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596:. This is because any natural impediment to the flow of the river may cause the current to deflect in a different direction. When this happens, the alluvium carried by the river can build up against this impediment, redirecting the course of the river. The flow is then directed against the opposite bank of the river, which will erode into a more concave shape to accommodate the flow. The bank will still block the flow, causing it to reflect in the other direction. Thus, a bend in the river is created.
1370:
790:. In this system, the first tributaries of a river are 1st order rivers. When two 1st order rivers merge, the resulting river is 2nd order. If a river of a higher order and a lower order merge, the order is incremented from whichever of the previous rivers had the higher order. Stream order is correlated with and thus can be used to predict certain data points related to rivers, such as the size of the drainage basin (drainage area), and the length of the channel.
2068:
775:
809:
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2020:
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1956:
330:
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freely from headwaters to the sea have better water quality, and also retain their ability to transport nutrient-rich alluvium and other organic material downstream, keeping the ecosystem healthy. The creation of a lake changes the habitat of that portion of water, and blocks the transportation of sediment, as well as preventing the natural meandering of the river. Dams block the migration of fish such as
2004:
56:
1972:
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2100:
1096:
1008:, improved navigation, recreation, and ecosystem management. Many of these projects have the effect of normalizing the effects of rivers; the greatest floods are smaller and more predictable, and larger sections are open for navigation by boats and other watercraft. A major effect of river engineering has been a reduced sediment output of large rivers. For example, the
608:. The alluvium carried by rivers, laden with minerals, is deposited into the floodplain when the banks spill over, providing new nutrients to the soil, allowing them to support human activity like farming as well as a host of plant and animal life. Deposited sediment from rivers can form temporary or long-lasting
1060:
sides of rivers, meant to hold back water from flooding the surrounding area during periods of high rainfall. They are often constructed by building up the natural terrain with soil or clay. Some levees are supplemented with floodways, channels used to redirect floodwater away from farms and populated areas.
1560:
Up to 60% of fresh water used by countries comes from rivers that cross international borders. This can cause disputes between countries that live upstream and downstream of the river. A country that is downstream of another may object to the upstream country diverting too much water for agricultural
1059:
Dikes are channels built perpendicular to the flow of the river beneath its surface. These help rivers flow straighter by increasing the speed of the water at the middle of the channel, helping to control floods. Levees are also used for this purpose. They can be thought of as dams constructed on the
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River ecosystems have also been categorized based on the variety of aquatic life they can sustain, also known as the fish zonation concept. Smaller rivers can only sustain smaller fish that can comfortably fit in its waters, whereas larger rivers can contain both small fish and large fish. This means
572:
The sediment yield of a river is the quantity of sand per unit area within a watershed that is removed over a period of time. The monitoring of the sediment yield of a river is important for ecologists to understand the health of its ecosystems, the rate of erosion of the river's environment, and the
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that direct this water to rivers. This can cause flooding risk as large amounts of water are directed into the rivers. Due to these impermeable surfaces, these rivers often have very little alluvium carried in them, causing more erosion once the river exits the impermeable area. It has historically
1283:, and spread rapidly. By 1300, there were at least 10,000 mills in England alone. A medieval watermill could do the work of 30–60 human workers. Water mills were often used in conjunction with dams to focus and increase the speed of the water. Water wheels continued to be used up to and through the
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that does not require any inputs beyond the river itself. Dams are very common worldwide, with at least 75,000 higher than 6 feet (1.8 m) in the U.S. Globally, reservoirs created by dams cover 193,500 square miles (501,000 km). Dam-building reached a peak in the 1970s, when between two or
444:
months, higher temperatures melt snow and ice, causing additional water to flow into rivers. Glacier melt can supplement snow melt in times like the late summer, when there may be less snow left to melt, helping to ensure that the rivers downstream of the glaciers have a continuous supply of water.
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make up 40% of the world's fish species, but 20% of these species are known to have gone extinct in recent years. Human uses of rivers make these species especially vulnerable. Dams and other engineered changes to rivers can block the migration routes of fish and destroy habitats. Rivers that flow
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began to be used to raise the elevation of water. Drought years harmed crop yields, and leaders of society were incentivized to ensure regular water and food availability to remain in power. Engineering projects like the shadoof and canals could help prevent these crises. Despite this, there is
1841:(PFAS) is a widely used chemical that breaks down at a slow rate. It has been found in the bodies of humans and animals worldwide, as well as in the soil, with potentially negative health effects. Research into how to remove it from the environment, and how harmful exposure is, is ongoing.
