51:
508:
747:
63:
742:
have the following specific discharge rates: Tocantins (11 L/s/km or 1.0 cu ft/s/sq mi), Araguaia (16 L/s/km or 1.5 cu ft/s/sq mi), Pará (17 L/s/km or 1.6 cu ft/s/sq mi) and Guamá (21 L/s/km or 1.9 cu ft/s/sq mi).
717:
plateaus, from 300 to 600 metres (980 to 1,970 ft) elevation above sea-level, through which the rivers have eroded their deep beds. Around the estuary of the
Tocantins the great plateau has disappeared, having been replaced by a part of the forest-covered, half submerged
523:, collect an immense volume of water from the highlands which surround them, especially on the south and south-east. Between the latter and the confluence with the Araguaia, the Tocantins is occasionally obstructed by rocky barriers which cross it almost at a right angle.
929:
Caserta
Tencatt; L. F.; and M. Elina Bichuette (2017). Aspidoras mephisto, new species: The first troglobitic Callichthyidae (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from South America. PLoS ONE 12(3): e0171309.
690:
Downstream from the
Araguaia confluence, in the state of Pará, the river used to have many cataracts and rapids, but they were flooded in the early 1980s by the artificial lake created by the
726:, generally called one of the mouths of the Amazon, is only the lower reach of the Tocantins. If any portion of the waters of the Amazon runs round the southern side of the large island of
705:, Cana Brava dam, São Salvador dam, Peixe Angical dam, Luiz Eduardo Magalhães (Lajeado) dam, Estreito dam, and Tucuruí dam), of which the largest are the Tucuruí and the Serra da Mesa dam.
738:
The
Tocantins River records a mean discharge rate of 13,598 m/s (480,200 cu ft/s) and a specific discharge rate of 14.4 L/s/km (1.32 cu ft/s/sq mi). The
675:
893:
Lambert de Brito
Ribeiro, M. C.; Petrere Junior, M.; and Juras, A. A. (2006). "Ecological integrity and fisheries ecology of the Araguaia—Tocantins River Basin, Brazil."
679:
713:
The flat, broad valleys, composed of sand and clay, of both the
Tocantins and its Araguaia branch are overlooked by steep bluffs. They are the margins of the great
488:. The Araguaia flows 1,670 km (1,040 mi) before its confluence with the Tocantins, to which it is almost equal in volume. Besides its main tributary, the
796:
500:, or winds violently through rocky gorges, until, at a point about 160 km (99 mi) above its junction with the Tocantins, it saws its way across a rocky
610:, the flow of the river changed. Some species have been adversely affected and there has been a substantial reduction in species richness in parts of the river.
665:. The last is the only known cave-adapted knifefish and one of only two known non-catfish in caves of the South American mainland (the other is the characid
972:
965:
780:
918:
590:(South American killifish). While most species essentially are of Amazonian origin, there are also some showing a connection with the
150:
50:
996:
694:, one of the world's largest. When the second phase of the Tucuruí project was completed on November 30, 2010, a system of
231:
465:
1006:
730:
into the river Para, it is only through tortuous, natural canals, which are in no sense outflow channels of the Amazon.
457:) and gives its name to one of Brazil's newest states, formed in 1988 from what was until then the northern portion of
811:
560:
991:
1001:
661:
433:
for "beak"). It runs from south to north for about 2,450 km (1,520 mi). It is not really a branch of the
606:
along the
Tocantins to spawn, but this has been restricted by the dams. Following the construction of the massive
682:
ecoregion to the west. It acts as a barrier that prevents dispersal of flora and fauna between these ecoregions.
627:
361:
614:
845:
40:
544:
402:
698:
called
Eclusas do Tucuruí was established with the goal of making a long extension of the river navigable.
507:
695:
595:
602:
in a region where a low watershed allows some exchange between them. There are several fish species that
485:
881:
Ichthyofauna, fish supply and fishermen activities on the mid-Tocantins River, Maranhão State, Brazil.
667:
598:. The Tocantins and these two rivers flow in different directions, but all have their source in the
976:
477:
397:
377:
84:
790:
646:
914:
776:
702:
651:
599:
556:
540:
516:
120:
567:
618:
532:
337:
591:
496:
navigation. In finding its way to the lowlands, it breaks frequently into waterfalls and
357:
213:
719:
691:
655:
607:
603:
536:
501:
489:
481:
438:
373:
331:
985:
723:
418:
201:
574:
standards. More than 350 fish species have been registered, including more than 175
583:
571:
552:
434:
62:
940:
639:
520:
450:
196:
746:
579:
865:
246:
233:
165:
152:
17:
880:
714:
633:
587:
446:
727:
132:
739:
622:
575:
458:
442:
136:
454:
441:
alongside those of the Amazon. It flows through four
Brazilian states (
217:
942:
South
America: Eastern extreme of the Amazon basin in Brazil (NT0170)
548:
497:
422:
414:
101:
492:, the Araguaia has twenty smaller branches, offering many miles of
745:
506:
493:
410:
480:, west of the Federal District, but its western tributary, the
878:
Garavello, J.C.; Garavello, J.P.; and Oliveira, A.K. (2010).
869:. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Retrieved 26 May 2014
484:, has its extreme southern headwaters on the slopes of the
539:) is the home of several large aquatic mammals such as
625:
species (more than any other region in the Americas):
722:, which extends far to the north-east and west. The
417:, the central fluvial artery of the country. In the
55:
Tocantins River and Fernando Henrique Cardoso bridge
766:
764:
750:
The banks of the Tocantins are rocky in some places
367:
351:
343:
329:
324:
310:
300:
292:
280:
272:
262:
223:
207:
195:
181:
142:
126:
116:
107:
97:
92:
72:
32:
674:In its lower reaches, the Tocantins separates the
570:of fish species, although it is relatively low by
504:for 20 km (12 mi) in roaring cataracts.
476:It rises in the mountainous district known as the
913:Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes.
76:
8:
905:
903:
701:In total there are seven dams on the river (
895:Regulated Rivers: Research & Management
812:"Where the Xingu Bends and Will Soon Break"
316:11,796 m/s (416,600 cu ft/s)
795:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
676:Tocantins–Araguaia–Maranhão moist forests
284:764,183 km (295,053 sq mi)
760:
621:is home to an unusually high number of
67:Map of the Araguaia/Tocantins Watershed
788:
680:Xingu–Tocantins–Araguaia moist forests
29:
859:
857:
855:
578:. The most species rich families are
566:The Tocantins River Basin has a high
396:
7:
464:The Tocantins is one of the largest
884:Braz. J. Biol., vol. 70(3): 575-585
515:Two other tributaries, called the
25:
909:Romero, Aldemaro, editor (2001).
437:, since its waters flow into the
61:
49:
911:The Biology of Hypogean Fishes.
678:ecoregion to the east from the
586:(pleco catfish and allies) and
551:, and larger reptiles such as
225: • coordinates
144: • coordinates
1:
398:[ˈʁi.utokɐ̃ˈtʃĩs,tu-]
276:2,640 km (1,640 mi)
108:Physical characteristics
264: • elevation
183: • elevation
771:Araújo, Leopoldina (2019).
561:yellow-spotted river turtle
302: • location
209: • location
128: • location
1023:
945:, WWF: World Wildlife Fund
662:Eigenmannia vicentespelaea
312: • average
187:443 m (1,453 ft)
967:Basin map (in Portuguese)
863:Hales, J., and P. Petry:
628:Ancistrus cryptophthalmus
394:Portuguese pronunciation:
320:
288:
191:
112:
60:
48:
369: • right
897:, vol. 11(3-4): 325–350
545:Araguaian river dolphin
353: • left
121:Serra da Mesa Reservoir
843:Provete, D.B. (2013).
751:
512:
511:Boats on the Tocantins
390:
77:
749:
582:(tetras and allies),
510:
166:13.83417°S 48.30444°W
866:Tocantins - Araguaia
814:. American Scientist
668:Stygichthys typhlops
596:São Francisco rivers
535:(which includes the
268:0 m (0 ft)
171:-13.83417; -48.30444
1007:Rivers of Tocantins
977:GEOnet Names Server
617:karst in the upper
325:Basin features
243: /
162: /
997:Rivers of Maranhão
752:
647:Aspidoras mephisto
513:
468:in South America.
421:, its name means "
782:978-85-910871-4-3
773:Romanço Parkatêjê
703:Serra da Mesa dam
600:Brazilian Plateau
557:spectacled caiman
541:Amazonian manatee
486:Serra dos Caiapós
466:clearwater rivers
429:for "toucan" and
383:
382:
16:(Redirected from
1014:
953:
952:
951:
950:
936:
930:
927:
921:
907:
898:
891:
885:
876:
870:
861:
850:
846:Tocantins River.
