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1089:(NAO) mechanisms, and lastly the spring break-up. The results of Ferguson et al. determined that decreases in snowfall had a negative effect on ringed seal recruitment, most likely from the occurrence of earlier break up of sea ice. The main process driving this break up is albedo, with less snowfall and more ocean exposed the ice melts more quickly. With seal pups being forced into the water sooner due to lack of ice, recruitment numbers drops and result in a downward trend of the population. Ringed seals are not the only animals that require sea-ice in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic to thrive. Trophic levels come into play in terms of the food web and the reliance of one population on another or many others for survival. Most of this research is actually studied through simulations, since this requires future projections and interactions between many population, physical ocean, and biological mechanisms. Meier et al. studied current and future projections of climate in regards to sea-ice in the Baltic Sea by means of atmosphere-ocean models. Firstly, the ringed seal relies on sea-ice for breeding and is unable to breed on land, meaning, as ice melts away in the future, breeding grounds will become much scarcer. It was determined that only one bay,
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The majority of past research has been focused around this main idea of quicker melting sea ice leading to lower ringed seal populations from lack of breeding areas. Yet what most research has not also taken into account is the quick drop in polar bear populations. As the main predator of ringed seals, the polar bear’s extinction in the coming years will allow for ringed seal populations to flourish. In the end, ringed seals are estimated to thrive with no polar bears present in the Arctic and Sub Arctic. Although this predator factor is involved with more recent research, it does not necessarily mean this will be the outcome, considering the uncertainty in such projections. Overall, ringed seals populations will fluctuate regardless of each potential outcome and climate change is certain to affect not only the ringed seal but all Arctic and Sub Arctic animal populations.
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conducted in the
Chukchi Sea in May–June 1999 and 2000 indicate that ringed seal density is higher in nearshore fast and pack ice, and lower in offshore pack ice. Results of surveys conducted by Frost and Lowry (1999) indicate that, in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, the density of ringed seals in May–June is higher to the east than to the west of Flaxman Island. The overall winter distribution is probably similar, and it is believed there is a net movement of seals northward with the ice edge in late spring and summer. Thus, ringed seals occupying the Bering and southern Chukchi seas in winter apparently are migratory, but details of their movements are unknown.
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the high (A1B) climate scenario, the ringed seals were determined to thrive even more. Hoover et al. further determined that the ringed seal’s large presence as a circumpolar population along with unspecialized feeding makes the ringed seal less sensitive compared with other Arctic land and marine species. One of the final general conclusions made by Hoover et al. stated that while many current harvested populations will decrease with proposed climate change, ringed seals should be considered for redirecting harvest towards their populations.
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1097:, will be able to be used by ringed seals for breeding, vastly limiting their options. It was further determined that ringed seals are only able to be successful with strained conditions in areas of 90%-100% ice cover probability. (Meier et al. 2004) The changes in ice scarcity projected for the future seem to greatly hinder the ability for ringed seals to reproduce in the Baltic Sea. Hoover et al. looked at multiple marine populations in the
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1118:, separating primary producers from primary predators. Historically the ringed seal was the most abundant of any other seals in the Arctic, yet this species has had its share of population slumps. First there was over-harvesting of the ringed seal, drastically dropping numbers from about 200,000 in 1900 to only 4,000 in the 1970s. Secondly, pollution from organochlorides due to
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affinity for ice-covered waters and are well adapted to occupying seasonal and permanent ice. They tend to prefer large floes (i.e., > 48 m in diameter) and are often found in the interior ice pack where the sea ice coverage is greater than 90%. They remain in contact with ice most of the year and pup on the ice in late winter-early spring.
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The future of ringed seal populations in the Arctic and Sub Arctic is uncertain, but two main projections surface based around habitat and predators. The first projection focuses on the direct effects of climate change on sea-ice and the limited environment that it will provide the ringed seal with.
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while factoring in both simulated current and higher harvest rates, ultimately determining that ringed seals are identified to increase in population. This is mostly due to the decrease in polar bear populations, the main predator to the ringed seal. Even with a doubling of harvest rates and under
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Most research on ringed seals is focused on their requirement of sea-ice to live and reproduce. With climate change projected to occur most dramatically at the poles, the Arctic is fated to change extremely mainly with the melting of ice and changes in snowfall. Ferguson et al. studied ringed seal
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Females reach sexual maturity at 4 years while males do not reach maturity until 7 years old. During the spring breeding season, females construct lairs within the thick ice and give birth in these structures. Females give birth to a single pup on ice floes or shorefast ice in March or April after a
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and fish, the ringed seal is considered a primary consumer as well as a secondary consumer. But the tertiary consumer, or top predator, in the Arctic is the polar bear, feeding mostly on seals, including the ringed seal. Yet through further exploration, the potential fates of this Arctic food web
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Ringed seals are found throughout the
Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering Seas, as far south as Bristol Bay in years of extensive ice coverage. During late April through June, ringed seals are distributed throughout their range from the southern ice edge northward. Preliminary results from recent surveys
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of sea ice is much higher than that of ocean water. Ringed seals require sea ice to live and reproduce. They live most of their lives alone, only grouping together into colonies when they are on sea ice to molt, mate, or rest. Without access to sea ice, ringed seals are unable to sustain life,
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In the Hudson Bay, Canada, the body conditions of ringed seals were observed from 2003-2013. Aerial surveys showed a decline in ringed seal density, with the lowest occurrence of seals in 2013. The lower ice coverage means more open water swimming for the ringed seals, which caused higher stress
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Ringed seals have a circumpolar distribution from approximately 35°N to the North Pole, occurring in all seas of the Arctic Ocean. In the North
Pacific, they are found in the southern Bering Sea and range as far south as the seas of Okhotsk and Japan. Throughout their range, ringed seals have an
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name. Depending on subspecies and condition, adult size can range from 100 to 175 cm (39.5 to 69 in) and weigh from 32 to 140 kg (71 to 309 lb). The seal averages about 5 ft (1.5 m) long with a weight of about 50–70 kg (110–150 lb). This species is usually
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in 2006. Reliable estimates of the minimum population, potential biological removal and human-caused mortality were not available in 2006. The level of annual U.S. commercial fishery-related mortality or injury was considered insignificant. The Alaska stock of ringed seals is not considered a
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due to warming ocean and atmospheric temperatures, survival has become tougher for ringed seals in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions. Yet ringed seals are also potentially projected to thrive due to warming, considering the early extinction of their predators.
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is projected to affect both polar regions more than anywhere else. This means a changing climate and life for all those residing in these polar regions. As for ringed seals, two potential outcomes lie ahead in this ever-changing climate.
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regions. The ringed seal is a relatively small seal, rarely greater than 1.5 m in length, with a distinctive patterning of dark spots surrounded by light gray rings, hence its common name. It is the most abundant and wide-ranging
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The ringed seal is the smallest and most common seal in the Arctic, with a small head, short cat-like snout, and a plump body. Its coat is dark with silver rings on the back and sides with a silver belly, giving this seal its
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In the past decade, the Arctic region has faced some of its highest temperatures within the instrumental record. Furthermore, within the past 2000 years, summer temperature highs have never been harsher, based on
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mechanisms based on sea-ice melt. As sea ice melts, it frees up more open ocean water to be further heated, thus bringing about a positive feedback. Ocean water retains more heat than sea ice; additionally the
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The estimated population size for the Alaska stock of ringed seals is 249,000 animals. In 2010 the trend in numbers for this population was unknown. Ringed seals are listed as a species of "least concern" by the
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in fishing gear, such as commercial trawls, is a threat to ringed seals. Climate change is potentially the most serious threat to ringed seal populations since much of their habitat is dependent upon pack ice.
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Ringed seals reside in arctic waters and are commonly associated with ice floes and pack ice. The ringed seal maintains a breathing hole in the ice thus allowing it to use ice habitat that other seals cannot.
406:, may approach similarly diminutive dimensions. Their small front flippers have claws more than 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick that are used to maintain breathing holes through 6.5 ft (2.0 m) thick ice.
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The taxonomy of ringed seal has been much debated and revised in the literature. Due to its wide range, as many as ten subspecies have been described. Currently, five distinct subspecies are recognized:
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within the Arctic food web. The ringed seal is not fragile considering their past, yet climate change will have the greatest population effect on the ringed seals thus far due to anthropogenic causes.
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Females usually begin mating in late April. Males will roam the ice for a mate. When found, the male and female may spend several days together before mating. Then the male looks for another mate.
