2794:
1216:"There are many types of (church roof) crosses, but the interlaced ones are the most characteristic and the most flamboyant of all those to be found throughout the country (Galicia). They are made up, in most cases, by a Christian cross of equal arms, not unlike a Pate or Greek cross, with a circle that surrounds it; along with this, the cross is ornamented with interlaces in the way of the purest early Celtic art" ("Hai cruces antefixas de moitos tipos pero son as entrelazadas as máis chamativas e caracterĂsticas de todas as que podemos atopar polo paĂs. Están formadas na maior parte dos casos por unha cruz cristiá xeralmente de brazos iguais, do tipo da cruz de patĂ© ou grega, e un circulo que a rodea; xunto con isto está ornamentada cun entrelazado da máis pura arte celta primitiva")
828:
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722:
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2126:
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2016:
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2006:
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1968:
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1988:
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319:
erected across the islands beginning in the early 8th century; most, but not all, of these monuments take the form of the Celtic cross. Scholars debate the origins of the type, but it is related to earlier types of ringed crosses such as the "cosmological cross" used in
Ravenna. St. John's Cross at
770:
Old Coptic crosses often incorporate a circle, as in the form called a "Coptic cross" by Rudolf Koch in his The Book of Signs (1933). Sometimes the arms of the cross extend through the circle (dividing it into four quadrants), as in the "Celtic cross". The circle cross was also used by the early
324:, an Irish monastery off the coast of Scotland and a major pilgrimage center, may be the prototype for all other high crosses. Most high crosses were made between the 8th and 10th centuries, with a briefer revival occurring in Ireland in the late 11th and 12th centuries.
2793:
827:
327:
The Celtic cross saw a resurgence in the mid-19th century, following new studies and reconstructions of the medieval high crosses. They subsequently became common objects in art, architecture, and merchandise during the
396:
653:
460:
627:(granaries) as a protective measure against any kind of evil. They can also be found atop churches and, since the beginning of the 20th century, in cemeteries, but they are unusual in
575:
706:
428:
556:
144:, and occasionally others. In other cases, the combination of cross and nimbus symbolized the presence of Christ throughout the cosmos, with the nimbus representing the
2929:
675:
721:
690:
811:
444:
872:
Although many image files exist (and are used in this article), just one circled cross – the celtic cross – has an explicit
1301:
631:(high crosses). There is a very characteristic Galician Medieval style that combines a Celtic cross with a Celtic simple knot; it is similar to the
157:
102:
1182:, Recueil d'articles en hommage à Jean Batany rassemblés et édités par Huguette Legros, Denis Hüe et Joël Grisward, Orléans, Éditions Paradigme.
1227:
1201:
1095:
2934:
179:
489:
412:
315:
featuring a nimbus surrounding the intersection of the stem and arms. The Celtic cross became widespread through the distinctive stone
124:-in-circle motif was widespread in the Roman Empire by the late 4th century, and garlanded and ringed crosses were popular in imperial
1245:
1005:
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226:
1294:
195:
1025:
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1143:
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2149:
995:
133:
47:
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149:
2109:
1929:
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562:
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2009:
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and consequently may not be displayed correctly or even at all. Furthermore, they may not be recognised by
2838:
2767:
2489:
2169:
2019:
1136:
From
Ireland Coming: Irish Art from the Early Christian to the Late Gothic Period and Its European Context
667:
241:
2879:
2509:
2375:
1889:
1635:
1569:
2139:
1925:
1760:
938:, have been used as alternatives. These symbols (particularly 1F548 and 1F728) are not included in all
255:
136:
incorporating a cross, emerged as a distinctive type of halo painted behind the head of members of the
2045:
2311:
2199:
2189:
2119:
2089:
1734:
1369:
1132:"Constructing the Market Cross at Tuam: The Role of Cultural Patriotism in the Study of High Crosses"
818:
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364:
210:
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2179:
2165:
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116:
and other symbols relatively early. In these contexts it apparently derived from the earlier Roman
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2015:
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in the centre. Most of them were made around the 16th century. One can be seen on the spire of
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1941:
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308:
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1329:
1060:
419:
145:
2905:
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2525:
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2351:
1937:
1819:
1774:
1714:
1681:
1615:
1609:
1457:
1437:
1433:
1365:
1249:
780:
636:
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531:
451:
113:
83:
31:
1919:
1269:
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2519:
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1987:
1981:
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1591:
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1379:
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660:
511:
403:
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333:
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129:
43:
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2715:
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2025:
1835:
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1473:
1027:
Christ in Celtic
Christianity: Britain and Ireland from the Fifth to the Tenth Century
970:
Christ in Celtic
Christianity: Britain and Ireland from the Fifth to the Tenth Century
2981:
2662:
2615:
2539:
2467:
2407:
2159:
1961:
1909:
1879:
1814:
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1661:
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1080:
943:
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304:
117:
75:
55:
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2195:
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2005:
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2600:
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2397:
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1971:
1967:
1947:
1859:
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1829:
1651:
1647:
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1629:
1597:
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368:
292:
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264:
261:
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186:
153:
137:
109:
98:
79:
59:
35:
2855:
2833:
2317:
2259:
2175:
1895:
1790:
1720:
1625:
1385:
1096:"Late High Crosses in Munster: Tradition and Novelty in Twelfth-Century Irish Art"
148:. Notable early examples include the cosmological ringed cross in the 5th-century
712:
high crosses topping the sanctuary of a Virxe da Barca ('Our Lady of the Boat'),
2966:
2725:
2699:
2672:
2588:
2269:
2069:
1951:
1915:
1899:
1885:
1865:
1794:
1724:
1529:
1399:
1389:
312:
2763:
2393:
2239:
2205:
2135:
1800:
748:
There is an example of a circled cross in the cemetery around the 13th-century
347:("cross with nimbus"). They are found mainly in the western part of France: in
2919:
2827:
2817:
2729:
2695:
2595:
2287:
2253:
1754:
1691:
1577:
873:
681:
316:
63:
1051:
Werner, Martin (1990). "On the
Origins of the Form of the Irish High Cross".