1141:. It is also thought that these civilizations were the first to organize the irrigation of desert environments for growing food. Growing food at scale allowed people to specialize in other roles, form hierarchies, and organize themselves in new ways, leading to the birth of civilization.
1031:, the excavation of sediment buildup in a channel, to provide a deeper area for navigation. These activities require regular maintenance as the location of the river banks changes over time, floods bring foreign objects into the river, and natural sediment buildup continues. Artificial
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that continuously deposit alluvium into the sea from their mouths. Depending on the activity of waves, the strength of the river, and the strength of the tidal current, the sediment can accumulate to form new land. When viewed from above, a delta can appear to take the form of several
544:
when applied specifically to rivers. This debris comes from erosion performed by the rivers themselves, debris swept into rivers by rainfall, as well as erosion caused by the slow movement of glaciers. The sand in deserts and the sediment that forms bar islands is from rivers. The
1219:
used mills and water wheels beginning in the seventh century. Between 130 and 1492, larger dams were built in Japan, Afghanistan, and India, including 20 dams higher than 15 meters (49 ft). Canals began to be cut in Egypt as early as 3000 BC, and the mechanical
632:, which do not always have a continuous flow of water throughout the year. This may be because an arid climate is too dry depending on the season to support a stream, or because a river is seasonally frozen in the winter (such as in an area with substantial
1225:
evidence that floodplain-based civilizations may have been abandoned occasionally at a large scale. This has been attributed to unusually large floods destroying infrastructure; however, there is evidence that permanent changes to climate causing higher
868:, as well as scrapers feeding on algae. Further downstream, the river may get most of its energy from organic matter that was already processed upstream by collectors and shredders. Predators may be more active here, including fish that feed on plants,
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includes the life that lives in its water, on its banks, and in the surrounding land. The width of the channel of a river, its velocity, and how shaded it is by nearby trees. Creatures in a river ecosystem may be divided into many roles based on the
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and is responsible for creating all children and fish. Some sacred rivers have religious prohibitions attached to them, such as not being allowed to drink from them or ride in a boat along certain stretches. In these religions, such as that of the
3013:
Middleton, Nick (26 April 2012). ""Introduction", "River ecology", "The Amazon: mightiest of them all", "River floods", "Sacred flows", "The first civilizations", "Natural barriers", "River rights and conflicts", "Water power", "Tamed rivers"".
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in mountains, meaning that melting snow can't replenish rivers during warm summer months, leading to lower water levels. Lower-level rivers also have warmer temperatures, threatening species like salmon that prefer colder upstream temperatures.
1070:, or power generation from rivers. Dams typically transform a section of the river behind them into a lake or reservoir. This can provide nearby cities with a predictable supply of drinking water. Hydroelectricity is desirable as a form of
1910:
can change the flooding cycles and water supply available to rivers. Floods can be larger and more destructive than expected, causing damage to the surrounding areas. Floods can also wash unhealthy chemicals and sediment into rivers.
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of Earth were born on floodplains between 5,500 and 3,500 years ago. The freshwater, fertile soil, and transportation provided by rivers helped create the conditions for complex societies to emerge. Three such civilizations were the
1035:
are often constructed to "cut off" winding sections of a river with a shorter path, or to direct the flow of a river in a straighter direction. This effect, known as channelization, has made the distance required to traverse the
640:
is required to fuel the river. These rivers can appear in a variety of climates, and still provide a habitat for aquatic life and perform other ecological functions. Non-perennial rivers are believed to have once flowed on Mars.
1465:
from being a fully canalized channel with hard embankments to being wider with naturally sloped banks and vegetation. This has improved wildlife habitat in the Isar, and provided more opportunities for recreation in the river.
