677:. replied that the construct of consent used in their study was misinterpreted by critics; they only asserted that children/adolescents are capable of simple consent (willingness) as opposed to informed consent used in legal contexts, and used this as a variable in their study simply because it was used in the original studies - where it had predictive validity. Thus, they conclude that although the construct of willingness might be morally unacceptable, it is a scientifically valid term. A similar argument was put forward by Oellerich, who stated that considering all adult/non-adult sexual behavior as abusive and lacking consent can lead to bias in scientific research in the area, and that recognizing this distinction does not necessarily lead to considering adult/non-adult sexual interactions as morally permissible.
471:(AAAS), upon a request by the APA to independently review the article, stated that it saw no reason to second-guess the peer review process that approved it initially and that it saw no evidence of improper methodology or questionable practices by the authors. The AAAS also expressed concern that the materials reviewed demonstrated a grave lack of understanding of the study on the part of the media and politicians and were also concerned about the misrepresentation of its findings. The AAAS stated that the responsibility for discovering problems with the article lay with the initial peer reviewers, and declined to evaluate the article, concluding with a statement that the decision to not review the article was neither an endorsement nor a criticism of it.
762:.'s statistical approach for controlling for family environment as a cause of maladjustment was conceptually and methodologically invalid. Spiegel stated that inferring the source of maladjustment from analyzing the shared variance between CSA and family environment does not answer the question of which variable explains maladjustment better; the authors answered that this statement shows a misunderstanding of the statistical procedure used their meta-analysis. Dallam, however, addressed the topic of several prior studies having found statistically significant relations between CSA and maladjustment even after controlling for family environment.
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226:. All these studies were included in the meta-analysis because many CSA researchers, as well as lay persons, view all types of socio-legally defined CSA as morally and/or psychologically harmful. When this research, the U.S. Congress, and the APA refer to CSA and "children" in the context of sexual relations with adults, they are not only referring to biological (prepubescent) children, but to adolescents under the age of consent as well; this age varies between 16 and 18 years old in the U.S.
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that according to the commonly understood definition of the term, child sexual abuse is extremely and pervasively harmful, meaning that "in any population sampled - drug addicts, psychiatric patients, or college students - persons who have experienced CSA should show strong evidence of the assumed properties of CSA." The authors of the study say that because the college sample did not show pervasive harm, "the broad and unqualified claims about the properties of CSA are contradicted". Rind
755:. said that their own "handling of Pearson's r in the face of base-rate differences was methodologically proper and produced no important bias, if any at all." Furthermore, they contend that Dallam's criticisms "exhibited bias ... selectively ignoring key clarifying quotes ... and citing them elsewhere in their critique to argue different points, and ignoring or overlooking a key caveat by Becker (1986) regarding appropriate use of his correction formula".
673:.'s suggestion of relabeling some forms of sexual encounters between adults and children/adolescents as adult-child (or adult-adolescent) sex is fundamentally flawed, because children cannot give meaningful consent to sexual relations with an adult. Some critics also argued that using value-neutral terminology would normalize CSA and that redefining terminology is not in the interest of the general public because it confuses the underlying moral issues. Rind
510:. study. Stephanie Dallam stated that, after reviewing the evidence, the paper was best described as "an advocacy article that inappropriately uses science in an attempt to legitimatize its findings". Four other researchers also discussed possible flaws in the methodology and generalizability of Rind's findings, and concluded the paper's results were scientifically invalid. The criticisms were co-published in the 2001 book
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distorted appraisal of their abuse, minimize the impact as adults often do with traumatic events, and fail to connect distressing and sometimes debilitating pathologies with their experiences. Further, these studies make no accounting for emotional support of the victim's family, clinical treatment of the victim prior to the study, or personal resiliency, which can easily account for less severe outcomes.
77:, and that the psychological damage caused by the abusive encounters depends on other factors, such as the degree of coercion or force involved. The authors concluded that even though CSA may not result in lifelong, significant harm to all victims, this does not mean it is not morally wrong and indicated that their findings did not imply current moral and legal prohibitions against CSA should be changed.
622:. replied that Spiegel misrepresented their analysis, since they did not use Landis' study in the meta-analysis of childhood sexual abuse – symptom correlations, but only for examining the self-reported effects of CSA. They contend that the way they handled Landis' data maximized negative reports and minimized the possible deflating effect of Landis' data on the overall effect sizes.
218:— integrating the sometimes disparate and conflicting definitions, CSA was defined as "a sexual interaction involving either physical contact or no contact (e.g., exhibitionism) between either a child or adolescent and someone significantly older, or between two peers who are children or adolescents when coercion is used." "Child" was sometimes defined, not biologically, but as
246:). Both studies addressed four "assumed properties" of CSA, identified by the authors: gender equivalence (both genders affected equally), causality (CSA causes harm), pervasiveness (most victims of CSA are harmed) and intensity (the harm is normally significant and long-term), concluding that all four "assumed properties" were questionable and had several potential confounds.
637:. by saying that, in the effect-size calculations of the Sarbo and Greenwald studies (i.e., the calculations that show the alleged harmfulness of CSA), they had included only respondents aged 16 and 15 and under, respectively, at the time of the CSA and all CSA incidents included in Sarbo's and Greenwald's original analysis occurred before the age of 17.
438:, declaring sexual relations between children and adults are abusive and harmful, and condemned the study on the basis that it was being used by pro-pedophilia activists and organizations to promote and justify child sexual abuse. The condemnation by Congress of a scientific study was, at that time, an unprecedented event. The resolution passed the
834:(NARTH), who " the long-discredited psychoanalytic notion that homosexuality is a mental disorder and that it is a result of seduction in childhood by an adult", objected to the study's implications that boys who are sexually abused are not traumatized for life and do not become homosexuals as a result. Therapists who supported the existence of
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negative outcomes). Heather Ulrich, author of the aforementioned replication of the meta-analysis, later drew on the findings to study the reasons for the variability in outcomes of CSA victims, such as attributional style (individual's causal explanations for why the abuse occurred), family environment, and social support.
