607:. These woodlands can be found alongside rivers and streams. In Nigeria, you can also discover riparian zones within the Ibadan region of Oyo state. Ibadan, one of the oldest towns in Africa, covers a total area of 3,080 square kilometers and is characterized by a network of perennial water streams that create these valuable riparian zones. In the research conducted by Adeoye et al. (2012) on land use changes in Southwestern Nigeria, it was observed that 46.18 square kilometers of the area are occupied by water bodies. Additionally, most streams and rivers in this region are accompanied by riparian forests. Nevertheless, the study also identified a consistent reduction in the extent of these riparian forests over time, primarily attributed to a significant deforestation rate. In Nigeria, according to Momodu et al. (2011), there has been a notable decline of about 50% in the riparian forest coverage within the period of 1978 to 2000. This reduction is primarily attributed to alterations in land use and land cover. Additionally, their research indicates that if current trends continue, the riparian forests may face further depletion, potentially leading to their complete disappearance by the year 2040. Riparian zones can also be found in Cape Agulhas region of South Africa. Riparian areas along South African rivers have experienced significant deterioration as a result of human activities. Similar to many other developed and developing areas worldwide, the extensive building of dams in upstream river areas and the extraction of water for irrigation purposes have led to diminished water flows and changes in the riparian environment.
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1473:, but may stabilize the soil, place carbon into the ground, and protect the land from drying. The weeds will improve the streambeds so that trees and grasses can return, and later ideally replace the weeds. There are several other techniques used by government and non-government agencies to address riparian and streambed degradation, ranging from the installation of bed control structures such as log sills to the use of pin groynes or rock emplacement. Other possible approaches include control of invasive species, monitoring of herbivore activity, and cessation of human activity in a particular zone followed by natural re-vegetation. Conservation efforts have also encouraged incorporating the value of
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489:. Thinning of riparian zones has been observed to cause increased maximum temperatures, higher fluctuations in temperature, and elevated temperatures being observed more frequently and for longer periods of time. Extreme changes in water temperature can have lethal effects on fish and other organisms in the area. The vegetation also contributes wood debris to streams, which is important to maintaining
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522:"Riparian zones play a crucial role in preserving the vitality of streams and rivers, especially when faced with challenges stemming from catchment land use, including agricultural and urban development. These changes in land utilization can exert adverse impacts on the health of streams and rivers and, consequently, contribute to a decline in their reproductive rates."
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Burdon, Francis J.; Ramberg, Ellinor; Sargac, Jasmina; Forio, Marie Anne Eurie; de Saeyer, Nancy; Mutinova, Petra Thea; Moe, Therese
Fosholt; Pavelescu, Mihaela Oprina; Dinu, Valentin; Cazacu, Constantin; Witing, Felix; Kupilas, Benjamin; Grandin, Ulf; Volk, Martin; Rîşnoveanu, Geta (April 2020).
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in this buffer zone is important. The use of wetland riparian zones shows a particularly high rate of removal of nitrate entering a stream and thus has a place in agricultural management. Also in terms of carbon transport from terrestrial ecosystems to aquatic ecosystems, riparian groundwater can
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Riparian zones also act as important buffers against nutrient loss in the wake of natural disasters, such as hurricanes. Many of the characteristics of riparian zones that reduce the inputs of nitrogen from agricultural runoff also retain the necessary nitrogen in the ecosystem after hurricanes
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A riparian area is the transition from the aquatic area to the upland area. Vegetation is expected to change from species adapted to wetter sites near the channel to species adapted to drier sites in the upland, with a mixture of species occurring in between. In this example, an assessment of
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Land clearing followed by floods can quickly erode a riverbank, taking valuable grasses and soils downstream, and later allowing the sun to bake the land dry. Riparian zones can be restored through relocation (of human-made products), rehabilitation, and time.
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conditions, and vegetative cover determine the effectiveness of riparian buffering. Activities associated with logging, such as sediment input, introduction or removal of species, and the input of polluted water all degrade riparian zones.
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In summary, riparian forests are characterized by their location along waterways, their intricate interplay with water and soil dynamics, a diverse array of vegetation layers, and a plant composition favoring moisture-dependent
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Leach, J. A.; Lidberg, W.; Kuglerová, L.; Peralta-Tapia, A.; Ågren, A.; Laudon, H. (July 2017). "Evaluating topography-based predictions of shallow lateral groundwater discharge zones for a boreal lake-stream system".
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Riparian zones are also important for the fish that live within rivers, such as brook and charr. Impacts on riparian zones can affect fish, and restoration is not always sufficient to recover fish populations.
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play an important role. As such, a distinction can be made between parts of the riparian zone that connect large parts of the landscape to streams, and riparian areas with more local groundwater contributions.
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curves of a river, combined with vegetation and root systems, slow the flow of water, which reduces soil erosion and flood damage. Sediment is trapped, reducing suspended solids to create less
2102:"The Role of Riparian Vegetation in Protecting and Improving Chemical Water Quality in Streams 1: The Role of Riparian Vegetation in Protecting and Improving Chemical Water Quality in Streams"
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and insect drop) are transferred to aquatic food webs, and are a vital source of energy in aquatic food webs. The vegetation surrounding the stream helps to shade the water, mitigating
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Mengis, M.; Schif, S. L.; Harris, M.; English, M. C.; Aravena, R.; Elgood, R. J.; MacLean, A. (1999). "Multiple
Geochemical and Isotopic Approaches for Assessing Ground Water NO
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From a social aspect, riparian zones contribute to nearby property values through amenity and views, and they improve enjoyment for footpaths and bikeways through supporting
2668:
Sabo, John L.; Sponseller, Ryan; Dixon, Mark; Gade, Kris; Harms, Tamara; Heffernan, Jim; Jani, Andrea; Katz, Gabrielle; Soykan, Candan; Watts, James; Welter, Jill (2005).
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3321:"The effectiveness of active and passive restoration on recovery of indigenous vegetation in riparian zones in the Western Cape, South Africa: A preliminary assessment"
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591:. Riparian plant communities along lowland streams exhibit remarkable species diversity, driven by the unique environmental gradients inherent to these ecosystems.
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2201:"Riparian-Buffer Loss and Pesticide Incidence in Freshwater Matrices of Ikpoba River (Nigeria): Policy Recommendations for the Protection of Tropical River Basins"
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Riparian forest can be found in Benin, West Africa. In Benin, where the savanna ecosystem prevails, "riparian forests" include various types of woodlands, such as
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riparian function would consider the riparian areas, mixed riparian/upland areas, and aquatic area in the reach. Not all riparian areas have all of these features.
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1844:"Assessing the Benefits of Forested Riparian Zones: A Qualitative Index of Riparian Integrity Is Positively Associated with Ecological Status in European Streams"
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The
Natural Sequence Farming technique involves placing obstacles in the water's pathway to lessen the energy of a flood, and help the water to deposit soil and
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Borisade, Tolulope Victor; Odiwe, Anthony
Ifechukwude; Akinwumiju, Akinola Shola; Uwalaka, Nelson Obinna; Orimoogunje, Oluwagbenga Isaac (1 September 2021).
