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1321:), or about 4920 feet/1500 meters. Such descriptions of non-human heights and age are also found for the next 21 Tirthankaras in Jain texts and according to Kristi Wiley – a scholar at University of California Berkeley known for her publications on Jainism. Most Indologists and scholars consider all the first 22 of 24 Tirthankaras to be prehistorical, or historical and a part of Jain mythology. However, among Jain writers and some Indian scholars, some of the first 22 Tirthankaras are considered to reflect historical figures, with a few conceding that the inflated biographical statistics are mythical.
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1608:, the heavenly-king of the first heaven. Nilanjana, one of the dancers, is said to have died in midst of the series of vigorous dance movements. The sudden death of Nilanjana is said to have reminded Rishabhanatha of the world's transitory nature, triggering him to renounce his kingdom, family and material wealth. He is then believed to have distributed his kingdom among his hundred sons. Bharata supposedly got the city of Ayodhya and Bahubali is believed to have got the city of
1488:
1587:
1541:(the age of action) by founding arts and professions to enable householders to sustain themselves. Rishabhanatha is credited in Jainism to have invented and taught fire, cooking and all the skills needed for human beings to live. In total, Rishabhanatha is said to have taught seventy-two sciences to men and sixty-four to women. The institution of marriage is stated to have come into existence after his marriage to Sunanda marked the precedence. According to
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1842:. According to medieval era Jain texts, Rishabhanatha performed asceticism for millions of years, then returned to Ashtapada where he fasted and performing inner meditation to his moksha. They further state that Indra came with his fellow gods from the heavens after that, to perform rituals of the place from where Rishabhanatha attained
1317:(a time cycle) by all sub-traditions and sects of Jainism. Jain chronology places Rishabhanatha in historical terms, as someone who lived millions of years ago. He is believed to have been born 10 years ago and lived for a span of 8,400,000 purva (592.704 × 10 years). His height is described in the Jain texts to be 500 bows (1312
2299:
2317:, which is believed to have been a place where 23 out of 24 Tirthankaras preached, along with Rishabha. Numerous monks are believed to have attained their liberation from cycles of rebirth there, and a large temple within the complex is dedicated to Rishabha commemorating his enlightenment in
2090:, carved out of a single rock, is a 108 feet (33 m) tall (121 feet (37 m) including pedestal) statue of Rishabhanatha and is 1,840 sq feet in size. It is said to be the world's tallest Jain idol. It is located 4,343 feet (1,324 m) above from sea level, at
2065:(consecration). He is sometimes shown presenting a bowl to his followers and teaching them the art of pottery, painting a house, or weaving textiles. The visit of his mother Marudevi is also shown extensively in painting. He is also associated with his Bull emblem, the
2121:
with a
Gommateshvara figure covered on the top of it. This site is important to Jain pilgrims particularly on the full moon day in January. The site has a Rishabanatha statue carved from a volcanic rock. The 58.4 feet (17.8 m) Rishabhanatha Statue at
2308:
Rishabhanatha is one of the five most devotionally revered
Tirthankaras, along with Mahavira, Parshvanatha, Neminatha and Shantinatha. Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Mount
2057:. Rishabhanatha's hairlocks have been depicted in first century CE sculptures found in Mathura and Causa. Paintings of him usually depict legendary events of his life. Some of these include his marriage, and
2037:, a standing posture of meditation. The distinguishing features of Rishabhanatha are his long locks of hair which fall on his shoulders, and an image of a bull in sculptures of him. In accordance with the
1545:, Rishabhanatha, in Jainism, is thus not merely a spiritual teacher, but the one who founded knowledge in its various forms. He is depicted as a form of culture hero for the current cosmological cycle.
1513:. It is stated that people approached the king for help due to decreased efficacy of the trees with passage of time. Rishabhanatha is then said to have taught them six main professions. These were: (1)
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1678:) after recalling his previous birth in which he had offered food to a Jain monk keeping in mind all the dietary restrictions and preparing it to be free from all faults, offered him sugarcane juice (
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994:. The legends depict him as having lived millions of years ago. He was the spiritual successor of Sampratti Bhagwan, the last Tirthankara of previous time cycle. He is also known as
3841:
1194:
records the life accounts of
Rishabhanatha as well as ten previous incarnations according to the Digambara tradition. For Rishabhanatha's biography in accordance with the
2329:
icons, believed by some in the Jain tradition to have miracle making powers, according to John Cort. In Jain texts, Kunti and the five
Pandava brothers of the Hindu Epic
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3402:
1479:, is stated to have ruled ancient India from his capital of Ayodhya. He is described as a just and kind ruler in Jain texts, who was not attached to wealth or vices.
990:. He was the first of twenty-four teachers in the present half-cycle of time in Jain cosmology, and called a "ford maker" because his teachings helped one cross the
1475:
list many other writing scripts known to the ancient Jain tradition, of which the Brahmi script named after
Rishabha's daughter tops the list. His eldest son,
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Jains believe that people did not know the procedure to offer food to a monk, since
Rishabhanatha was the first one. His great-grandson, Shreyansa, a king of
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statue, C R Patil, the official certificate for the world's tallest Jain idol. In 2016, a 108 feet idol of
Rishabhnatha (Adinatha) was installed at
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2134:. Thousands of Jain idols including 58.4 foot idol of Rishabhanatha were carved in the Gopachal Hill idol from 1398 CE to 1536 CE by rulers of
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style, a mix of prose and verse and spread over sixteen cantos, deals with the ten lives of
Rishabhanatha and his two sons. In 11th century,
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Rishabhanatha is believed to have had two wives, Sunanda and
Sumangala. Sumangala is claimed to be the mother of ninety-nine sons (including
1507:
or the age of omnipresent happiness. It is further suggested that no one had to work because of miraculous wish-fulfilling trees called the
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1055:, also called Vinita. He had two wives, Sumangalā and Sunandā. Sumangalā is described as the mother of his ninety-nine sons (including
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2407:
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came to the hill top to pay respects, and consecrated an icon of
Rishabha at Shatrunjaya. Important Rishabha temple complexes include
2098:(Maharashtra). Officials from the Guinness Book of World Records visited Mangi Tungi and awarded the engineer of the 108 ft tall
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1624:(as per the Digambara tradition). He is believed to have become a monk in Siddharta-garden, in the outskirts of Ayodhya, under
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tradition, almost all idols depicting Rishabhanatha have hairlocks on both his shoulders, in accordance with the mention of a
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mentions Rishabhanatha tore only four handfuls of his hair. Just as the moment he was about to pull and tear a fifth handful,
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are born in the fourth spoke of the half cycle. However, Rishabhanatha is an exception as he was born at the end of the third
5234:
4036:
3718:
3447:
2022:
1252:, the universe does not have a temporal beginning or end. Its "Universal History" divides the cycle of time into two halves (
1081:
written by Acharya Vardhamansuri state Rishabhanatha travelled without food for 400 days. The day on which he got his first
1552:(Ayodhya). He is claimed to have given first laws for governance by a king. He is said to have established the three-fold
5004:
1766:(four-fold religious order) consisting of male and female mendicants and disciples. His religious order is mentioned in
2276:
2368:
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at the end of each half cycle of time. This is similar to, but not completely the same as the idea of destruction of
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which makes his iconography distinctive from other Tirthankaras'. Most of his iconography as per the beliefs of the
1345:
720:
2453:
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2017:
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perform a 400-day-long fast, in which they consume food on alternating days. This religious practice is known as
638:
610:
4085:
1884:, an 11000-verse-long biography of Rishabhanatha in Prakrit. The life of Lord Rishabhanatha is also detailed in
1800:
Rishabhanatha is said to have preached the principles of Jainism far and wide. He is suggested to have attained
991:
439:
5249:
4629:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
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in his courtroom, reminded him of the world's transitory nature, and he developed a desire for renunciation.