728:. contend that they did indeed describe the contrast between the effect size estimates as "nonsignificant, z = 1.42, p > .10, two-tailed". However, they argue, "What did report as significantly different was the contrast between male and female effect size estimates for the all-types-of-consent groups, where
346:, its findings should never have been released. She criticized the study's use of meta-analysis, saying. "I frankly have never seen this in general science. ... This is so outrageous." "This was not a study. They didn’t do a study. They arbitrarily found 59 studies that other people had done combined them all."
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In their conclusion, the authors address the objection that Rind's work and their own would give support to those who deny that child sexual abuse can cause harm: "The authors of the current research would hesitate to support such a general statement. Instead, our results, and the results of the Rind
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s publications, have long supported the stance that children cannot consent to sexual activity and that child and adolescent sexual abuse cause harm. The then-American
Psychological Association CEO Raymond D. Fowler succinctly reiterated the prevailing view in a 1999 letter to Congressman Delay "that
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by noting and describing study findings indicating harmful effects but ignoring or paying less attention to findings indicating nonnegative outcomes". They defended their deliberate choice of non-legal and non-clinical samples, accordingly avoiding individuals who received psychological treatment or
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had rejected the paper, with the authors being told not to submit it again, as it was considered too flawed. The authors did try again, following a change of editors at the journal; this time, only one reviewer turned it down. None of the other reviewers came forward, and it is still unclear who, if
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the findings of the current review do not imply that moral or legal definitions of or views on behaviors currently classified as CSA should be abandoned or even altered. The current findings are relevant to moral and legal positions only to the extent that these positions are based on the presumption
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stated that, because of the controversy, the article's methodology, analysis and the process by which it had been approved for publication were reviewed and found to be sound. In June 1999, Fowler announced in an open letter to DeLay that there would be an independent review of the paper and stated
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and thus were, as a sample, unlike the population as a whole), the 1997 study combined data from studies using only national samples of individuals expected to be more representative of the population of child sexual abuse victims. This study examined 10 independent samples designed to be nationally
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is the psychologist Bruce Rind; it expanded on a 1997 meta-analysis for which Rind is also the lead author. The authors stated their goal was to determine whether CSA caused pervasive, significant psychological harm for both males and females, controversially concluding that the harm caused by child
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assertion in that it is both simplistic and misleading. The reactions of victims in their adult lives have been found to be extremely varied, ranging from severe to nearly unnoticeable, and many pathologies are not diagnosable in the strictly clinical sense Rind uses. Victims often have a flawed or
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There has been greater emphasis in subsequent work on the range of responses that are possible from victims. For example, a few studies make reference to the paper's findings about "consensual" encounters, but approach it from the opposite direction (i.e., that the use of force causes more intense
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attempted to replicate the Rind study, correcting for methodological and statistical problems identified by Dallam and others. It supported some of the Rind findings, both with respect to the percentage of variance in later psychological outcome accounted for by sexual abuse and in relation to the
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A later CSA study by
Heather Ulrich and two colleagues, published in The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, attempted to replicate the Rind study, correcting for methodological and statistical problems identified by Dallam and others, and it ultimately supported some of the Rind findings
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Rind, Bauserman and
Tromovitch responded to this criticism by saying that "the representativeness of college samples is in fact irrelevant to the stated goals and conclusions of our study" since the purpose of their research was "to examine the validity of the clinical concept" of CSA. They added
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of a single term "child sexual abuse" and suggested a variety of different labels for sexual contact between adults and non-adults based on age and the degree to which the child was forced or coerced into participating. They concluded with a discussion of the legal and moral implications of the
804:, a journal which was dedicated to " that pedophilia has been, and remains, a legitimate and productive part of the totality of human experience". In addition, Dallam and Salter stated that Rind and Bauserman were keynote speakers at a pedophile advocacy conference occurring in the Netherlands.
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Similarly, psychiatrist David
Spiegel said that the inclusion of Landis' 1956 study was unjustified. He argued that, while weighting larger studies more than smaller makes sense, combining the results of a large study examining very mild trauma (such as fending off an attacker) with studies of
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perspective, some language used in the article was inflammatory and inconsistent with the position of the APA's stance on CSA. The APA also implemented a series of actions designed to prevent the study from being used in legal arguments to defend CSA, and stated an independent review would be
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is harmful and wrong, and that the study was in no way an endorsement of pedophilia. The APA mandated a policy change by which APA journal editors would alert the organization of potentially controversial topics in order to be more proactive with politicians, the media and other groups. In an
629:., were inappropriate because they included respondents who were over the age of 17 when the CSA occurred. Persons 18 years old or older are above the legal age of consent in all states of the USA, and thus are not "children" even in the loosest definition of the term. Rind
614:. admit that the study used a broad definition of child sexual abuse, but explain that the researchers themselves chose to use such a definition "because of the difficulty posed by a priori decisions about what type of sexual experiences are 'problems.'"
709:" to calculate the effect size, which resulted in a failure to correct for base-rate differences of CSA in male and female samples, and which led to the finding that males were less harmed by CSA. After correcting for base-rate attenuation, Dallam
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condemning the article, with similar resolutions introduced in
California, Illinois, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania over the subsequent two months. Some of these states' psychological associations reacted by asking the APA to take action.
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and was one of the 13 Congressmen to abstain from the condemnation of the study, stated that of the 535 members of the House and Senate, fewer than 10 had actually read the study, and even fewer were qualified to evaluate it based on its merit.
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Tice, PP; Whittenburg JA, Baker G, Lemmey DE. (2000). "The real controversy about child sexual abuse research: Contradictory findings and critical issues not addressed by Rind, Tromovitch, and
Bauserman in their 1998 outcomes meta-analysis".