1707:
mythology, and in other cultures. In
Genesis, the flood's role was to cleanse Earth of the wrongdoing of humanity. The act of water working to cleanse humans in a ritualistic sense has been compared to the Christian ritual of
1393:
at a larger scale, and these canals were used in conjunction with river engineering projects like dredging and straightening to ensure the efficient flow of goods. One of the largest such projects is that of the
377:
of higher elevation land is what typically separates drainage basins; water on one side of a ridge will flow into one set of rivers, and water on the other side will flow into another. One example of this is the
1327:, pre-industrial river uses diminished in favor of more complex uses. This meant that the local ecosystems of rivers needed less protection as humans became less reliant on them for their continued flourishing.
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of some species, and lowered the amount of alluvium flowing through rivers. Decreased snowfall from climate change has resulted in less water available for rivers during the summer. Regulation of pollution,
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people in New Guinea. The two cultures speak different languages and rarely mix. 23% of international borders are large rivers (defined as those over 30 meters wide). The traditional northern border of the
2083:
603:
that are periodically flooded when there is a high level of water running through the river. These events may be referred to as "wet seasons' and "dry seasons" when the flooding is predictable due to the
1492:
1931:, can restore the natural habitats of river species. Regulators can also ensure regular releases of water from dams to keep animal habitats supplied with water. Limits on pollutants like
1168:. For civilizations built around rivers, fish were an important part of the diet of humans. Some rivers supported fishing activities, but were ill-suited to farming, such as those in the
461:
holds that all or most rivers flow from North to South, but this is not true. As rivers flow downstream, they eventually merge to form larger rivers. A river that feeds into another is a
1791:. While most rivers in India are revered, the Ganges is most sacred. The river has a central role in various Hindu myths, and its water is said to have properties of healing as well as
1066:
restrict the flow of water through a river. They can be built for navigational purposes, providing a higher level of water upstream for boats to travel in. They may also be used for
3415:
676:. Other rivers and streams have been covered over or converted to run in tunnels due to human development. These rivers do not typically host any life, and are often used only for
3814:
313:, a geographic feature that can contain flowing water. A stream may also be referred to as a watercourse. The study of the movement of water as it occurs on Earth is called
856:
in the form of leaves. In this type of ecosystem, collectors and shredders will be most active. As the river becomes deeper and wider, it may move slower and receive more
429:. Water flows into rivers in places where the river's elevation is lower than that of the water table. This phenomenon is why rivers can still flow even during times of
106:, or another river. A river may run dry before reaching the end of its course if it runs out of water, or only flow during certain seasons. Rivers are regulated by the
912:. Plants in the riparian zone of a river help stabilize its banks to prevent erosion and filter alluvium deposited by the river on the shore, including processing the
880:
786:, a stream order is a positive integer used to describe the level of river branching in a drainage basin. Several systems of stream order exist, one of which is the
2489:
43:
1389:. The nineteenth century saw canal-building become more common, with the U.S. building 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of canals by 1830. Rivers began to be used by
1137:
climates of the surrounding areas made these societies especially reliant on rivers for survival, leading to people clustering in these areas to form the first
1927:
areas have become protected from development. Water restrictions can prevent the complete draining of rivers. Limits on the construction of dams, as well as
1417:
has evolved from when they were a center of trade, food, and transportation to modern times when these uses are less necessary. Rivers remain central to the
933:, the concept of larger habitats being host to more species. In this case, it is known as the species-discharge relationship, referring specifically to the
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without being treated, along with pollution from industry. This has resulted in a loss of animal and plant life in urban rivers, as well as the spread of
1787:
Rivers are some of the most sacred places in
Hinduism. There is archeological evidence that mass ritual bathing in rivers at least 5,000 years ago in the
5072:
145:, areas where all water eventually flows to a common outlet. Rivers have a great effect on the landscape around them. They may regularly overflow their
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4045:
720:. However, if human activity siphons too much water away from a river for other uses, the riverbed may run dry before reaching the sea. The outlets
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2875:"Stream Order, Morphometry, Physico-Chemical Conditions, and Community Structure of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in an Intermittent Stream System"
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1156:, rivers were a source of transportation and abundant resources. Many civilizations depended on what resources were local to them to survive.