1803:; Granskog, M. A.; Goodison, B.; Hovelsrud, G. K.; Johansson, M.; Kallenborn, R.; Key, J.; Klepikov, A.; Meier, W.; Overland, J. E.; Prowse, T. D.; Sharp, M.; Vincent, W. F.; Walsh, J. (2011).
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Corey S. Davis; Isabelle
Delisle; Ian Stirling; Donald B. Siniff & Curtis Strobeck (2004). "A phylogeny of the extant Phocidae inferred from complete mitochondrial DNA coding regions".
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and other residues caused many Arctic marine mammals including the ringed seal to become sterile. Sterility still affects many marine mammals living in the Arctic, being a mechanism of
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Ringed seals eat a wide variety of small prey that consists of 72 species of fish and invertebrates. Feeding is usually a solitary behavior and their prey of choice includes
2004:, M. A. Granskog, B. Goodison, G. K. Hovelsrud, M. Johansson, R. Kallenborn, J. Key, A. Klepikov, W. Meier, J. E. Overland, T. D. Prowse, M. Sharp, W. F. Vincent, J. Walsh.
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2007:(2011). The changing arctic cryosphere and likely consequences: An overview. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 40(sp1), 111-118. doi: 10.1007/s13280-011-0220-y.
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1106:(cortisol) rates. Low ovulation rate, low pregnancy rate, fewer pups in the Inuit harvest, and observations of sick seals was also seen over the course of the study.
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Ringed seals live about 25 to 30 years. They are solitary animals and when hauled out on ice separate themselves from each other by hundreds of yards.
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in western Hudson Bay with a focus on six environmental variables, including: snow depth, snowfall, rainfall, the temperature when pups were born,
872:. While feeding, ringed seals dive to depths of 35 to 150 ft (11 to 46 m). In the summer ringed seals feed along edge of the sea-ice for
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Meier (2004). "Simulated distributions of baltic sea-ice in warming climate and consequences for the winter habitat of the Baltic ringed seal".
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2011:
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Hoover, C (2013). "Effects of hunting, fishing and climate change on the Hudson bay marine ecosystem: Ii. Ecosystem model future projections".
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Ferguson, S. H.; Stirling, I.; McLoughlin, P. (2005). "Climate Change and Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida) Recruitment in
Western Hudson Bay".
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Ferguson, Steven H.; Young, Brent G.; Yurkowski, David J.; Anderson, Randi; Willing, Cornelia; Nielsen, Ole (2017).
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1945:"Demographic, ecological, and physiological responses of ringed seals to an abrupt decline in sea ice availability"
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in
Finland and is one of the most threatened seals in the world with a total population of around 400 individuals.
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The populations living in different areas have evolved to separate subspecies, which are currently recognized as:
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seem to be ambiguous, leading to a very important trade off of polar bear mortality and ringed seal sustenance.
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525:), in which ringed seals were formerly classified. Together with the remaining northern latitude ice seals (
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considered the smallest species in the true seal family, although several related species, especially the
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359:. Typically about 1.5 metres (5 ft) long, the ringed seal is known to be solitary with their main
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1747:
Murray, M. S. (2005). "Prehistoric Use of Ringed Seals: A zooarchaeological Study from Arctic Canada".
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1709:"Growth and population parameters of ringed seals (Pusa hispida) from Svalbard, Norway, 2002–2004"
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Berta, A. & Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped
Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies".
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1707:
Bjørn A. Krafft; Kit M. Kovacs; Anne
Kirstine Frie; Tore Haug & Christian Lydersen (2006).
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Ringed seals are the smallest and most abundant member of the seal family that live in the
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regions. The average life span of a ringed seal is 40 years, with a diet based mainly on
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9-month gestation period. Pups are weaned after one month and build up a thick layer of
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2017:
http://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/polar-oceans/poles-apart-a-tale-of-two-oceans
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2015:
Landis, C. (2009, May). The Arctic Ocean: Water surrounded by land. Retrieved from
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throughout their range, and continue to be harvested annually by many communities.
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The three last subspecies are isolated from the others, like the closely related
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both above and below. Ringed seals are both predators and prey. A predator to
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Ringed seals have long been an important component of the diet of Arctic
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where there is a large population, but there are also populations in the
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876:. In shallow water they feed on smaller cod. Ringed seals may also eat
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and the detrimental changes to sea ice that follow. With declines in
367:. Recently, however, the biggest threat to ringed seals has been the
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1805:"The changing arctic cryosphere and likely consequences: An overview"
1601:"HELCOM Red List of Baltic Sea species in danger of becoming extinct"
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1340:(2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press. pp. 1033–1036.
1336:. In Perrin, William F.; Wursig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds.).
1019:(ESA) to determine if listing this seal under the ESA is warranted.
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revealed signs of harvested ringed seals dating from c. 4000–3500
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Olsen, M. S.; Callaghan, T. V.; Reist, J. D.; Reiersen, L. O.;
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Smithsonian
Institution - North American Mammals: Pusa hispida
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2000:
M. S. Olsen, T. V. Callaghan, J. D. Reist, L. O. Reiersen,
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10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0370:GVITSO>2.0.CO;2
1430:
Masao Amano; Azusa Hayano & Nobuyuki
Miyazaki (2002).
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Study says ringed seal liver dangerous for pregnant women
904:
Ringed seal are an important food item in particular for
1660:
Angliss R. P. & Outlaw R. B. (Revised 15 May 2006)
487:), all of which share similar small sizes, features of
1432:"Geographic variation in the skull of the ringed seal
2010:
Ringed seal - Phoca hispida. (2013). Retrieved from
1851:
Ringed seal - Phoca hispida. (2013). Retrieved from
7880:
7538:
7331:
7280:
7271:
7225:
7201:
7168:
7127:
7076:
7042:
7001:
6960:
6943:
6898:
6872:
6863:
6764:
6740:
6716:
6690:
6613:
6558:
6516:
6499:
6475:
6447:
6402:
6361:
6328:
6311:
6252:
6202:
6169:
6143:
6080:
6039:
6006:
5947:
5926:
5904:
5806:
5765:
5737:
5703:
5686:
5636:
5603:
5559:
5516:
5497:
5406:
5365:
5311:
5285:
5261:
5233:
5211:
5155:
5128:
5119:
5060:
5025:
5001:
4977:
4962:
4951:
4852:
4793:
4778:
4705:
4655:
4623:
4608:
4471:
4438:
4412:
4379:
4363:
4263:
4221:
4081:
4046:
3991:
3958:
3908:
3867:
3858:
3837:
3796:
3746:
3720:
3683:
3648:
3631:
3615:
3579:
3538:
3514:
3499:
3446:
3261:
3222:
3213:
3158:
3117:
3099:
3049:
2996:
2947:
2936:
2887:
2789:
2725:
2699:
2671:
2630:
2621:
2570:
2483:
2446:
2420:
2383:
2359:
2350:
2334:
2266:
2233:
2224:
2204:
2162:
2151:
2119:
8106:Taxa named by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber
978:warned pregnant women to avoid eating ringed seal
1006:, and were considered 'not threatened' under the
471:. The ringed seal is most closely related to the
1114:The ringed seal is a very important link in the
792:and will move farther north for denser ice. Two
497:The closest phylogenetic relatives to the genus
333:, and have long been a component of the diet of
1207:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami page on the ringed seal
916:take ringed seal pups born outside lairs while
1276:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41672A45231341.en
325:. Ringed seals are one of the primary prey of
2037:
1222:Voices in the Sea - Sounds of the Ringed Seal
1015:began a conservation status review under the
321:, and including two freshwater subspecies in
8:
1668:. "Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessments".