583:. have also responded to this criticism, defending the appropriateness of including all five of the studies (Landis, 1956; Schultz and Jones, 1983; Sedney and Brooks, 1984; Greenwald, 1994; and Sarbo, 1985) specifically identified by Dallam
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Given the evidence of numerous adverse clinical outcomes following sexual abuse, the positive and neutral perceptions of many male sexual abuse victims are perplexing. The experience of physical pleasure may complicate reactions after
602:. note that it has been used by many other sex researchers (e.g., Finkelhor, Fishman, Fromuth & Burkhart, Sarbo, and others) as an example of an early study about child sexual abuse. In regard to the Shultz and Jones study, Rind
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Despite the authors' comments that the findings of the paper "do not imply that moral or legal definitions of or views on behaviors currently classified as CSA" should be changed, the study caught the attention of, and was used by,
576:. uncritically combined data from studies of CSA with data from studies looking at other phenomena such as consensual peer experiences, sexual experiences that occurred during adulthood, and homosexual approaches during adolescence.
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but also acknowledged the limitations of the findings, and, ultimately did not endorse Rind's recommendation to abandon the use of the term child sexual abuse in cases of apparent consent in favor of the term adult-child sex.
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The results of the meta-analysis indicated that college students who had experienced CSA were slightly less well-adjusted compared to other students who had not experienced CSA, but that family environment was a significant
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Dallam and Anna Salter have stated that Rind and
Bauserman have associated with age of consent reform organizations in the past. In the years before the paper was written, both Rind and Bauserman had published articles in
606:. concede that the study "looked at all types of 'sexual acts' before age 12," but explained that the respondents in the study were all asked "if their experience was with a person over the age of 16," thus allowing Rind
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controversial or surprising research findings, and asserting that researchers must be free to investigate and report findings, as long as the research has been conducted within appropriate ethical and research standards.
92:, for example, has been the subject of debate, as it only examined self-reported long-term psychological effects in young adults, whereas harm can have several forms, including short-term or medical harm (for example,
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finding that there was a gender difference in the experience of child sexual abuse, such that females reported more negative effects. It, however, acknowledged the limitations of the findings (college student sample,
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undertaken of the scientific accuracy and validity of the report. The request for an outside review of a controversial report by an independent scientific association was unprecedented in APA's 107-year history.
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548:.'s conclusions may not be generalizable beyond college populations in general as individuals with a history of CSA were more likely than non-abused individuals to drop out of college after a single semester.
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concerns have been raised that the aforementioned article...could be viewed as support for pedophilia and used by pedophiles as a legal defense. There is no defense for pedophilia; it is always wrong.
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of 59 studies (36 published studies, 21 unpublished doctoral dissertations, and 2 unpublished master's theses) with an aggregate sample size of 35,703 college students (13,704 men and 21,999 women).
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All CSA is inherently abusive and exploitative due to the minor's inability to give informed consent, even where the victim perceives the contact to be consensual and reports no psychological harm.
524:, the editor of the journal re-submitted the article in secret and, on the basis of this second review, the paper was rejected. Lilienfeld reported this subsequent rejection on several psychology
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556:. also said that using college samples was appropriate because their study found similar prevalence rates and experiences of severity and outcomes between college samples and national samples.
572:. did not standardize their definition of child sexual abuse, leaving out certain studies that were appropriate, and including studies that were inappropriate. That is, they allege that Rind
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Ondersma, S.J.; Chaffin, Mark; Berliner, Lucy; Cordon, Ingrid; Goodman, Gail S; Barnett, D (November 2001). "Sex with children is abuse: Comment on Rind, Tromovitch, and
Bauserman (1998)".
1995:"The real controversy about child sexual abuse research: Contradictory findings and critical issues not addressed by Rind, Tromovitch, and Bauserman in their 1998 outcomes meta-analysis"
2042:
Whittenburg, JA; Tice PP; Baker G; Lemmey DE (2000). "A critical appraisal of the 1998 meta-analytic review of child sexual abuse outcomes reported by Rind, Tromovitch, and
Bauserman".
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Rind, B; Tromovitch P; Bauserman R (2000). "Condemnation of a scientific article: A chronology and refutation of the attacks and a discussion of threats to the integrity of science".
902:. meta-analysis, can be interpreted as providing a hopeful and positive message to therapists, parents, and children. Child sexual abuse does not necessarily lead to long-term harm."
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children cannot consent to sexual activity with adults," and "sexual activity between children and adults should never be considered or labeled as harmless or acceptable".
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representative, based on data from more than 8,500 participants. Four of the studies came from the United States, and one each came from Great
Britain, Canada, and Spain.
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in the face of adversity, and noted that CSA causing little or no harm in some individuals is not an endorsement of the act, nor does it make it any less illegal.
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The authors...argue for the appropriateness of the term 'abuse' and for scientific terminology that reflects, rather than contradicts, consensual public morality.
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Kendall-Tackett, KA; Williams, LM, Finkelhor, D (January 1993). "Impact of sexual abuse on children: a review and synthesis of recent empirical studies".
104:.'s publications, have long borne out that children cannot consent to sexual activity and that child and adolescent sexual abuse cause harm. Psychologist
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s = .06 and .12 for men and women, respectively. The contrast is still statistically significant (z = 2.68, p < .01. two-tailed), contrary to Dallam
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Rind, Bruce; Tromovitch, Philip (1997). "A meta-analytic review of findings from national samples on psychological correlates of child sexual abuse".
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1703:"APA defends stance against the sexual abuse of children. Concern over APA journal article prompts Congress to question the association's position"
774:.'s model of "assumed properties of child sexual abuse," (that is, of universal and pervasive harm in all victims of CSA) has been criticized as a
657:. replied that including PTSD was impossible due to the fact that the original studies did not examine it. Furthermore, they cited Kendall-Tackett
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1046:"National Samples, Sexual Abuse in Childhood, and Adjustment in Adulthood: A Commentary on Najman, Dunne, Purdie, Boyle, and Coxeter (2005)"
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2784:"On Power Differentials and Children's Rights: A Dissonance Interpretation of the Rind and Associates (1998) Study on Child Sexual Abuse"
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1752:"American Psychological Association Letter to the Honorable Rep. DeLay (R-Tx) Office of the Majority Whip, U.S House of Representatives"
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article, stating that the "wrongfulness" and "harmfulness" of sexual acts are not inherently linked, and finished with the statement:
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2884:"Child Sexual Abuse: A Replication of the Meta-analytic Examination of Child Sexual Abuse by Rind, Tromovitch, and Bauserman (1998)"
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Sedney, M; Brooks B (1984). "Factors associated with a history of childhood sexual experience in a nonclinical female population".