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as goods such as grain and fuel could be floated downriver to supply cities with resources. River transportation is also important for the
1987:
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uses, pollution, as well as the creation of dams that change the river's flow characteristics. For example, Egypt has an agreement with
397:
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faster than areas with harder rock, causing a difference in elevation between two points of a river. This can cause the formation of a
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1549:. Since the flow of a river is rarely static, the exact location of a river border may be called into question by countries. The
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833:. "Shredders" are organisms that consume this organic material. The role of a "grazer" or "scraper" organism is to feed on the
620:
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The flow of a river can act as a means of transportation for plant and animal species, as well as a barrier. For example, the
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Modern river engineering involves a large-scale collection of independent river engineering structures that have the goal of
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River transportation has historically been significantly cheaper and faster than transportation by land. Rivers helped fuel
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1445:. The restoration of water quality and recreation to urban rivers has been a goal of modern administrations. For example,
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now runs dry in the deserts of Mexico, rather than running to the sea, due to diversion of water for agricultural uses.
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waters the garden and then splits into four rivers that flow to provide water to the world. These rivers include the
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are an anadromous fish that may die in the river after spawning, contributing nutrients back to the river ecosystem.
3127:"A brief history and summary of the effects of river engineering and dams on the Mississippi River system and delta"
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that feed a river, and make up the river's source. These streams may be small and flow rapidly down the sides of
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can be deeper and longer, causing rivers to run dangerously low. This is in part because of a projected loss of
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2640:"Formation of fluvial islands and its determining factors, case study of the River Neris, the Baltic Sea basin"
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three dams were completed every day, and has since begun to decline. New dam projects are primarily focused in
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and lower river flow may have been the determining factor in what river civilizations succeeded or dissolved.
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and light from dissolving into water, making it impossible for underwater life to survive in these so-called
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Attempts have been made to regulate the exploitation of rivers to preserve their ecological functions. Many
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The most basic river projects involve the clearing of obstructions like fallen trees. This can scale up to
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The river can then be modeled by the availability of resources for each creature's role. A shady area with
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2581:"Sediment yield and runoff frequency of small drainage basins in the Mojave Desert, California and Nevada"
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736:. Since the levels of these rivers are often already at or near sea level, the flow of alluvium and the
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mythology also have stories of floods, some of which contain no survivors, unlike the
Abrahamic flood.
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to manage the right to fresh water from the river, as well as mark the exact location of the border.
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from farms can lead to a proliferation of algae on the surface of rivers and oceans, which prevents
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Along with mythological rivers, religions have also cared for specific rivers as sacred rivers. The
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1323:. As fish and water could be brought from elsewhere, and goods and people could be transported via
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3388:"Paris mayor dips into the Seine River to showcase its improved cleanliness before Olympic events"
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along the Ganges river are the steps that allow people to bathe and release the ashes of the dead.
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The
Sumerian civilization was made possible by the floodplains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
63:(dark blue) and the rivers which flow into it (medium blue). The darker green marks the Amazon's
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began to be used at least 2,000 years ago to harness the energy of rivers. Water wheels turn an
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remains of a person is released into the Ganges, their soul is released from the mortal world.
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The counterweight system of the shadoof is an early example of the engineering of river water.
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was banned in the Seine for over 100 years due to concerns about pollution and the spread of
1354:, as logs can be shipped via river. Countries with dense forests and networks of rivers like
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on rivers to transport it, was especially important. Rivers also were an important source of
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were said to be the cause of the river's yearly flooding, itself personified by the goddess
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moves about Earth. This means that all water that flows in rivers must ultimately come from
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Shanafield, Margaret; Bourke, Sarah A; Zimmer, Margaret A; Costigan, Katie H (March 2021).
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in New York City, which was covered in the 1800s and now exists only as a sewer-like pipe.
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and controls on pollution from factories have improved the water quality of urban rivers.
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and other nutrients it contains. Forests in a riparian zone also provide important animal
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saw rivers as goddesses. The Nile had many gods attached to it. The tears of the goddess
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boat is attempting to prevent crossings of the Rio Grande river from Mexico into the U.S.
169:; the locations of a river's banks can change frequently. Rivers get their alluvium from
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describes these four rivers as flowing with water, milk, wine, and honey, respectively.
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systems, where rock dissolves to form caves. These rivers provide a habitat for diverse
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Rivers may run through low, flat regions on their way to the sea. These places may have
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3416:"Isar-Plan – Water management plan and restoration of the Isar river, Munich (Germany)"
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where the flow slows down. Rivers rarely run in a straight line, instead, they bend or
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Canyon, Mailing
Address: PO Box 129 Grand; Us, AZ 86023 Phone: 928-638-7888 Contact.
