, sponge /smooth gourd is called
442:
may be allowed to mature and used as a bath or kitchen
2162:
2160:
2224:"A commentary on Loureiro's "Flora Cochinchinensis" "
1886:
1859:
1787:
1758:
1731:
1717:
of the sponge material. These are chosen to best fit
1687:
1656:
1597:
1505:
1434:
1396:
1361:
1325:
1185:. Luffa sponges are composed of a complex network of
546:
is reserved for ridge gourd and is less popular than
394:
2254:
Mémoires de l'Academe Royale des Sciences année 1706
458:, the sponge is used as a body scrub in the shower.
2864:
2533:
Walker (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Southern Thailand"
1899:
1872:
1843:
1771:
1744:
1705:
1669:
1639:
1583:
1489:
1420:
1380:
1347:
1189:bundles connected to form a 3-dimensional, highly-
1981:Commonly known as Ridge Gourd from Southern India
1725:, where the plateau region begins, is denoted as
1381:{\displaystyle \varepsilon \leq \varepsilon _{e}}
984:
814:speaking areas, sponge gourd is better known as
739:) and is cooked with sour fish curry along with
2529:"Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of
2070:A luffa sponge whose coarse texture helps with
830:, dipped in chickpea batter and deep fried. In
2228:Transactions of American Philosophical Society
2208:for this species but assigned it to the genus
1074:). In other regions it is also grown for uses
1061:
607:(घिरौंला), while the ridged variety is called
361:, usually refers to the fruits of the species
1117:Luffa species are used as food plants by the
899:
672:
662:
8:
2200:in Arabic. In the 18th century the botanist
2192:
1048:
942:
932:
926:
920:
618:, ridge gourd and sponge gourd are known as
2758:International Journal of Impact Engineering
1047:and in Manipur, India, (where it is called
1023:), and the Philippines (where it is called
537:
523:
2852:
2537:Walailak Journal of Science and Technology
1043:it is also called "patola" or "batola" in
848:dialects, ridge gourd is generally called
711:
697:
49:
38:
2548:
1891:
1885:
1864:
1858:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1792:
1786:
1763:
1757:
1736:
1730:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1661:
1655:
1626:
1608:
1596:
1575:
1559:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1516:
1504:
1476:
1458:
1439:
1433:
1412:
1407:
1395:
1372:
1360:
1348:{\displaystyle \sigma =E^{*}\varepsilon }
1336:
1324:
803:. Even the skin is used to make chutney.
2222:in 18th century botanical nomenclature:
1232:response of the fiber bundles is nearly
993:In China and Taiwan (where it is called
249:(L.) Cogn. (wild loofa, sponge cucumber)
58:Egyptian luffa with nearly mature fruit
2582:"Mechanical properties of luffa sponge"
2156:
1935:
1421:{\displaystyle \sigma =\sigma _{p}^{*}}
852:(బీరకాయ), while sponge gourd is called
330:is a genus of tropical and subtropical
32:Exfoliation (cosmetology) § Loofah
2453:"Peerkangai kootu | Ridge gourd kootu"
2393:"Luffa aegyptiaca - ficha informativa"
2264:
2262:
1252:region of the stress-strain curve, or
963:, it's called වැටකොළු (Waeṭakola, the
879:dialect, while sponge gourd is called
2747:
2745:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2685:
2683:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2502:"Ridge Gourd chutney without coconut"
565:(ਤੋਰੀ), while ridged gourd is called
479:List of plants used in Indian cuisine
7:
3099:7a246fbf-84e4-4514-b39f-57921396f099
951:is also eaten as a green vegetable.
630:respectively. Ridge gourd is called
395:
2348:from the original on August 1, 2013
2332:Christman, Steve (March 13, 2010).
2214:, and did not use a separate genus
2193:
2025:A bag of dried mature luffa fruits.
1920:. Specifically, energy adsorption,
925:(ꯁꯦꯕꯣꯠ) and sponge gourd is called
887:, it grows as a creeper on fences.
3138:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30179638-2
2846:Multilingual taxonomic information
2367:Turiano, John Bruno (2014-03-26).
