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1486:, ein Werk voll jugendlichen Feuers, welches mir meinen ersten Erfolg in Deutschland verschaffte, und nicht nur an dem Theater, wo ich es zuerst aufführte, in Dresden, sondern seitdem auch auf vielen anderen Theatern fortgesept neben meinen übrigen Opern gegegeben wird. Ich lege auf dieses Werk, welches seine Konzeption und formelle Ausführung den zur Nacheiferung auffordernden frühesten Eindrücken der heroischen Oper Spontini's sowie des glänzenden, von Paris ausgehenden Genre's der Großen Oper Auber's, Meyerbeer's und Halévy's...
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1116:. It's not just a musical question. At the age of twenty-four this man, an innkeeper's son, persuaded the Roman people to drive out the corrupt Senate by reminding them of the magnificent past of the Roman Empire. Listening to this blessed music as a young man in the theater at Linz, I had the vision that I too must someday succeed in uniting the German Empire and making it great once more."
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In the original performances, Rienzi's final words are bitter and pessimistic: "May the town be accursed and destroyed! Disintegrate and wither, Rome! Your degenerate people wish it so." However, for the 1847 Berlin performance Wagner substituted a more upbeat rhetoric: "Ever while the seven hills of
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as a young man in 1906 or 1907 that it triggered his political career, and that when
Kubizek reminded Hitler, in 1939 at Bayreuth, of his exultant response to the opera Hitler had replied, "At that hour it all began!" Although Kubizek's veracity has been seriously questioned, it is known that Hitler
802:
Orsini and his cronies attempt to kidnap Rienzi's sister Irene. Stefano
Colonna, also a patrician but inclined to support Rienzi, prevents them. Raimondo appeals to the parties in the name of the Church to stop their fighting; Rienzi's eventual appearance (marked by a dramatic key shift, from D to E
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was no doubt assured beforehand. But the uproarious way in which the public declared its partiality for me was extraordinary ... The public had been forcibly predisposed to accept it, because everyone connected with the theatre had been spreading such favourable reports ... that the entire
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A vocal score of the early 1840s, based on Wagner's draft, remains as the only existing primary source. Two surviving full scores made in
Dresden in the early 1840s (under Wagner's supervision) already reflect the heavy cuts made in performances. The first printed score that was made under Wagner's
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remained one of his most successful operas until the early 20th century. In
Dresden alone, it reached its 100th performance in 1873 and 200th in 1908 and it was regularly performed throughout the 19th century in major opera houses throughout Europe and beyond, including those in America and England
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Italian populist figure who succeeds in outwitting and then defeating the nobles and their followers and in raising the power of the people. Magnanimous at first, he is forced by events to crush the nobles' rebellion against the people's power, but popular opinion changes and even the Church, which
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The patricians have recruited an army to march on Rome. The people are alarmed. Adrianno begs Rienzi to stop the war, offering his own life to avoid bloodshed, but is ignored. Rienzi rouses the people and leads them to victory over the nobles, in the course of which
Adriano's father Stefano is
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The opera opens with a substantial overture which begins with a trumpet call (which in act 3 we learn is the war call of the
Colonna family) and features the melody of Rienzi's prayer at the start of act 5, which became the opera's best-known aria. The overture ends with a military march.
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Rienzi in his prayer "Allmächt'ger Vater" (Almighty Father!) asserts his faith in the people of Rome. He suggests to Irene that she seek safety with
Adriano, but she demurs. An apologetic Adriano enters and tells the pair that the Capitol is to be burnt and they are at risk.
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on the other hand was clearly never finished by the composer. It was constantly being altered during the 1840s (and, it seems, possibly throughout Wagner's lifetime), so it is not feasible to fully determine Wagner's exact or final intentions based on existing evidence.
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422:. The only too well-founded anxiety as to their success has so dominated my feelings at all subsequent first performances of my works that I could never really enjoy them or take much notice of the way the audience was behaving. The initial success of
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is very repugnant to me, but they should at least recognize the fire in it; I was a music director and I wrote a grand opera; the fact that it was this same music director who gave them some hard nuts to crack – that's what should astonish
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flat) quells the riot. The Roman people support Rienzi's condemnation of the nobles. Irene and
Adriano realise their mutual attraction (duet "Ja, eine Welt voll Leiden" – Yes, a world of sorrows). A gathering crowd of
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858:(Orsini's attempt on Irene) and its background (patricians versus the people). In its original form the ballet lasts for over half an hour – in modern performances and recordings it is generally drastically cut.
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was arranged in
Dresden; Meyerbeer wrote to the Director of the Opera in Dresden, Baron von LĂĽttichau, that he found the opera "rich in fantasy and of great dramatic effect". This, with the proposed staging of
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was well received in
Dresden despite running over six hours (including intermissions). One legend is that, fearful of the audience departing, Wagner stopped the clock above the stage. In his later memoirs,
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was an immediate success. This, his first real success of any kind, was crucial in Wagner's career, launching him as a composer to be reckoned with. It was followed, within months, by his appointment as
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Complete recordings (and performances) of Rienzi are rare, although the overture is regularly found on radio broadcasts and compilation CDs. Significant cuts to the score are common in recordings.