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groups, in support of their efforts to change attitudes towards pedophilia and to decriminalize sexual activity between adults and
2098:"A critical appraisal of the 1998 meta-analytic review of child sexual abuse outcomes reported by Rind, Tromovitch, and Bauserman"
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Scholars familiar with the literature on sexual abuse, as well as experts in the field, found the study's conclusions surprising.
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Baird, B. N. (2002). "Politics, operant conditioning, Galileo, and the American Psychological Association's response to Rind
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Rind, Bauserman and Tromovitch stated that research findings can be skewed by an investigator's personal biases, and in Rind
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Holmes, WC; Slap, GB (December 1998). "Sexual abuse of boys: definition, prevalence, correlates, sequelae, and management".
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The paper has been criticized for restricting its analysis to convenience samples of college students, possibly introducing
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for the abuse. Numerous studies and professional clinical experience in the field of psychology, both before and after Rind
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Rind, B; Tromovitch P; Bauserman R (2001). "The validity and appropriateness of methods, analyses, and conclusions in Rind
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Based on the results, they concluded that the general consensus associating CSA with intense, pervasive harm and long-term
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Rind, B; Bauserman R, Tromovitch P (2000). "Debunking the False Allegations of "Statistical Abuse": A Reply to Spiegel".
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posted an approving review of the study on their website, furthering the impression that the piece was an endorsement of
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in most studies, rather than to the sexual abuse itself (though exceptions were noted for abuse accompanied by force or
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594:. said that the first three studies focused on all types of child sexual activity, not just child sexual abuse. Rind
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Romantic and sexual self-esteem, a new construct: Its relationship to current and early childhood sexual experiences
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were engaged in legal proceedings as a way of correcting this bias through the use of a sample of college students.
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by excluding victims so traumatized that they did not go on to attend college. Another possibility was that Rind
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to repressed memories of sexual abuse also rejected the study. Tavris attributed this rejection to the fear of
693:. miscoded or misreported significant amounts of the underlying study data, thereby skewing the results. Dallam
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Based on the closely mirrored results of both studies, Rind, Tromovitch and Bauserman questioned the scientific
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791:. claimed that "eviewers who are convinced that CSA is a major cause of adult psychopathology may fall prey to
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by a voice vote (100-0) on July 30, 1999 and was greeted among psychologists with concern due to the perceived
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Oellerich, Thomas D. (2000). "Rind, Tromovitch, and Bauserman: Politically Incorrect-Scientifically Correct".
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Schultz, LG; Jones P (1983). "Sexual abuse of children: Issues for social science and health professionals".
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lawsuits. Tavris expressed her belief that the study could have been interpreted positively as an example of
610:. to include only the relationships that were age-discrepant. In regard to the Sedney and Brooks study, Rind
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Numerous research studies as well as expert opinion in the field of psychology, both before and after Rind
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2909:"Characteristics of Sexual Abuse in Childhood and Adolescence Influence Sexual Risk Behavior in Adulthood"
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that may be responsible for the association between CSA and harm. Intense, pervasive harm and long-term
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1880:"Whereas no segment of our society is more critical to the future of human survival than our children"
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Social Work in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Social Welfare, Social Issues, and the Profession
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514:. In 2002, a rebuttal to many of the claims made by critics was submitted to the APA journal, the
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45:(CSA). The debate resulted in the unprecedented condemnation of the paper by both chambers of the
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or injuries), a likelihood of revictimization, and the amount of time the victim spent attending
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950:"A Meta-Analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples"
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research community was concerned that the condemnation by government legislatures might have a
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Dallam, SJ (2001). "Science or Propaganda? An Examination of Rind, Tromovitch and Bauserman".
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long-term physical and sexual abuse was inappropriate and led to erroneous conclusions. Rind
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In most of the 59 studies, CSA was defined by the authors based on legal and "moral" criteria
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that, they argued, existed in most studies of CSA (which drew from samples mostly in the
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ultimately printing the article as part of a special issue focusing on the controversy.
84:. study has been criticized by many scientists and researchers, on the grounds that its
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noted several groups who reacted negatively to the study. The anti-homosexuality group
818:
525:
223:
193:
was incorrect. In 1998, Rind, Tromovitch and Robert Bauserman (then a professor at the
50:
1239:"The effects of child sexual abuse: Comment on Rind, Tromovitch, and Bauserman (1998)"
3887:
3444:
3129:
3119:
2960:"Examining the variability in the long term adjustment of child sexual abuse victims"
2633:
2525:
2483:
2401:
2243:
1609:
1544:
411:
328:
324:
202:
178:
174:
38:
31:
3351:
2864:
2670:
2073:
1970:
1335:
986:
3408:
3395:
3258:
3141:
3109:
3018:
2578:
1577:
827:
366:
339:
297:
182:
1082:
706:
393:, who both condemned the study as advocating for the normalization of pedophilia.
3689:
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children
2333:
3627:
3335:
3114:
2554:
2293:
1707:
1485:
1401:
1259:
855:
521:
447:
378:
239:
231:
219:
132:
105:
88:
and conclusions are poorly designed and statistically flawed. Its definition of
85:
61:
35:
1853:
1803:
1716:
1672:
970:
3838:
3738:
3683:
3596:
3540:
3403:
3382:
3340:
3233:
2926:
2662:
2625:
2517:
2475:
2220:
Spiegel, D. (2000). "Suffer the children: Long-term effects of sexual abuse".