2252:, by J.P. de Tournefort (1706) in
2090:sponge section magnified 100 times
1880:is the density of the bulk sponge
667:), while sponge gourd is known as
409:it is sometimes known as "Chinese
25:
2712:"Biomechanics of cellular solids"
2226:, by E.D. Merrill, year 1935, in
867:, ridge gourd is commonly called
2848:from the University of Melbourne
2138:
2126:
2114:
2095:
2078:
2063:
2048:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1772:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{D}}
1745:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{e}}
1093:Luffa is also known as "Chinese
67:
2710:Gibson, Lorna J. (March 2005).
1706:{\displaystyle \sigma _{p}^{*}}
1075:
947:) are also favorites for many.
904:(दोडका, ridge gourd luffa) and
576:speaking regions, it is called
2778:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2013.01.004
2728:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.09.027
2658:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.02.010
2230:volume 24 part 2, pp 377-378.
1838:
1810:
1634:
1614:
1571:
1537:
1484:
1464:
1015:
1006:
998:
745:. A related species is called
1:
2305:"loofah | Collins Dictionary"
1993:Extrafloral nectar glands in
2319:"loofa | Collins Dictionary"
2145:Sponges made of sponge gourd
1240:, suggesting the absence of
3202:Taxa named by Philip Miller
2598:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.07.004
2176:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
1928:loaded (low strain rates).
3218:
2284:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2279:Plants of the World Online
1319:Linear elasticity region:
550:in central western India.
476:
29:
2170:(died 1649), who visited
1900:{\displaystyle \rho _{s}}
1873:{\displaystyle \rho ^{*}}
1258:ultimate tensile strength
1097:" in Canada and the U.S.
1062:
780:(sponge gourd) is called
768:(ridged gourd) is called
712:
698:
673:
663:
561:, sponge gourd is called
538:
524:
286:
279:
201:
196:
64:Scientific classification
62:
57:
48:
41:
1650:In the above equations,
919:, ridge gourd is called
657:, ridge gourd is called
653:and the Indian state of
257:(Hook. & Arn.) Seem.
2716:Journal of Biomechanics
2646:Journal of Biomechanics
2550:10.48048/wjst.2020.7291
1969:Luffa in a coconut tree
1049:
943:
933:
927:
921:
822:(ಹೀರೆಕಾಯಿ) in standard
702:), while sponge gourd (
638:(ઘિસ્સોરી/ઘિસ્સોરા) in
495:, Andhra Pradesh, India
434:A bathroom loofa sponge
2121:Pollen grains of Luffa
1901:
1874:
1845:
1773:
1746:
1707:
1671:
1641:
1585:
1499:Densification region:
1491:
1422:
1382:
1349:
1278:
1218:Uniaxial tensile tests
1209:of the entire sponge.
1201:
1177:, they have long term
1145:The luffa sponge is a
1081:In Nepal it is called
1056:In Japan it is called
985:
900:
507:
496:
435:
2477:"Peerkangai Tuvaiyal"
1999:Oecophylla smaragdina
1902:
1875:
1846:
1774:
1747:
1708:
1672:
1670:{\displaystyle E^{*}}
1642:
1586:
1492:
1423:
1383:
1350:
1276:
1199:
1151:mechanical properties
1141:Mechanical properties
1128:Hypercompe albicornis
518:states, it is called
502:
486:
477:Further information:
438:The fruit section of
433:
413:", and in Spanish as
265:F.Muell. ex I.Telford
3187:Cucurbitaceae genera
2373:Westchester Magazine
2040:, fruit and seeds -
1884:
1857:
1785:
1756:
1729:
1721:. The strain at the
1685:
1654:
1595:
1503:
1432:
1394:
1359:
1323:
1070:(where it is called
955:Other Asian cuisines
772:(பீர்க்கங்காய்) and
2813:1948Natur.162..576C
2770:2013IJIE...57...17S
2457:southindianfoods.in
1957:Habitus of the vine
1702:
1526:
1417:
1175:structural material
1125:species, including
1003:traditional Chinese
491:made in a house in
473:Indian subcontinent
357:or less frequently
2694:10.3390/ma10050479
2508:. 23 February 2016
2397:www.conabio.gob.mx
2240:2013-10-17 at the
1922:compressive stress
1897:
1870:
1841:
1769:
1742:
1703:
1688:
1667:
1637:
1581:
1512:
1487:
1418:
1403:
1378:
1345:
1279:
1236:all the way until
1202:
1113:Role in food chain
995:simplified Chinese
976:Vietnamese cuisine
727:speaking areas of
508:
497:
436:
273:(G.Mey.) C.Jeffrey
3174:
3173:
3107:Open Tree of Life
2858:Taxon identifiers
2807:(4119): 576–577.