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The act 2 ballet is noteworthy as Wagner made a clear attempt to make it relevant to the action of the opera (whereas in most Grand Operas the ballet was simply an entertaining diversion). The
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Subsequently, Wagner experimented with giving the opera over two evenings (at the suggestion of von LĂĽttichau), and making cuts to enable a more reasonable performance in a single evening.
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population was looking forward to what was heralded as a miracle ... In trying to recall my condition that evening, I can remember it only as possessing all the features of a dream.
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and opened the previous year. Semper and Wagner were later to become friends in Dresden, a connection which eventually led to Semper providing designs which became a basis of Wagner's
899:. Adriano's intention to kill Rienzi wavers when Rienzi arrives together with Irene. Raimondo now announces that the Pope has laid a papal ban on Rienzi, and that his associates risk
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Rienzi's attempts to speak are met with stones and insults from the fickle crowd. Adriano, in trying to rescue Rienzi and Irene, is killed with them as the building collapses.
1089:, through military struggle, violent suppression of mutinous factions, betrayal and ... final immolation – Hitler would doubtless have found sustenance for his fantasies.
370:, in the title role, was so impressed with a passage from act 3 (later deleted because of the opera's length), that "at each rehearsal, each of the soloists contributed a
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comments, this was "Wagner's first meeting with real international musical celebrities". When the opera was completed in 1840, Wagner hoped for it to be premiered at the
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to fund that Tichatschek had started ... No one suspected that what was an amiable joke for them was the means of buying an extra morsel of sorely-needed food."
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of 1945, and the manuscript (on which it had been based) was lost in Berlin in 1945. No full copies had been made of either version, as far as is known. However,
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in Berlin, also supported by Meyerbeer, persuaded Wagner to return to Germany in April 1842. During rehearsals the performers were highly enthusiastic; the tenor
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I am of the firm opinion that is the finest thing achieved in grand opera in the last twelve years, that it is the most significant dramatic creation since
1073:; it was either stolen, lost or destroyed by fire in the destruction of the bunker's contents after Hitler's death (the manuscript of Wagner's earlier work
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Other critical comments through the ages have included (apart from von BĂĽlow's jibe about it being 'Meyerbeer's best opera'), 'Meyerbeer's worst opera' (
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at the Dresden Opera (February 1843), which also gave him considerable prestige. It also received critical acclaim elsewhere in Europe. The young
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1014:", he wrote "I saw it only in the shape of 'five acts', with five brilliant 'finales', with hymns, processions and the musical clash of arms".
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s depictions of the mob, the liberal ethos associated with the hero and the political intervention of a reactionary clergy recall Spontini's
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251:(1836). Each act ends with an extended finale ensemble and is replete with solos, duets, trios and crowd scenes. There is also an extended
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in April/May 2010. In July 2013, the bicentennial year of Wagner's birth, performances of all three of Wagner's early operas, including
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prefigures themes (brother/sister relationships, social order and revolution) to which Wagner was often to return in his later works.
321:"a fortnight hence", but contains a clear indication that her husband had just been committed to a debtors' prison. The full score of
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was never established by the composer into a finalized version, so all performances of it since 1945 have been reconstructions.
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No subsequent experience has given me feelings even remotely similar to those I had on this day of the first performance of
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in 1976 as volume III of their scholarly complete edition of Wagner's works. This edition was edited by Wagner scholars
542:. This performance trimmed some parts, including the second-act ballet. The Boston premiere was produced in concert by
313:, in a letter of 28 October 1840 to Wagner's friend Apel, who had likely first made the suggestion that Wagner compose
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The patricians plot the death of Rienzi; Adriano is horrified when he learns of this. Rienzi greets a group of
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conducting the Frankfurter Opern- und Museumorchester. Peter Bronder, Christiane Libor, Falk Struckmann,
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332:, just outside Paris, where the debt laws could be more easily evaded, whilst awaiting developments for
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1357:, starring Torsten Kerl (Rienzi), Marika Schönberg (Irene), Daniela Sindram (Adriano). 2013 (Opus Arte)
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in September 2013 as their inaugural performance. The Australian premiere was a concert performance by
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Thomson, Joan L. (1975–76). "Giacomo Meyerbeer: The Jew and His Relationship with Richard Wagner".
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Several circumstances, including his lack of influence, prevented this. Moreover, Wagner's wife
854:, the last king of Rome, attempts to rape the virtuous Lucretia), parallels both the action of
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1112:"You know, Ley, it isn't by chance that I have the Party Rallies open with the overture to
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possessed the original manuscript of the opera, which he had requested and been given as a
290:, and the elder composer responded with encouragement. Meyerbeer also introduced Wagner to
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Thus the work has remained outside today's Wagner canon, and was only performed at the
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Baron von Lüttichau (1786–1863), General Director of the Dresden Opera House from 1824
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had urged him to assert himself, turns against him. In the end the populace burns the
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Rome remain, ever while the eternal city stands, you will see Rienzi's return!".