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1689:, globalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
1465:
1463:
7526:
7277:
7056:
6957:
6878:
6869:
6696:
6513:
6455:
6444:
6431:
6325:
6149:
5944:
5901:
5888:
5820:
5717:
5700:
5565:
5530:
5513:
5291:
5258:
5208:
5192:
5125:
5031:
4974:
4959:
4790:
4635:
4620:
4418:
4376:
4360:
4344:
4052:
3864:
3855:
3726:
3654:
3645:
3628:
3550:
3511:
3496:
3492:
3479:
3443:
3219:
3129:
3114:
3096:
3002:
2944:
2933:
2920:
2705:
2627:
2426:
2356:
2347:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2201:
2159:
2148:
2127:
2116:
2100:
2044:
2030:
2022:
228:
70:
48:
29:
20:
1978:
1960:
1836:
1809:Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment
1732:
1547:Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment
1451:
1274:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1232:This article incorporates public domain
1027:Ringed seals reside within 35°N and the
1011:strategic fishery stock. In 2008 the US
555:
541:), these seals constitute the subfamily
1396:
1394:
1392:
1240:
1197:Seal Conservation Society – Ringed Seal
1540:
1538:
1536:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
297:as far south as the northern coast of
1863:
1861:
1859:
1472:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
7:
8028:6F016529-BAF2-43BE-ACD8-E91EB050EEF2
7950:2dc9c6a4-e0b9-4143-ab1a-6e4d437d69e3
1608:Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings
1234:work of the United States Government
8051:IUCN Red List least concern species
3414:South African small-spotted genet (
1262:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1212:Pusa hispida - Animal Diversity Web
8096:Climate change and the environment
1925:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01212.x
1334:"Ringed, Caspian and Baikal Seals"
1202:SOS. Save our seals, thisisFINLAND
772:Ringed seals occur throughout the
670:The Baltic Sea, especially in the
369:changing temperature in the Arctic
14:
3758:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (
1013:National Marine Fisheries Service
997:Conservation in the United States
644:and southward to 35°N, along the
1655:
1527:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x
1400:
1159:
1145:
728:
703:
656:
625:
570:
93:
1890:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.01.010
511:) and the species in the genus
335:indigenous people of the Arctic
1713:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1670:NOAA Technical Memorandum AFSC
1338:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
940:Preparation of the ringed seal
804:, can be found in freshwater.
1:
8071:Pinnipeds of the Arctic Ocean
3170:Malabar large-spotted civet (
1734:10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.04.001
1406:Office of Protected Resources
1051:paleo-climate reconstructions
928:prey upon them in the water.
908:. During the pupping season,
7432:Indonesian mountain weasel (
7088:North American river otter (
5976:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (
3030:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii
4293:Somalian slender mongoose (
1687:Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus
1492:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.006
1332:Miyazaki, Nobuyuki (2009).
776:. They can be found in the
8132:
8116:Habitats Directive species
8086:Pinnipeds of North America
8056:NatureServe secure species
7246:Asian small-clawed otter (
5985:American hog-nosed skunk (
5967:Molina's hog-nosed skunk (
4275:Angolan slender mongoose (
3970:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (
3019:Small-toothed palm civet (
1567:10.1579/0044-7447-33.4.249
1087:North Atlantic Oscillation
1031:, and are thus known as a
982:due to elevated levels of
974:In 2012 the Government of
924:and occasionally Atlantic
8101:Effects of climate change
8066:Mammals described in 1775
7151:
7059:
7013:Saharan striped polecat (
6984:
6881:
6699:
6458:
6443:
6430:
6152:
5994:Striped hog-nosed skunk (
5900:
5887:
5823:
5725:Mediterranean monk seal (
5720:
5568:
5533:
5454:Juan Fernández fur seal (
5418:South American fur seal (
5389:
5353:South American sea lion (
5348:
5294:
5207:
5191:
5034:
4826:
4735:South American gray fox (
4679:
4638:
4421:
4359:
4343:
4311:Common slender mongoose (
4177:
4055:
3941:
3891:
3784:Narrow-striped mongoose (
3779:
3729:
3657:
3553:
3495:
3491:
3478:
3442:
3306:Crested servaline genet (
3132:
3095:
3005:
2932:
2919:
2708:
2654:
2429:
2220:
2200:
2147:
2130:
2115:
2099:
2061:
1829:10.1007/s13280-011-0220-y
1750:Environmental Archaeology
1610:(140): 92. Archived from
1053:. This warming is due to
788:. They prefer to rest on
686:. A publication from the
285:, ranging throughout the
243:
236:
227:
208:
201:
90:Scientific classification
88:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
7369:Stoat/Beringian ermine (
7237:African clawless otter (
6989:African striped weasel (
6802:Yellow-throated marten (
6678:Formosan ferret-badger (
6382:Western mountain coati (
6373:Eastern mountain coati (
6290:Western lowland olingo (
6272:Eastern lowland olingo (
6100:Southern spotted skunk (
5794:Southern elephant seal (
5785:Northern elephant seal (
5575:Pagophilus groenlandicus
4352:("dog-like" carnivorans)
4165:Stripe-necked mongoose (
3786:Mungotictis decemlineata
2661:Herpailurus yagouaroundi
2108:("cat-like" carnivorans)
1684:C. Michael Hogan (2008)
948:Skin of the ringed seal.
690:organisation classified
7414:Yellow-bellied weasel (
6669:Burmese ferret-badger (
6651:Chinese ferret-badger (
6642:Bornean ferret badger (
6633:Vietnam ferret-badger (
6118:Eastern spotted skunk (
6109:Western spotted skunk (
5839:Leptonychotes weddellii
5481:Subantarctic fur seal (
5427:Australasian fur seal (
4251:Black-footed mongoose (
4233:Bushy-tailed mongoose (
4182:White-tailed mongoose (
4120:Indian brown mongoose (
4102:Short-tailed mongoose (
4093:Small Indian mongoose (
4030:Flat-headed kusimanse (
4003:Alexander's kusimanse (
3979:Common dwarf mongoose (
3946:Pousargues's mongoose (
3808:Brown-tailed mongoose (
3767:Grandidier's mongoose (
3021:Arctogalidia trivirgata
2245:Sunda clouded leopard (
1420:accessed 11 March 2010.
711:Pusa hispida ladogensis
667:(validity questionable)
633:Pusa hispida ochotensis
7255:Congo clawless otter (
7158:Hydrictis maculicollis
7156:Spotted-necked otter (
7115:Southern river otter (
7066:Pteronura brasiliensis
6829:European pine marten (
6340:South American coati (
6068:Palawan stink badger (
5394:New Zealand sea lion (
4459:Japanese raccoon dog (
4156:Crab-eating mongoose (
4111:Indian grey mongoose (
3734:Ring-tailed vontsira (
3545:(bone-crushing hyenas)
3240:Central African oyan (
2801:Chinese mountain cat (
1063:which further affects
1017:Endangered Species Act
1008:Endangered Species Act
949:
941:
829:
736:Pusa hispida saimensis
494:and affinity for ice.
410:Taxonomy and phylogeny
393:
7997:Paleobiology Database
7826:Paleobiology Database
7495:Back-striped weasel (
7441:Black-footed ferret (
7213:Smooth-coated otter (
6991:Poecilogale albinucha
6660:Javan ferret-badger (
6546:Sumatran hog badger (
6528:Northern hog badger (
6222:Crab-eating raccoon (
6127:Pygmy spotted skunk (
5848:Lobodon carcinophagus
5584:Histriophoca fasciata
5377:Australian sea lion (
5323:California sea lion (
5072:American black bear (
4814:Black-backed jackal (
4805:Side-striped jackal (
4645:Chrysocyon brachyurus
4069:Long-nosed mongoose (
3342:Rusty-spotted genet (
3179:Large-spotted civet (
3028:Sulawesi palm civet (
2957:Owston's palm civet (
2531:Andean mountain cat (
1905:Marine Mammal Science
1269:: e.T41672A45231341.
947:
939:
827:
391:
8076:Mammals of Greenland
7945:Fauna Europaea (new)
7310:Long-tailed weasel (
6888:Lyncodon patagonicus
6537:Greater hog badger (
6059:Sunda stink badger (
5749:Hawaiian monk seal (
5472:Guadalupe fur seal (
5445:Antarctic fur seal (
5436:Galápagos fur seal (
5332:Galápagos sea lion (
4450:Common raccoon dog (
4302:Cape gray mongoose (
4242:Jackson's mongoose (
4202:Paracynictis selousi
4193:Cynictis penicillata
3817:Durrell's vontsira (
3405:Giant forest genet (
3197:Large Indian civet (
3137:Small Indian civet (
2746:Sunda leopard cat (
2522:Southern tiger cat (
2458:African golden cat (
2135:African palm civet (
1870:Ecological Modelling
1629:"Saimaa Ringed Seal"
1440:Journal of Mammalogy
664:Pusa hispida botnica
578:Pusa hispida hispida
16:Species of carnivore
8081:Pinnipeds of Europe
7353:M. aistoodonnivalis
7189:Hairy-nosed otter (
7106:Neotropical otter (
6886:Patagonian weasel (
6349:White-nosed coati (
5549:Cystophora cristata
5540:Erignathus barbatus
5273:Northern fur seal (
5050:Helarctos malayanus
4686:Atelocynus microtis
4393:U. cinereoargenteus
4284:Egyptian mongoose (
4211:Rhynchogale melleri
4209:Meller's mongoose (
4200:Selous's mongoose (
4184:Ichneumia albicauda
4138:Collared mongoose (
4012:Angolan kusimanse (
3896:Liberian mongoose (
3249:West African oyan (
3148:Civettictis civetta
3079:Golden palm civet (
3037:Masked palm civet (
3012:Arctictis binturong
2986:Hemigalus derbyanus
2984:Banded palm civet (
2975:Hose's palm civet (
2764:Rusty-spotted cat (
1917:2005MMamS..21..121F
1882:2013EcMod.264..143H
1821:2011Ambio..40S.111O
1725:2006ICJMS..63.1136K
1559:2004Ambio..33..249M
1484:2004MolPE..33..363D
896:, and crustaceans.