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can form, with cliffs on either side of the river. Areas of a river with softer rock
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Rivers have sustained human and animal life for millennia, including the first human
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due to sediment. Rivers also change their landscape through their transportation of
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A river in a permeable area does not exhibit this behavior and may even have raised
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Not all precipitation flows directly into rivers; some water seeps into underground
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than the river itself, and in these areas, water flows downhill into the river. The
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and have strong religious, political, social, and mythological attachments to them.
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requiring a specific minimum volume of water to pass into the Nile yearly over the
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and other bypass systems have been attempted, but these are not always effective.
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is one of the primary means of shipping goods on the
Mississippi and other rivers.
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that larger rivers can host a larger variety of species. This is analogous to the
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A diagram of a possible river with the
Strahler number of each tributary labeled.
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the surrounding area, spreading nutrients to the surrounding area. Sediment or
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1759:. Many African religions regard certain rivers as the originator of life. In
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4212:
4207:
4107:
4030:
4020:
3918:
3642:
3152:
3126:
2384:"River Systems and Fluvial Landforms – Geology (U.S. National Park Service)"
2215:
2205:
2151:
2131:
1606:
1566:
1509:
1358:
have historically benefited the most from this method of trade. The rise of
1272:
1114:
1095:
849:
842:
813:
783:
757:
549:
of the debris is gradually sorted by the river, with heavier particles like
510:
486:
462:
362:
350:
314:
237:
205:
95:
55:
2765:"Yucatán Peninsula's hidden underground life tracks changes at the surface"
1012:
produced 400 million tons of sediment per year. Due to the construction of
3716:
1652:
in exchange for money. Souls that were judged to be good were admitted to
369:
uphill of a river that feeds it with water in this way is in that river's
263:, and other engineered structures has eliminated habitats, has caused the
5299:
5173:
4636:
4603:
4280:
4122:
4089:
3300:
3174:
1916:
1912:
1873:
1796:
1661:
1618:
1546:
1446:
1373:
The Canal du Midi was one of the first large canal projects in the world.
1324:
1157:
1028:
937:
of a river, the amount of water passing through it at a particular time.
917:
913:
869:
857:
838:
637:
592:
Rivers rarely run in a straight direction, instead preferring to bend or
541:
537:
437:
414:
221:
154:
131:
123:
3310:
3302:
Rivers in
History: Perspectives on Waterways in Europe and North America
3184:
3176:
Rivers in
History: Perspectives on Waterways in Europe and North America
2638:
Baubinienė, Aldona; Satkūnas, Jonas; Taminskas, Julius (February 2015).
1784:, the river is considered a living being that must be afforded respect.
1477:
is famous for its relationship to the city, from industry to recreation.
1043:
5366:
5286:
5248:
5183:
5110:
4946:
4895:
4423:
4418:
4400:
4380:
4285:
4222:
4157:
4094:
3076:"Rivers and Streams: Life in Flowing Water | Learn Science at Scitable"
2906:
2874:
2220:
2210:
2090:
2026:
2010:
1924:
1881:
1772:
1709:
1653:
1542:
1450:
1359:
1226:
1221:
1181:
1177:
1052:
905:
817:
741:
729:
605:
593:
498:
494:
470:
454:
430:
358:
197:
178:
174:
170:
166:
2715:
2580:
2413:"What determines the directional flow of rivers in the United States?"