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provided by riparian zones into management plans, as these benefits have traditionally been absent in the consideration and designing of these plans.
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there are different types of riparian vegetation, but the interactions between hydrology and ecology are similar as occurs in other geographic areas.
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In: Brooks, K.N. And
Ffolliot, P.F. (Eds) Moving Agroforestry into the Mainstream. Proc. 9th N. Am. Agroforest. Conf. Rochester, MN. 12–15 June 2005
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Nakasone, H.; Kuroda, H.; Kato, T.; Tabuchi, T. (2003). "Nitrogen removal from water containing high nitrate nitrogen in a paddy field (wetland)".
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The assortment of riparian zone trees varies from those of wetlands and typically consists of plants that are either emergent aquatic plants, or
406: - The flora typically includes species native to the region, adapted to the moist conditions provided by proximity to water bodies.
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González, Eduardo; Felipe-Lucia, María R.; Bourgeois, Bérenger; Boz, Bruno; Nilsson, Christer; Palmer, Grant; Sher, Anna A. (1 July 2017).
388: - Moisture-dependent trees are the dominant feature, giving these forests a unique appearance, especially in savanna regions.
357: - Riparian forests are primarily situated alongside rivers or streams, with varying degrees of proximity to the water's edge.
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Tang, C.; Azuma, K.; Iwami, Y.; Ohji, B.; Sakura, Y. (2004). "Nitrate behaviour in the groundwater of a headwater wetland, Chiba, Japan".
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466:, enabling aquatic and riparian organisms to move along river systems avoiding isolated communities. Riparian vegetation can also provide
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operations. The undisturbed soil, soil cover, and vegetation provide shade, plant litter, and woody material and reduce the delivery of
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water, replenish soils, and build stream banks. Pollutants are filtered from surface runoff, enhancing water quality via biofiltration.
360: - These ecosystems are intimately connected with dynamic water flow and soil processes, influencing their characteristics.
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3722:"Antecedent controls on river character and behaviour in partly confined valley settings: Upper Hunter catchment, NSW, Australia"
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2812:"Shade, light, and stream temperature responses to riparian thinning in second-growth redwood forests of northern California"
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Tomer, Mark D.; Dosskey, Michael G.; Burkart, Michael R.; James, David E.; Helmers, Matthew J.; Eisenhauer, Dean E. (2005).
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Dickard, M., M. Gonzalez, W. Elmore, S. Leonard, D. Smith, S. Smith, J. Staats, P. Summers, D. Weixelman, S. Wyman (2015).
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Dosskey, Michael G.; Vidon, Philippe; Gurwick, Noel P.; Allan, Craig J.; Duval, Tim P.; Lowrance, Richard (April 2010).
1894:"IUFRO: 8.01.05 - Riparian and coastal ecosystems / 8.01.00 - Forest ecosystem functions / 8.00.00 - Forest Environment"
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networks. Space is created for riparian sports such as fishing, swimming, and launching for vessels and paddle craft.
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that thrive in proximity to water. In South Africa's fynbos biome, Riparian ecosystem are heavily invaded by alien
189:. Plant habitats and communities along the river margins and banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by
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flow. Riparian zones can play a role in lowering nitrate contamination in surface runoff, such as manure and other
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2283:"Potential for long-term transfer of dissolved organic carbon from riparian zones to streams in boreal catchments"
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Ledesma, José L. J.; Grabs, Thomas; Bishop, Kevin H.; Schiff, Sherry L.; Köhler, Stephan J. (August 2015).
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irrigation by extending seasonal or perennial flows of water. Nutrients from terrestrial vegetation (e.g.
2234:
Lowrance, Richard; Todd, Robert; Fail, Joseph; Hendrickson, Ole; Leonard, Ralph; Asmussen, Loris (1984).
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3819:"Mechanisms of Succession in Natural Communities and Their Role in Community Stability and Organization"
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2976:"Hurricanes, people, and riparian zones: controls on nutrient losses from forested Caribbean watersheds"
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33:
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Wu, Shaoteng; Bashir, Muhammad Amjad; Raza, Qurat-Ul-Ain; Rehim, Abdur; Geng, Yucong; Cao, Lei (2023).
2619:"Do trout respond to riparian change? A meta-analysis with implications for restoration and management"
2101:
3926:
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1993:
1716:. Technical Reference 1737-15. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Denver, CO.
391: - These moisture-dependent trees define the landscape, accompanied by a variety of mesic
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374: - Dependent animal life, relying on the riparian environment for habitat and resources.
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3581:"Vegetation influences soil properties along riparian zones of the Beijiang River in Southern China"
2477:"Riparian proper functioning condition assessment to improve watershed management for water quality"
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Zhao, Qinghe; Ding, Shengyan; Liu, Qian; Wang, Shuoqian; Jing, Yaru; Lu, Mengwen (13 August 2020).
3362:"Effects of climate-induced increases in summer drought on riparian plant species: a meta-analysis"
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Ma, Maohua (2016), Finlayson, C. Max; Everard, Mark; Irvine, Kenneth; McInnes, Robert J. (eds.),
3040:"Application of riparian buffer zone in agricultural non-point source pollution control—A review"
2763:"Importance of the riparian zone to the conservation and management of freshwater fish: a review"
2715:
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2375:"The Importance of Streamside Plants & Trees | Shore Stewards | Washington State University"
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Pedraza, Sara; Clerici, Nicola; Zuluaga
Gaviria, Jennifer D.; Sanchez, Adriana (January 2021).
403: - Riparian forests often host plant species that have high moisture requirements.
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The riparian zone acts as a sacrificial erosion buffer to absorb impacts of factors including
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225:
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202:
3687:"Optimization of Soil Erosion and Flood Control Systems in the Process of Land Consolidation"
3629:"Riparian Vegetation Along the Middle and Lower Zones of the Chalakkudy River, Kerala, India"
2670:"Riparian Zones Increase Regional Species Richness by Harboring Different, Not More, Species"
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3458:"Assessing the impacts of land use on riparian vegetation dynamics in Osun State, Nigeria"
1946:
Gregory, Stanley V.; Swanson, Frederick J.; McKee, W. Arthur; Cummins, Kenneth W. (1991).
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improvement for both surface runoff and water flowing into streams through subsurface or
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A Field Guide to the Common
Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon
3498:"ScienceDirect.com | Science, health and medical journals, full text articles and books"
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264:
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385: - The vegetation in riparian forests exhibits a multi-layered structure.
371: - Mesic terrestrial vegetation (vegetation adapted to moist conditions).
368: - Riparian forests feature a diverse combination of elements, including:
287:
has standing water or saturated soil for as long as a season, it is normally termed a
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1454:, Australia, in an attempt to rapidly restore eroded farms to optimum productivity.
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and shade that limits stream temperature change. When riparian zones are damaged by
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4908:
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4273:
4076:. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (New Zealand), www.maf.govt.nz/publications.