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1266:(spokes) in each half, and the cycles keep repeating perpetually. Twenty-four Tirthankaras appear in every
51:
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5219:
4717:
4321:
2376:
1040:, Rishabhanatha is one of the five Tirthankaras that attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.
760:
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Jain legends talk about a dance of celestial dancers organised in Rishabhanatha's royal assembly hall by
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are accounts of the events of his life and teachings. His iconography includes ancient idols such as at
897:
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1857:
1397:). His association to Ayodhya makes it a sacred town for Jains, as it is in Hinduism for the birth of
1186:
917:
187:
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4847:, The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara,
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requested him not to do so, because the remaining hair 'shone like emerald on his golden soulders'.
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1815:. This is marked as liberation of his soul from the endless cycle of rebirths to stay eternally at
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2002:
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167:
61:
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1332:, there is evidence to show that Rishabhdeva was being worshipped by the first century BCE. The
1548:
Traditional sources state that Rishabhanatha was the first king who established his capital at
1253:
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4930:
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3385:
Naik, Prof Katta Narasimha Reddy, Prof E. Siva Nagi Reddy, Prof K. Krishna (31 January 2023).
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Rishabhanatha is said to have spent a thousand years performing austerities before attaining
5037:
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2174:
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2103:
2087:
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1953:
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1740:
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1328:, a professor of comparative religions and philosophy at Oxford who later became the second
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813:
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692:
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1969:, a great sage, known for his learning and austerities. Rishabhanatha is also mentioned in
1909:
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1877:
1633:
1632:(Hindu calendar). Tirthankaras usually tear out five handfuls of their hair at initiation.
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4912:
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and Sundari. Jain texts state that Rishabhanatha taught his daughters Brahmi and Sundari,
1357:
1283:
1184:
Rishabhanatha is known by many names including Adinatha, Adishwara, Yugadeva and Nabheya.
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4746:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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of the mother. These are believed to have been seen by Marudevi on the second day of
1154:
1112:
671:
538:
344:
245:
4652:
Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture
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4189:
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is one of the most prominent prayers mentioning Rishabhanatha. There is mention of
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5102:
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5087:
5082:
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5047:
5042:
5013:
4443:
Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara
4270:
2514:
2331:
2310:
2158:
2091:
2045:(tearing out of hair) with four handfuls instead of the normal five handfuls in
1994:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1936:
1901:
1768:
1762:
1750:(heavenly beings) are suggested to have created divine preaching halls known as
1727:
1716:
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1211:
1199:
1134:
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1029:
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for monks and 12 minor vows for laity. He is believed to have established the
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1592:
1337:
1117:
1037:
947:
770:
765:
615:
605:
600:
508:
434:
111:
1070:
After his renunciation, the legends as described in major Jain texts such as
5171:
5127:
5122:
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4926:
4772:
4368:
4280:
3898:
2421:
2399:
2348:
2286:
2206:
2192:
2114:
2066:
2062:
1998:
1928:
1838:
years, with three years and eight and a half months remaining of the third e
1333:
1314:
1279:
1270:, the first Tirthankara founding Jainism each time after the destruction of
1258:
1191:
1158:
1150:
843:
833:
808:
643:
595:
1831:
Krishna (Hindu Calendar). His total age at that time is suggested to be 84
1788:
2811:
The Oldest Cure in the World: Adventures in the Art and Science of Fasting
1286:. In the present time cycle, Rishabhanatha is credited as being the first
1209:
written by Acharya Vardhamansuri. Jain tradition associates the life of a
965:
955:
123:
5161:
5137:
5107:
4538:
2435:
2417:
2364:
2352:
2344:
2321:. The central Rishabha icon of this complex is called Adinatha or simply
2241:
2188:
1889:
1861:
1613:
1448:
1382:
1367:
1138:
1122:
1060:
1048:
1033:
1025:
1016:
583:
301:
268:
259:
77:
4222:
Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts
2839:
76:Ādinātha, Ādeśvara (the first conqueror), Ādarśa Puruṣa (perfect man),
17:
2318:
2314:
2118:
2070:
1941:
1925:
1793:
1574:
1496:
1410:
1390:
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1310:
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and Sundari. The sudden death of Nilanjana, one of the dancers sent by
1052:
987:
932:
326:
233:
65:
5000:
4922:
3833:
2534:
2095:
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1966:
1873:
1844:
1732:
1625:
1621:
1609:
1173:
1166:
755:
479:
414:
118:
2298:
1696:(usually April). It is believed to be the starting of the ritual of
1447:) and one daughter, Brahmi. Sunanda is believed to be the mother of
4688:, Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of West Bengal
1737:(a month in traditional calendar) after destroying all four of his
5193:
4871:
4483:
3894:"108-feet Jain Teerthankar idol enters "Guinness book of records""
3237:
3235:
2297:
2058:
2016:
1787:
1710:
1699:
1657:
1641:
1605:
1585:
1499:
depicting the scene of Nilanjana's Dance from life of Rishabhdeva.
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1432:
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474:
262:
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4946:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4463:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4382:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1692:
every year on the third day of the bright fortnight of the month
1059:) and one daughter, Brahmi. Sunandā is depicted as the mother of
1916:
that contains the biographies of some of the Tirthankaras), and
1398:
921:
Birth of the Tirthankara Rishabha, folio from the Devasano Pado
137:
4960:
4145:
Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History
3341:
3339:
4675:
An English translation of Satyarth Prakash (Reprinted in 1970)
3549:
3547:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3284:
3282:
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2914:
1318:
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2579:
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1666:
depicting Shreyansa offering sugarcane juice to Rishabhanatha
1348:
endorses the view that Rishabha was the founder of Jainism".