828:Pup of ringed seal.
305:and throughout the
283:Northern Hemisphere
40:Conservation status
7468:European polecat (
7301:Colombian weasel (
6951:(African polecats)
6579:Caucasian badger (
6507:(Eurasian badgers)
5957:(hog-nosed skunks)
5694:("southern seals")
5593:Halichoerus grypus
5524:("northern seals")
5396:Phocarctos hookeri
5301:Eumetopias jubatus
5299:Steller sea lion (
5081:Asian black bear (
4831:African wild dog (
4785:(wolf-like canids)
4062:Atilax paludinosus
4021:Common kusimanse (
3948:Dologale dybowskii
3920:Gambian mongoose (
3704:Western falanouc (
3695:Eastern falanouc (
3664:Cryptoprocta ferox
3569:Parahyaena brunnea
3324:Johnston's genet (
3279:Abyssinian genet (
3231:(African linsangs)
3139:Viverricula indica
3070:Brown palm civet (
3061:Asian palm civet (
2968:Cynogale bennettii
2959:Chrotogale owstoni
2855:European wildcat (
2846:Black-footed cat (
2436:Leptailurus serval
2404:Asian golden cat (
2170:(Asiatic linsangs)
1962:10.7717/peerj.2957
1694:2012-03-08 at the
1251:Lowry, L. (2016).
1175:Saimaa ringed seal
1153:Marine life portal
954:indigenous peoples
950:
942:
932:Human interactions
830:
741:Saimaa ringed seal
716:Ladoga ringed seal
583:Arctic ringed seal
509:Halichoerus grypus
394:
8091:Pinnipeds of Asia
8038:
8037:
7813:Open Tree of Life
7532:Taxon identifiers
7523:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7486:Siberian weasel (
7477:American ermine (
7405:Japanese weasel (
7360:Mountain weasel (
7344:
7267:
7266:
7053:
7038:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7022:Striped polecat (
6972:Marbled polecat (
6954:
6939:
6938:
6911:
6859:
6858:
6838:Japanese marten (
6784:American marten (
6777:
6635:M. cucphuongensis
6626:
6609:
6608:
6597:European badger (
6570:Japanese badger (
6510:
6463:American badger (
6426:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6322:
6281:Northern olingo (
6265:
6240:Cozumel raccoon (
6215:
6139:
6138:
6093:
6052:
5960:
5941:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5857:Ommatophoca rossi
5830:Hydrurga leptonyx
5817:
5814:(Antarctic seals)
5787:M. angustirostris
5778:
5761:
5760:
5727:Monachus monachus
5714:
5697:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5527:
5510:
5493:
5492:
5355:Otaria flavescens
5344:
5343:
5255:
5223:Odobenus rosmarus
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5138:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5013:Spectacled bear (
4971:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4787:
4774:
4773:
4693:Crab-eating fox (
4684:Short-eared dog (
4632:
4617:
4604:
4603:
4486:
4428:Otocyon megalotis
4372:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4191:Yellow mongoose (
4042:
4041:
3929:Banded mongoose (
3898:Liberiictus kuhni
3852:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3716:
3715:
3642:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3547:
3508:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3378:Servaline genet (
3297:Bourlon's genet (
3272:
3233:
3209:
3208:
3091:
3090:
3063:P. hermaphroditus
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2828:African wildcat (
2785:
2784:
2755:Flat-headed cat (
2695:
2694:
2479:
2478:
2416:
2415:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2254:Clouded leopard (
2213:
2188:Spotted linsang (
2172:
2137:Nandinia binotata
1776:(28 March 2008).
1347:978-0-12-373553-9
1236:from references.
958:Early Paleoeskimo
768:Range and habitat
754:
753:
588:Arctic coasts of
252:
251:
83:
63:
8123:
8031:
8030:
8018:
8017:
8005:
8004:
7992:
7991:
7979:
7978:
7966:
7965:
7953:
7952:
7940:
7939:
7927:
7926:
7914:
7913:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7873:
7872:
7860:
7859:
7847:
7846:
7834:
7833:
7821:
7820:
7808:
7807:
7795:
7794:
7782:
7781:
7769:
7768:
7756:
7755:
7753:NHMSYS0021053568
7743:
7742:
7730:
7729:
7717:
7716:
7704:
7703:
7691:
7690:
7678:
7677:
7665:
7664:
7652:
7651:
7639:
7638:
7626:
7625:
7613:
7612:
7600:
7599:
7587:
7586:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7527:
7459:Malayan weasel (
7378:Steppe polecat (
7351:Sichuan weasel (
7343:
7342:
7338:
7278:
7215:L. perspicillata
7180:Eurasian otter (
7057:
7052:
7051:
7047:
6958:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6927:Greater grison (
6910:
6909:
6905:
6879:
6870:
6820:Nilgiri marten (
6793:Pacific marten (
6776:
6775:
6771:
6697:
6680:M. subaurantiaca
6625:
6624:
6623:(ferret-badgers)
6620:
6514:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6456:
6445:
6432:
6326:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6150:
6092:
6091:
6090:(spotted skunks)
6087:
6051:
6050:
6046:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5945:
5940:
5939:
5931:
5902:
5889:
5846:Crabeater seal (
5821:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5777:
5776:
5775:(elephant seals)
5772:
5751:N. schauinslandi
5718:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5566:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5502:
5463:Brown fur seal (
5438:A. galapagoensis
5325:Z. californianus
5292:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5239:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5041:Melursus ursinus
5032:
4975:
4970:
4967:
4960:
4927:Ethiopian wolf (
4791:
4786:
4783:
4636:
4631:
4628:
4621:
4616:
4613:
4502:Blanford's fox (
4485:
4478:
4419:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4147:Ruddy mongoose (
4129:Javan mongoose (
4060:Marsh mongoose (
4053:
4032:C. platycephalus
3865:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3727:
3671:Malagasy civet (
3655:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3497:
3493:
3480:
3444:
3271:
3268:
3232:
3229:
3220:
3130:
3126:
3115:
3110:
3097:
3003:
2945:
2934:
2921:
2715:Otocolobus manul
2706:
2628:
2504:Geoffroy's cat (
2427:
2357:
2348:
2343:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2202:
2179:Banded linsang (
2171:
2168:
2160:
2149:
2128:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1964:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1865:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1815:(sp1): 111–118.
1796:
1790:
1783:Federal Register
1778:"Proposed Rules"
1774:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1719:(6): 1136–1144.