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3745:
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2125:
1714:"Riparian area management: Proper functioning condition assessment for lotic areas"
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In western North
America and the Pacific coast, the riparian vegetation includes:
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17:
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Ruwanza, S.; Gaertner, M.; Esler, K. J.; Richardson, D. M. (1 September 2013).
3214:
2160:"Global Research on Riparian Zones in the XXI Century: A Bibliometric Analysis"
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3199:"Managing riparian zones for river health improvement: an integrated approach"
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2476:
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392:
377: - Local microclimate influenced by the presence of water bodies.
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3768:"Riverbank Restoration | Helping farmers in Scotland | Farm Advisory Service"
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3634:. Kerala Research Programme Centre for Development Studies. Archived from
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Swanson, S.; Kozlowski, D.; Hall, R.; Heggem, D.; Lin, J. (1 March 2017).
279:, biological restoration can take place, usually by human intervention in
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3973:"Permaculture Design Principle 8 – Accelerating Succession and Evolution"
3360:
Garssen, Annemarie G.; Verhoeven, Jos T. A.; Soons, Merel B. (May 2014).
2810:
Roon, David A.; Dunham, Jason B.; Groom, Jeremiah D. (16 February 2021).
2585:
Read "Riparian Areas: Functions and
Strategies for Management" at NAP.edu
2352:
1809:
Read "Riparian Areas: Functions and
Strategies for Management" at NAP.edu
1749:
Read "Riparian Areas: Functions and Strategies for Management" at NAP.edu
1597:
1064:
456:
434:
252:
233:
4128:
2653:
6985:
6965:
6530:
6495:
6317:
6219:
5859:
5502:
5462:
5432:
5410:
5030:
4818:
4718:
4519:
4439:
4401:
4336:
4263:
4180:
3850:
3818:
3597:
2719:
2669:
2267:
2235:
1979:
1947:
1692:
1112:
692:
604:
563:, part of the Burns Bureau of Land Management District in southeastern
543:
531:
459:
445:
327:
288:
260:
237:
194:
3385:
2787:
2702:
2643:
2618:
2307:
2205:
River Basin Management - Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies
2176:
2159:
1860:
1843:
429:
243:
Riparian zones may be natural or engineered for soil stabilization or
6719:
6510:
6500:
6396:
5833:
5723:
5487:
4813:
4578:
4419:
4366:
4361:
4101:
3635:
1667:
1602:
1490:
1152:
1080:
564:
467:
130:
2778:
2693:
2251:
1963:
4203:
3834:
3110:
The Wetland Book: I: Structure and Function, Management and Methods
2617:
Sievers, Michael; Hale, Robin; Morrongiello, John R. (March 2017).
2593:
1817:
1757:
299:, riparian zones are often the subject of national protection in a
6560:
6515:
6505:
6485:
6436:
6401:
6376:
6349:
6245:
5728:
5699:
3580:
1647:
1144:
1072:
1007:
959:
927:
584:
568:
554:
438:
428:
412:
221:
186:
182:
163:
126:
107:
3497:
2236:"Riparian Forests as Nutrient Filters in Agricultural Watersheds"
2076:"Riparian zone - NatureSpots App - Let's explore Nature together"
1994:"Riparian zone - NatureSpots App - Let's explore Nature together"
295:
characteristics. Because of their prominent role in supporting a
6714:
6535:
6411:
5886:
4983:
4457:
3429:"Home | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
1727:"Riparian Areas Environmental Uniqueness, Functions, and Values"
1135:
580:
576:
539:
303:. These are also known as a "plant or vegetation waste buffer".
6192:
5664:
5136:
4620:
4582:
4207:
2423:
2421:
2141:"Placement of riparian forest buffers to improve water quality"
1461:
into the flood zone. Another technique is to quickly establish
6354:
6265:
5045:
5035:
4447:
2879:"Landscape controls on the hydrology of stream riparian zones"
45:
3428:
2925:"Establishment and restoration of riparian buffers — English"
2199:
Chukwuka, Azubuike Victor; Ogbeide, Ozekeke (21 April 2021),
530:
The protection of riparian zones is often a consideration in
3685:
Dumbrovsky, Miroslav; Korsun, Svatopluk (21 November 2012),
1469:) to grow. These may spread along the watercourse and cause
6188:
4166:
Restoration strategies for riparian habitats, U.S. military
519:
without damaging structures located behind a setback zone.
181:
is also the proper nomenclature for one of the terrestrial
3197:
Singh, Rinku; Tiwari, A. K.; Singh, G. S. (1 April 2021).
1177:
Typical riparian vegetation in temperate New South Wales,
417:
A well-preserved natural riparian strip on a tributary to
4171:
National Riparian Service Team, Bureau of Land Management
2106:
JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association
1922:"Riparian Ecosystem - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
3249:"Riparian zone, stream, and floodplain issues: a review"
2734:"Chapter 8 : Riparian Zone | Friends of Reservoirs"
538:
from the harvested area. Factors such as soil types and
4193:
Agroforestry Practices – Riparian Forest Buffers (2004)
3014:"Riparian Buffers - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
306:
Research shows that riparian zones are instrumental in
32:"Riparian" redirects here. For the legal doctrine, see
4161:
Dissertation on riparian vegetation of Chalakudy River
1517:
Cottonwood Creek riparian area after restoration, 2002
963:– Blackberries, Raspberries, Thimbleberry, Salmonberry
4149:
Riparian Forest Buffers, National Agroforestry Center
2950:"Riparian Buffers for Field Crops, Hay, and Pastures"
2877:
Vidon, Philippe G. F.; Hill, Alan R. (15 June 2004).
2401:"What are Riparian Areas and Why are They Important?"
497:
threaten to dilute and wash away critical nutrients.
3920:
3918:
2019:"Riparian Zone - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1505:
Cottonwood Creek riparian area during recovery, 2000
1465:
by encouraging fast-growing plants such as "weeds" (
6923:
6868:
6809:
6781:
6750:
6697:
6669:
6629:
6233:
6226:
6150:
6108:
6037:
5981:
5970:
5950:
5877:
5842:
5816:
5778:
5747:
5716:
5707:
5698:
5551:
5423:
5359:
5321:
5259:
5149:
5066:
4931:
4634:
4507:
4471:
4438:
4410:
4292:
4241:
4117:
Riparian Bibliography, National Agroforestry Center
326:and human health. Particularly, the attenuation of
158:are used to characterize a riparian zone. The word
4196:is available for free viewing and download at the
4176:Riparian Habitat Restoration in the Las Vegas Wash
3720:Fryirs, Kirstie; Brierley, Gary J. (April 2010).
3112:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–9,
2761:Pusey, Bradley J.; Arthington, Angela H. (2003).
2533:"Riparian Habitat | Wildlife Heritage Foundation"
348:Key features of a typical riparian forest include
251:, protecting aquatic environments from excessive
4186:Riparian Forest Buffers, Kansas State University
3558:. Seattle, Washington: Seattle Audubon Society.
1782:"Riparian Zone: Definition and Characteristics"
1489:Cottonwood Creek riparian area in southeastern
6791:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
3817:Connell, Joseph H.; Slatyer, Ralph O. (1977).