4195:
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
3361:
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
4804:
Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence
4118:
Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India
4002:
4000:
3654:"Kamat's Potpourri: History of the Kannada Literature -II"
1537:(crafts). In other words, he is credited with introducing
1157:. His icons include the eponymous bull as his emblem, the
4091:
Historical geography of Madhya Pradesh from early records
3116:
3114:
2747:
2745:
2743:
1491:
Ruins of ancient Jain settlement from 2nd century BCE in
4844:
Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects
2730:
2728:
2726:
2713:
2711:
2325:(grandfather). This icon is the most revered of all the
4534:
Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia
3681:
3679:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
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2953:
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2772:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
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1819:. His death is believed in Jainism to have occurred on
1043:
According to traditional accounts, he was born to king
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2639:
2637:
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for him after that. He is believed to have given the
1590:
Statuary representing meditation by Rishabhanatha in
1568:(artisans). Bharata is said to have added the fourth
1336:
mentions the names of three Tirthankaras – Rishabha,
3526:
1423:(the new moon). The dreams signified the birth of a
1389:, on the ninth day of the dark half of the month of
306:• 2 daughters: Mahasati Brāhmī and Mahasati Sundarī
5152:
5011:
3416:REDDY, Prof Dr PEDARAPU CHENNA (24 February 2022).
288:
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173:
163:
155:
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133:
117:
107:
91:
83:
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34:
3241:
1715:Rishabhanatha's moving over lotus after attaining
4685:Explorations in Art and Archaeology of South Asia
3640:
2009:mentions Rishabhanatha as an Apta (Tirthankara).
1682:) with required procedure to break 400-days-long
4300:India: From Indus Valley Civilisation to Mauryas
4040:book 1 of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra
3253:
3214:
3183:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3009:
2985:
2665:
4057:, Editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2010
3925:"Palitana 108 feet high statue of Adinath dada"
2791:Prakash ‘Babloo’, Dr Ravi (11 September 2021).
1703:(food offerings) from layperson to mendicants.
2240:The 45 feet (14 m) tall rock cut idol at
1083:
979:
4972:
3948:
3604:
3553:
3538:
3490:
3419:Nagabharana: Recent Trends in Jainism Studies
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3202:
3171:
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8:
3401:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2117:(meaning 52 yards (156 ft)) hill, near
1957:(in 5th canto). In later texts, such as the
1198:tradition is found in several texts such as
3863:"Guinness Book to certify Mangi Tungi idol"
3798:
2313:, for example, is a hilly part of southern
2255:The 25 feet (7.6 m) idol at Dadabari,
1309:Rishabhanatha is said to be the founder of
4979:
4965:
4957:
3711:"Shri Bhaktamara Mantra (भक्तामर स्त्रोत)"
2763:
2734:
1556:system based on professions consisting of
905:
891:
313:
50:
3824:"Amit Shah felicitated by Jain community"
3471:
2620:
2029:Rishabhanatha is usually depicted in the
1431:according to the supposed explanation by
4867:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation
4781:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
3960:
2894:Fasting: an Exceptional Human Experience
2225:The 58.4 feet (17.8 m) colossal at
3774:
3762:
3750:
3502:
3446:www.wisdomlib.org (20 September 2017).
3226:
3132:
3120:
3045:
3033:
2751:
2717:
2571:
2546:
2385:
2144:
1977:and includes Rishabhanatha along with:
992:sea of interminable rebirths and deaths
325:
159:8.4 million purvas (592.704 x 10 years)
3810:
3592:
3394:
3144:
2997:
2973:
2932:
2778:
2702:
2690:
2608:
2140:Viramdev, Dungar Singh and Kirti Singh
1628:tree on the ninth day of the month of
31:
4723:Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography
4364:Risabha Deva – The Founder of Jainism
3697:
3685:
3514:
3441:
3439:
3388:Kalyana Mitra: Volume 6: Architecture
3330:
3265:
3156:
3021:
2944:
2891:Fredricks, Randi (20 December 2012).
2867:Holiday Symbols & Customs, 5th Ed
2833:
2831:
2808:Hendricks, Steve (6 September 2022).
2653:
1215:to five auspicious events called the
7:
4018:
4006:
3786:
3664:from the original on 24 October 2012
3628:
3616:
3580:
3565:
3303:
1517:(swordsmanship for protection), (2)
1401:. In Jain tradition, the birth of a
1145:as well as colossal statues such as
1014:(son of Nabhi). He is also known as
4821:Varadpande, Manohar Laxman (1983),
3738:
3721:from the original on 15 August 2015
292:• 100 sons (including: Chakravarti
5245:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana
4227:State University of New York Press
3844:from the original on 19 March 2016
1483:Rule, administration and teachings
1203:Trishashti-Shalakapurusha-Charitra
1131:Trishashti-Shalakapurusha-Charitra
1075:Trishashti-Shalakapurusha-Charitra
56:The idol of Lord Rishabhanatha at
25:
4510:Collected Papers on Jaina Studies
1880:monk Acharya Vardhamansuri wrote
1344:, states Radhakrishnan, and "the
1089:(food) is celebrated by Jains as
4941:
4915:(1953) , Joseph Campbell (ed.),
4895:Historical Dictionary of Jainism
4696:Jainism: The World of Conquerors
4458:
4377:
3906:from the original on 13 May 2017
3875:from the original on 31 May 2016
3527:Krishna & Amirthalingam 2014
2499:
2478:
2460:
2442:
2428:
2406:
2388:
2275:
2263:
2248:
2233:
2218:
2199:
2181:
2166:
2147:
1366:An idol of Rishabha with mother
1093:. In devotion to Rishabhanatha,
998:(lit. "first Lord"), as well as
872:
333:
4249:Encyclopedia of World Religions
4172:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
3982:, 29 March 2015, archived from
3358:Dalal, Roshen (18 April 2014).
2864:Chambers, James (1 July 2015).
2173:108 feet (33 m) statue at
2047:Trisasti-salaka-purusa-caritra,
1792:Mount Kailash or Ashtapad, the
1686:. Jains celebrate the event as
4479:The Jaina Path of Purification
4337:Digambaratva aur Digambar muni
4303:, Concept Publishing Company,
2794:Indian Philosophy and Religion
2023:Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves
1894:Trisasti-salaka-purusa-caritra
1638:Trisasti-salaka-purusa-caritra
1:
4655:, Mumbai: Popular prakashan,
3448:"Part 1: Ṛṣabha's initiation"
2061:performing a ritual known as
1868:commentary on it by the poet
1808:, destroying all four of his
1533:(trade and commerce) and (6)
4767:Tandon, Om Prakash (2002) ,
4612:, Sterling Publishers Pvt.,
4531:Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004),
4417:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991),
2840:"Rajendrasuri Smarak Granth"
1772:to have consisted of 84,000
1662:A diorama in Jain Museum of
1455:and the science of numbers (
1051:in the north Indian city of
27:First Tirthankara of Jainism
4632:, Oxford University Press,
4609:Indian Heritage and Culture
4420:Lord Mahavira and his times
4297:Gupta, Gyan Swarup (1999),
4086:Bhattacharyya, Pranab Kumar
3135:, p. 9 with footnotes.