841:
824:
823:
821:
819:
807:
801:
800:
794:
786:
768:
400:
395:
378:Itacaiúnas River
370:
354:
334:
313:
303:
258:
257:
255:
254:
253:
248:
247:1.750°S 49.167°W
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
184:
177:
176:
174:
173:
172:
167:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
145:
129:
88:
80:
65:
53:
30:
21:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1011:
992:Rivers of Goiás
982:
981:
962:
957:
956:
948:
946:
938:
937:
933:
928:
924:
908:
901:
892:
888:
877:
873:
862:
853:
842:
827:
817:
815:
809:
808:
804:
787:
783:
770:
769:
762:
757:
736:
711:
688:
619:Tocantins basin
533:Tocantins basin
529:
474:
393:
387:Tocantins River
368:
352:
338:Tocantins basin
330:
311:
301:
265:
252:-1.750; -49.167
251:
249:
245:
242:
237:
234:
232:
230:
229:
226:
210:
182:
170:
168:
164:
161:
156:
153:
151:
149:
148:
143:
127:
82:
68:
56:
44:
34:
33:Tocantins River
28:
27:River in Brazil
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1002:Rivers of Pará
999:
994:
984:
983:
980:
979:
973:Rio Tocantins
970:
961:
960:External links
958:
955:
954:
939:Sears, Robin,
931:
922:
919:978-1402000768
899:
886:
871:
851:
825:
802:
781:
759:
758:
756:
753:
735:
732:
720:alluvial plain
710:
707:
687:
684:
656:Cetopsorhamdia
537:Araguaia River
528:
525:
490:Rio das Mortes
482:Araguaia River
473:
470:
439:Atlantic Ocean
381:
380:
374:Araguaia River
371:
365:
364:
355:
349:
348:
345:
341:
340:
335:
327:
326:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
298:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
274:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
227:
224:
221:
220:
211:
208:
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
146:
140:
139:
130:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
110:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
90:
89:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1019:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
987:
978:
974:
971:
969:
968:
964:
963:
959:
944:
943:
935:
932:
926:
923:
920:
916:
912:
906:
904:
900:
896:
890:
887:
883:
882:
875:
872:
868:
867:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
847:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
826:
813:
806:
803:
798:
792:
784:
778:
774:
767:
765:
761:
754:
748:
744:
741:
733:
731:
729:
725:
721:
716:
708:
706:
704:
699:
697:
693:
685:
683:
681:
677:
672:
670:
669:
664:
663:
659:species and
658:
657:
653:
649:
648:
643:
641:
636:
635:
630:
629:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
526:
524:
522:
518:
509:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
471:
469:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:Tupi language
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
392:
391:Rio Tocantins
389:(Portuguese:
388:
379:
375:
372:
366:
363:
359:
356:
350:
346:
342:
339:
336:
333:
328:
323:
319:
315:
309:
305:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
261:
256:
228:
222:
219:
215:
212:
206:
203:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
180:
175:
147:
141:
138:
134:
131:
125:
122:
119:
115:
111:
106:
103:
100:
96:
91:
86:
79:
78:Rio Tocantins
75:
71:
64:
59:
52:
47:
42:
38:
31:
19:
18:Rio Tocantins
966:
947:, retrieved
941:
934:
925:
910:
894:
889:
879:
874:
864:
844:
816:. Retrieved
810:Perez, M.S.
805:
772:
737:
712:
700:
689:
673:
666:
660:
654:
645:
638:
632:
626:
615:São Domingos
612:
584:Loricariidae
572:Amazon basin
565:
553:black caiman
530:
514:
475:
463:
435:Amazon River
430:
426:
406:
386:
384:
332:River system
214:Igarapé-Miri
36:
692:Tucuruí Dam
652:undescribed
640:Pimelodella
608:Tucuruí Dam
521:Paranatinga
344:Tributaries
250: /
169: /
73:Native name
986:Categories
949:2017-03-25
755:References
740:sub-basins
724:Pará River
631:, several
580:Characidae
425:'s beak" (
362:Sono River
281:Basin size
202:Marajó Bay
157:48°18′16″W
154:13°50′03″S
85:Portuguese
849:1237-1239
818:1 October
791:cite book
775:. Belém.
734:Discharge
715:sandstone
637:species,
634:Ituglanis
588:Rivulidae
447:Tocantins
403:Parkatêjê
293:Discharge
41:Parkatêjê
623:cavefish
576:endemics
568:richness
517:Maranhão
478:Pireneus
451:Maranhão
93:Location
709:Geology
642:spelaea
604:migrate
409:) is a
238:49°10′W
98:Country
917:
779:
728:Marajó
592:Paraná
549:tucuxi
498:rapids
472:Course
453:, and
423:toucan
415:Brazil
358:Paranã
347:
296:
273:Length
235:1°45′S
133:Minaçu
117:Source
102:Brazil
81:
696:locks
650:, an
527:Fauna
494:canoe
459:Goiás
443:Goiás
411:river
306:mouth
197:Mouth
137:Goiás
915:ISBN
820:2017
797:link
777:ISBN
686:Dams
613:The
594:and
559:and
547:and
531:The
519:and
502:dyke
455:Pará
427:Tukã
407:Pyti
385:The
218:Pará
37:Pyti
975:at
671:).
413:in
988::
902:^
854:^
828:^
793:}}
789:{{
763:^
644:,
563:.
555:,
543:,
461:.
449:,
445:,
431:Ti
405::
401:,
376:,
360:,
216:,
135:,
822:.
799:)
785:.
87:)
83:(
43:)
39:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