2949:
2899:
2685:
2387:
2297:
2209:
2145:
2085:
2065:
1740:
1587:
1453:
794:
582:
406:, the croix celtique de Saint Cado, Stêr an Intel (Étel river), erected 1990
217:
201:
20:
2535:
2403:
1810:
1667:
1545:
1405:
697:
2383:
2327:
1875:
1825:
1750:
1535:
382:, many churches have kept their tombstones decorated with a celtic cross.
94:
19:
This article is about the
Christian symbolism. For the wider concept, see
2909:
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713:
535:
379:
352:
348:
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877:
753:
300:
125:
121:
71:
1072:
617:
A distinct form of ringed cross similar to Celtic variant is found in
2301:
1671:
623:
601:
296:
67:
2783:
1425:
1375:
2803:
1064:
739:
141:
93:
51:
727:
Cross topping the church of Saint
Lazarus, Santiago de Compostela
684:
cross atop the church of Saint
Susanna, in Santiago de Compostela
2757:
2652:
496:
321:
38:. The concept exists in many variants and dates to early in the
1283:
2736:
2733:
1178:
Stéphane Laîné, Baligan ou les avatars d'un émir », in
1279:
332:. They have since remained popular symbols of Ireland and
1100:
Early
Medieval Munster: Archaeology, History and Society
128:
by the 5th century, influencing the later versions. The
2745:
2671:
2556:
2231:
1317:
281:
Celtic crosses in France, Ireland and Great
Britain
1194:Dicionario de etnografia e antropoloxĂa de Galiza
295:is a variant of the ringed cross that emerged in
2930:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
1138:. Princeton University Press. pp. 141–160.
1024:Herren, Michael W.; Brown, Shirley Ann (2002).
967:Herren, Michael W.; Brown, Shirley Ann (2002).
789:sometimes incorporate a circle, similar to the
696:A Latin cross and a high cross atop a Galician
466:Normandy, Tombstones in the St Germain church,
1295:
1196:(1 ed.). Vigo: Nigra Trea. p. 212.
1098:. In Monk, Michael A.; John, Sheehan (eds.).
899:Symbols designed for other purposes, such as
339:In France, the celtic crosses are called the
8:
666:topping the church of Saint Mary Salome, in
1102:. Cork University Press. pp. 138–146.
1302:
1288:
1280:
1262:"photos de l' abbaye de St Maur en Anjou"
1243:The meaning of the St Maur cross (French)
1019:
1017:
450:Auvergne, details of the croix nimbée de
1000:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 59–60.
959:
865:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
807:
649:
552:
485:
392:
175:
997:A Handbook of Symbols in Christian Art
837:Nestorian tombstone. (Inner Mongolia)
158:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe
103:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe
7:
2935:List of tallest crosses in the world
880:for use in transferable materials.
112:or ringed shape was appended to the
58:. Other common variants include the
1266:erwan.levourch.pagesperso-orange.fr
1222:. Vigo: Ir Indo. pp. 122–176.
1030:. Boydell Press. pp. 199–200.
973:. Boydell Press. pp. 192–193.
1130:William, Maggie McEnchroe (2001).
14:
1192:Mariño Ferro, Xosé Ramón (2010).