2982:. New Directions in Tropical Forest Research.
6876:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
6801:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
6204:
5676:
4884:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
4594:
4219:
8:
4074:Review of Riparian Buffer Zone Effectiveness
3927:"Integrative conservation of riparian zones"
1948:"An Ecosystem Perspective of Riparian Zones"
444:Riparian zones dissipate stream energy. The
283:and revegetation. If the area adjacent to a
29:Interface between land and a river or stream
5824:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
4949:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
4550:List of rivers that have reversed direction
3148:"Riparian vegetation | environmentdata.org"
6815:
6230:
6211:
6197:
6189:
5978:
5713:
5704:
5683:
5669:
5661:
5265:
5146:
5133:
4631:
4617:
4601:
4587:
4579:
4226:
4212:
4204:
2044:"The Ecology of Interfaces—Riparian Zones"
567:. The creek provides critical habitat for
3596:
3473:
3401:
3336:
3055:
2853:
2835:
2786:
2701:
2652:
2642:
2508:
2306:
2175:
1869:
1859:
96:Learn how and when to remove this message
3549:
3547:
2974:McDowell, William H. (1 December 2001).
1165:
603:forests, dry forests, open forests, and
263:. They supply shelter and food for many
59:This article includes a list of general
1705:
1479:
559:Riparian zone along Trout Creek in the
6896:Meadowview Biological Research Station
6828:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
2481:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
4129:Conservation Buffer Design Guidelines
3451:
3449:
3423:
3421:
3242:
3240:
3173:"Forest Management in Riparian Areas"
3044:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
2756:
2754:
2056:from the original on 23 November 2018
7:
5808:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
5770:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
3203:Landscape and Ecological Engineering
1916:
1914:
433:Thick riparian vegetation along the
353:1. Location and Hydrological Context
247:. These zones are important natural
125:is the interface between land and a
6891:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
5212:Oceanic physical-biological process
5074:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
3106:"Riparian Buffer Zone for Wetlands"
395:, shrub, and ground cover species.
4058:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01124.x
1733:from the original on 11 June 2020.
193:. Riparian zones are important in
65:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5734:Montane grasslands and shrublands
4036:Elimination in a Riparian Zone".
1446:techniques have been used in the
240:, and even non-vegetative areas.
213:, and the influence they have on
199:environmental resource management
7016:
7015:
7004:
5645:
5644:
5632:
5618:
5250:
4922:
4739:Colored dissolved organic matter
4563:
4562:
4181:Red River Basin Riparian Project
3080:"Importance of Riparian Buffers"
2118:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00419.x
1571:
1557:
1543:
1529:
1510:
1498:
1482:
455:The riparian zones also provide
381:3. Distinct Vegetation Structure
50:
6387:Flooded grasslands and savannas
5850:Flooded grasslands and savannas
5084:Latin America and the Caribbean
4259:Drainage system (geomorphology)
3325:South African Journal of Botany
1305:Typical riparian zone trees in
6163:Ecological land classification
5692:Biogeographic regionalisations
5566:Ecological values of mangroves
5109:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
4269:Strahler number (stream order)
3746:10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.015
3295:"Beavers Ecosystem in Toronto"
3247:Bren, L. J. (1 October 1993).
3118:10.1007/978-94-007-6172-8_53-7
2767:Marine and Freshwater Research
2429:"Riparian Mitigation – Mitico"
1092:– California Fescue bunchgrass
688:Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani
462:, increased biodiversity, and
364:2.Diverse Ecosystem Components
322:, that would otherwise damage
1:
6911:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
6901:Society of Wetland Scientists
2992:10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00514-X
2980:Forest Ecology and Management
2903:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.01.005
1108:– California Melic bunchgrass
133:. In some regions, the terms
6526:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
5829:Deserts and xeric shrublands
5586:Marine conservation activism
5571:Fisheries and climate change
4005:Water Science and Technology
3951:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.035
3273:10.1016/0022-1694(93)90113-N
2837:10.1371/journal.pone.0246822
2399:Christos (23 January 2017).
1116:– Monkeyflower and varieties
939:– Swamp Rose or Cluster Rose
470:for wildlife and livestock.
6796:National Wetlands Inventory
6070:Temperate Northern Atlantic
5760:Broadleaf and mixed forests
5581:Human impact on marine life
5458:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
4694:Aquatic population dynamics
4072:Parkyn, Stephanie. (2004).
3554:Cooke, Sarah Spear (1997).
2929:climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu
2738:www.friendsofreservoirs.com
7103:
7052:Environmental conservation
6881:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
6173:Vegetation classifications
6075:Temperate Northern Pacific
3933:. Small Natural Features.
3523:"List of trees and plants"
3338:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.022
3215:10.1007/s11355-020-00436-5
2563:Forestry and Land Scotland
1100:– Giant Wildrye bunchgrass
931:– Gooseberies and Currants
38:
31:
7082:Water and the environment
6999:
6818:
6085:Temperate Southern Africa
5612:
5268:
5248:
5197:Marine primary production
5145:
5132:
5091:List of marine ecoregions
4920:
4630:
4616:
4558:
3898:"Ecological Weed Control"
3475:10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100099
3462:Trees, Forests and People
3057:10.3389/fsufs.2023.985870
1663:Riparian-zone restoration
1471:environmental degradation
487:water temperature changes
205:because of their role in
6860:Wetland indicator status
6095:Tropical Eastern Pacific
6045:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5443:Coastal biogeomorphology
5438:Marine coastal ecosystem
3877:Yennie Ho - Apes :*
3691:Research on Soil Erosion
2537:www.wildlifeheritage.org
2333:Water Resources Research
1493:before restoration, 1988
1444:Natural Sequence Farming
1252:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
1236:Casuarina cunninghamiana
968:Rhododendron occidentale
895:Umbellularia californica
775:Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
707:Eleocharis quadrangulata
595:Riparian zones in Africa
511:, increased runoff from
399:4. Floristic Composition
301:biodiversity action plan
39:Not to be confused with
6571:Freshwater swamp forest
6116:Biogeographic provinces
6080:Temperate South America
5798:Moist broadleaf forests
5351:Paradox of the plankton
5162:Diel vertical migration
5056:Freshwater swamp forest
4774:GIS and aquatic science
4622:General components and
4382:River channel migration
3977:Deep Green Permaculture
3931:Biological Conservation
3873:"Ecological Succession"
3823:The American Naturalist
3152:www.environmentdata.org
1633:Freshwater swamp forest
987:– Indian Plum, Osoberry
898:– California Bay Laurel
710:– Square-stem Spikerush
666:Inundated riparian zone
80:more precise citations.