949:
is so wide in parts that the variety of species on either side of its
5266:
5213:
5208:
4741:
4613:
4438:
4433:
4385:
4375:
4345:
4270:
4025:
3956:
3928:
3827:
2178:
2163:
1978:
1869:
1846:
1824:
1781:
1685:
1660:
to forget their previous life. Rivers also appear in descriptions of
1649:
1622:
1614:
1538:
1462:
1426:
1355:
1336:
1138:
1134:
1017:
993:
966:
889:
748:
701:
502:
441:
306:
260:
256:
220:, and recreation. Humans have engineered rivers to prevent flooding,
162:
158:
79:
48:
3650:
3160:
3134:
2890:
565:. This sediment may be deposited in river valleys or carried to the
5050:
2465:"Geology – Grand Canyon National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
1680:, and two rivers that are possibly apocryphal but may refer to the
4839:
4824:
4779:
4523:
4496:
4443:
4310:
4305:
4275:
4260:
4069:
2692:"An overview of the hydrology of non-perennial rivers and streams"
2225:
2190:
2168:
1890:
1806:
1734:
1704:
1689:
1657:
1610:
1588:
1562:
1491:
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for the more efficient movement of goods, as well as projects for
1308:
1302:
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1200:
1173:
1143:
1094:
1080:
1076:
1042:
997:
987:
901:
885:
879:
834:
807:
773:
717:
716:, the water they contain will always tend to flow down toward the
709:
691:
665:
648:
619:
585:
575:
550:
515:
482:
396:
374:
342:
328:
302:
150:
111:
99:
54:
42:
3536:"Endpoint of the Colorado River, Mexico | U.S. Geological Survey"
276:
have helped to improve water quality and restore river habitats.
5304:
4869:
4834:
4390:
4350:
4315:
3125:
Alexander, Jason S.; Wilson, Richard C.; Green, W. Reed (2012).
2579:
Griffiths, Peter G.; Hereford, Richard; Webb, Robert H. (2006).
2195:
1752:
1740:
1681:
1641:
1640:
is bordered by several rivers. Ancient Greeks believed that the
1626:
1602:
1525:
1458:
1256:
1204:
1161:
1084:
1063:
865:
733:
581:
558:
554:
434:
426:
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298:
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towards another body of water downhill. This flow can be into a
294:
233:
209:
208:. Rivers have produced abundant resources for humans, including
189:
127:
103:
83:
5054:
3796:
2739:"Deep, Perennial or Semi-Perennial Rivers Flowed on Early Mars"
1837:
from factories and urban areas can also damage water quality. "
756:
shapes as the river mouth appears to fan out from the original
664:
may flow underground through flooded caves. This can happen in
5294:
4789:
4230:
1185:
566:
3643:"Dams and Rivers: A Primer on the Downstream Effects of Dams"
3503:"Inside India's Gargantuan Mission to Clean the Ganges River"
3153:"Dams and Rivers: A Primer on the Downstream Effects of Dams"
2278:
Manual of
Hydrology: Part 1. General Surface-Water Techniques
1859:
are typically surrounded by impermeable surfaces like stone,
1248:
was a textile mill powered by the pictured hydroelectric dam.
3641:
Collier, Michael; Webb, Robert H.; Schmidt, John C. (1996).
3151:
Collier, Michael; Webb, Robert H.; Schmidt, John C. (1996).
1381:, connecting rivers within France to create a path from the
908:. The land that interfaces with a water body is that body's
837:
that collects on rocks and plants. "Collectors" consume the
497:
the slopes on the sides of the river. When a river carves a
3020:. New York City: Oxford University Press (published 2012).
588:
is known for its fertile floodplains, which flood annually.
157:
carried by rivers shapes the landscape around it, forming
114:
moves around the Earth. Water first enters rivers through
1617:. This power has caused rivers to have a central role in
1553:
between the United States and Mexico is regulated by the
453:
Rivers flow downhill, with their direction determined by
386:. Water on the western side of the divide flows into the
1950:
Ten largest rivers by discharge (excluding tributaries):
1291:
and other factories, but were eventually supplanted by
188:. The organisms that live around or in a river such as
2317:"Rivers, Streams, and Creeks | U.S. Geological Survey"
1402:. The river was then used for shipping crops from the
636:), or in the headwaters of rivers in mountains, where
1609:. They have also become associated with the reverse,
900:
focuses on habitats that flood seasonally, including
2417:
Geographic FAQ Hub: Answers to Your Global Questions
349:. The sides of rivers have land that is at a higher
5354:
5318:
5285:
5257:
5139:
5088:
4939:
4878:
4760:
4622:
4594:
4495:
4467:
4399:
4221:
4088:
4005:
3927:
3838:
2358:"Rivers and the Landscape | U.S. Geological Survey"
1421:of cities and nations. Famous examples include the
1593:The Ogun River in Nigeria is sacred to the Yoruba.