2369:Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir
2270:Idol at Golakot Jain temple
1827:) on the fourteenth day of
1776:(male monks) and 3,000,000
1084:
980:
966:
956:
714:Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)
490:Aparigraha (non-possession)
124:
5276:
4064:Students' Britannica India
2870:. Infobase Holdings, Inc.
2454:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2450:Adinatha temple, Khajuraho
2053:tradition can be found at
2021:Carving at Ambika Gumpha,
1651:
1503:Rishabhanatha was born in
1463:(2nd century BCE) and the
1377:Rishabhanatha was born to
1355:
1006:(first deva of the yuga),
700:Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)
679:Pravachanasara (Digambara)
5255:People from Uttar Pradesh
4994:
4892:Wiley, Kristi L. (2004),
4841:Vyas, R. T., ed. (1995),
4626:Salomon, Richard (1998),
2515:List of Jain Tirthankaras
1872:(fl. 941 CE), written in
1864:poem, and a 10th-century
1467:(3rd century BCE) of the
49:
39:
35:Tirthankara Rishabhanatha
4827:, Abhinav Publications,
4726:, Abhinav Publications,
4693:Shah, Natubhai (2004) ,
4373:The Indian Press Limited
4053:Encyclopaedia Britannica
3422:. Blue Rose Publishers.
1961:, he is described as an
1385:, the king and queen of
1326:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
974:(Devanagari: इक्ष्वाकु,
854:Parasparopagraho Jivanam
707:Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)
497:Anuvratas (further vows)
5260:Mythological characters
4807:, Motilal Banarsidass,
4423:, Motilal Banarsidass,
4150:Oxford University Press
4123:Oxford University Press
3799:Jain & Fischer 1978
3391:. Blue Rose Publishers.
3242:Kailash Chand Jain 1991
2838:Yatindrasuri, Acharya.
1973:. It speaks of several
463:Mahavratas (major vows)
127:Oṃ Śrī Ādināthāya Namaḥ
4929:& Kegan Paul Ltd,
4862:von Glasenapp, Helmuth
4769:Jaina Shrines in India
4647:Sangave, Vilas Adinath
4565:Sacred Plants of India
4332:Jain, Babu Kamtaprasad
3974:"On a spiritual quest"
3715:digambarjainonline.com
3641:Popular Prakashan 2000
2553:A non-Jain, Hindu text
2305:
2161:, 108 feet (33 m)
2026:
1797:
1726:(omniscience) under a
1719:
1667:
1601:
1521:(writing skills), (3)
1500:
1374:
1225:(mother's pregnancy),
1101:The fast is broken on
986:(Supreme preacher) of
940:
761:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
672:Samayasāra (Digambara)
485:Brahmacarya (chastity)
5235:Ancient Indian people
4918:Philosophies of India
4777:Publications Division
4597:The Macmillan Company
4326:, Motilal Banarsidass
3254:Champat Rai Jain 1929
3215:Champat Rai Jain 1929
3184:Champat Rai Jain 1929
3106:Champat Rai Jain 1929
3094:Champat Rai Jain 1929
3082:Champat Rai Jain 1929
3010:Champat Rai Jain 1929
2986:Champat Rai Jain 1929
2666:Champat Rai Jain 1929
2396:Kesariyaji Jain Tirth
2381:Sarvodaya Jain temple
2301:
2213:, 84 feet (26 m)
2020:
1912:Jain text written by
1796:place of Rishabhdeva.
1791:
1714:
1661:
1589:
1490:
1439:Marriage and children
1365:
1153:and those erected in
1020:, establisher of the
1010:(first God-king) and
954:(Devanagari: ऋषभदेव,
920:
480:Asteya (non-stealing)
470:Ahiṃsā (non-violence)
5167:Bharata Chakravartin
4824:Religion and Theatre
4801:Titze, Kurt (1998),
4682:Sengupta, R (1996),
3840:, 14 February 2016,
3595:, pp. 183, 368.
2797:. K.K. Publications.
2520:List of Tirthankaras
2414:Ranakpur Jain temple
2283:Ranakpur Jain Temple
1918:Jambudvipa-prajnapti
1618:Śvetāmbara tradition
1459:) respectively. The
1395:caitra krişna navamĩ
1115:(Kailash). The text
639:Schools and Branches
4898:, Scarecrow Press,
4876:Motilal Banarsidass
4785:Government of India
4701:Motilal Banarsidass
4670:Saraswati, Dayanand
4515:Motilal Banarsidass
4505:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
4488:Motilal Banarsidass
4474:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
4446:, Vikalp Printers,
4279:(Second ed.),
4096:Motilal Banarsidass
4021:, pp. 144–145.
4009:, pp. 143–144.
3963:, pp. 596–600.
3631:, pp. 121–122.
3268:, pp. 340–341.
3048:, pp. 103–104.
2611:, pp. 284–285.
1971:Buddhist literature
1730:on the 11th day of
1612:and the kingdom of
1525:(agriculture), (4)
1290:. Usually, all the
879:Religion portal
569:The 24 Tirthankaras
125:Oṃ Ṛṣabhadeva Namaḥ
5177:Indrabhuti Gautama
4878:(Reprinted 1999),
4342:Bharatiya Jnanpith
4051:Rishabhanatha, in
4038:Ādīśvara-caritra,
3986:on 7 November 2016
3949:Bhattacharyya 1977
3868:The Times of India
3605:Natubhai Shah 2004
3554:Natubhai Shah 2004
3539:Natubhai Shah 2004
3491:Natubhai Shah 2004
3346:Vijay K. Jain 2015
3318:, p. 181-182.
3316:Vijay K. Jain 2015
3289:Natubhai Shah 2004
3203:Natubhai Shah 2004
3172:Vijay K. Jain 2015
3070:Vijay K. Jain 2015
3058:Radhakrishnan 1923
2921:Upinder Singh 2016
2588:von Glasenapp 1925
2530:History of Jainism
2373:Trilok Teerth Dham
2306:
2027:
2007:Dharmottarapradipa
2003:Buddhist scripture
1798:
1720:
1668:
1602:
1501:
1375:
1330:President of India
1239:(omniscience) and
1008:Prathamarajeshwara
964:(Devanagari: ऋषभ,
941:
937:Bharat Kala Bhavan
929:Kalakacharya Katha
686:Agama (Śvetāmbara)
62:Bhavnagar District
5207:
5206:
4936:978-81-208-0739-6
4905:978-0-8108-6558-7
4834:978-0-391-02794-7
4814:978-81-208-1534-6
4760:978-93-325-6996-6
4751:Pearson Education
4639:978-0-19-535666-3
4619:978-81-207-0930-0
4592:Indian Philosophy
4587:Radhakrishnan, S.