6906:Wetlands International
6677:List of wetland plants
5177:Large marine ecosystem
4869:Shoaling and schooling
4312:Bar (river morphology)
4082:Hydrological Processes
3793:"Secondary Succession"
2405:Trout Unlimited Canada
1437:Repair and restoration
1244:Eucalyptus bridgesiana
1174:
702:– Three-square Bulrush
572:
441:
421:
114:
6551:Salt pannes and pools
6178:Zoogeographic regions
6136:Global 200 ecoregions
6065:Temperate Australasia
5803:Dry broadleaf forests
5596:Marine protected area
5523:Salt pannes and pools
5298:Marine larval ecology
5273:Census of Marine Life
5157:Deep scattering layer
5114:San Francisco Estuary
5079:Africa and Madagascar
4904:Underwater camouflage
4684:Aquatic biomonitoring
4624:freshwater ecosystems
4494:Erosion and tectonics
4489:Degradation (geology)
4017:10.2166/wst.2003.0576
3502:www.sciencedirect.com
3018:www.sciencedirect.com
2493:10.2489/jswc.72.2.168
2287:Global Change Biology
2023:www.sciencedirect.com
1926:www.sciencedirect.com
1658:Riparian water rights
1565:Earth sciences portal
1463:ecological succession
1367:– European Wild Apple
1284:Leptospermum obovatum
1260:Eucalyptus melliodora
1223:– Crimson Bottlebrush
1169:
984:Oemleria cerasiformis
810:– California Sycamore
657:– Southern Blue Flag
638:Sagittaria lancifolia
561:Trout Creek Mountains
558:
432:
416:
334:of the nitrates from
111:
34:riparian water rights
6158:Altitudinal zonation
6100:Western Indo-Pacific
6060:Eastern Indo-Pacific
6055:Central Indo-Pacific
5331:Marine bacteriophage
5293:Marine invertebrates
4515:Deposition (geology)
4242:Large-scale features
3253:Journal of Hydrology
2883:Journal of Hydrology
2557:Kjartanson, Meghan.
2353:10.1002/2016WR019804
1423:– European White Elm
1292:Melaleuca ericifolia
1268:Eucalyptus viminalis
1220:Callistemon citrinus
1212:Bursaria lasiophylla
992:Lonicera involucrata
944:Symphoricarpos albus
794:– Fremont Cottonwood
743:Sequoia sempervirens
680:Sagittaria latifolia
671:Herbaceous Perennial
621:Herbaceous Perennial
615:
477:They provide native
297:diversity of species
7011:Wetlands portal
6642:Constructed wetland
6227:Types and landforms
6131:Lists of ecoregions
5788:Tropical rainforest
5207:Ocean fertilization
5016:Trophic state index
4974:Lake stratification
4704:Aquatic respiration
4094:2004HyPr...18.3159T
4050:1999GrWat..37..448M
3943:2017BCons.211...20G
3738:2010Geomo.117..106F
3378:2014FrBio..59.1052G
3265:1993JHyd..150..277B
2895:2004JHyd..292..210V
2828:2021PLoSO..1646822R
2686:2005Ecol...86...56S
2635:2017FrBio..62..445S
2450:"The Riparian Zone"
2345:2017WRR....53.5420L
2299:2015GCBio..21.2963L
2080:www.naturespots.net
1998:www.naturespots.net
1613:Constructed wetland
1415:– Small-leaved Lime
1343:– European Hornbeam
1324:Acer pseudoplatanus
1231:– River Bottlebrush
1228:Callistemon sieberi
1170:A riparian zone in
1089:Festuca californica
1044:– Giant Chain Ferns
1003:– Red-osier Dogwood
887:Populus tremuloides
799:Populus trichocarpa
778:– Port Orford-cedar
630:Peltandra virginica
425:Roles and functions
320:agricultural fields
7087:Freshwater ecology
7047:Terrestrial biomes
6855:Salt marsh die-off
6773:Salt marsh dieback
6682:List of fen plants
6521:Palustrine wetland
6422:Intertidal wetland
6417:Interdunal wetland
6168:Floristic kingdoms
5932:Hydrothermal vents
5793:Coniferous forests
5755:Coniferous forests
5473:Intertidal wetland
5468:Intertidal ecology
5336:Marine prokaryotes
5278:Deep-sea community
5172:Iron fertilization
5095:Specific examples
5021:Upland and lowland
4939:Freshwater biology
4804:Microbial food web
4714:Aquatic toxicology
4657:Aquatic adaptation
4610:Aquatic ecosystems
4545:Sediment transport
4499:River rejuvenation
4472:Regional processes
4154:2016-05-29 at the
4134:2015-05-12 at the
4122:2015-04-24 at the
3829:(982): 1119–1144.
3661:"Types of erosion"
3598:10.7717/peerj.9699
3366:Freshwater Biology
2623:Freshwater Biology
1786:Biology Dictionary
1537:Environment portal
1475:ecosystem services
1348:Fraxinus excelsior
1188:Acacia melanoxylon
1175:
1105:Melica californica
1097:Leymus condensatus
1068:– Maidenhair Ferns
1000:Cornus stolonifera
976:Oplopanax horridus
839:Fraxinus latifolia
802:– Black Cottonwood
754:– Western Redcedar
699:Scirpus americanus
573:
464:wildlife corridors
442:
422:
226:aquatic ecosystems
191:hydrophilic plants
115:
41:Ripuarian language
7029:
7028:
6931:Aquatic ecosystem
6919:
6918:
6838:Ramsar Convention
6665:
6664:
6647:Converted wetland
6589:Peat swamp forest
6452:Inland salt marsh
6186:
6185:
6146:
6145:
6090:Tropical Atlantic
5966:
5965:
5873:
5872:
5765:Deciduous forests
5658:
5657:
5639:Oceans portal
5608:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5483:Hydrothermal vent
5419:
5418:
5308:Seashore wildlife
5139:Marine ecosystems
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
4894:Thermal pollution
4859:Ramsar Convention
4799:Microbial ecology
4759:Fisheries science
4699:Aquatic predation
4576:
4575:
4377:River bifurcation
4088:(16): 3159–3168.
3700:978-953-51-0839-9
3565:978-0-914516-11-8
3386:10.1111/fwb.12328
3177:extension.unh.edu
3127:978-94-007-6172-8
2954:extension.psu.edu
2644:10.1111/fwb.12888
2603:978-0-309-08295-2
2308:10.1111/gcb.12872
2214:978-1-83968-131-8
2177:10.3390/w13131836
1861:10.3390/w12041178
1827:978-0-309-08295-2
1767:978-0-309-08295-2
1683:Vulnerable waters
1593:Aquatic ecosystem
1391:– Pedunculate Oak
1295:– Swamp Paperbark
1207:– Red Stem Wattle
1196:Acacia pravissima
952:Spiraea douglasii
906:– Pacific Dogwood
871:Quercus agrifolia
847:Prunus emarginata
831:Acer macrophyllum
815:Alnus rhombifolia
807:Platanus racemosa
791:Populus fremontii
715:Eleocharis obtusa
605:woodland savannas
207:soil conservation
203:civil engineering
152:riparian corridor
135:riparian woodland
106:
105:
98:
16:(Redirected from
7094:
7019:
7018:
7009:
7008:
7007:
6991:Will-o'-the-wisp
6924:Related articles
6816:
6616:Whitewater river
6566:Coniferous swamp
6447:Freshwater marsh
6340:Clearwater river
6256:Blackwater river
6231:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6190:
5979:
5714:
5705:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5662:
5648:
5647:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5627:
5625:Lakes portal
5623:
5622:
5621:
5591:Marine pollution
5283:Deep-water coral
5266:
5254:
5187:Marine chemistry
5147:
5134:
5051:Freshwater marsh
4944:Freshwater biome
4926:
4642:Acoustic ecology
4632:
4618:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4580:
4566:
4565:
4307:Avulsion (river)
4235:River morphology
4228:
4221:
4214:
4205:
4198:Internet Archive
4113:
4102:10.1002/hyp.5755
4069:
4028:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3902:EcoFarming Daily
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3732:(1–2): 106–120.