1704:
1698:
1682:
1676:
1666:): Alaska Stock"
1659:
1653:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1605:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1542:
1531:
1530:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1427:
1421:
1404:
1398:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1350:. Archived from
1329:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1248:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1055:climate feedback
922:Greenland sharks
732:
707:
660:
629:
574:
556:
452:P. h. ladogensis
429:P. h. ochotensis
317:as far south as
232:
214:
98:
97:
77:
74:
73:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8111:Holarctic fauna
8041:
8040:
8039:
8034:
8026:
8021:
8013:
8008:
8000:
7995:
7987:
7982:
7974:
7969:
7961:
7956:
7948:
7943:
7935:
7930:
7922:
7917:
7909:
7904:
7895:
7894:
7889:
7876:
7868:
7863:
7855:
7850:
7842:
7837:
7829:
7824:
7816:
7811:
7803:
7798:
7790:
7787:Observation.org
7785:
7777:
7772:
7764:
7759:
7751:
7746:
7738:
7733:
7725:
7720:
7712:
7707:
7699:
7694:
7686:
7681:
7673:
7668:
7660:
7655:
7647:
7642:
7634:
7629:
7621:
7616:
7608:
7603:
7595:
7590:
7582:
7577:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7534:
7524:
7503:
7479:M. richardsonii
7423:European mink (
7340:
7339:
7337:
7327:
7319:American mink (
7292:Amazon weasel (
7263:
7221:
7197:
7164:
7147:
7123:
7072:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7030:
6997:
6980:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6935:
6918:Lesser grison (
6907:
6906:
6904:
6894:
6855:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6760:
6736:
6712:
6686:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6605:
6554:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6495:
6471:
6452:
6439:
6418:
6390:
6357:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6307:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6248:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6198:
6165:
6135:
6102:S. angustifrons
6089:
6088:
6086:
6076:
6049:(stink badgers)
6048:
6047:
6045:
6035:
6027:Striped skunk (
6002:
5996:C. semistriatus
5956:
5955:
5953:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5922:
5916:Ailurus fulgens
5896:
5863:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5802:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5757:
5733:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5674:
5632:
5599:
5555:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5489:
5402:
5385:
5361:
5340:
5307:
5281:
5248:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5203:
5199:
5171:
5151:
5134:
5133:
5107:
5056:
5021:
4997:
4968:
4966:
4956:
4935:
4864:Golden jackal (
4848:
4822:
4784:
4782:
4770:
4701:
4695:Cerdocyon thous
4675:
4651:
4629:
4627:
4614:
4612:
4600:
4565:RĂĽppell's fox (
4479:
4477:
4467:
4452:N. procyonoides
4434:
4426:Bat-eared fox (
4408:
4373:
4369:
4355:
4351:
4319:
4304:H. pulverulenta
4259:
4217:
4173:
4140:U. semitorquata
4095:U. auropunctata
4077:
4038:
3987:
3954:
3937:
3904:
3887:
3849:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3825:
3792:
3775:
3742:
3736:Galidia elegans
3712:
3679:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3625:
3620:
3599:
3591:Spotted hyena (
3575:
3558:Striped hyena (
3544:
3542:
3534:
3505:
3503:
3487:
3462:
3422:
3360:Aquatic genet (
3351:Pardine genet (
3288:Angolan genet (
3269:
3267:
3257:
3242:P. richardsonii
3230:
3228:
3205:
3188:Malayan civet (
3154:
3146:African civet (
3122:
3121:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3087:
3045:
2992:
2977:Diplogale hosei
2941:
2928:
2903:
2863:
2781:
2721:
2701:
2691:
2667:
2650:
2623:
2617:
2591:Eurasian lynx (
2566:
2475:
2442:
2422:
2412:
2379:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2322:
2262:
2214:
2210:
2196:
2169:
2156:
2143:
2124:
2111:
2107:
2095:
2057:
2050:
1997:
1996:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1867:
1866:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1801:Dahl-Jensen, D.
1798:
1797:
1793:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1760:
1746:
1742:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1696:Wayback Machine
1683:
1679:
1654:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1399:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1348:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1230:
1193:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1132:
1124:bioaccumulation
1112:
1078:
1046:
1035:based species.
1025:
999:
934:
902:
854:
849:
822:
798:P. h. saimensis
770:
738:
713:
684:Archipelago Sea
676:Gulf of Finland
666:
580:
551:
469:Gulf of Bothnia
438:P. h. saimensis
412:
386:
323:northern Europe
268:inhabiting the
248:
223:
216:
210:
197:
194:P. hispida
92:
84:
75:
71:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8129:
8127:
8119:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8043:
8042:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8019:
8006:
7993:
7980:
7967:
7954:
7941:
7932:Fauna Europaea
7928:
7915:
7902:
7886:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7874:
7861:
7848:
7835:
7822:
7809:
7796:
7783:
7770:
7757:
7744:
7731:
7718:
7705:
7692:
7679:
7666:
7653:
7640:
7627:
7614:
7601:
7588:
7575:
7560:
7544:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7521:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7501:
7497:M. strigidorsa
7492:
7483:
7474:
7465:
7456:
7450:Least weasel (
7447:
7438:
7429:
7420:
7411:
7402:
7396:Haida ermine (
7393:
7384:
7380:M. eversmannii
7375:
7366:
7357:
7347:
7345:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7316:
7307:
7298:
7288:
7286:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7252:
7243:
7233:
7231:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7209:
7207:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7186:
7176:
7174:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7135:
7133:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7112:
7108:L. longicaudis
7103:
7097:Marine otter (
7094:
7084:
7082:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7060:
7054:
7040:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7019:
7009:
7007:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6968:
6966:
6955:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6924:
6914:
6912:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6882:
6876:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6844:
6835:
6826:
6817:
6811:Beech marten (
6808:
6799:
6790:
6780:
6778:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6748:
6746:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6724:
6722:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6700:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6675:
6666:
6657:
6648:
6639:
6629:
6627:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6594:
6588:Asian badger (
6585:
6576:
6566:
6564:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6543:
6534:
6530:A. albogularis
6524:
6522:
6511:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6487:Honey badger (
6483:
6481:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6459:
6453:
6448:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6408:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6379:
6369:
6367:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6346:
6336:
6334:
6323:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6296:
6287:
6278:
6268:
6266:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6237:
6228:
6224:P. cancrivorus
6218:
6216:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6192:B. sumichrasti
6187:
6177:
6175:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6124:
6115:
6106:
6096:
6094:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6065:
6055:
6053:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6024:
6018:Hooded skunk (
6014:
6012:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5973:
5963:
5961:
5942:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5910:
5908:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5852:
5843:
5837:Weddell seal (
5834:
5828:Leopard seal (
5824:
5818:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5791:
5781:
5779:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5721:
5715:
5698:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5663:
5654:
5648:Caspian seal (
5644:
5642:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5621:
5615:Spotted seal (
5611:
5609:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5588:
5579:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5544:
5538:Bearded seal (
5534:
5528:
5511:
5507:or true seals)
5505:(earless seals
5495:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5478:
5469:
5460:
5451:
5442:
5433:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5373:
5371:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5329:
5319:
5317:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5256:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5205:
5204:
5196:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5096:
5087:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5045:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5009:
5007:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:A. melanoleuca
4985:
4983:
4972:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4924:
4915:
4909:Eastern wolf (
4906:
4897:
4891:African wolf (
4888:
4879:
4873:Domestic dog (
4870:
4860:
4858:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4837:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4788:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4759:
4753:Sechuran fox (
4750:
4746:L. gymnocercus
4741:
4732:
4726:Darwin's fox (
4723:
4713:
4711:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4690:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4663:
4661:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4639:
4633:
4618:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4508:
4499:
4495:V. bengalensis
4489:
4487:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4374:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4348:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4235:B. crassicauda
4229:
4227:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4066:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3862:
3853:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:G. grandidieri
3764:
3754:
3752:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3668:
3658:
3652:
3643:
3626:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3587:
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3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3564:
3554:
3548:
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3509:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3476:
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3472:
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3468:
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3428:
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3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3333:Letaba genet (
3330:
3321:
3315:Common genet (
3312:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3143:
3133:
3127:
3112:
3100:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:P. zeylonensis
3076:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:Paguma larvata
3034:
3025:
3016:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2953:
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2869:
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2862:
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2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2810:Domestic cat (
2807:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2770:
2766:P. rubiginosus
2761:
2752:
2743:
2739:P. bengalensis
2733:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2713:Pallas's cat (
2709:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2679:
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2616:
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2606:
2600:Iberian lynx (
2597:
2588:
2578:
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2568:
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2565:
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2293:
2284:
2278:Snow leopard (
2274:
2272:
2264:
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2261:
2260:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2228:
2215:
2205:
2198:
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2194:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2157:
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2145:
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2141:
2131:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2091:Laurasiatheria
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2002:D. Dahl-Jensen
1995:
1994:
1930:
1911:(1): 121–135.
1895:
1855:
1844:
1791:
1769:
1758:
1740:
1699:
1677:
1662:"Ringed Seal (
1641:
1620:
1617:on 2014-10-07.
1588:
1553:(4): 249–256.
1532:
1521:(3): 207–234.
1505:
1478:(2): 370–380.
1459:
1446:(2): 370–380.
1422:
1414:"Ringed Seal (
1368:
1357:
1354:on 2009-11-09.