4579:978-93-5118-691-5
4560:Amirthalingam, M.
4556:Krishna, Nanditha
4548:978-1-57607-355-1
4453:978-81-903639-7-6
4430:978-81-208-0805-8
4401:Jaina iconography
4397:Fischer, Eberhard
4359:Jain, Champat Rai
4351:978-81-263-5122-0
4310:978-81-7022-763-2
4209:978-0-14-341517-6
4182:978-0-14-341421-6
4175:, Penguin Books,
4159:978-0-19-538502-1
4132:978-0-19-803037-9
4069:Popular Prakashan
4067:, vol. 1–5,
3607:, pp. 20–21.
3541:, pp. 18–19.
3452:www.wisdomlib.org
3429:978-93-5611-446-3
3371:978-81-8475-396-7
2904:978-1-4817-2379-4
2877:978-0-7808-1365-6
2821:978-1-64700-002-8
2766:, pp. 26–27.
2705:, p. 208-09.
2486:Panchakuta Basadi
2436:Kulpak Jain Tirth
2357:Soniji Ki Nasiyan
2025:, 2nd century BCE
1939:, such as in the
1922:Bhaktamara Stotra
1784:Nirvana kalyanaka
1664:Madhuban, Giridih
1598:Ajmer Jain temple
1529:(knowledge), (5)
1465:Samavayanga Sutra
1407:auspicious dreams
915:
914:
534:Micchami Dukkadam
529:Bhaktamara Stotra
458:Ethics of Jainism
312:
311:
196:Bhaktāmara Stotra
16:(Redirected from
5267:
5038:Abhinandananatha
5005:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
4981:
4974:
4967:
4958:
4952:
4945:
4944:
4913:Zimmer, Heinrich
4908:
4888:
4857:
4837:
4817:
4797:
4763:
4736:
4718:Shah, Umakant P.
4713:
4689:
4678:
4665:
4642:
4622:
4599:
4582:
4551:
4527:
4500:
4469:
4462:
4461:
4433:
4413:
4388:
4381:
4380:
4354:
4327:
4313:
4293:
4266:
4239:
4212:
4185:
4162:
4135:
4108:
4081:
4058:
4045:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3902:, 7 March 2016,
3890:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3871:, 6 March 2016,
3859:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3392:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3334:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3292:
3286:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3109:
3108:, p. 64–66.
3103:
3097:
3096:, p. 76-79.
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2738:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2669:
2668:, p. 64-66.
2663:
2657:
2651:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2591:
2585:
2554:
2551:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2482:
2464:
2446:
2432:
2410:
2392:
2337:Palitana temples
2303:Palitana temples
2279:
2267:
2252:
2237:
2222:
2203:
2185:
2170:
2155:Statue of Ahimsa
2151:
2088:Statue of Ahimsa
2055:Palitana temples
1954:Bhagavata Purana
1866:Kannada language
1860:, a 9th-century
1780:(female monks).
1596:posture. (Photo:
1564:(merchants) and
1471:followed by the
1413:(a month of the
1405:is marked by 14
1346:Bhāgavata Purāṇa
1221:. These include
1218:pancha kalyanaka
1147:Statue of Ahimsa
1143:Palitana temples
1127:Aadesvarcharitra
1095:Śvetāmbara Jains
1087:
1022:Ikshvaku dynasty
985:
978:), is the first
969:
959:
950:: ऋषभनाथ), also
907:
900:
893:
877:
876:
814:Shravanabelagola
721:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
693:Tattvartha Sutra
337:
314:
129:
99:of the previous
95:Sampratti (last
58:Palitana Temples
54:
32:
21:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5250:Forms of Vishnu
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5148:
5143:Simandhar Swami
5007:
4990:
4985:
4955:
4942:
4937:
4911:
4906:
4891:
4886:
4860:
4855:
4840:
4835:
4820:
4815:
4800:
4795:
4766:
4761:
4739:
4734:
4716:
4711:
4699:, vol. I,
4692:
4681:
4668:
4663:
4645:
4640:
4625:
4620:
4604:Rao, Raghunadha
4602:
4585:
4580:
4554:
4549:
4530:
4525:
4503:
4498:
4472:
4459:
4454:
4436:
4431:
4416:
4411:
4393:Jain, Jyotindra
4391:
4378:
4357:
4352:
4330:
4318:Jacobi, Hermann
4316:
4311:
4296:
4291:
4269:
4264:
4254:Merriam-Webster
4242:
4237:
4215:
4210:
4188:
4183:
4165:
4160:
4138:
4133:
4111:
4106:
4084:
4079:
4061:
4048:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4005:
3998:
3989:
3987:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3909:
3907:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3847:
3845:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3724:
3722:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3295:
3287:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3024:, p. xxix.
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2897:. AuthorHouse.
2890:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2770:
2764:Varadpande 1983
2762:
2758:
2750:
2741:
2735:Britannica 2000
2733:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2594:
2586:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2507:Religion portal
2505:
2498:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2474:
2472:Dilwara temples
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2433:
2424:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2341:Dilwara Temples
2296:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2223:
2214:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2152:
2113:, there is the
2015:
1959:Bhagavatapurana
1854:
1823:(also known as
1786:
1758:five major vows
1709:
1689:Akshaya tritiya
1656:
1654:Akshaya Tritiya
1650:
1648:Akshaya Tritiya
1630:Chaitra Krishna
1584:
1578:to the system.
1485:
1461:Pannavana Sutra
1441:
1360:
1358:Panch Kalyanaka
1354:
1313:in the present
1300:sukhamā-dukhamā
1284:Hindu mythology
1207:Adinathcharitra
1182:
1113:Mount Asthapada
1103:Akshaya Tritiya
1091:Akshaya Tritiya
1079:Adinathcharitra
911:
871:
864:
863:
829:
828:
819:
818:
786:
785:
776:
775:
751:
750:
741:
740:
666:
665:
663:Jain literature
654:
653:
636:
635:
626:
625:
564:
563:
554:
553:
544:Ṇamōkāra mantra
524:
523:
514:
513:
455:
454:
445:
444:
375:
374:
300:, and Kamadeva
283:
274:
248:
236:
231:
230:
214:Akshaya Tritiya
194:
190:
126:
68:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5273:
5271:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5212:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5073:Shreyansanatha
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5053:Suparshvanatha
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5009:
5008:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4988:God in Jainism
4986:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4961:
4954:
4953:
4935:
4909:
4904:
4889:
4884:
4858:
4853:
4838:
4833:
4818:
4813:
4798:
4793:
4771:(1 ed.),
4764:
4759:
4741:Singh, Upinder
4737:
4732:
4714:
4709:
4690:
4679:
4666:
4661:
4643:
4638:
4623:
4618:
4600:
4583:
4578:
4552:
4547:
4528:
4523:
4501:
4496:
4470:
4452:
4438:Jain, Vijay K.