3717:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3641:on 19 March 2009
3640:
3633:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3600:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3525:. Archived from
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3372:(5): 1052–1063.
3357:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2839:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2705:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2646:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2559:"Riparian zones"
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2456:. 18 August 2016
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2339:(7): 5420–5437.
2327:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2293:(8): 2963–2979.
2278:
2272:
2271:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1514:
1502:
1486:
1364:Malus sylvestris
1359:– Persian Walnut
1340:Carpinus betulus
1327:– Sycamore Maple
1287:– River Tea-Tree
1276:Kunzea ericoides
1052:– Goldback Ferns
1028:– Polypody Ferns
971:– Western Azalea
955:– Douglas spirea
903:Cornus nuttallii
879:Quercus garryana
874:– Coast live oak
866:– Pacific Willow
855:Salix lasiolepis
834:– Big-leaf Maple
783:Taxus brevifolia
767:Picea sitchensis
515:, and increased
209:, their habitat
162:is derived from
101:
94:
90:
87:
81:
76:this article by
67:inline citations
54:
53:
46:
21:
18:Riparian habitat
7102:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7005:
7003:
6995:
6915:
6886:Ducks Unlimited
6864:
6823:Clean Water Act
6805:
6783:Classifications
6777:
6746:
6693:
6661:
6625:
6576:Mangrove forest
6222:
6217:
6187:
6182:
6142:
6104:
6033:
5973:
5962:
5958:Endolithic zone
5946:
5879:
5869:
5838:
5812:
5780:
5774:
5743:
5709:
5694:
5689:
5659:
5654:
5631:
5630:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5600:
5561:Coral bleaching
5547:
5528:Seagrass meadow
5425:Marine habitats
5415:
5389:Coral reef fish
5355:
5341:Marine protists
5317:
5255:
5246:
5217:Ocean turbidity
5192:Marine food web
5141:
5120:
5062:
5001:River ecosystem
4954:Freshwater fish
4927:
4918:
4724:Bioluminescence
4709:Aquatic science
4626:
4612:
4607:
4577:
4572:
4554:
4535:Helicoidal flow
4503:
4467:
4434:
4406:
4322:Channel pattern
4294:Alluvial rivers
4288:
4284:River sinuosity
4237:
4232:
4190:The short film
4156:Wayback Machine
4145:
4140:
4136:Wayback Machine
4124:Wayback Machine
4079:
4035:
4031:
4011:(10): 209–216.
4002:
3998:
3996:Further reading
3993:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3532:on 18 July 2011
3529:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2822:(2): e0246822.
2809:
2808:
2804:
2779:10.1071/mf02041
2760:
2759:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2694:10.1890/04-0668
2667:
2666:
2662:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2252:10.2307/1309729
2233:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1964:10.2307/1311607
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1871:1854/LU-8662065
1840:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1618:Endorheic basin
1579:Wetlands portal
1577:
1572:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1494:
1487:
1467:pioneer species
1452:New South Wales
1439:
1434:
1332:Alnus glutinosa
1303:
1298:
1255:– River Red Gum
1239:– River She-Oak
1164:
1159:
1132:
1127:
1014:
920:Acer circinatum
912:Riparian shrubs
909:
890:– Quaking Aspen
858:– Arroyo Willow
850:– Bitter Cherry
746:– Coast Redwood
729:
724:
668:
663:
649:– Tussock Sedge
618:
613:
597:
553:
528:
526:Role in logging
427:
401:
383:
366:
355:
350:
345:
343:Characteristics
332:denitrification
291:because of its
281:erosion control
265:aquatic animals
146:riparian buffer
140:riparian forest
102:
91:
85:
82:
72:Please help to
71:
55:
51:
44:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7100:
7098:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7034:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7013:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6961:Drainage basin
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6768:Paludification
6765:
6760:
6754:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6720:Sapric or muck
6717:
6707:
6701:
6699:
6698:Soil mechanics
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6684:
6679:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6442:Brackish marsh
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6320:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6237:
6235:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6193:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5976:
5972:Biogeographic
5968:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5711:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5642:
5628:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5557:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5379:Saltwater fish
5376:
5374:Marine reptile
5371:
5365:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5346:Marine viruses
5343:
5338:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5323:Microorganisms
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5313:Wild fisheries
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5227:Thorson's rule
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5182:Marine biology
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5041:Brackish marsh
5038:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4969:Lake ecosystem
4966:
4961:
4959:Hyporheic zone
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4809:Microbial loop
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4754:Eutrophication
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4734:Cascade effect
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4662:Aquatic animal
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4621:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:Playfair's law
4537:
4532:
4527:
4525:Exner equation
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4463:Current ripple
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4392:Slip-off slope
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4342:Meander cutoff
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4254:Drainage basin
4251:
4249:Alluvial plain
4245:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4144:
4143:External links
4141:
4139:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4077:
4070:
4044:(3): 448–457.
4033:
4029:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3979:. 18 June 2012
3964:
3914:
3889:
3864:
3835:10.1086/283241
3809:
3784:
3759:
3712:
3699:
3693:, IntechOpen,
3677:
3665:www.qld.gov.au
3652:
3620:
3571:
3564:
3543:
3514:
3489:
3445:
3417:
3352:
3311:
3286:
3259:(2): 277–299.
3236:
3209:(2): 195–223.
3189:
3164:
3139:
3126:
3096:
3071:
3030:
3005:
2986:(3): 443–451.
2966:
2941:
2916:
2889:(1): 210–228.
2869:
2802:
2750:
2725:
2660:
2629:(3): 445–457.
2609:
2602:
2594:10.17226/10327
2575:
2549:
2524:
2487:(2): 168–182.
2467:
2441:
2417:
2391:
2379:Shore Stewards
2366:
2322:
2273:
2246:(6): 374–377.
2226:
2213:
2207:, IntechOpen,
2191:
2150:
2131:
2112:(2): 261–277.
2092:
2067:
2035:
2010:
1985:
1958:(8): 540–551.