2506:udupi-recipes.com
2204:adopted the name
1719:experimental data
1312:linear elasticity
881:Eeṇilla peechinga
506:curry ingredients
487:Ridge gourd with
323:
322:
317:
306:
296:
254:Luffa quinquefida
192:
16:(Redirected from
3209:
3197:Fruit vegetables
3167:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3127:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3039:
3027:
3026:
3014:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2962:
2961:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2935:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2853:
2833:
2832:
2821:10.1038/162576b0
2796:
2790:
2789:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2707:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2652:(6): 1332–1339.
2637:
2618:
2617:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2552:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2423:
2416:Recyclable Homes
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2336:Luffa aegyptiaca
2329:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2266:
2257:
2196:
2195:
2185:Luffa aegyptiaca
2164:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2107:Luffa aegyptiaca
2103:Luffa acutangula
2099:
2087:Luffa aegyptiaca
2082:
2067:
2056:Luffa operculata
2052:
2038:Luffa aegyptiaca
2034:
2022:
2010:
1995:Luffa acutangula
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1926:quasi-statically
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1797:
1796:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1630:
1613:
1612:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1531:
1525:
1520:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1443:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1390:Plateau region:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1262:specific modulus
1089:Western cuisines
1065:
1064:
1052:
1017:
1008:
1000:
988:
965:Luffa acutangula
946:
936:
930:
924:
903:
871:(പീച്ചിങ്ങ) and
816:tuppa dahirekayi
782:nurai peerkankai
778:Luffa cylindrica
774:Luffa aegyptiaca
766:Luffa acutangula
751:Luffa acutangula
737:luffa aegyptiaca
715:
714:
704:luffa aegyptiaca
701:
700:
690:luffa acutangula
676:
675:
666:
665:
541:
540:
527:
526:
504:Beerakaya pulusu
398:
397:
375:scrubbing sponge
370:Luffa acutangula
364:Luffa aegyptiaca
312:
302:
292:
246:Luffa operculata
238:Luffa graveolens
214:Luffa aegyptiaca
206:Luffa acutangula
188:
72:
71:
53:
39:
21:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3022:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2860:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2709:
2708:
2699:
2688:
2681:
2639:
2638:
2621:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2483:. 25 April 2006
2475:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2420:Wayback Machine
2414:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2242:Wayback Machine
2218:. More refs on
2165:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2134:
2131:
2122:
2119:
2110:
2100:
2091:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2023:
2014:
2011:
2002:
1991:
1982:
1979:
1970:
1967:
1958:
1955:
1946:
1943:
1934:
1914:
1912:Dynamic loading
1887:
1882:
1881:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1828:
1813:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1683:
1682:
1679:Young's modulus
1657:
1652:
1651:
1604:
1593:
1592:
1555:
1540:
1535:
1501:
1500:
1454:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1392:
1391:
1368:
1357:
1356:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1293:circumferential
1271:
1254:Young’s modulus
1215:
1143:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1076:other than food
957:
941:). Fried ones (
913:Meitei language
854:nethi beerakaya
731:, it is called
688:, ridge gourd (
601:Nepali language
481:
475:
467:
428:
423:
383:
187:
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3215:
3213:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3192:Cucurbitoideae
3189:
3179:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:wfo-4000022408
3155:
3142:
3129:
3116:
3103:
3093:
3080:
3067:
3054:
3041:
3028:
3015:
3002:
2989:
2976:
2963:
2950:
2937:
2924:
2911:
2901:
2886:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2840:External links
2838:
2835:
2834:
2791:
2741:
2722:(3): 211–223.