2192:"Interactions Among Scientists and Policymakers: Challenges and Opportunities"
1536:
1066:
1022:
488:
435:
354:
301:
144:
124:
2907:
Senn, TE; Carey, MP; Vanable, PA; Coury-Doniger, P; Urban, M (October 2007).
2883:
2848:
2801:
2562:
2440:
Childhood molestations: Adult personality correlates and predictors of trauma
1911:
Advances in social & organizational psychology: a tribute to Ralph Rosnow
1267:
3517:
3104:
3099:
2152:
2105:
2002:
1433:
1353:
889:), and did not endorse Rind's recommendation to abandon the use of the term
775:
386:
128:
2944:
2714:
2351:
2301:
2065:
1962:
1861:
1811:
1680:
1493:
1327:
1275:
1074:
319:
The first substantial public reaction was a December 1998 criticism by the
65:
sexual abuse was not necessarily intense or pervasive, that the prevailing
2856:
2570:
2409:
2057:
1954:
1319:
978:
740:. (2001) apply Becker's correction formula to these values, they become r
3439:
3253:
3248:
1759:
1734:
1346:"Science or Propaganda? An Examination of Rind, Tromovitch and Bauserman"
2686:"Progress and controversy in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder"
2235:
1601:
1030:
382:
97:
119:
The Rind paper has been quoted by people and organizations advocating
3136:
718:
243:
112:.'s results are "truly an outlier" compared to other meta-analyses.
3809:
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse
2809:
390:
2460:
Spiegel, DJ (2000). "The Price of Abusing Children and Numbers".
528:, which produced an intense response and resulted in the APA and
3089:
2148:
Misinformation concerning child sexual abuse and adult survivors
2102:
Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors
1999:
Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors
1350:
Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors
832:
National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality
714:
512:
Misinformation Concerning Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Survivors
321:
National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality
3355:
2991:
2987:
2610:
Spiegel, DJ (2000). "Real Effects of Real Child Sexual Abuse".
2270:. (1998): A rebuttal of victimological critique from Ondersma
878:
A study by Heather Ulrich and two colleagues published in The
434:
passed HRC resolution 107 by a vote of 355-0, with 13 members
2882:
Ulrich, Heather; Randolph Mickey, Acheson Shawn (June 2005).
598:. reject this criticism. In regard to the Landis study, Rind
169:
of seven studies regarding adjustment problems of victims of
57:
on the future publication of controversial research results.
3654:
Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse
3618:
Association for the Treatment and Prevention of Sexual Abuse
1648:"When Worlds Collide: Social Science, Politics and the Rind
1430:
Sexual Abuse of Males: The Sam Model of Theory and Practice
948:
Rind, Bruce; Tromovitch, Philip; Bauserman, Robert (1998).
842:, as well as those who attributed mental illnesses such as
3792:
Child sexual abuse in New York City religious institutions
405:
internal organization email, APA Executive Vice-President
342:" and stated that, since its conclusions were contrary to
3799:
Jehovah's Witnesses' handling of child sexual abuse cases
2334:"Experiences of 500 children with adult sexual deviation"
653:- "the most salient symptom" - from their analysis. Rind
323:, an organization dedicated to the discredited view that
1583:"The uproar over sexual abuse research and its findings"
1582:
587:. as inappropriate to a study about child sexual abuse.
1397:
Predators: pedophiles, rapists, and other sex offenders
3460:
Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors
365:
The paper eventually provoked a reaction from several
2096:
Whittenburg, JA; Tice PP; Baker G; Lemmey DE (2001).
1993:
Tice, PP; Whittenburg JA; Baker G; Lemmey DE (2001).
3669:
National Center for Missing & Exploited Children
3754:
3697:
3646:
3610:
3584:
3531:
3417:
3393:
3308:
3282:
3224:
3025:
2389:
Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry
469:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
304:who study sexual abuse and treat victims, and from
30:, public media, and government legislatures in the
893:in cases of apparent consent in favor of the term
713:. said they arrived at identical effect sizes for
506:discussed and criticized the findings of the Rind
296:. Strong reactions ultimately resulted, from both
2605:
2603:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
446:it might have among researchers. Representative
3659:Child Exploitation and Online Protection Command
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2190:Albee GW; Newcombe NS; McCarthy R, eds. (2002).
1737:. Child Maltreatment Researchers (Mailing List).
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
2889:The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice
2100:. In Whitfield CL; Silberg JL; Fink PJ (eds.).
1997:. In Whitfield CL; Silberg JL; Fink PJ (eds.).
1348:. In Whitfield CL; Silberg JL; Fink PJ (eds.).
736:= .04 and .11, respectively. In "follow Dallam
256:
2215:
2213:
2211:
479:In August 2000, the APA drafted and adopted a
151:and doctoral student Philip Tromovitch of the
3367:
3003:
520:by Scott Lilienfeld. After passing a normal
8:
3633:Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests
3513:Debate on the causes of clerical child abuse
2767:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2591:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2314:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2175:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2128:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2086:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2025:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1983:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1557:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1192:McCoy, Monica L.; Keen, Stefanie M. (2013).
2836:Journal of the American Medical Association
2743:Rind, B; Bauserman R; Tromovitch P (2001).
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2145:Whitfield, CL; Silberg JL; Fink PJ (2001).
1900:
1898:
1896:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
881:Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice
334:In March 1999, conservative talk show host
3474:Commercial sexual exploitation of children
3374:
3360:
3352:
3010:
2996:
2988:
1423:
1421:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
625:The last two studies, according to Dallam
487:. controversy that opposed any efforts to
3523:Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome
3316:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
2934:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2327:
2325:
1572:
1570:
1568:
808:Citation outside of scholarly discussions
500:A series of 2001 papers published in the
327:is a mental illness that can be cured by
308:and later, from most of the US Congress.
285:anybody, recommended it for publication.
3744:List of pedophile advocacy organizations
2427:(Ph.D.). University of Nebraska—Lincoln.
1829:
1827:
1825:
1746:
1744:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1044:Rind, Bruce; Tromovitch, Philip (2007).