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In every step of Rienzi's career – from ... acclamation as leader of the
949:, later to be one of Wagner's foremost critical adversaries, wrote in 1846 in
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Other contemporary productions have been rare. Performances were given at the
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in 1999 set the work in the "near future". Of this production Pountney wrote:
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Cecco and other citizens discuss the negotiations of the patricians with the
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finally took place on 6 April 1869 at the Théâtre Lyrique under the baton of
158:. Written between July 1838 and November 1840, it was first performed at the
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2273:: an opera in the grand style", programme notes to EMI Classics recording (
839:. Adriano pleads with Rienzi for mercy to the nobles, which Rienzi grants.
558:
2732:
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1940:
comments: "Hitler probably believed his own myth. Kubizek certainly did."
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Overall it is not possible to accurately reconstruct Wagner's "original"
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847:
835:). Orsini attempts to stab Rienzi, who however is protected by a vest of
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hotel ... only the self-consciously deliberate and unabashed use of
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in London. The overture was the first work performed at the inaugural
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1262:. 1976 (EMI). (Complete recording of Wagner's shortened 1843 version)
950:
832:
507:
371:
329:
252:
152:'s novel of the same name (1835). The title is commonly shortened to
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2071:
1079:
is believed to have met with the same fate). Thomas Grey comments:
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Ambassadors, Nobles, Priests, Monks, Soldiers, Messengers, Populace
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and was followed on 27 January 1879 by the first UK performance at
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903:. Despite Adriano's urgings, Irene resolves to stay with Rienzi.
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Complete and uncut recording of Wagner's "original" 1842 version
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with the unashamed extravagance and tasteless exaggeration of a
267:
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961:, and that it is just as epoch-making for its own time as were
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was premiered in 1842 (contemporary sketch by J. C. A. Richter)
205:
is Wagner's third completed opera, and is mostly written in a
178:, in which Rienzi and a few adherents have made a last stand.
1038:. Although the composer disclaimed it, it can be noted that
550:
in December 2013, as part of the bicentennial celebrations.
162:, on 20 October 1842, and was the composer's first success.
2168:
Karlsson, Jonas (2012). "'In that hour it began'? Hitler,
1707:"10 August 1895: The first ever 'First Night of the Proms"
1010:
as an embarrassment; in his 1852 autobiographical essay, "
875:
killed. Adriano swears revenge, but Rienzi dismisses him.
274:
has argued that Wagner's work also bears the influence of
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1018:
recorded Wagner's comment in her diary for 20 June 1871:
2356:"The political ramifications of Hitler's cult of Wagner"
1520:
1518:
482:
in 1983, placed the hero in the context of 20th-century
340:, requesting that he order a production of the work in
255:
in act 2 according to the accepted Grand Opera format.
286:, Wagner approached Meyerbeer with a partial draft of
3418:
2293:((4 volumes)). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1803:, a lumpish curiosity piece not one of Wagner's best"
846:
ballet was intended to tell the tale of the 'Rape of
562:
Carl ReiĂźiger, conductor of the first performance of
282:). During a 1839 visit to the bathing resort town of
165:
The opera is set in Rome and is based on the life of
1481:] (in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel.
977:, each for its respective period of musical history.
765:
Act 4, last scene, in the Dresden Opera House (1842)
455:. The US premiere took place on 4 March 1878 at the
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1835:
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1069:present in 1939. The manuscript was with Hitler in
989:) and ' the greatest musical drama ever composed' (
91:
80:
72:
64:
28:
1060:, claimed that Hitler was so influenced by seeing
1343:(Adriano). 2010 (Unitel Classica / Arthaus Musik)
1100:advocated using a modern composition to open the
2861:Das Judenthum in der Musik (Jewishness in Music)
1210:, Rudolf Gonszar, Heinz Prybit. Frankfurt, 1950.
1141:supervision in 1844 reflects even heavier cuts.
831:for whom an entertainment is laid on (a lengthy
270:in 1837, after reading Lytton's novel (although
3304:List of films using the music of Richard Wagner
2172:, and the Trustworthiness of August Kubizek's
1759:"Guerrilla Opera: Reflections on Bicentennial
1545:(1). American Society for Jewish Music: 54–86.
3486:Operas based on works by Edward Bulwer-Lytton
3294:International Association of Wagner Societies
2494:
785:. On th right Rienzi's house, set design for
317:, mentions a plan to perform the overture to
8:
355:With the support of Meyerbeer, a staging of
118:
2021:
1973:
1570:
1096:claims to have remembered an incident when
498:Wagner invested the musical realization of
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3003:
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2902:
2632:
2625:
2574:
2538:
2501:
2487:
2479:
2388:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2228:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2137:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2101:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1921:
1876:
1524:
1196:Sinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks
45:
25:
2426:International Music Score Library Project
2196:. London: Allen Lane: The Penguin Press.
1897:International Music Score Library Project
1617:
1605:
783:Una via, nel fondo la chiesa del Laterano
384:took place on 20 October 1842 in the new
278:'s 1828 "highly successful English play"
2044:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1949:
1908:
1864:
1824:
1727:
1474:Sämtliche schriften und dichtungen (v.7)
568:
3425:
2125:Wagner: The Man, His Mind and His Music
1933:
1645:
1566:
1564:
1463:
294:, who was also staying at Boulogne; as
2381:
2378:. Translated by Andrew Gray. New York.