1346:
1317:
1298:"Pusa hispida"
1289:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1191:External links
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:Mammals portal
1156:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1111:
1108:
1077:
1074:
1065:trophic levels
1045:
1042:
1037:Climate change
1024:
1023:Climate change
1021:
998:
995:
933:
930:
914:glaucous gulls
901:
898:
853:
850:
848:
845:
821:
818:
769:
766:
752:
751:
746:Lives only in
744:
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719:
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630:
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433:Sea of Okhotsk
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307:North Atlantic
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7898:
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7888:
7887:
7885:
7883:
7882:Phoca hispida
7879:
7871:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7853:
7849:
7845:
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7836:
7832:
7827:
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7466:
7464:
7462:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7434:M. lutreolina
7430:
7428:
7426:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7403:
7401:
7399:
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7183:
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7126:
7120:
7118:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7090:L. canadensis
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7069:
7067:
7064:Giant otter (
7062:
7061:
7058:
7055:
7045:
7041:
7027:
7025:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6994:
6992:
6987:
6986:
6983:
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6923:
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6902:
6897:
6891:
6889:
6884:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6852:
6850:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6822:M. gwatkinsii
6818:
6816:
6814:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6755:
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6715:
6709:
6707:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6681:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6662:M. orientalis
6658:
6656:
6654:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6602:
6600:
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6526:
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6523:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6512:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6465:Taxidea taxus
6461:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6429:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6387:
6385:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6375:N. meridensis
6371:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6354:
6352:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6324:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6132:
6130:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6061:M. javanensis
6057:
6056:
6054:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5987:C. leuconotus
5983:
5981:
5979:
5978:C. humboldtii
5974:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5943:
5937:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5917:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5860:
5858:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5754:
5752:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5689:
5685:
5671:
5669:
5666:Baikal seal (
5664:
5662:
5660:
5657:Ringed seal (
5655:
5653:
5651:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5624:Harbor seal (
5622:
5620:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5582:Ribbon seal (
5580:
5578:
5576:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5547:Hooded seal (
5545:
5543:
5541:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5500:
5496:
5486:
5484:
5483:A. tropicalis
5479:
5477:
5475:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5409:Arctocephalus
5405:
5399:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5382:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5334:Z. wollebaeki
5330:
5328:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5257:
5251:
5246:
5242:(eared seals:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5194:
5190:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5083:U. thibetanus
5079:
5077:
5075:
5074:U. americanus
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4989:Giant panda (
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4950:
4932:
4930:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4875:C. familiaris
4871:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4833:Lycaon pictus
4829:
4828:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4597:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4529:Tibetan fox (
4527:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4461:N. viverrinus
4457:
4455:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4402:U. littoralis
4398:
4396:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4277:H. flavescens
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4167:U. vitticolla
4163:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4071:Xenogale naso
4067:
4065:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3845:
3844:sensu stricto
3840:
3836:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3673:Fossa fossana
3669:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3567:Brown hyena (
3565:
3563:
3561:
3560:Hyaena hyaena
3556:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3387:Hausa genet (
3385:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3290:G. angolensis
3286:
3284:
3282:
3281:G. abyssinica
3277:
3276:
3274:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3190:V. tangalunga
3186:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3124:sensu stricto
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Paradoxurinae
2995:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2966:Otter civet (
2964:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2860:
2858:
2857:F. silvestris
2853:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2775:P. viverrinus
2773:Fishing cat (
2771:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2748:P. javanensis
2744:
2742:
2740:
2737:Leopard cat (
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2584:L. canadensis
2582:Canada lynx (
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2406:C. temminckii
2402:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2371:Marbled cat (
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:sensu stricto
2338:
2333:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2190:P. pardicolor
2186:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1664:Phoca hispida
1658:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:Mammal Review
1509:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:Phoca hispida
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
996:
994:
991:
987:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
963:
959:
955:
946:
938:
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
918:killer whales
915:
911:
907:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
851:
846:
844:
841:
838:
836:
826:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
767:
765:
763:
759:
749:
745:
742:
737:
734:
731:
727:
726:
723:
720:
717:
712:
709:
706:
702:
701:
697:
693:
692:P. h. botnica
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
659:
655:
654:
650:
647:
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:
628:
624:
623:
619:
618:Baffin Island
615:
611:
607:
606:Novaya Zemlya
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
579:
576:
573:
569:
568:
565:Distribution
564:
561:
558:
557:
554:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:
510:
506:
502:
501:
495:
493:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:P. h. botnica
462:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
440:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:P. h. hispida
409:
407:
405:
400:
392:Back flippers
390:
383:
381:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
331:killer whales
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
247:
246:Phoca hispida
242:
239:
235:
231:
226:
221:
215:
213:
207:
204:
203:Binomial name
200:
196:
195:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
87:
81:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
7881:
7597:pusa-hispida
7584:Pusa_hispida
7570:Pusa hispida
7540:Pusa hispida
7539:
7496:
7487:
7478:
7469:
7460:
7451:
7442:
7433:
7424:
7415:
7406:
7397:
7388:
7379:
7370:
7361:
7352:
7332:
7320:
7311:
7302:
7293:
7281:
7256:
7247:
7238:
7226:
7214:
7202:
7191:L. sumatrana
7190:
7181:
7169:
7157:
7140:
7128:
7116:
7107:
7098:
7089:
7077:
7065:
7023:
7014:
7002:
6990:
6974:V. peregusna
6973:
6961:
6928:
6919:
6899:
6887:
6874:Lyncodontini
6865:Ictonychinae
6849:M. zibellina
6848:
6839:
6830:
6821:
6812:
6804:M. flavigula
6803:
6794:
6786:M. americana
6785:
6765:
6753:
6741:
6729:
6717:
6706:Eira barbara
6705:
6679:
6671:M. personata
6670:
6661:
6652:
6643:
6634:
6614:
6598:
6589:
6581:M. canescens
6580:
6571:
6559:
6547:
6538:
6529:
6517:
6488:
6476:
6464:
6383:
6374:
6362:
6350:
6341:
6329:
6300:
6291:
6282:
6273:
6253:
6241:
6232:
6223:
6203:
6191:
6190:Cacomistle (
6182:
6170:
6159:Potos flavus
6158:
6128:
6119:
6110:
6101:
6081:
6069:
6060:
6040:
6028:
6019:
6007:
5995:
5986:
5977:
5968:
5948:
5915:
5856:
5847:
5838:
5829:
5795:
5786:
5766:
5750:
5738:
5726:
5711:(monk seals)
5667:
5658:
5656:
5649:
5637:
5625:
5616:
5604:
5592:
5583:
5574:
5548:
5539:
5482:
5474:A. townsendi
5473:
5464:
5456:A. philippii
5455:
5446:
5437:
5428:
5420:A. australis
5419:
5407:
5395:
5378:
5366:
5354:
5333:
5324:
5312:
5300:
5274:
5262:
5222:
5101:U. maritimus
5100:
5099:Polar bear (
5091:
5090:Brown bear (
5082:
5073:
5061:
5049:
5040:
5039:Sloth bear (
5014:
5002:
4990:
4978:
4928:
4919:
4910:
4901:
4892:
4883:
4874:
4865:
4853:
4842:Cuon alpinus
4841:
4832:
4816:L. mesomelas
4815:
4806:
4794:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4744:Pampas fox (
4736:
4727:
4718:
4706:
4694:
4685:
4669:S. venaticus
4668:
4656:
4644:
4643:Maned wolf (
4625:Cerdocyonina
4593:
4592:Fennec fox (
4584:
4575:
4567:V. rueppelli
4566:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4538:Arctic fox (
4531:V. ferrilata
4530:
4521:
4520:Corsac fox (
4512:
4503:
4494:
4493:Bengal fox (
4472:
4460:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4401:
4400:Island fox (
4392:
4380:
4313:H. sanguinea
4312:
4303:
4294:
4286:H. ichneumon
4285:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4222:
4210:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4113:U. edwardsii
4112:
4104:U. brachyura
4103:
4094:
4082:
4070:
4061:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4005:C. alexandri
4004:
3992:
3980:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3930:
3922:M. gambianus
3921:
3909:
3897:
3881:S. suricatta
3880:
3868:
3843:
3818:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3768:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3705:
3696:
3684:
3672:
3663:
3640:carnivorans)
3621:
3592:
3580:
3568:
3559:
3527:
3515:
3485:Herpestoidea
3448:Herpestoidea
3415:
3407:G. victoriae
3406:
3397:
3396:Cape genet (
3388:
3380:G. servalina
3379:
3370:
3369:King genet (
3362:G. piscivora
3361:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3326:G. johnstoni
3325:
3316:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3280:
3262:
3251:P. leightoni
3250:
3241:
3223:
3198:
3189:
3181:V. megaspila
3180:
3172:V. civettina
3171:
3159:
3147:
3138:
3123:
3107:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2856:
2847:
2839:F. margarita
2838:
2829:
2820:
2819:Jungle cat (
2811:
2802:
2790:
2774:
2765:
2757:P. planiceps
2756:
2747:
2738:
2728:Prionailurus
2726:
2714:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2659:Jaguarundi (
2643:
2631:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2506:L. geoffroyi
2505:
2496:
2495:Pampas cat (
2484:
2468:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2405:
2396:
2384:
2373:P. marmorata
2372:
2360:
2340:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2246:
2234:
2189:
2180:
2163:
2136:
2089:Superorder:
2083:Infraclass:
1952:
1948:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1873:
1869:
1847:
1812:
1808:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1772:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1686:
1680:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1632:. Retrieved
1623:
1612:the original
1607:
1591:
1550:
1546:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1475:
1471:
1443:
1439:
1434:Pusa hispida
1433:
1425:
1415:
1360:
1352:the original
1337:
1308:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1266:
1260:
1255:Pusa hispida
1254:
1231:
1185:Caspian seal
1133:
1113:
1104:
1079:
1047:
1026:
1000:
988:
973:
951:
903:
855:
842:
839:
831:
820:Life history
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
774:Arctic Ocean
771:
762:Caspian seal
755:
735:
710:
691:
680:Gulf of Riga
672:Bothnian Bay
663:
632:
604:, including
577:
552:
531:bearded seal
512:
508:
498:
496:
484:
476:
473:Caspian seal
464:
450:
436:
428:
421:Arctic Ocean
416:
413:
395:
339:
319:Newfoundland
287:Arctic Ocean
266:earless seal
261:Pusa hispida
260:
259:
255:
253:
245:
212:Pusa hispida
211:
209:
193:
192:
180:
153:
24:Ringed seal
18:
7839:SeaLifeBase
7779:ringed-seal
7735:NatureServe
7657:iNaturalist
7564:Wikispecies
7488:M. sibirica
7470:M. putorius
7443:M. nigripes
7425:M. lutreola
7398:M. haidarum
7294:N. africana
7257:A. congicus
7248:A. cinereus
7239:A. capensis
7139:Sea otter (
7117:L. provocax
7024:I. striatus
6945:Ictonychini
6840:M. melampus
6752:Wolverine (
6730:P. pennanti
6653:M. moschata
6644:M. everetti
6590:M. leucurus
6548:A. hoevenii
6539:A. collaris
6489:M. capensis
6384:N. olivacea
6299:Olinguito (
6255:Bassaricyon
6242:P. pygmaeus
6172:Bassariscus
6145:Procyonidae
6120:S. putorius
6111:S. gracilis
6029:M. mephitis
6020:M. macroura
5914:Red panda (
5894:Musteloidea
5855:Ross seal (
5808:Lobodontini
5740:Neomonachus
5668:P. sibirica
5626:P. vitulina
5591:Grey seal (
5573:Harp seal (
5465:A. pusillus
5429:A. forsteri
5264:Callorhinus
5198:Pinnipedia
5157:Musteloidea
4929:C. simensis
4893:C. lupaster
4762:Hoary fox (
4755:L. sechurae
4728:L. fulvipes
4719:L. culpaeus
4615:(true dogs)
4574:Swift fox (
4549:V. macrotis
4441:Nyctereutes
4350:Caniformia
4295:H. ochracea
4253:B. nigripes
4244:B. jacksoni
4131:U. javanica
4048:Herpestinae
4023:C. obscurus
4014:C. ansorgei
3994:Crossarchus
3850:(mongooses)
3839:Herpestidae
3819:S. durrelli
3810:S. concolor
3760:G. fasciata
3697:E. goudotii
3618:Herpestidae
3528:P. cristata
3389:G. thierryi
3344:G. maculata
3308:G. cristata
3299:G. bourloni
3052:Paradoxurus
3010:Binturong (
2949:Hemigalinae
2926:Viverroidea
2889:Viverroidea
2848:F. nigripes
2700:Leopard cat
2685:P. concolor
2602:L. pardinus
2551:L. tigrinus
2542:L. pardalis
2533:L. jacobita
2524:L. guttulus
2497:L. colocola
2256:N. nebulosa
2226:Pantherinae
2106:Feliformia
1876:: 143–156.
1634:22 December
1412:Fisheries.
1303:NatureServe
1282:13 November
1180:Baikal seal
1091:Bothnia Bay
1083:recruitment
1069:zooplankton
1033:circumpolar
906:polar bears
758:Baikal seal
748:Lake Saimaa
722:Lake Ladoga
698:' in 2013.
642:Okhotsk Sea
610:Spitsbergen
539:hooded seal
527:ribbon seal
523:largha seal
519:harbor seal
485:P. sibirica
481:Baikal seal
457:Lake Ladoga
443:Lake Saimaa
404:Baikal seal
384:Description
365:polar bears
357:crustaceans
327:polar bears
315:Scandinavia
295:Okhotsk Sea
289:, into the
256:ringed seal
80:NatureServe
8045:Categories
7461:M. nudipes
7452:M. nivalis
7416:M. kathiah
7371:M. erminea
7362:M. altaica
7312:N. frenata
7303:N. felipei
7273:Mustelinae
7015:I. libycus
6929:G. vittata
6795:M. caurina
6572:M. anakuma
6450:Mustelidae
6437:Mustelidae
6413:see below↓
6404:Mustelidae
6301:B. neblina
6212:(raccoons)
6183:B. astutus
6181:Ringtail (
6157:Kinkajou (
6129:S. pygmaea
6070:M. marchei
5928:Mephitidae
5796:M. leonina
5688:Monachinae
5659:P. hispida
5650:P. caspica
5447:A. gazella
5379:N. cinerea
5275:C. ursinus
5213:Odobenidae
5166:see below↓
5146:see below↓
5130:Pinnipedia
5048:Sun bear (
5015:T. ornatus
5004:Tremarctos
4980:Ailuropoda
4918:Red wolf (
4884:C. latrans
4807:L. adustus
4764:L. vetulus
4737:L. griseus
4667:Bush dog (
4558:V. pallida
4556:Pale fox (
4540:V. lagopus
4511:Cape fox (
4391:Gray fox (
4149:U. smithii
3981:H. parvula
3972:H. hirtula
3860:Mungotinae
3749:Galidictis
3722:Galidiinae
3650:Euplerinae
3633:Eupleridae
3622:sensu lato
3593:C. crocuta
3526:Aardwolf (
3457:see below↓
3398:G. tigrina
3371:G. poensis
3353:G. pardina
3335:G. letabae
3317:G. genetta
3215:Genettinae
3199:V. zibetha
3119:Viverrinae
3108:sensu lato
3103:Viverrinae
3072:P. jerdoni
2939:Viverridae
2898:see below↓
2837:Sand cat (
2644:A. jubatus
2469:C. caracal
2362:Pardofelis
2181:P. linsang
2122:Feliformia
1756:(1): 19-38
1228:References
1116:food chain
1110:In context
1099:Hudson Bay
1095:Baltic Sea
1029:North Pole
910:Arctic fox
866:arctic cod
802:ladogensis
794:subspecies
786:Hudson Bay
782:Bering Sea
778:Baltic Sea
696:vulnerable
562:Subspecies
549:Subspecies
492:morphology
477:P. caspica
455:in nearby
425:Bering Sea
399:vernacular
354:planktonic
350:Arctic cod
346:Sub-Arctic
309:coasts of
291:Bering Sea
274:sub-Arctic
160:Pinnipedia
7897:Q23009697
7407:M. itatsi
7341:(weasels)
7204:Lutrogale
7141:E. lutris
7099:L. felina
6908:(grisons)
6831:M. martes
6774:(martens)
6692:Guloninae
6478:Mellivora
6351:N. narica
6292:B. medius
6283:B. gabbii
6274:B. alleni
6262:(olingos)
6231:Raccoon (
6083:Spilogale
5969:C. chinga
5950:Conepatus
5906:Ailuridae
5705:Monachini
5617:P. largha
5287:Otariinae
5250:sea lions
5245:fur seals
5236:Otariidae
5121:Mustelida
5092:U. arctos
4954:Arctoidea
4911:C. lycaon
4866:C. aureus
4796:Lupulella
4708:Lycalopex
4585:V. vulpes
4583:Red fox (
4547:Kit fox (
4522:V. corsac
4266:Herpestes
3879:Meerkat (
3638:(Malagasy
3540:Hyaeninae
3501:Hyaenidae
3416:G. felina
2830:F. lybica
2642:Cheetah (
2560:L. wiedii
2549:Oncilla (
2515:L. guigna
2486:Leopardus
2467:Caracal (
2460:C. aurata
2395:Bay cat (
2316:P. pardus
2314:Leopard (
2289:P. tigris
2247:N. diardi
2165:Prionodon
2065:Kingdom:
2054:Carnivora
1971:2167-8359
1955:: e2957.