2965:. University of Montana. Archived from
1195:Child Abuse and Neglect: Second Edition
1187:
1185:
1183:
927:
351:North American Man/Boy Love Association
3321:False allegation of child sexual abuse
2760:
2707:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145112
2584:
2307:
2168:
2121:
2079:
2018:
1976:
1784:Garrison, E. G.; Kobor, P. C. (2002).
1550:
1152:Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society
432:United States House of Representatives
3762:Anglican Communion sexual abuse cases
3623:Circles of Support and Accountability
916:Age disparity in sexual relationships
817:. It has been used to argue that the
7:
3819:Sexual abuse cases in Haredi Judaism
724:In response to this criticism, Rind
669:David Spiegel also argued that Rind
278:The first set of peer reviewers for
41:of the self-reported harm caused by
3080:Genital modification and mutilation
2789:Ethical Human Sciences and Services
1909:. In Rosnow RL; Hantula DA (eds.).
1652:. (1998) Child Abuse Meta-Analysis"
802:Paidika: The Journal of Paedophilia
396:In response, the APA declared in a
3767:Catholic Church sexual abuse cases
2442:(Ph.D.). Georgia State University.
2094:Co-published as a book chapter in
1991:Co-published as a book chapter in
1756:American Psychological Association
1342:Co-published as a book chapter in
290:American Psychological Association
14:
3290:Laws regarding child sexual abuse
3177:in education in the United States
3859:
3334:
3269:Sociobiological theories of rape
2782:Grover, Sonja (1 January 2003).
2402:10.1097/00004583-198403000-00015
2339:Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement
1237:Dallam, SJ; et al. (2001).
560:Non-standardization of variables
2958:Ulrich, Heather (9 June 2007).
496:Academic criticism and response
288:The paper was published by the
94:sexually transmitted infections
3300:Sexually violent predator laws
1887:106th Congress, Resolution 107
866:Subsequent research and legacy
844:dissociative identity disorder
758:Critics also argued that Rind
222:or as a minor under the legal
69:of CSA was not scientifically
1:
3674:Prevention Project Dunkelfeld
3244:Effects and aftermath of rape
2045:Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
1942:Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
1758:. 9 June 1999. Archived from
1307:Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
1117:. Thousand Oaks, California:
651:posttraumatic stress disorder
645:Spiegel criticized that Rind
503:Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
3602:Cognitive behavioral therapy
3829:Brooklyn's Haredi community
3814:Scouting sexual abuse cases
3611:Research and support groups
2914:Archives of Sexual Behavior
2694:Annual Review of Psychology
2555:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164
2294:10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.734
1486:10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.707
1260:10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.715
1111:Glicken, Morley D. (2010).
1054:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1010:The Journal of Sex Research
166:The Journal of Sex Research
135:(children or adolescents).
3930:
3866:Human sexuality portal
3418:Behavior and legal aspects
1854:10.1037/0003-066X.57.3.189
1804:10.1037/0003-066x.57.3.165
1673:10.1037/0003-066x.57.3.176
1149:Rosenthal, Martha (2012).
971:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.22
153:University of Pennsylvania
3854:
3804:Mormon sexual abuse cases
3739:Pedophile advocacy groups
3725:Sweetie (internet avatar)
3329:
3239:Causes of sexual violence
2927:10.1007/s10508-006-9109-4
2663:10.1007/s12119-000-1027-3
2626:10.1007/s12119-000-1006-8
2518:10.1007/s12119-000-1029-1
2476:10.1007/s12119-000-1026-4
1841:The American Psychologist
1791:The American Psychologist
1701:Martin, S (1 July 1999).
1660:The American Psychologist
1537:10.1007/s12119-000-1025-5
1155:. Boston, Massachusetts:
1067:10.1007/s10508-006-9058-y
1023:10.1080/00224499709551891
689:. also contend that Rind
338:criticized the study as "
3904:Psychology controversies
3647:Prevention organizations
2849:10.1001/jama.280.21.1855
860:psychological resilience
840:recovered-memory therapy
815:advocates for pedophilia
483:in response to the Rind
349:Shortly thereafter, the
147:professor Bruce Rind of
3834:Jewish Care controversy
3705:Anti-pedophile activism
2650:Sexuality & Culture
2613:Sexuality & Culture
2505:Sexuality & Culture
2463:Sexuality & Culture
1524:Sexuality & Culture
1428:Spiegel, Josef (2003).
467:In September 1999, the
292:(APA) in July 1998, in
3664:Jewish Community Watch
2542:Psychological Bulletin
2281:Psychological Bulletin
1876:United States Congress
1473:Psychological Bulletin
1247:Psychological Bulletin
958:Psychological Bulletin
633:. responded to Dallam
430:On July 12, 1999, the
422:was introduced in the
294:Psychological Bulletin
281:Psychological Bulletin
271:
259:of psychological harm.
208:Psychological Bulletin
195:University of Michigan
75:empirical verification
47:United States Congress
3846:Child abuse in soccer
3425:Age of consent reform
2423:Greenwald, J (1993).
2197:American Psychologist
2058:10.1300/J070v09n03_07
1955:10.1300/J070v09n03_08
1432:. Abingdon, England:
1394:Salter, Anna (2018).
1320:10.1300/J070v09n03_06
530:American Psychologist
517:American Psychologist
240:confounding variables
173:(CSA). To avoid the
121:age of consent reform
28:scientific literature
3679:The Awareness Center
3494:Cybersex trafficking
3264:Rape trauma syndrome
3070:Cybersex trafficking
2684:McNally, RJ (2003).
2274:. (2001) and Dallam
2108:. pp. 135–156.
2005:. pp. 157–182.
1917:. pp. 163–193.
1735:"RE: APA statements"
1356:. pp. 109–134.
1202:. pp. 182–185.