2221:
2130:
2094:
2041:The Cambridge Companion to Grand Opera
2009:
1851:
1839:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1633:
1629:
1593:
1581:
1555:
1509:
2441:"Allmächt'ger Vater", Rienzi's prayer
1997:
1961:
7:
2218:. Vol. III (1837–1845). Berlin.
1985:
1497:
1361:Recordings of the overture include:
1125:The original performance version of
3403:
1765:by Michael Teager, 31 December 2013
985:), 'an attack of musical measles' (
534:, took place for the first time at
325:was completed on 19 November 1840.
266:Wagner began to draft the opera in
1335:, starring Torsten Kerl (Rienzi),
1306:, John Janssen. 1983 (Orfeo d'Oro)
217:" and the Parisian grand opera of
14:
2465:Complete text of Bulwer-Lytton's
2257:The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
2112:The Cambridge Companion to Wagner
1108:, but Hitler rejected this idea:
571:Roles, voice types, premiere cast
336:, having already written to King
3428:
3402:
3392:
3383:
3382:
2970:Männerlist größer als Frauenlist
2736:
2724:
2712:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2641:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2214:(1975). H. and G. Becker (ed.).
999:wrote a "Fantasy on Themes from
2248:Rienzi, der Letzte der Tribunen
1889:PhantasiestĂĽck ĂĽber Motive aus
1763:at Bayreuth's Oberfrankenhalle"
1423:New York Philharmonic Orchestra
1270:BBC Northern Symphony Orchestra
439:Despite Wagner's reservations,
338:Frederick Augustus II of Saxony
120:Rienzi, der letzte der Tribunen
29:Rienzi, der letzte der Tribunen
3365:Richard Wagner Museum, Lucerne
2721:Die Meistersinger von NĂĽrnberg
2474:MIDI recording of the overture
1003:" (S. 439) for piano in 1859.
921:Scene 2: The Capitol is ablaze
912:Scene 1: A room in the Capitol
585:Premiere cast, 20 October 1842
160:Königliches Hoftheater Dresden
148:written by the composer after
107:Königliches Hoftheater Dresden
1:
2854:A Communication to My Friends
2118:. Cambridge University Press.
2116:Cambridge Companions to Music
2110:Grey, Thomas S., ed. (2008).
2038:Charlton, David, ed. (2003).
1447:Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra
1367:Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra
1148:of the opera was prepared by
1012:A Communication to My Friends
522:in April/May 2009 and at the
263:is Meyerbeer's best opera".
2246:Millington, Barry (1992b). "
2153:. New York: Penguin Putnam.
1799:"Melbourne Opera's performs
1415:Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
1383:Metropolitan Opera Orchestra
1353:(conductor) at the Toulouse
850:'. This storyline (in which
713:Friedrich Traugott Reinhold
668:Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient
465:Henry Wood Promenade Concert
457:Academy of Music in New York
388:, designed by the architect
16:1842 opera by Richard Wagner
3104:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
3061:Bayreuth Festival Orchestra
2521:List of works for the stage
2354:Vaget, Hans Rudolf (2003).
2304:Spandau: The Secret Diaries
2269:Millington, Barry (1999). "
2237:Millington, Barry (1992a).
2216:Briefwechsel und TagebĂĽcher
2151:The New Penguin Opera Guide
2089:Episoden aus der Semperoper
1479:Complete Writings and Poems
3502:
3456:Libretti by Richard Wagner
2778:Das Liebesmahl der Apostel
2460:on Wagner Discography site
2291:The Life of Richard Wagner
2123:Gutman, Robert W. (1990).
2087:Feustel, Gotthard (1998).
1439:Chicago Symphony Orchestra
1320:Video recordings include:
1187:Audio recordings include:
933:Reception and performances
471:in London in August 1895.
209:style. In his 1860 essay "
18:
3378:
3076:Richard Wagner Foundation
2840:The Artwork of the Future
2516:
2309:Richard and Clara Winston
2194:Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis
1812:The Sydney Morning Herald
1284:. 1976 (Ponto POCD1040) (
1218:Vienna Symphony Orchestra
742:
510:could match this musical
403:The first performance of
96:20 October 1842
44:
33:
3451:Operas by Richard Wagner
2950:Die Laune des Verliebten
2374:Wagner, Richard (1992).
2056:...A Few of the Facts".
1471:Wagner, Richard (1911).