2960:
2948:
2924:
2914:
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2874:
2864:
2854:
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2762:
2752:
2724:
2714:
2704:
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2238:
2222:
2204:
2194:
2184:
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2114:
2104:
2094:
2084:
2074:
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2034:
2024:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1936:
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1854:
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1834:
1824:
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1502:
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1482:
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1324:
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720:
705:
689:
674:
652:
590:
574:
555:
523:
504:
488:
459:
443:
427:
418:Normandy, the croix celtique de
411:
395:
254:
240:
225:
209:
194:
178:
16:Cross enclosed in a ring or halo
910:ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL FOR VERDIGRIS
480:Celtic crosses in Great Britain
189:, a common type of ringed cross
817:A Celtic-style cross from the
434:Normandy, the croix nimbée de
1:
1220:XeometrĂas máxicas de Galicia
1167:Les croix nimbées du Cotentin
1134:. In Hourihane, Colum (ed.).
994:Sill, Gertrude Grace (2011).
946:software used by people with
34:symbols featuring a ring or
936:N-ARY CIRCLED PLUS OPERATOR
150:Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
3004:
778:
763:
744:Rõngasrist Saha kabeliaias
644:Circled crosses in Galacia
284:
82:; and ringed crosses from
50:placed behind the head of
18:
2943:
2220:
1180:Remembrances et Resveries
846:Use with computer systems
547:Celtic crosses in Ireland
204:(and planet Earth symbol)
2730:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
833:A sun cross carved on a
621:in Spain, often topping
387:Celtic crosses in France
2955:Christianity portal
1218:Romero, Bieito (2009).
46:, is a special type of
40:history of Christianity
2768:Armenian eternity sign
1340:Anchored/Saint Clement
1094:Cronin, Rhoda (1998).
853:This article contains
745:
668:Santiago de Compostela
563:Muiredach's High Cross
438:, 15th or 16th century
152:, and the 6th-century
105:
2880:Shield of the Trinity
1962:Portate/Saint Gilbert
1169:in Heimdal n°2, 1971.
743:
232:The original Gnostic/
97:
2653:Rood/Triumphal cross
2090:Saint James/Santiago
2040:Saltire/Saint Andrew
1715:Grapevine/Saint Nino
819:Nestorian Evangelion
785:Crosses used by the
530:St Columba’s Cross,
495:St. Martin's Cross,
436:Saint-Pierre-en-Port
170:Ringed cross symbols
78:; some forms of the
62:, used in the stone
2920:Triskelion/Triskele
2362:Cuthbert's pectoral
1785:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
1775:Jerusalem/Crusaders
659:Modern copy of the
42:. One variant, the
1248:2011-11-21 at the
855:special characters
787:Church of the East
746:
604:, Northern Ireland
106:
2975:
2974:
2890:Sunwheel swastika
2273:Blanc croix rouge
1229:978-84-7680-639-5
1203:978-84-95364-84-5
1165:Frédéric Scuvée,
948:visual impairment
861:rendering support
802:Nestorian crosses
598:Ardboe High Cross
404:Sant-KadoĂą Island
365:Orléans Cathedral
334:"Celtic" identity
309:Early Middle Ages
248:Cross of Novgorod
132:or cross halo, a
2995:
2965:
2964:
2953:
2952:
2928:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2888:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2848:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2776:
2766:
2756:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2688:
2548:
2538:
2528:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2476:
2466:
2456:
2446:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2360:
2350:
2342:Cross cramponnée
2340:
2330:
2320:
2310:
2300:
2290:
2280:
2272:
2262:
2252:
2242:
2226:
2225:
2208:
2200:Syriac (Western)
2198:
2190:Syriac (Eastern)
2188:
2178:
2170:Serbian Orthodox
2168:
2158:
2148:
2138:
2128:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2020:Russian Orthodox
2018:
2008:
1998:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1950:
1940:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1660:
1650:
1638:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1436:
1428:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1268:. Archived from
1258:
1252:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1021:
1012:
1011:
991:
985:
984:
964:
937:
934:
931:
929:
924:
921:
918:
916:
911:
908:
905:
903:
895:
892:
889:
887:
830:
814:
724:
709:
693:
678:
656:
594:
581:Doorty's Cross,
578:
559:
527:
508:
492:
463:
447:
431:
420:Veules-les-Roses
415:
399:
258:
244:
229:
213:
198:
182:
146:celestial sphere
120:of victory. The
3003:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2988:Crosses by form
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2967:Arts portal
2959:
2947:
2939:
2741:
2667:
2552:
2227:
2223:
2218:
1890:Order of Christ
1682:Globus cruciger
1498:Catherine wheel
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1735:Greek Orthodox
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1592:Cruciform halo
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1272:on 2013-04-28.