701:. incorrectly used "
697:. contend that Rind
536:Possible sample bias
306:social conservatives
139:Studies and findings
26:was a debate in the
3824:Adass Israel School
3731:To Catch a Predator
3638:Virtuous Pedophiles
3592:Chemical castration
3295:Laws regarding rape
3075:Forced prostitution
1715:(7). Archived from
825:Social psychologist
821:should be lowered.
748:.'s (2001) claim".
456:clinical psychology
371:members of Congress
344:conventional wisdom
108:comments that Rind
3899:Child sexual abuse
3479:Child prostitution
3387:child sexual abuse
3058:Child prostitution
3048:Child exploitation
2750:Skeptical Inquirer
2332:Landis, J (1956).
2236:10.1007/BF02912286
1762:on 10 October 1999
1719:on 7 October 2008.
1602:10.1007/BF02912285
1404:. pp. 62–65.
1344:Dallam SJ (2001).
891:child sexual abuse
836:recovered memories
681:Statistical errors
641:Measured variables
481:position statement
463:Independent review
424:Alaska Legislature
402:child sexual abuse
336:Laura Schlessinger
171:child sexual abuse
43:child sexual abuse
3881:
3880:
3872:Psychology portal
3720:Perverted-Justice
3585:Treatment methods
3489:Child trafficking
3484:Child sex tourism
3435:Child pornography
3349:
3348:
3189:Sexual misconduct
3167:Sexual harassment
3063:Child sex tourism
3053:Child pornography
2972:on 7 October 2011
2843:(21): 1855–1862.
2438:Sarbo, A (1984).
2162:978-0-7890-1901-1
2115:978-0-7890-1901-1
2012:978-0-7890-1901-1
1924:978-0-8058-5590-6
1754:(Press release).
1690:on 29 April 2003.
1447:978-1-56032-403-4
1411:978-1-541-67382-3
1363:978-0-7890-1901-1
1198:. Hove, England:
793:confirmation bias
766:Conceptual issues
568:. said that Rind
418:In April 1999, a
407:Raymond D. Fowler
315:Initial reactions
161:literature review
149:Temple University
34:regarding a 1998
3921:
3864:
3863:
3787:Society of Jesus
3506:Marriageable age
3376:
3369:
3362:
3353:
3339:
3338:
3033:Bride kidnapping
3012:
3005:
2998:
2989:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2964:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2758:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2717:. Archived from
2690:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2607:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2582:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2499:
2488:
2487:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2305:
2263:
2248:
2247:
2217:
2206:
2205:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2166:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2119:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2016:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1915:Psychology Press
1905:Rind, B (2006).
1902:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1818:on 3 March 2016.
1814:. Archived from
1781:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1683:. Archived from
1656:
1640:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1585:
1574:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1518:
1501:
1500:
1467:
1452:
1451:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1391:
1370:
1367:
1339:
1314:(3/4): 109–134.
1301:
1280:
1279:
1243:
1234:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1200:Psychology Press
1189:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1157:Cengage Learning
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1092:on 16 April 2014
1091:
1085:. Archived from
1050:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1004:
991:
990:
954:
945:
895:adult-child sex.
887:self-report data
852:eating disorders
475:APA new position
436:voting "Present"
377:representatives
269:
217:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3858:
3850:
3839:Manny Waks case
3750:
3693:
3642:
3606:
3580:
3527:
3413:
3389:
3380:
3350:
3345:
3333:
3325:
3304:
3278:
3226:
3220:
3204:Sexual violence
3194:Sexual predator
3182:in the military
3162:Sexual grooming
3157:Sexual bullying
3147:Sex trafficking
3021:
3016:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2814:
2812:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2759:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2724:on 16 July 2011
2721:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2583:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2501:
2500:
2491:
2459:
2458:
2447:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2306:
2265:
2264:
2251:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2167:
2163:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2120:
2116:
2095:
2078:
2052:(3–4): 135–55.
2041:
2040:
2036:
2017:
2013:
1992:
1975:
1949:(3–4): 157–82.
1937:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1833:
1832:
1823:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1765:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1654:
1642:
1641:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1549:
1520:
1519:
1504:
1469:
1468:
1455:
1448:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1393:
1392:
1373:
1364:
1343:
1303:
1302:
1283:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1159:. p. 421.
1148:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1121:. p. 146.
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1006:
1005:
994:
952:
947:
946:
929:
924:
912:
868:
810:
785:
768:
743:
733:
683:
667:
643:
562:
542:systematic bias
538:
498:
477:
465:
444:chilling effect
398:press statement
363:
317:
276:
270:
263:
215:
141:
73:, as it failed
55:chilling effect
12:
11:
5:
3927:
3925:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3909:Age of consent
3906:
3901:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:media coverage
3779:
3774:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3710:Creep Catchers
3701:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3576:United Kingdom
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3501:Child marriage
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3469:Child sex ring
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3432:
3430:Child grooming
3427:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3341:Law portal
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3309:Related topics
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3274:Victim blaming
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3201:
3199:Sexual slavery
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:Sexual assault
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3087:
3085:Money marriage
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:Child-on-child
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2950:
2899:
2874:
2825:
2774:
2735:
2701:(1): 229–252.
2676:
2639:
2599:
2531:
2512:(2): 101–111.
2489:
2445:
2430:
2415:
2396:(2): 215–218.
2378:
2357:
2321:
2249:
2207:
2182:
2161:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2114:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2011:
1930:
1923:
1892:
1867:
1848:(3): 189–192.
1821:
1798:(3): 165–175.
1776:
1740:
1722:
1693:
1667:(3): 177–187.
1644:Lilienfeld, SO
1624:
1615:
1564:
1502:
1480:(6): 707–714.
1453:
1446:
1417:
1410:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1281:
1222:
1209:978-1136322877
1208:
1179:
1166:978-0618755714
1165:
1141:
1128:978-1412975780
1127:
1103:
1061:(1): 101–106.
1036:
1017:(3): 237–255.