328:In 1841 Wagner moved to
259:was later to joke that "
245:(1835), and Meyerbeer's
127:Rienzi, the last of the
3355:Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis
3315:Nietzsche contra Wagner
3249:Richard Wagner Memorial
3244:Richard Wagner Monument
2638:Der Ring des Nibelungen
2586:Der fliegende Holländer
2174:The Young Hitler I knew
1749:, accessed 10 July 2013
1316:. 2013 (Oehms Classics)
1298:Orchestra. René Kollo,
1006:Wagner later perceived
732:The Messenger of Peace
478:in London, produced by
363:Der fliegende Holländer
144:in five acts, with the
51:Last scene of act 3 of
21:Rienzi (disambiguation)
3466:German-language operas
3066:Bayreuth Festspielhaus
1407:Philharmonia Orchestra
1391:NBC Symphony Orchestra
1375:Philharmonia Orchestra
1329:Sebastian Lang-Lessing
1118:
1091:
1056:, a boyhood friend of
1028:
979:
794:Outside Rienzi's house
790:
766:
684:Johann Michael Wächter
646:Georg Wilhelm Dettmer
566:
476:English National Opera
429:
352:
199:
190:Interior of the first
119:
3327:The Perfect Wagnerite
2921:Ride of the Valkyries
2847:Autobiographic Sketch
2470:at Project Gutenberg.
2409:(11th edition), 1997.
2275:Staatskapelle Dresden
2239:The Wagner Compendium
1711:The Royal Albert Hall
1300:Jan-Hendrik Rootering
1248:Dresden Staatskapelle
1110:
1081:
1036:Matthias von Stegmann
1020:
955:
811:of the Roman people.
781:
764:
561:
461:Her Majesty's Theatre
416:
350:
189:
2526:List of compositions
1776:"Reviews for Rienzi"
1333:Deutsche Oper Berlin
1296:Bavarian State Opera
524:Deutsche Oper Berlin
276:Mary Russell Mitford
169:(1313–1354), a late
150:Edward Bulwer-Lytton
85:Edward Bulwer-Lytton
19:For other uses, see
3471:Operas set in Italy
3259:Wagner Ice Piedmont
3163:Cultural depictions
3154:Eva Wagner-Pasquier
2980:Wieland der Schmied
2882:Music of the Future
2758:Symphony in C major
2435:Stanford University
2406:Complete Opera Book
2323:and Authenticity".
2319:(September 1976). "
2279:Heinrich Hollreiser
2052:(September 1983). "
2024:, pp. 223–224.
1854:, pp. 351–353.
1730:, pp. 137–138.
1632:, I, 340; see also
1399:Cleveland Orchestra
1363:Hans Knappertsbusch
1355:Théâtre du Capitole
1331:(conductor) at the
1292:Wolfgang Sawallisch
1244:Heinrich Hollreiser
1234:Alois Pernerstorfer
1034:in 2013, staged by
718:Cecco del Vecchio,
573:
435:Performance history
414:, Wagner recalled:
386:Dresden Opera House
211:Music of the Future
192:Dresden Opera House
182:Composition history
3339:Der Ring in Minden
3281:The Case of Wagner
3040:Bayreuther Blätter
2833:Art and Revolution
2752:Non-operatic music
2709:Tristan und Isolde
2262:Grove Music Online
2212:Meyerbeer, Giacomo
2178:The Wagner Journal
1815:, 10 December 2013
1745:2013-07-25 at the
1240:. 1960 (Melodram).
897:Emperor of Germany
791:
767:
699:Gioacchino Vestri
569:
567:
492:Vienna State Opera
486:. A production by
446:Paris premiere of
353:
300:Berlin Royal Opera
200:
3416:
3415:
3232:
3231:
3056:Bayreuth Festival
3032:Bayreuth Festival
3027:
3026:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2994:(1858; text only)
2985:
2984:(1850; text only)
2975:
2965:
2955:
2942:Unfinished operas
2937:
2936:
2813:
2803:
2798:Wesendonck Lieder
2793:
2792:(1844, rev. 1855)
2783:
2773:
2762:
2747:
2746:
2703:
2702:
2624:
2623:
2573:
2572:
2333:(1603): 725–727.
2326:The Musical Times
2203:978-0-7139-9229-8
2066:(1687): 546–549.
2059:The Musical Times
1952:, pp. 35–47.
1717:. 10 August 2015.
1715:Royal Albert Hall
1431:Oslo Philharmonic
1411:Leopold Stokowski
1351:Pinchas Steinberg
1276:, Lorna Haywood,
1067:fiftieth birthday
1032:Bayreuth Festival
749:
748:
676:another patrician
610:Josef Tichatschek
474:A staging at the
239:(1807), Halévy's
223:Giacomo Meyerbeer
114:
113:
3493:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3406:
3405:
3396:
3386:
3385:
3237:Named for Wagner
3206:Film adaptations
3203:
3134:Siegfried Wagner
3119:Katharina Wagner
3004:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2963:
2953:
2939:
2903:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2771:
2760:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2645:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2605:
2593:
2575:
2557:Das Liebesverbot
2539:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2442:
2424:: Scores at the
2404:The New Kobbé's
2393:
2387:
2379:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2350:
2317:Strohm, Reinhard
2312:
2307:. Translated by
2294:
2282:
2265:
2242:
2241:. London: Faber.