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1007:978-1439123843
1006:
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940:computer fonts
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510:
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376:Lower Normandy
341:croix celtique
330:Celtic Revival
285:Main article:
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30:is a class of
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1059:(1): 98–110.
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567:Monasterboice
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140:, especially
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56:Christian art
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2837:
2720:Signum manus
2673:Christograms
2641:Processional
2574:Conciliation
2500:Saint Julian
2312:Consecration
2150:Saint Thomas
2130:Saint Philip
2080:Saint George
1999:
1350:Anuradhapura
1270:the original
1265:
1256:
1238:
1219:
1212:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1135:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1099:
1089:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1026:
996:
989:
969:
962:
923:CIRCLED PLUS
898:
894:CELTIC CROSS
871:
852:
835:Yuan-dynasty
791:Celtic cross
784:
769:
766:Coptic cross
760:Coptic cross
747:
663:
628:
622:
616:
470:, Middle Age
373:
369:Loire valley
345:croix nimbée
344:
340:
338:
326:
317:high crosses
293:Celtic cross
290:
287:Celtic cross
262:Shimazu clan
234:Coptic cross
187:Celtic cross
154:Crux Gemmata
138:Holy Trinity
107:
99:Crux Gemmata
80:Coptic cross
64:high crosses
60:Celtic cross
28:ringed cross
27:
25:
2860:Scientology
2700:IX monogram
2557:By function
2490:Saint Alban
2292:Carolingian
2180:Short Sword
2140:Saint Piran
2120:Saint Peter
2060:Saint David
1942:Patriarchal
1795:Latin/Roman
1620:Evangelists
1400:Balkenkreuz
1390:Arrow/Barby
1151:October 25,
1115:October 26,
750:Saha Chapel
468:Flamanville
313:Latin cross
2530:Two-barred
2232:Historical
2100:Saint John
2050:Saint Chad
1991:Resistance
1805:Macedonian
1694:'s variant
1692:Archbishop
1488:Canterbury
1360:Archangels
1145:069108825X
1109:1859181074
1037:0851158897
980:0851158897
954:References
874:code point
661:Romanesque
499:, Scotland
402:Brittany,
359:as far as
311:. It is a
2677:Chrismons
2636:Preaching
2478:Quarterly
2448:Nestorian
2388:Gammadion
2371:Engrailed
1610:Ethiopian
1458:Byzantine
1438:Bulgarian
1081:192024681
907:🜨
891:🕈
795:sun cross
752:in North
700:(granary)
664:Agnus Dei
635:cross at
629:cruceiros
585:, Ireland
583:Kilfenora
569:, Ireland
518:, England
367:, in the
218:Cruciform
202:Sun cross
21:Sun cross
2982:Category
2910:Swastika
2870:Shamrock
2798:Kolovrat
2788:Irminsul
2746:See also
2646:Lalibela
2626:Pectoral
2621:Necklace
2611:Memorial
2579:Heraldry
2569:Blessing
2428:Lorraine
2398:Jewelled
2244:Avellane
1982:Quadrate
1870:Novgorod
1840:Maronite
1765:Jeremiah
1745:Huguenot
1582:Crucifix
1560:Crosslet
1530:Cercelée
1478:Camargue
1448:Burgundy
1380:Armenian
1246:Archived
933:⨁
920:⊕
536:Cornwall
516:Gosforth
380:Cotentin
361:Auvergne
357:Limousin
353:Normandy
349:Brittany
276:Examples
2818:Mjölnir
2808:Lauburu
2778:Ichthys
2710:Labarum
2690:Chi Rho
2663:Wayside
2616:Mission
2540:Victory
2510:Templar
2468:Pierced
2458:Peñalba
2418:Lazarus
2408:Katanga
2379:Erminée
2160:Serbian
2010:Russian
1930:Fitchée
1910:Patonce
1880:Occitan
1815:Maltese
1705:Gnostic
1662:Fourchy
1550:Cossack
1518:Variant
1468:Calvary
1420:Bottony
1410:Bolnisi
1330:Alcoraz
1311:Crosses
902:U+1F728
886:U+1F548
878:Unicode
754:Estonia
736:Estonia
633:St Maur
624:horreos
619:Galicia
613:Galicia
307:in the
305:Britain
301:Ireland
267:(Japan)
156:in the
126:Ravenna
122:Chi Rho
118:garland
90:History
84:Galicia
76:Britain
72:Ireland
2658:Summit
2631:Plague
2606:Mercat
2601:Market
2584:Nordic
2549:Voided
2322:Coptic
2302:Chouan
2282:Brigid
2000:Ringed
1972:Potent
1920:Pattée
1860:Nordic
1850:Moline
1830:Marian
1820:Marada
1672:Fylfot
1652:Forked
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1630:Fleury
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1570:Fitchy
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