4434:
4429:
4414:
4409:
4389:
4355:
4350:
4328:
4314:
4309:
4294:
4289:
4267:
4262:
4246:, ed. (1999),
4244:Doniger, Wendy
4240:
4235:
4219:, ed. (1993),
4217:Doniger, Wendy
4213:
4208:
4186:
4181:
4163:
4158:
4136:
4131:
4109:
4104:
4082:
4077:
4059:
4046:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4011:
3996:
3965:
3953:
3951:, p. 269.
3941:
3929:Dainik Bhaskar
3916:
3885:
3854:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3777:, p. 113.
3767:
3765:, p. 243.
3755:
3753:, p. 549.
3743:
3731:
3702:
3700:, p. 133.
3690:
3688:, p. 326.
3675:
3645:
3633:
3621:
3619:, p. 135.
3609:
3597:
3585:
3583:, p. 115.
3570:
3558:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3517:, p. 138.
3507:
3505:, p. 738.
3495:
3476:
3472:B.K. Jain 2013
3464:
3435:
3428:
3408:
3377:
3370:
3364:. Penguin UK.
3350:
3348:, p. 182.
3335:
3320:
3308:
3293:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3231:
3229:, p. 103.
3219:
3207:
3188:
3176:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3123:, p. 105.
3110:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3072:, p. 181.
3062:
3060:, p. 287.
3050:
3038:
3036:, p. 419.
3026:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2988:, p. xiv.
2978:
2949:
2937:
2935:, p. 195.
2925:
2910:
2903:
2883:
2876:
2856:
2827:
2820:
2800:
2783:
2768:
2756:
2754:, p. 112.
2739:
2722:
2720:, p. 131.
2707:
2695:
2693:, p. 311.
2670:
2658:
2656:, p. 327.
2625:
2623:, p. 444.
2621:Saraswati 1908
2613:
2592:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:God in Jainism
2522:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2387:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2211:Madhya Pradesh
2205:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2153:
2146:
2132:Madhya Pradesh
2111:Madhya Pradesh
2031:lotus position
2014:
2011:
1853:
1850:
1785:
1782:
1708:
1705:
1652:Main article:
1649:
1646:
1583:
1580:
1484:
1481:
1440:
1437:
1353:
1350:
1278:at the end of
1250:Jain cosmology
1245:(liberation).
1181:
1178:
1105:. He attained
1002:(first Jina),
913:
912:
910:
909:
902:
895:
887:
884:
883:
882:
881:
866:
865:
862:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
830:
826:
825:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
787:
783:
782:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
752:
748:
747:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
731:
728:Silappatikaram
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
667:
661:
660:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
646:
637:
633:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
586:
581:
576:
571:
565:
561:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
525:
521:
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
506:
500:
499:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
466:
465:
456:
452:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
376:
370:
369:
368:
365:
364:
363:
362:
357:
352:
347:
339:
338:
330:
329:
323:
322:
310:
309:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
275:
273:
272:
266:
256:
254:
250:
249:
244:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
226:
222:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
151:(1,500 meters)
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
121:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
74:
70:
69:
55:
47:
46:
40:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5272:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:Solar dynasty
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5220:Rishabhanatha
5218:
5217:
5215:
5200:
5199:Samudravijaya
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5183:
5182:Sudharmaswami
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5145:(other world)
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5058:Chandraprabha
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5033:Sambhavanatha
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:Rishabhanatha
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4970:
4968:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4951:
4949:
4948:public domain
4938:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:81-208-1376-6
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4854:81-7017-316-7
4850:
4846:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:81-230-1013-3
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4762:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4733:81-7017-208-X
4729:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4710:81-208-1938-1
4706:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:81-7154-839-3
4658:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4575:
4571:
4570:Penguin Books
4567:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:81-208-1691-9
4520:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4497:81-208-1578-5
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:public domain
4455:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:90-04-05260-7
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:public domain
4374:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4290:0-415-26605-X
4286:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:0-87779-044-2
4259:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4236:0-7914-1381-0
4232:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4200:Penguin books
4197:
4196:
4191:
4190:Dalal, Roshen
4187:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4167:Dalal, Roshen
4164:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4140:Cort, John E.
4137:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4113:Cort, John E.
4110:
4107:
4105:0-8426-9091-3
4101:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:0-85229-760-2
4074:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3979:Deccan Herald
3975:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3961:Sengupta 1996
3957:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3829:The Statesman
3825:
3819:
3816:
3813:, p. 44.
3812:
3807:
3804:
3801:, p. 16.
3800:
3795:
3792:
3789:, p. 19.
3788:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3741:, p. 13.
3740:
3735:
3732:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3643:, p. 78.
3642:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3568:, p. 47.
3567:
3562:
3559:
3556:, p. 19.
3555:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3529:, p. 46.
3528:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3493:, p. 18.
3492:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3474:, p. 31.
3473:
3468:
3465:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3306:, p. 25.
3305:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3291:, p. 17.
3290:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3256:, p. 89.
3255:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3205:, p. 16.
3204:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3186:, p. 88.
3185:
3180:
3177:
3174:, p. 78.
3173:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3159:, p. 54.
3158:
3153:
3150:
3147:, p. 42.
3146:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3084:, p. 83.
3083:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3012:, p. xv.
3011:
3006:
3003:
3000:, p. 27.
2999:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2976:, p. 21.
2975:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2923:, p. 26.
2922:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2857:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2784:
2781:, p. 40.
2780:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2590:, p. 16.
2589:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2547:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2227:Gopachal Hill
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:Tomar dynasty
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:Gopachal Hill
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:(bull-faced)
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:Chandraprabha
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1948:Vishnu Purana
1944:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:monk Acharya
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:Adinathcharit
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:Adikavi Pampa
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:In literature
1851:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:Mount Kailash
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1753:samavasaranas
1749:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1510:kalpavrikshas
1506:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:Brahmi script
1450:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1435:to Marudevi.