2233:
2227:
2219:
2207:
2185:
2164:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2119:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2083:
2050:Deathridge, John
2045:
2025:
2022:Millington 1992a
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1974:Millington 1992a
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1895:: Scores at the
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1828:
1822:
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1796:
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1789:
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1786:
1772:
1766:
1756:
1750:
1737:
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1725:
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1718:
1703:
1697:
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1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1571:Millington 1992b
1568:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1468:
1435:Daniel Barenboim
1387:Arturo Toscanini
1310:Sebastian Weigle
1254:, Siv Wennberg,
1146:critical edition
1129:was lost in the
1049:and Adolf Hitler
574:
572:
540:Oberfrankenhalle
390:Gottfried Semper
380:The premiere of
227:Fromental Halévy
122:
103:
101:
49:
26:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3427:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3374:
3288:Gesamtkunstwerk
3268:
3254:Wagner (crater)
3228:
3201:
3158:
3149:Wolfgang Wagner
3144:Winifred Wagner
3099:Eva Chamberlain
3080:
3071:Jahrhundertring
3051:Bayreuth Circle
3023:
2998:
2933:
2894:
2889:Opera and Drama
2820:
2808:Siegfried Idyll
2743:
2699:
2689:Götterdämmerung
2620:
2578:Romantic operas
2569:
2535:Complete operas
2530:
2512:
2507:
2440:
2416:
2400:
2398:Further reading
2380:
2373:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2315:
2297:
2285:
2268:
2245:
2236:
2220:
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2188:
2167:
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2122:
2109:
2093:
2086:
2048:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:, p. 198.
1932:
1928:
1922:Millington 1999
1919:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1887:
1883:
1877:Deathridge 1983
1875:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1757:
1753:
1747:Wayback Machine
1740:Wagnerjahr-2013
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1696:, p. 1023.
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1525:Deathridge 1983
1523:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1445:conducting the
1437:conducting the
1429:conducting the
1421:conducting the
1413:conducting the
1405:conducting the
1397:conducting the
1389:conducting the
1381:conducting the
1373:conducting the
1365:conducting the
1349:(director) and
1327:(director) and
1294:conducting the
1282:Raimund Herincx
1278:Michael Langdon
1274:John Mitchinson
1268:conducting the
1246:conducting the
1216:conducting the
1206:, Helmut Fehn,
1200:GĂĽnther Treptow
1194:conducting the
1192:Winfried Zillig
1182:
1158:Reinhard Strohm
1131:Dresden bombing
1123:
1051:
947:Eduard Hanslick
935:
909:
901:excommunication
881:
864:
817:
776:
759:
754:
633:Stefano Colonna
627:Henriette WĂĽst
586:
570:
556:
548:Melbourne Opera
484:totalitarianism
480:Nicholas Hytner
453:Jules Pasdeloup
444:in 1878/9. The
437:
292:Ignaz Moscheles
272:John Deathridge
184:
136:49) is an 1842
110:
109:
104:
99:
97:
60:
57:Théâtre Lyrique
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3499:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
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3442:
3438:
3437:
3414:
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3411:
3410:
3400:
3390:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3321:Parsifal bells
3318:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3284:
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3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3187:Wagner's Dream
3183:
3175:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Wieland Wagner
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Isolde Beidler
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Bayreuth canon
3043:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2956:
2945:
2943:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2906:Opera excerpts
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2804:
2794:
2788:Faust Overture
2784:
2774:
2763:
2755:
2753:
2749:
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2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2704:
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2700:
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2685:
2673:
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2630:
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2606:
2594:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2510:Richard Wagner
2508:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2462:
2456:Recordings of
2453:
2437:
2428:
2415:
2414:External links
2412:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2371:
2351:
2339:10.2307/957730
2313:
2295:
2287:Newman, Ernest
2283:
2266:
2243:
2234:
2208:
2202:
2186:
2165:
2159:
2149:, ed. (2001).
2147:Holden, Amanda
2143:
2120:
2107:
2084:
2072:10.2307/962386
2046:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2014:
2012:, p. 726.
2002:
1990:
1978:
1976:, p. 276.
1966:
1964:, p. 122.
1954:
1942:
1926:
1913:
1900:
1881:
1879:, p. 546.
1869:
1856:
1844:
1829:
1827:, p. 139.
1817:
1807:Michael Shmith
1791:
1767:
1751:
1732:
1720:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1672:, p. 231.
1662:
1650:
1638:
1622:
1620:, p. 386.
1618:Meyerbeer 1975
1610:
1608:, p. 341.
1606:Meyerbeer 1975
1598:
1586:
1574:
1560:
1548:
1539:Musica Judaica
1529:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1427:Mariss Jansons
1371:Otto Klemperer
1359:
1358:
1344:
1337:Camilla Nylund
1325:Philipp Stölzl
1318:
1317:
1314:Claudia Mahnke
1307:
1289:
1263:
1241:
1238:Paul Schöffler
1230:Christa Ludwig
1211:
1204:Trude Eipperle
1181:
1178:
1122:
1119:
1054:August Kubizek
1050:
1044:
968:Der FreischĂĽtz
934:
931:
908:
905:
886:Lateran Church
880:
877:
863:
860:
820:A hall in the
816:
813:
775:
772:
758:
755:
753:
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747:
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674:Paolo Orsini,
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520:Theater Bremen
516:
515:
488:David Pountney
436:
433:
257:Hans von BĂĽlow
183:
180:
167:Cola di Rienzo
142:Richard Wagner
112:
111:
105:
95:
93:
89:
88:
82:
78:
77:
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70:
69:
68:Richard Wagner
66:
62:
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50:
42:
41:
39:Richard Wagner
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3350:Controversies
3348:
3346:
3345:Tristan chord
3343:
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3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:Cosima Wagner
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3086:Wagner family
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
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3057:
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3052:
3049:
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2952:
2951:
2947:
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2944:
2940:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:Bridal Chorus
2911:
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2653:Das Rheingold
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2252:Stanley Sadie
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2036:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2000:, p. 88.