1938:
1910:
1885:
1833:
1826:
1818:10.17226/10327
1799:
1773:
1766:
1758:10.17226/10327
1736:
1718:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1638:Gallery forest
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1568:
1554:
1551:Ecology portal
1540:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1407:– Crack Willow
1404:Salix fragilis
1400:
1399:– White Willow
1392:
1384:
1383:– Black Poplar
1376:
1375:– White Poplar
1368:
1360:
1352:
1351:– European Ash
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1316:Acer campestre
1311:
1307:Central Europe
1302:
1301:Central Europe
1299:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1199:– Ovens Wattle
1192:
1183:
1172:Western Sydney
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:Aquilegia spp.
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
980:
979:– Devil's Club
972:
964:
956:
948:
940:
936:Rosa pisocarpa
932:
924:
915:
908:
907:
899:
891:
883:
875:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
827:
819:
811:
803:
795:
787:
779:
771:
770:– Sitka Spruce
763:
755:
747:
738:
735:Riparian trees
728:
725:
723:
722:
711:
703:
695:
684:
675:
667:
664:
662:
661:
654:Iris virginica
650:
642:
634:
625:
617:
614:
612:
609:
601:semi-deciduous
596:
593:
552:
549:
527:
524:
509:climate change
435:Pisuerga River
426:
423:
400:
397:
382:
379:
365:
362:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
257:surface runoff
156:riparian strip
104:
103:
58:
56:
49:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7099:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7062:Water streams
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7042:Riparian zone
7040:
7039:
7037:
7022:
7014:
7012:
7002:
7001:
6998:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6971:Riparian zone
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6922:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:Organizations
6867:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6725:Tropical peat
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6606:Várzea forest
6604:
6602:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6296:Polygonal bog
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6214:
6209:
6207:
6202:
6200:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5969:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5942:Demersal zone
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5876:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5739:Alpine tundra
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:Polar/montane
5715:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5679:
5674:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5651:
5643:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5533:Sponge ground
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5498:Marine biomes
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:Demersal fish
5397:
5395:
5394:Deep-sea fish
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5369:Marine mammal
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4899:Trophic level
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:Sediment trap
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:Phytoplankton
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4689:Aquatic plant
4687:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:Anoxic waters
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4569:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:Water erosion
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4412:Bedrock river
4409:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Riparian zone
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:Braided river
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3726:Geomorphology
3723:
3716:
3713:
3702:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3637:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
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2115:
2111:
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2103:
2096:
2093:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2052:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
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1942:
1939:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1899:
1898:www.iufro.org
1895:
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1803:
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1788:. 17 May 2018
1787:
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1673:Várzea forest
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1449:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:Tilia cordata
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:Quercus robur
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:Populus nigra
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:Juglans regia
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:– Black Alder
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:– Field Maple
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
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1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:Acacia rubida
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1147:
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1141:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1123:
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1118:
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1078:
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1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:– Sword Ferns
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
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986:
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868:
865:
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852:
849:
848:
844:
841:
840:
836:
833:
832:
828:
825:
824:
820:
818:– White Alder
817:
816:
812:
809:
808:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
792:
788:
786:– Pacific Yew
785:
784:
780:
777:
776:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
760:
759:Abies grandis
756:
753:
752:
751:Thuja plicata
748:
745:
744:
740:
739:
737:
736:
732:
726:
721:
717:
716:
712:
709:
708:
704:
701:
700:
696:
694:
690:
689:
685:
683:– Duck Potato
682:
681:
677:
676:
674:
672:
665:
660:
656:
655:
651:
648:
647:
646:Carex stricta
643:
640:
639:
635:
632:
631:
627:
626:
624:
622:
611:North America
610:
608:
606:
602:
594:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
570:
566:
562:
557:
550:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
525:
523:
520:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
498:
494:
492:
491:geomorphology
488:
484:
480:
475:
471:
469:
465:
461:
458:
453:
451:
447:
440:
436:
431:
424:
420:
415:
411:
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398:
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389:
386:
380:
378:
375:
372:
369:
363:
361:
358:
352:
347:
342:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:water quality
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:sedimentation
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
174:
170:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
147:
142:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:riparian area
120:
119:riparian zone
110:
100:
97:
89:
79:
75:
69:
68:
62:
57:
48:
47:
42:
35:
27:
19:
6970:
6956:List of bogs
6811:Conservation
6742:Ombrotrophic
6686:
6657:Water-meadow
6581:
6392:Grass valley
6382:Flood-meadow
6345:Cypress dome
6276:Cataract bog
6251:Beach meadow
6109:Subdivisions
5999:Australasian
5989:Afrotropical
5951:Other biomes
5927:Benthic zone
5922:Pelagic zone
5917:Neritic zone
5907:Kelp forests
5854:
5779:Tropical and
5553:Conservation
5404:Pelagic fish
5384:Coastal fish
5288:Marine fungi
5026:Water garden
4909:Water column
4854:Productivity
4829:Pelagic zone
4789:Macrobenthos
4779:Hydrobiology
4749:Ecohydrology
4371:
4274:River valley
4192:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4041:
4038:Ground Water
4037:
4008:
4004:
3981:. Retrieved
3976:
3967:
3934:
3930:
3905:. Retrieved
3901:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3876:
3867:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3796:
3787:
3775:. Retrieved
3771:
3762:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3704:, retrieved
3690:
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3664:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3636:the original
3623:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3555:
3536:29 September
3534:. Retrieved
3527:the original
3517:
3507:26 September
3505:. Retrieved
3501:
3492:
3465:
3461:
3438:23 September
3436:. Retrieved
3432:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3302:. Retrieved
3298:
3289:
3256:
3252:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3176:
3167:
3155:. Retrieved
3151:
3142:
3131:, retrieved
3109:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3083:
3074:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3017:
3008:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2953:
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2928:
2919:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2770:
2766:
2741:. Retrieved
2737:
2728:
2680:(1): 56–62.
2677:
2673:
2663:
2654:10072/409161
2626:
2622:
2612:
2584:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2562:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:
2527:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2453:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2408:. Retrieved
2404:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:
2369:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2218:, retrieved
2204:
2194:
2170:(13): 1836.
2167:
2163:
2153:
2144:
2134:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2022:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1997:
1988:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1851:
1847:
1836:
1808:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1785:
1776:
1748:
1721:
1708:
1688:Water-meadow
1623:Flood-meadow
1456:
1448:Upper Hunter
1440:
1426:
1420:Ulmus laevis
1418:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1372:Populus alba
1370:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1304:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1263:– Yellow Box
1258:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1215:– Blackthorn
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1176:
1151:
1143:
1133:
1119:
1113:Mimulus spp.