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:Jain calendar
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:According to
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1248:According to
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1233:(initation),
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1200:Hemachandra's
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:(bull-faced)
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:Gopachal hill
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:Hemachandra's
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:. Along with
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
983:
977:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
949:
945:
944:Rishabhanatha
939:
938:
934:
928:
924:
919:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
888:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
869:
868:
867:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
823:
822:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
780:
779:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
745:
744:
737:
736:
732:
730:
729:
725:
723:
722:
718:
716:
715:
711:
709:
708:
704:
702:
701:
697:
695:
694:
690:
688:
687:
683:
681:
680:
676:
674:
673:
669:
668:
664:
658:
657:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
630:
629:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
611:Samantabhadra
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
562:Major figures
558:
557:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Navkar Mantra
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
518:
517:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
475:Satya (truth)
473:
471:
468:
467:
464:
461:
460:
459:
449:
448:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
373:
367:
366:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
341:
340:
336:
332:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
281:
277:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
223:
218:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
128:
122:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5225:Tirthankaras
5153:
5133:Parshvanatha
5068:Shitalanatha
5022:
5012:
4940:
4917:
4894:
4866:
4843:
4823:
4803:
4768:
4745:
4722:
4695:
4684:
4674:
4651:
4628:
4608:
4591:
4564:
4533:
4509:
4478:
4457:
4442:
4419:
4400:
4376:
4363:
4336:
4323:Jaina Sutras
4322:
4299:
4275:
4271:Dundas, Paul
4248:
4221:
4194:
4171:
4144:
4117:
4090:
4063:
4054:
4050:
4041:
4037:
4014:
3988:, retrieved
3984:the original
3977:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3919:
3908:, retrieved
3897:
3888:
3877:, retrieved
3866:
3857:
3846:, retrieved
3827:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3775:Umakant 1987
3770:
3763:Doniger 1993
3758:
3751:Doniger 1999
3746:
3734:
3723:, retrieved
3714:
3705:
3693:
3666:. Retrieved
3657:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3588:
3561:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3503:Jestice 2004
3498:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3451:
3418:
3411:
3387:
3380:
3360:
3353:
3333:, p. 8.
3311:
3261:
3249:
3244:, p. 5.
3227:Sangave 2001
3222:
3217:, p. x.
3210:
3179:
3152:
3140:
3133:Salomon 1998
3128:
3121:Sangave 2001
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3046:Sangave 2001
3041:
3034:Jestice 2004
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2947:, p. 7.
2940:
2928:
2893:
2886:
2866:
2859:
2847:. Retrieved
2843:
2810:
2803:
2793:
2786:
2759:
2752:Umakant 1987
2718:Sangave 2001
2698:
2661:
2616:
2549:
2468:Vimal Vasahi
2330:
2326:
2322:
2307:
2139:
2128:Gwalior Fort
2108:
2099:
2086:
2079:Chakreshvari
2046:
2042:
2028:
2006:
1974:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1855:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1751:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:kevala jnana
1723:
1721:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1669:
1637:
1629:
1616:(as per the
1603:
1591:
1582:Renunciation
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:(warriors),
1557:
1553:
1550:Vinitanagara
1549:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1493:Kankali Tila
1492:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1442:
1429:tirthankara,
1428:
1425:chakravartin
1424:
1419:
1402:
1394:
1376:
1323:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:tīrthaṅkaras
1291:
1287:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1247:
1240:
1236:kevalyagyana
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1185:
1183:
1171:Chakreshvari
1139:Kulpak Tirth
1130:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1098:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1042:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
975:
971:
961:
952:Rishabhadeva
951:
943:
942:
930:
926:
922:
849:Jain symbols
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:
588:
573:
549:Jai Jinendra
522:Jain prayers
496:
462:
410:Kevala Jnana
380:Anekantavada
305:
148:
84:Venerated in
60:situated in
29:
5240:Jain giants
5118:Munisuvrata
5103:Kunthunatha
5098:Shantinatha
5093:Dharmanatha
5088:Anantanatha
5083:Vimalanatha
5063:Pushpadanta
5048:Padmaprabha
5043:Sumatinatha
5014:Tirthankara
3910:17 December
3879:17 December
3848:17 December
3811:Tandon 2002
3593:Dalal 2010b
3145:Dalal 2010b
2998:Dalal 2010a
2974:Dundas 2002
2933:Zimmer 1953
2779:Dundas 2002
2703:Zimmer 1953
2691:Dalal 2010b
2609:Jacobi 1964
2332:Mahabharata
2327:murtipujaka
2311:Shatrunjaya
2159:Maharashtra
2100:Rishabhdeva
2094:hills near
2092:Mangi-Tungi
2013:Iconography
1995:Dharmanatha
1991:Vimalanatha
1987:Pushpadanta
1979:Padmaprabha
1975:tirthankara
1937:Hindu texts
1906:Kalpa Sutra
1902:Hemachandra
1769:Kalpa Sutra
1728:banyan tree
1717:omniscience
1707:Omniscience
1543:Paul Dundas
1539:karma-bhumi
1505:bhoga-bhumi
1473:Śvetāmbaras
1403:tirthankara
1342:Arishtanemi
1288:tīrthaṅkara
1262:) with six
1212:tirthankara
1135:Hemachandra
1129:within the
1030:Parshvanath
982:tirthankara
935:, c. 1500.
923:Kalpasutra,
859:Topics list
784:Pilgrimages
735:Valayapathi
634:Major sects
621:Yashovijaya
425:Brahmacarya
97:Tirthankara
92:Predecessor
73:Other names
43:Tirthankara
5214:Categories
5189:Jambuswami
5113:Mallinatha
5028:Ajitanatha
3698:Gupta 1999
3686:Jaini 2000
3668:4 November
3515:Titze 1998
3331:Titze 1998
3266:Jaini 2000
3157:Wiley 2004
3022:Wiley 2004
2945:Jaini 1998
2844:jainqq.org
2814:. Abrams.
2654:Jaini 2000
2561:References
2361:Rishabhdeo
2051:Śvetāmbara
2039:Śvetāmbara
2035:kayotsarga
1914:Bhadrabāhu
1910:Śvetāmbara
1898:Śvetāmbara
1886:Mahapurana
1878:Śvetāmbara
1858:Ādi purāṇa
1817:siddhaloka
1680:ikshu-rasa
1676:Hastinapur
1634:Śvetāmbara
1593:Kayotsarga
1558:kshatriyas
1356:See also:
1338:Ajitanatha
1298:(known as
1254:avasarpiṇī
1196:Śvetāmbara
1190:, a major
1187:Ādi purāṇa
1118:Adi Purana
1099:Varshitap.