1999:
1994:
1991:
1988:, p. 36.
1987:
1982:
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1950:Karlsson 2012
1946:
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1939:
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1911:, p. 328
1910:
1909:Charlton 2003
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1901:
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1867:, p. 332
1866:
1865:Charlton 2003
1860:
1857:
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1848:
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1842:, p. 725
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:Charlton 2003
1821:
1818:
1814:
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1808:
1804:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1781:
1780:Odyssey Opera
1777:
1771:
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1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1728:Charlton 2003
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1702:
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1695:
1690:
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1666:
1663:
1660:, p. 86.
1659:
1654:
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1648:, p. 19.
1647:
1642:
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1636:, p. 229
1635:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
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1587:
1584:, I, 302–303.
1583:
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1500:, p. 35.
1499:
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1347:Jorge Lavelli
1345:
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1323:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1308:
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1304:Cheryl Studer
1301:
1297:
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1287:
1283:
1279:
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1266:Edward Downes
1264:
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1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
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1223:
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1212:
1209:
1208:Erna SchlĂĽter
1205:
1201:
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1120:
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1103:
1102:Party Rallies
1099:
1095:
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1080:
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1059:
1055:
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1024:
1019:
1017:
1016:Cosima Wagner
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
992:
991:Gustav Mahler
988:
987:Ernest Newman
984:
983:Charles Rosen
978:
976:
975:
970:
969:
964:
963:Les Huguenots
960:
959:Les Huguenots
954:
952:
948:
944:
943:Kapellmeister
939:
932:
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895:and with the
894:
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796:
795:
789:act 1 (1842).
788:
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773:
771:
763:
756:
751:
745:
741:
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731:
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723:
721:
720:Roman citizen
717:
716:
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706:Roman citizen
703:
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603:
601:
600:Roman Tribune
597:
594:
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589:Carl ReiĂźiger
584:
582:
579:
576:
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565:
560:
553:
551:
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544:Odyssey Opera
541:
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296:Ernest Newman
293:
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248:Les Huguenots
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63:
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40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
3461:Grand operas
3360:Museo Wagner
3337:
3333:Rhinemaidens
3325:
3313:
3286:
3279:
3221:
3213:
3194:
3185:
3178:
3171:Wagner Dream
3169:
3124:Minna Wagner
3109:Ludwig Geyer
3038:
3014:Holztrompete
2988:
2978:
2968:
2960:Die Hochzeit
2958:
2948:
2887:
2873:
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2817:Kaisermarsch
2806:
2796:
2786:
2776:
2766:
2731:
2719:
2707:
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2675:
2663:
2651:
2636:
2629:Music dramas
2608:
2596:
2584:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2466:
2457:
2420:
2403:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2330:
2324:
2320:
2311:. Macmillan.
2302:
2290:
2270:
2255:
2247:
2238:
2215:
2193:
2190:Kershaw, Ian
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2150:
2124:
2111:
2088:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2039:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1934:Kershaw 2000
1929:
1924:, p. 10
1916:
1903:
1890:
1884:
1872:
1859:
1847:
1820:
1810:
1800:
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1770:
1760:
1754:
1735:
1723:
1710:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1646:Feustel 1998
1641:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1505:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1403:Lorin Maazel
1395:George Szell
1379:James Levine
1360:
1341:Kate Aldrich
1319:
1285:
1256:Janis Martin
1226:Walter Berry
1222:Set Svanholm
1186:
1183:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1113:
1111:
1094:Albert Speer
1092:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1061:
1058:Adolf Hitler
1052:
1046:
1039:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1007:
1005:
1000:
995:
980:
974:Don Giovanni
972:
966:
962:
958:
956:
937:
936:
927:
924:
920:
919:
915:
911:
910:
890:
883:
882:
873:
866:
865:
855:
843:
841:
826:
819:
818:
797:
793:
792:
786:
782:
768:
743:
738:Anna Thiele
719:
705:
704:Baroncelli,
692:Papal Legate
691:
675:
652:
636:
617:
599:
563:
531:
528:Oper Leipzig
517:
499:
473:
469:Queen's Hall
447:
440:
438:
430:
423:
419:
417:
409:
404:
402:
381:
379:
361:
356:
354:
333:
327:
322:
318:
314:
308:
287:
279:
265:
260:
246:
240:
234:
230:
219:Daniel Auber
202:
201:
195:
164:
154:
153:
126:
117:
116:
115:
52:
3476:1842 operas
3408:WikiProject
3264:3992 Wagner
3224:(1982 film)
3216:(1904 film)
3197:(1986 film)
3190:(2012 film)
3182:(1983 film)
3129:Nike Wagner
3019:Wagner tuba
2899:Other opera
2665:Die WalkĂĽre
2542:Early works
2365:29 December
2184:(2): 33–47.