2697:
2679:
2619:
2572:
2531:Zeugodacus tau
2519:
2493:
2468:
2444:
2424:
2408:
2384:
2359:
2324:
2310:
2296:
2258:
2189:Peter Forsskål
2168:Johann Vesling
2155:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2072:skin polishing
2069:
2062:
2060:
2058:, fruit - MHNT
2054:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1913:
1910:
1894:
1890:
1867:
1863:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1766:
1762:
1739:
1735:
1715:yield strength
1700:
1695:
1691:
1664:
1660:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1497:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1388:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1270:
1267:
1242:work hardening
1234:linear elastic
1214:
1211:
1207:cross sections
1179:sustainability
1142:
1139:
1134:Zeugodacus tau
1114:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1090:
1087:
1068:Ryukyu Islands
956:
953:
843:Andhra Pradesh
692:) is known as
474:
471:
466:
463:
427:
424:
422:
419:
382:
379:
321:
320:
319:
318:
307:
297:
284:
283:
277:
276:
275:
274:
266:
258:
250:
242:
234:
230:Luffa echinata
226:
218:
210:
199:
198:
194:
193:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
163:Cucurbitoideae
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
123:
122:
117:
110:
109:
104:
97:
96:
91:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
27:Genus of vines
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3214:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2520:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2482:
2481:Saffron Trail
2478:
2472:
2469:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2352:September 15,
2347:
2343:
2342:Floridata.com
2339:
2337:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2141:
2136:
2133:Luffa flowers
2129:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2109:look similar.
2108:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1892:
1888:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1764:
1760:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1723:elastic limit
1720:
1716:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1662:
1658:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1576:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1498:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1389:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:stress-strain
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:Fiber-bundles
1212:
1210:
1208:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:aluminum foam
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1004:
996:
991:
989:
987:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
954:
952:
950:
945:
940:
935:
929:
923:
918:
914:
909:
907:
902:
898:, its called
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
844:
840:
835:
833:
832:Tulu language
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
801:
796:
795:
790:
789:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
709:
705:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
670:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
622:(તુરીયા) and
621:
617:
612:
610:
609:pate ghiraula
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
535:
531:
521:
517:
513:
505:
501:
494:
490:
485:
480:
472:
470:
464:
462:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:L. aegyptiaca
432:
425:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
407:North America
403:
401:
392:
388:
380:
378:
376:
372:
371:
366:
365:
360:
356:
351:
349:
348:Cucurbitaceae
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
315:
311:
308:
305:
301:
298:
295:
291:
288:
287:
285:
282:
278:
272:
271:
267:
264:
263:
262:Luffa saccata
259:
256:
255:
251:
248:
247:
243:
240:
239:
235:
232:
231:
227:
224:
223:
222:Luffa astorii
219:
216:
215:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
200:
195:
191:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:Cucurbitaceae
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:Tracheophytes
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2865:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2761:
2757:
2719:
2715:
2649:
2645:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2505:
2496:
2485:. Retrieved
2480:
2471:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:
2447:
2436:. Retrieved
2427:
2411:
2400:. Retrieved
2396:
2387:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2341:
2335:
2327:
2313:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2277:
2271:
2253:
2247:
2232:
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1915:
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1301:yield stress
1280:
1216:
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1116:
1107:bitter melon
1104:
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325:
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316:ex J.F.Gmel.
309:
299:
289:
270:Luffa sepium
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
228:
220:
212:
204:
183:
182:
143:Cucurbitales
126:
113:
100:
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3032:iNaturalist
2890:Wikispecies
2592:: 141–152.
1269:Bulk-sponge
1123:Lepidoptera
1041:Timor-Leste
982:is called "
928:sebot hekpa
896:Maharashtra
786:peerkangai
655:West Bengal
516:North India
159:Subfamily:
107:Angiosperms
18:Ridge gourd
3181:Categories
3050:30179638-2
2512:10 January
2487:2019-05-21
2462:2019-05-21
2438:2019-05-21
2402:2023-07-14
2378:2023-07-14
2289:26 October
2151:References
2013:Luffa leaf
1171:composites
1147:biological
1101:Other uses
986:mướp hương
894:-speaking
873:poththanga
770:peerkangai
762:Tamil Nadu
651:Bangladesh
649:-speaking
626:(ગલકા) in
557:-speaking
514:-speaking
493:Vijayawada
2954:FloraBase
2786:0734-743X
2764:: 17–26.
2666:0021-9290
2606:1751-6161
2567:234212403
2559:2228-835X
2211:Momordica
1889:ρ
1866:∗
1862:ρ
1830:ρ
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1815:ρ
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1790:ε
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1398:σ
1370:ε
1366:≤
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1343:ε
1338:∗
1327:σ
1193:network.