1047:and queen
1038:Shantinath
1004:Yugadideva
957:Ṛṣabhadeva
948:Devanagari
925:Kalpasutra
771:Samvatsari
766:Paryushana
649:Śvetāmbara
616:Haribhadra
606:Siddhasena
601:Kundakunda
509:Sallekhana
435:Gunasthana
430:Aparigraha
372:Philosophy
308:Reference:
282:Sumangalā
192:Mahāpurāṇa
188:Ādi purāṇa
112:Ajitanatha
101:time-cycle
5172:Ganadhara
5128:Neminatha
5123:Naminatha
5078:Vasupujya
4927:Routledge
4773:New Delhi
4562:(2014) ,
4476:(1998) ,
4369:Allahabad
4281:Routledge
4276:The Jains
4273:(2002) ,
4192:(2010b),
4169:(2010a),
4019:Cort 2010
4007:Cort 2010
3899:The Hindu
3787:Vyas 1995
3725:15 August
3658:kamat.com
3629:Cort 2010
3617:Cort 2010
3581:Cort 2010
3566:Cort 2001
3397:cite book
3304:Cort 2010
2566:Citations
2422:Rajasthan
2400:Rajasthan
2349:Kundalpur
2287:Rajasthan
2207:Bawangaja
2193:Kundalpur
2138:rulers –
2115:Bawangaja
2067:Nyagrodha
2063:abhisheka
1999:Neminatha
1929:Manatunga
1821:Ashtapada
1622:Podanapur
1457:Ank-Vidya
1334:Yajurveda
1315:Avsarpini
1280:Kali Yuga
1259:utsarpiṇī
1229:(birth),
1192:Jain text
1159:Nyagrodha
1151:Bawangaja
1000:Adishvara
844:Jain flag
834:Ekendriya
809:Shikharji
749:Festivals
644:Digambara
596:Ganadhara
385:Cosmology
296:, Prince
246:Asthapada
220:Genealogy
210:Festivals
108:Successor
5162:Bahubali
5138:Mahavira
5108:Aranatha
5003: ;
4999: ;
4864:(1925),
4743:(2016),
4720:(1987),
4672:(1908),
4649:(2001),
4606:(1989),
4589:(1923),
4539:ABC-CLIO
4507:(2000),
4440:(2015),
4399:(1978),
4361:(1929),
4334:(2013),
4320:(1964),
4142:(2010),
4115:(2001),
4088:(1977),
4071:, 2000,
3934:11 March
3904:archived
3873:archived
3842:archived
3739:Rao 1989
3719:archived
3662:Archived
2493:See also
2418:Ranakpur
2377:Pavagadh
2365:Sanghiji
2353:Paporaji
2345:Kulpakji
2242:Chanderi
2189:Adinatha
2175:Palitana
2104:Palitana
1933:Rishabha
1890:Jinasena
1862:Sanskrit
1735:-krishna
1694:Vaishaka
1672:Gajapura
1614:Gandhara
1562:vaishyas
1449:Bahubali
1383:Marudevi
1372:Palitana
1368:Marudevi
1123:Jinasena
1061:Bahubali
1049:Marudevi
1034:Neminath
1026:Mahavira
1017:Ikshvaku
996:Ādinātha
972:Ikshvaku
962:Rishabha
799:Palitana
584:Mahavira
574:Rishabha
504:Sāmāyika
355:Timeline
319:a series
317:Part of
302:Bahubali
289:Children
284:Sunandā
271:(mother)
269:Marudevi
265:(father)
260:Kulakara
18:Rishabha
5154:Samanya
4997:Arihant
4029:Sources
3990:8 March
2319:Ayodhya
2315:Gujarat
2294:Temples
2119:Barwani
2071:Gomukha
1942:Rigveda
1926:Acharya
1896:by the
1810:aghati-
1802:Nirvana
1794:Nirvana
1778:sadhvis
1575:brahmin
1566:shudras
1531:Vanijya
1497:Mathura
1477:Bharata
1445:Bharata
1420:krishna
1411:Ashadha
1391:Chaitra
1387:Ayodhya
1311:Jainism
1163:Gomukha
1057:Bharata
1053:Ayodhya
1012:Nabheya
988:Jainism
976:Ikṣvāku
933:Gujarat
839:Temples
590:Arihant
440:Saṃsāra
350:History
327:Jainism
294:Bharata
253:Parents
234:Ayodhya
87:Jainism
78:Ikṣvāku
66:Gujarat
5001:Siddha
4933:
4923:London
4902:
4882:
4851:
4831:
4811:
4791:
4757:
4730:
4707:
4659:
4636:
4616:
4576:
4545:
4521:
4494:
4450:
4427:
4407:
4348:
4307:
4287:
4260:
4233:
4206:
4179:
4156:
4129:
4102:
4075:
4044:, 1931
3834:Nashik
3457:31 May
3426:
3368:
2901:
2874:
2849:31 May
2818:
2535:Siddha
2096:Nashik
2082:Yakshi
2077:, and
2075:Yaksha
2069:tree,
2005:named
1997:, and
1967:Vishnu
1963:avatar
1874:Champu
1845:moksha
1806:moksha
1774:sadhus
1763:sangha
1744:. The
1739:ghati-
1733:falgun
1698:ahara-
1626:Ashoka
1610:Taxila
1523:Krishi
1469:aagams
1276:dharma
1272:dharma
1242:moksha
1231:diksha
1223:garbha
1174:Yakshi
1169:, and
1167:Yaksha
1161:tree,
1108:Moksha
1036:, and
967:Ṛṣabha
804:Girnar
756:Diwali
579:Pārśva
453:Ethics
420:Tattva
415:Dravya
400:Dharma
390:Ahimsa
279:Spouse
229:Ṛṣabha
202:Gender
178:Golden
168:Banyan
149:dhanuṣ
144:Height
134:Symbol
119:Mantra
5194:Nabhi
4872:Delhi
4484:Delhi
2541:Notes
2059:Indra
1836:purva
1829:Magha
1812:karma
1747:Devas
1741:karma
1700:daana
1674:(now
1642:Indra
1636:text
1620:) or
1606:Indra
1570:varna
1554:varna
1535:Shilp
1527:Vidya
1433:Indra
1427:or a
1379:Nabhi
1352:Birth
1227:janma
1085:ahara
1065:Indra
1045:Nabhi
970:) or
827:Other
789:Tirth
405:Mokṣa
395:Karma
360:Index
345:Jains
263:Nabhi
184:Texts
174:Color
4931:ISBN
4900:ISBN
4880:ISBN
4849:ISBN
4829:ISBN
4809:ISBN
4789:ISBN
4755:ISBN
4728:ISBN
4705:ISBN
4657:ISBN
4634:ISBN
4614:ISBN
4574:ISBN
4543:ISBN
4519:ISBN
4492:ISBN
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4425:ISBN
4405:ISBN
4346:ISBN
4305:ISBN
4285:ISBN
4258:ISBN
4231:ISBN
4204:ISBN
4177:ISBN
4154:ISBN
4127:ISBN
4100:ISBN
4073:ISBN
3992:2017
3936:2017
3912:2016
3881:2016
3850:2016
3727:2015
3670:2012
3459:2024
3424:ISBN
3403:link
3366:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2851:2024
2816:ISBN
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2379:and
2323:Dada
2257:Kota
2043:loch
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1951:and
1856:The
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1684:fast
1519:Masi
1399:Rama
1381:and
1340:and
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1296:half
1268:half
1264:aras
1256:and
1205:and
1180:Life
1141:and
1077:and
927:and
298:Nami
241:Died
225:Born
205:Male
164:Tree
147:500
138:Bull
41:1st
3838:PTI
2191:at
2109:In
2033:or
1965:of
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