1583:198154591
960:sites in
900:Predators
886:whitefish
874:polar cod
638:Kamchatka
614:Greenland
535:harp seal
505:grey seal
311:Greenland
188:Species:
147:Carnivora
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
7976:11356528
7891:Wikidata
7740:2.101700
7727:14001068
7675:10230101
7636:46559170
7549:Wikidata
7387:Ferret (
7321:N. vison
7182:L. lutra
7050:(otters)
7044:Lutrinae
6901:Galictis
6813:M. foina
6728:Fisher (
6616:Melogale
6599:M. meles
6519:Arctonyx
6364:Nasuella
6342:N. nasua
6319:(coatis)
6233:P. lotor
6009:Mephitis
5768:Mirounga
5518:Phocinae
5499:Phocidae
5368:Neophoca
5314:Zalophus
5221:Walrus (
4920:C. rufus
4902:C. lupus
4882:Coyote (
4717:Culpeo (
4658:Speothos
4594:V. zerda
4576:V. velox
4513:V. chama
4224:Bdeogale
4122:U. fusca
3961:Helogale
3931:M. mungo
3870:Suricata
3799:Salanoia
3706:E. major
3686:Eupleres
3517:Proteles
3506:(hyenas)
3270:(genets)
2821:F. chaus
2812:F. catus
2803:F. bieti
2683:Cougar (
2633:Acinonyx
2611:L. rufus
2609:Bobcat (
2558:Margay (
2540:Ocelot (
2513:Kodkod (
2434:Serval (
2397:C. badia
2386:Catopuma
2296:Jaguar (
2280:P. uncia
2269:Panthera
2236:Neofelis
2154:Feloidea
2085:Eutheria
2079:Mammalia
2073:Chordata
2071:Phylum:
2067:Animalia
1989:28168119
1692:Archived
1675:: 51-55.
1599:(2013).
1575:15264604
1500:15336671
1310:17 April
1305:Explorer
1139:See also
1076:Research
926:walruses
790:ice floe
784:and the
682:and the
646:Japanese
543:Phocinae
503:are the
373:snowpack
361:predator
279:ice seal
264:) is an
238:Synonyms
220:Schreber
170:Phocidae
166:Family:
137:Mammalia
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
8061:Phocins
8023:ZooBank
7963:2434773
7714:1005928
7649:5219369
7555:Q203208
7389:M. furo
7334:Mustela
7283:Neogale
7130:Enhydra
7004:Ictonyx
6963:Vormela
6920:G. cuja
6847:Sable (
6754:G. gulo
6719:Pekania
6704:Tayra (
6501:Melinae
6313:Nasuina
6205:Procyon
5561:Phocini
5200:(seals)
5135:(seals)
5027:Ursinae
4969:(bears)
4964:Ursidae
4840:Dhole (
4630:(zorro)
4504:V. cana
4414:Vulpini
4382:Urocyon
4366:Canidae
4158:U. urva
3662:Fossa (
3582:Crocuta
3264:Genetta
3161:Viverra
2702:lineage
2624:lineage
2593:L. lynx
2449:Caracal
2423:lineage
2421:Caracal
2353:lineage
2351:Bay cat
2337:Felinae
2298:P. onca
2287:Tiger (
2207:Felidae
2077:Class:
2056:species
2052:Extant
1980:5292026
1913:Bibcode
1878:Bibcode
1838:3357772
1817:Bibcode
1721:Bibcode
1555:Bibcode
1480:Bibcode
1093:in the
1044:Threats
990:Bycatch
984:mercury
976:Nunavut
890:sculpin
878:herring
870:herring
847:Ecology
835:blubber
651:coast.
649:Pacific
467:in the
447:Finland
431:in the
419:in the
377:sea ice
303:Pacific
301:in the
281:in the
222:, 1775)
176:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
76:Secure
58: (
8015:137083
8002:105014
7989:180644
7937:305348
7924:PJOCHI
7870:159021
7818:175251
7805:159021
7688:622018
7592:ARKive
7079:Lontra
6767:Martes
6042:Mydaus
5936:skunks
4900:Wolf (
4780:Canina
4610:Canini
4474:Vulpes
4370:(dogs)
3911:Mungos
3225:Poiana
2307:P. leo
2305:Lion (
2211:(cats)
1987:
1977:
1969:
1835:
1597:HELCOM
1581:
1573:
1498:
1366:(2011)
1344:
1130:Future
1060:albedo
965:Canada
962:Arctic
868:, and
862:shrimp
858:mysids
780:, the
688:HELCOM
678:, the
602:Alaska
598:Canada
594:Russia
590:Europe
479:) and
461:Russia
363:being
342:Arctic
270:Arctic
8010:WoRMS
7971:IRMNG
7911:4GK56
7865:WoRMS
7857:15188
7844:71165
7831:80722
7701:41672
7670:IRMNG
7662:41691
7623:4QKSL
7610:68860
7228:Aonyx
7171:Lutra
6561:Meles
6331:Nasua
5606:Phoca
5063:Ursus
4855:Canis
4482:foxes
2792:Felis
1949:PeerJ
1789:(61).
1615:(PDF)
1604:(PDF)
1579:S2CID
980:liver
894:perch
882:smelt
559:Image
517:(the
514:Phoca
489:skull
299:Japan
154:Clade
7984:ITIS
7958:GBIF
7919:EPPO
7800:OBIS
7792:7761
7774:NOAA
7766:9718
7761:NCBI
7696:IUCN
7683:ITIS
7644:GBIF
7605:BOLD
6743:Gulo
5639:Pusa
4084:Urva
2674:Puma
2622:Puma
2573:Lynx
1985:PMID
1967:ISSN
1636:2018
1571:PMID
1496:PMID
1410:NOAA
1342:ISBN
1312:2024
1284:2021
1267:2016
1004:IUCN
912:and
852:Diet
800:and
760:and
694:as '
616:and
600:and
537:and
521:and
500:Pusa
463:and
423:and
375:and
352:and
344:and
329:and
313:and
293:and
272:and
254:The
181:Pusa
7906:CoL
7852:TSA
7748:NBN
7722:MSW
7709:MDD
7631:EoL
7618:CoL
7579:ADW
1975:PMC
1957:doi
1921:doi
1886:doi
1874:264
1833:PMC
1825:doi
1729:doi
1673:168
1563:doi
1523:doi
1488:doi
1448:doi
1418:)".
1271:doi
1120:DDT
459:in
445:in
441:in
8047::
8025::
8012::
7999::
7986::
7973::
7960::
7947::
7934::
7921::
7908::
7893::
7867::
7854::
7841::
7828::
7815::
7802::
7789::
7776::
7763::
7750::
7737::
7724::
7711::
7698::
7685::
7672::
7659::
7646::
7633::
7620::
7607::
7594::
7581::
7566::
7551::
1983:.
1973:.
1965:.
1951:.
1947:.
1933:^
1919:.
1909:21
1907:.
1884:.
1872:.
1858:^
1831:.
1823:.
1813:40
1811:.
1807:.
1787:73
1780:.
1754:10
1727:.
1717:63
1715:.
1711:.
1644:^
1606:.
1577:.
1569:.
1561:.
1551:33
1549:.
1535:^
1519:42
1517:.
1494:.
1486:.
1476:33
1474:.
1462:^
1444:83
1442:.
1438:.
1408:-
1371:^
1320:^
1300:.
1265:.
1259:.
1243:^
969:BP
920:,
892:,
888:,
884:,
880:,
864:,
860:,
837:.
796:,
764:.
640:,
620:.
612:,
608:,
596:,
592:,
545:.
533:,
529:,
449:,
435:,
427:,
337:.
156::
7499:)
7490:)
7481:)
7472:)
7463:)
7454:)
7445:)
7436:)
7427:)
7418:)
7409:)
7400:)
7391:)
7382:)
7373:)
7364:)
7355:)
7323:)
7314:)
7305:)
7296:)
7259:)
7250:)
7241:)
7217:)
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7184:)
7160:)
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7119:)
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7101:)
7092:)
7068:)
7026:)
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6976:)
6931:)
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6824:)
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6797:)
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6756:)
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6682:)
6673:)
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6637:)
6601:)
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6550:)
6541:)
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6491:)
6467:)
6386:)
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6353:)
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6303:)
6294:)
6285:)
6276:)
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6235:)
6226:)
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6161:)
6131:)
6122:)
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6072:)
6063:)
6031:)
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