992:
926:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
911:
908:
867:
864:
819:age of consent
809:
806:
784:
781:
767:
764:
741:
731:
705:" instead of "
682:
679:
666:
663:
642:
639:
561:
558:
537:
534:
497:
494:
476:
473:
464:
461:
373:, notably the
362:
359:
316:
313:
275:
272:
268:. (1998) p. 47
261:
224:age of consent
140:
137:
51:social science
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3926:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:Meta-analysis
3892:
3891:
3889:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Child erotica
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3396:chronophilias
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:(5): 637–45.
2920:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:(4): 99–105.
2619:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2549:(1): 164–80.
2548:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2368:Child Welfare
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2346:(1): 91–109.
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2288:(6): 734–58.
2287:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:(3): 164–227.
2203:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1579:
1578:Tavris, Carol
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:(6): 715–33.
1253:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1142:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1104:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:
951:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
928:
921:
917:
914:
913:
909:
907:
903:
901:
896:
892:
888:
883:
882:
876:
873:
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:
822:
820:
816:
807:
805:
803:
797:
794:
790:
783:Possible bias
782:
780:
777:
773:
765:
763:
761:
756:
754:
749:
747:
739:
735:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
680:
678:
676:
672:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
559:
557:
555:
549:
547:
543:
535:
533:
531:
527:
526:Internet fora
523:
519:
518:
513:
509:
505:
504:
495:
493:
490:
486:
482:
474:
472:
470:
462:
460:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
425:
421:
416:
413:
412:public policy
410:that, from a
408:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
358:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
329:psychotherapy
326:
325:homosexuality
322:
314:
312:
309:
307:
303:
302:psychiatrists
299:
298:psychologists
295:
291:
286:
283:
282:
274:Controversies
273:
267:
260:
255:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
236:maladjustment
233:
227:
225:
221:
212:
210:
209:
204:
203:meta-analysis
200:
196:
192:
191:maladjustment
187:
184:
183:legal systems
180:
179:mental health
176:
175:sampling bias
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:meta-analysis
37:
36:peer reviewed
33:
32:United States
29:
25:
24:. controversy
23:
16:
3870:
3729:
3715:Dark Justice
3698:Social views
3409:Ephebophilia
3259:Rape culture
3225:Sociological
3172:in education
3142:Revenge porn
3019:Sexual abuse
2974:. Retrieved
2967:the original
2953:
2918:
2912:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2877:
2868:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2813:. Retrieved
2796:(1): 21–33.
2793:
2787:
2777:
2763:cite journal
2754:
2748:
2738:
2728:21 September
2726:. Retrieved
2719:the original
2698:
2692:
2679:
2657:(2): 67–81.
2654:
2648:
2642:
2617:
2611:
2587:cite journal
2546:
2540:
2534:
2509:
2503:
2470:(2): 63–66.
2467:
2461:
2439:
2433:
2424:
2418:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2343:
2337:
2310:cite journal
2285:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2230:(4): 18–20.
2227:
2221:
2201:
2195:
2185:
2147:
2140:
2101:
2082:cite journal
2049:
2043:
2037:
1998:
1979:cite journal
1946:
1940:
1933:
1910:
1886:
1870:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1816:the original
1795:
1789:
1779:
1771:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1725:
1717:the original
1712:
1706:
1696:
1685:the original
1664:
1658:
1649:
1618:
1596:(4): 15–17.
1593:
1587:
1553:cite journal
1528:
1522:
1497:
1477:
1471:
1429:
1400:. New York:
1396:
1349:
1311:
1305:
1251:
1245:
1213:. Retrieved
1194:
1170:. Retrieved
1151:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1113:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1087:the original
1058:
1052:
1039:
1014:
1008:
965:(1): 22–53.
962:
956:
904:
899:
894:
890:
879:
877:
871:
869:
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364:
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340:junk science
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3541:Afghanistan
3394:Associated
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1708:APA Monitor
1531:(2): 1–62.
1402:Basic Books
1215:1 September
1172:1 September
1134:1 September
856:malpractice
703:Pearson's r
522:peer review
448:Brian Baird
379:Matt Salmon
106:Anna Salter
86:methodology
62:lead author
3914:Pedophilia
3888:Categories
3772:by country
3597:Castration
3533:By country
3404:Hebephilia
3383:Pedophilia
3234:Aggression
3209:Statistics
2815:2 February
2810:sn98001429
1731:Fowler, RD
1436:. p.
1096:10 January
848:depression
420:resolution
375:Republican
361:Government
355:pedophilia
155:published
145:psychology
3546:Australia
3518:Pederasty
3450:Simulated
3125:Statutory
2802:1523-150X
2634:144471215
2563:0033-2909
2526:143519357
2484:143262393
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2244:144535430
2171:cite book
2153:Routledge
2124:cite book
2106:Routledge
2021:cite book
2003:Routledge
1610:142996567
1545:143835500
1434:Routledge
1354:Routledge
1268:0033-2909
922:Footnotes
776:straw man
721:samples.
707:Cohen's d
387:Tom DeLay
369:American
220:underaged
143:In 1997,
129:pederasty
125:pedophile
80:The Rind
67:construct
3561:Pakistan
3455:Legality
3440:Hurtcore
3254:Misogyny
3249:Misandry
3227:theories
3130:Of males
3120:By proxy
2945:17192833
2865:15540314
2715:12172002
2671:62792494
2597:page 170
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2302:11726069
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1328:17521993
1276:11726068
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987:16123776
910:See also
262:—
251:validity
232:confound
3755:Related
3571:Nigeria
3110:Marital
2976:14 July
2936:2042031
2857:9846781
2579:2512368
2571:8426874
2410:6715743
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1766:8 March
1589:Society
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685:Dallam
665:Consent
590:Dallam
564:Dallam
383:Arizona
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3777:debate
3684:Tzedek
3137:Raptio
3115:Prison
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3038:Child
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2522:S2CID
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2240:S2CID
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1967:S2CID
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1541:S2CID
1332:S2CID
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3385:and
3283:Laws
3105:Gray
3100:Date
3090:Rape
2978:2011
2941:PMID
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2853:PMID
2817:2012
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