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1060:– Wood Ferns
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1017:Other plants
1016:
1015:
1006:
998:
990:
982:
974:
966:
958:
950:
942:
934:
926:
923:– Vine Maple
918:
911:
910:
901:
893:
885:
877:
869:
863:Salix lucida
861:
853:
845:
842:– Oregon ash
837:
829:
821:
813:
805:
797:
789:
781:
773:
765:
757:
749:
741:
734:
733:
730:
713:
705:
697:
686:
678:
670:
669:
652:
644:
636:
633:– Arrow Arum
628:
620:
619:
616:Water's edge
598:
589:woody plants
574:
542:structures,
529:
521:
513:urbanization
506:
502:foreshoreway
499:
495:
483:plant litter
476:
472:
454:
443:
408:
405:
402:
390:
387:
384:
376:
373:
370:
367:
359:
356:
305:
277:silviculture
269:construction
242:
228:, including
211:biodiversity
178:
177:
166:
159:
155:
151:
144:
138:
134:
122:
118:
116:
92:
83:
64:
26:
6981:Telmatology
6976:River delta
6843:Ramsar site
6833:Marsh organ
6732:Hydric soil
6611:Vernal pool
6594:Shrub swamp
6462:Tidal marsh
6291:Plateau bog
6281:Coastal bog
6271:Blanket bog
6019:Neotropical
6009:Indomalayan
5982:Terrestrial
5912:Coral reefs
5781:subtropical
5708:Terrestrial
5538:Sponge reef
5513:Rocky shore
5508:Oyster reef
5478:Kelp forest
5361:Vertebrates
5261:Marine life
5237:Viral shunt
5202:Marine snow
5104:Maharashtra
5011:Stream pool
4914:Zooplankton
4834:Photic zone
4794:Meiobenthos
4647:Algal bloom
4479:Aggradation
4430:Plunge pool
4397:Stream pool
4387:River mouth
4279:River delta
3331:: 132–141.
2773:(1): 1–16.
1854:(4): 1178.
1678:Vernal pool
1431:– Field Elm
1428:Ulmus minor
1271:– Manna Gum
1247:– Apple Box
1191:– Blackwood
1153:Juncus spp.
1124:– Columbine
1081:Juncus spp.
1033:Polystichum
995:– Twinberry
947:– Snowberry
882:– Garry oak
826:– Red Alder
823:Alnus rubra
762:– Grand Fir
691:– Softstem
641:– Arrowhead
536:soil eroded
393:understorey
316:fertilizers
312:groundwater
293:hydric soil
285:watercourse
273:agriculture
255:, polluted
245:restoration
224:as well as
219:semiaquatic
215:terrestrial
171:, meaning "
86:August 2009
78:introducing
7036:Categories
6941:Bog butter
6637:Bog garden
6630:Artificial
6601:Wet meadow
6467:High marsh
6457:Salt marsh
6360:Fen-meadow
6328:Alder carr
6311:Upland bog
6306:String bog
6301:Raised bog
6126:Ecoregions
6121:Bioregions
6029:Palearctic
5937:Cold seeps
5897:Intertidal
5518:Salt marsh
5453:Coral reef
5242:Whale fall
5222:Photophore
5099:Everglades
5067:Ecoregions
5006:Stream bed
4979:Macrophyte
4932:Freshwater
4764:Food chain
4677:Water bird
4530:Hack's law
4484:Base level
4425:Knickpoint
4352:Oxbow lake
4332:Floodplain
3468:: 100099.
3084:dep.wv.gov
2788:10072/6041
2703:10161/8362
2240:BioScience
1952:BioScience
1700:References
1653:Outwelling
1643:Green belt
1628:Floodplain
1450:Valley of
1396:Salix alba
1145:Carex spp.
1073:Carex spp.
1057:Dryopteris
1041:Woodwardia
1025:Polypodium
1008:Salix spp.
960:Rubus spp.
928:Ribes spp.
551:Vegetation
446:meandering
336:fertilizer
324:ecosystems
249:biofilters
230:grasslands
173:river bank
61:references
7057:Hydrology
6763:Hydrosere
6751:Processes
6737:Marsh gas
6582:Myristica
6472:Low marsh
6286:Kermi bog
6261:Bofedales
6241:Backswamp
6004:Holarctic
5994:Antarctic
5902:Mangroves
5748:Temperate
5543:Tide pool
5448:Cold seep
5232:Upwelling
4996:Rheotaxis
4989:Fish pond
4964:Limnology
4889:Substrate
4874:Siltation
4744:Dead zone
4508:Mechanics
4357:Point bar
4347:Mouth bar
4302:Anabranch
4110:129664003
4066:131501907
3959:0006-3207
3937:: 20–29.
3843:0003-0147
3754:0169-555X
3645:2 October
3615:221653372
3607:2167-8359
3591:: e9699.
3484:2666-7193
3394:0046-5070
3347:0254-6299
3299:prezi.com
3281:0022-1694
3231:234186133
3223:1860-188X
3182:27 August
3066:2571-581X
3000:0378-1127
2911:0022-1694
2846:1932-6203
2797:1448-6059
2712:0012-9658
2501:0022-4561
2361:134913198
2260:0006-3568
2186:2073-4441
1972:0006-3568
1880:2073-4441
1608:Canebrake
1588:Accropode
1309:include:
1181:include:
1179:Australia
1162:Australia
1049:Pteridium
1011:– Willows
720:Spikerush
517:boat wake
479:landscape
419:Lake Erie
234:woodlands
7072:Habitats
7021:Category
6951:Bog-wood
6946:Bog iron
6936:Bog body
6758:Halosere
6710:Histosol
6705:Acrotelm
6688:Sphagnum
6546:Reed bed
6491:Moorland
6370:Rich fen
6365:Poor fen
6220:Wetlands
6151:See also
6024:Oceanian
6014:Nearctic
5892:Littoral
5865:Mangrove
5855:Riparian
5650:Category
5576:HERMIONE
5493:Mangrove
5303:Seagrass
4849:Pleuston
4844:Plankton
4824:Particle
4769:Food web
4568:Category
4453:Antidune
4440:Bedforms
4327:Cut bank
4152:Archived
4132:Archived
4120:Archived
4025:15137172
3412:26180267
2864:33592001
2816:PLOS ONE
2588:. 2002.
2519:30245529
2454:slco.org
2317:25611952
2051:Archived
1812:. 2002.
1752:. 2002.
1731:Archived
1598:Bioswale
1523:See also
1279:– Burgan
1156:– Rushes
1148:– Sedges
1084:– Rushes
1076:– Sedges
1065:Adiantum
544:climatic
457:wildlife
410:species.
238:wetlands
179:Riparian
160:riparian
7077:Habitat
6986:Turbary
6966:Estuary
6541:Pothole
6531:Pocosin
6496:Mudflat
6335:Ciénega
6318:Callows
6234:Natural
5878:Aquatic
5860:Wetland
5503:Mudflat
5463:Estuary
5433:Bay mud
5411:Seabird
5167:f-ratio
5150:General
5031:Wetland
4819:Neuston
4784:Hypoxia
4729:Biomass
4719:Benthos
4635:General
4402:Thalweg
4337:Meander
4264:Estuary
4090:Bibcode
4046:Bibcode
3939:Bibcode
3859:3587878
3851:2460259
3797:VEDANTU
3734:Bibcode
3433:FAOHome
3403:4493900
3374:Bibcode
3261:Bibcode
2891:Bibcode
2855:7886199
2824:Bibcode
2720:3450987
2682:Bibcode
2674:Ecology
2631:Bibcode
2510:6145829
2341:Bibcode
2295:Bibcode
2268:1309729
2126:1485368
2060:11 June
1980:1311607
1693:Wetland
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