1155:densities
1072:naabeeraa
969:Sinhalese
961:Sri Lanka
869:peechinga
861:Malayalam
850:beerakaya
839:Telangana
808:Karnataka
489:mung bean
415:estropajo
385:The name
300:Trevouxia
77:Kingdom:
3151:40009669
3146:Tropicos
2875:Wikidata
2736:15652536
2674:24636532
2614:23032434
2346:Archived
2238:Archived
2202:Linnaeus
1305:porosity
1288:buckling
1284:yielding
1238:fracture
1226:diameter
1167:plastics
1163:ceramics
1121:of some
1083:ghiraula
1033:kabatiti
944:kaanghou
877:Palakkad
837:In both
820:hirekayi
800:thogayal
725:Assamese
669:dhundhul
636:ghissora
632:ghissori
628:Gujarati
605:ghiraula
574:Bhojpuri
567:ram tori
346:family (
281:Synonyms
197:Species
173:Sicyoeae
149:Family:
120:Eudicots
3063:1071856
3011:2874598
2881:Q232909
2829:4128826
2809:Bibcode
2766:Bibcode
2235:@ ATILF
1932:Gallery
1677:is the
1248:of the
1173:, as a
1153:at low
1058:hechima
1037:Ilokano
1029:Tagalog
917:Manipur
892:Marathi
885:Wayanad
875:in the
824:Kannada
812:Kannada
794:poriyal
749:(জিকা,
718:santula
680:In the
647:Bengali
616:Gujarat
592:, etc.
555:Punjabi
336:pumpkin
334:in the
314:Forssk.
225:Svenson
179:Genus:
169:Tribe:
139:Order:
81:Plantae
3120:PLANTS
3112:379286
3096:NZOR:
3037:156830
2998:119075
2972:119075
2907:192277
2904:APDB:
2827:
2801:Nature
2784:
2734:
2672:
2664:
2612:
2604:
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1250:linear
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1191:porous
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1119:larvae
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1013::
1011:pinyin
1005::
997::
978:, the
934:ironba
906:ghosaļ
865:Kerala
846:Telugu
828:bhajji
797:, and
735:(ভোল,
708:tarada
686:Odisha
674:ধুঁধুল
664:ঝিঙ্গে
659:jhinge
640:Kutchi
590:pakoda
582:chokha
578:ghiura
559:Punjab
539:गिल्की
456:loofah
444:sponge
426:Fibers
391:Arabic
355:loofah
340:squash
290:Poppya
133:Rosids
3125:LUFFA
3076:22387
3058:IRMNG
2985:Luffa
2980:FoAO2
2959:22124
2946:1LUFG
2920:83535
2896:Luffa
2866:Luffa
2825:S2CID
2563:S2CID
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2274:Mill"
2272:Luffa
2233:Luffa
2220:Luffa
2216:Luffa
2206:luffa
2181:Luffa
2172:Egypt
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1246:slope
1222:strut
1187:fiber
1050:sebot
1045:Tetum
1021:oyong
1016:sīguā
980:gourd
949:Sebot
939:chaak
922:sebot
901:dodka
788:kootu
758:Tamil
733:bhula
729:Assam
713:ତରଡ଼ା
699:ଜହ୍ନି
694:janhi
624:galka
620:turya
597:Nepal
586:tarua
548:gilki
544:Torai
534:gilki
530:nenua
520:torai
512:Hindi
452:luffa
448:xylem
393:name
387:luffa
381:Names
359:loofa
344:gourd
332:vines
327:Luffa
310:Turia
304:Scop.
294:Neck.
241:Roxb.
233:Roxb.
190:Mill.
184:Luffa
127:Clade
114:Clade
101:Clade
88:Clade
43:Luffa
3133:POWO
3089:3669
3084:NCBI
3071:ITIS
3045:IPNI
3024:7024
3019:GRIN
3006:GBIF
2941:EPPO
2933:5H7R
2915:APNI
2782:ISSN
2732:PMID
2670:PMID
2662:ISSN
2610:PMID
2602:ISSN
2555:ISSN
2514:2020
2354:2013
2291:2023
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2001:ants
1997:and
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1681:and
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1591:for
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1428:for
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465:Food
421:Uses
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2967:FNA
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