2127:. New York.
2010:Strohm 1976
1852:Newman 1976
1840:Strohm 1976
1694:Holden 2001
1682:Newman 1976
1670:Wagner 1992
1658:Gutman 1990
1634:Wagner 1992
1630:Newman 1976
1594:Newman 1976
1582:Newman 1976
1556:Newman 1976
1510:Newman 1976
1419:Zubin Mehta
1214:Josef Krips
997:Franz Liszt
884:Before the
869:Roman Forum
829:ambassadors
727:Karl Risse
662:en travesti
596:Cola Rienzi
587:Conductor:
368:Tichatschek
304:Paris Opéra
207:grand opera
3445:Categories
3309:Musikdrama
3007:Inventions
2990:Die Sieger
2875:Mein Leben
2598:Tannhäuser
2450:Max Lorenz
2091:. Leipzig.
1998:Speer 1976
1962:Vaget 2003
1785:2021-05-24
1453:References
1252:René Kollo
1180:Recordings
1098:Robert Ley
1071:his bunker
852:Tarquinius
837:chain mail
690:Raimondo,
637:a nobleman
618:his sister
581:Voice type
411:Mein Leben
236:La vestale
100:1842-10-20
65:Librettist
3370:Wahnfried
3299:Leitmotif
3195:Wahnfried
2928:Liebestod
2677:Siegfried
2610:Lohengrin
2384:cite book
2361:. Hamburg
2224:cite book
2133:cite book
2097:cite book
1986:Grey 2008
1920:cited in
1907:cited in
1863:cited in
1684:, I, 345.
1596:, I, 313.
1558:, I, 269.
1512:, I, 212.
1498:Grey 2008
1443:Karl Böhm
1339:(Irene),
1260:Theo Adam
1162:Egon Voss
1106:Nuremberg
805:plebeians
800:patrician
651:Adriano,
538:, at the
504:Las Vegas
3388:Category
3222:Parsifal
3214:Parsifal
2825:Writings
2769:Overture
2733:Parsifal
2550:Die Feen
2431:Synopsis
2301:(1976).
2289:(1976).
2192:(2000).
1893:, S. 439
1743:Archived
1150:Schott's
1121:Editions
1076:Die Feen
848:Lucretia
757:Overture
752:Synopsis
735:soprano
536:Bayreuth
512:egomania
398:Bayreuth
375:groschen
284:Boulogne
242:La Juive
215:Spontini
194:, where
171:medieval
146:libretto
129:tribunes
92:Premiere
87:'s novel
81:Based on
73:Language
3273:Related
3174:(opera)
2868:Leubald
2767:Polonia
2446:YouTube
2376:My Life
2254:(ed.).
2032:Sources
1938:Kershaw
822:Capitol
809:Tribune
658:soprano
653:his son
623:soprano
616:Irene,
490:at the
467:at the
342:Dresden
302:or the
231:Rienzi'
176:Capitol
98: (
55:at the
3481:Operas
3421:Portal
3179:Wagner
2974:(1838)
2964:(1832)
2954:(1830)
2812:(1870)
2802:(1858)
2782:(1843)
2772:(1836)
2761:(1832)
2564:Rienzi
2467:Rienzi
2458:Rienzi
2452:, 1941
2421:Rienzi
2347:957730
2345:
2321:Rienzi
2271:Rienzi
2250:". In
2200:
2170:Rienzi
2157:
2080:962386
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2054:Rienzi
1891:Rienzi
1801:Rienzi
1761:Rienzi
1484:Rienzi
1173:Rienzi
1171:, but
1169:Rienzi
1135:Rienzi
1127:Rienzi
1114:Rienzi
1062:Rienzi
1047:Rienzi
1040:Rienzi
1023:Rienzi
1008:Rienzi
1001:Rienzi
971:, and
951:Vienna
938:Rienzi
856:Rienzi
844:Rienzi
833:ballet
787:Rienzi
710:tenor
564:Rienzi
532:Rienzi
508:kitsch
500:Rienzi
448:Rienzi
441:Rienzi
424:Rienzi
420:Rienzi
405:Rienzi
382:Rienzi
372:silver
357:Rienzi
334:Rienzi
330:Meudon
323:Rienzi
319:Rienzi
315:Rienzi
288:Rienzi
280:Rienzi
261:Rienzi
253:ballet
225:, and
203:Rienzi
196:Rienzi
155:Rienzi
76:German
59:, 1869
53:Rienzi
3435:Opera
3398:Audio
2433:from
2359:(PDF)
2343:JSTOR
2076:JSTOR
1477:[
1458:Notes
1154:Mainz
1026:them.
907:Act 5
879:Act 4
862:Act 3
815:Act 2
774:Act 1
724:bass
696:bass
680:bass
605:tenor
577:Role
554:Roles
311:Minna
138:opera
35:Opera
2390:link
2367:2009
2230:link
2198:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2139:link
2103:link
1441:and
1160:and
1086:Volk
893:Pope
867:The
798:The
642:bass
526:and
268:Riga
2444:on
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