1331:began to develop projects that enabled industrial
1211:civilization used aqueducts to transport water to
317:, and their effect on the landscape is covered by
3251:Macklin, Mark G.; Lewin, John (3 February 2015).
1899:is expected to reduce the level of waters in the
1644:of those who perished had to be borne across the
1172:. Other animals that live in or near rivers like
1020:, and the removal of natural banks replaced with
390:, whereas water on the other side flows into the
1453:, until cleanup efforts to allow its use in the
1279:, water mills began to automate many aspects of
1024:, this sediment output has been reduced by 60%.
820:provide organic matter for organisms to process.
672:and have become an important target of study by
553:sinking to the bottom, and finer particles like
513:as the river's flow falls down a vertical drop.
417:. These, in turn, can still feed rivers via the
255:, and human activity. The construction of dams,
3666:"Positioning urban rivers within urban ecology"
3341:"Positioning urban rivers within urban ecology"
2280:(Water Supply Paper 1541-A). Reston, VA: USGS.
1410:to other states as well as the Atlantic Ocean.
961:. Species that travel from the sea to breed in
2844:"Delta Landforms (U.S. National Park Service)"
1569:, to maintain both countries access to water.
1184:could provide food and valuable goods such as
425:beneath the surface of the land stored in the
5066:
3808:
3645:. Circular (Report). U.S. Geological Survey.
3155:. Circular (Report). U.S. Geological Survey.
3129:. Circular (Report). U.S. Geological Survey.
2267:
2265:
2263:
953:are distinct. Some fish may swim upstream to
612:. These islands exist in almost every river.
469:. Rivers must flow to lower altitudes due to
30:"Rivers" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
3501:Franklin-Wallis, Oliver (30 November 2023).
2873:Harrel, Richard C.; Dorris, Troy C. (1968).
1508:, rivers are often used as a border between
1457:. Another example is the restoration of the
852:trees might experience frequent deposits of
657:, Philippines features an underground river.
5397:List of rivers that have reversed direction
2488:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2272:Langbein, W.B.; Iseri, Kathleen T. (1995).
2142:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
1555:International Boundary and Water Commission
1160:of commodities, especially the floating of
744:or downriver depending on the time of day.
732:) have their levels rise and fall with the
200:have different roles, including processing
5073:
5059:
5051:
3815:
3801:
3793:
1195:to use rivers for thousands of years. The
680:or flood control. One such example is the
333:The major drainage basins in North America
3049:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
2823:Vernon-Harcourt, Leveson Francis (1896).
2446:Vernon-Harcourt, Leveson Francis (1896).
1541:, a river that today forms the border of
1398:, whose drainage basin covers 40% of the
740:that flows in these rivers may be either
628:About half of all waterways on Earth are
3574:"The Threats Facing Freshwater Habitats"
3305:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 2008.
3179:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 2008.
3120:
3118:
3116:
1795:from sins. Hindus believe that when the
1203:, Egypt, is an ancient dam built on the
1040:in 116 kilometers (72 mi) shorter.
440:present in higher elevation regions. In
433:. Rivers are also fed by the melting of
309:refers to water that flows in a natural
232:from dams. People associate rivers with
4414:International scale of river difficulty
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3146:
3144:
3114:
3112:
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3006:
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3000:
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2940:
2938:
2936:
2238:
1948:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3470:Trimarchi, Maria (23 September 2023).
3439:
3437:
3410:
3408:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
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3067:
3065:
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2924:
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2920:
2918:
2916:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2818:
2816:
2794:Howard, Brian Clark (1 January 2017).
2789:
2787:
2785:
2758:
2756:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2633:
2631:
2574:
2572:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2481:
1872:to be directed directly to rivers via
1656:and permitted to drink water from the
1377:One of the first large canals was the
1319:with the growth of technology and the
122:of water down a slope, the melting of
3496:
3494:
3492:
3039:
3037:
2838:
2836:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2406:
2404:
2311:
2244:
2242:
7:
3472:"The Great Flood: More Than a Myth?"
3282:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2611:"Floodplains — All About Watersheds"
2565:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
1695:The book of Genesis also contains a
1613:and destruction, especially through
1597:The importance of rivers throughout
1366:has made this practice less common.
704:is formed from the river's sediment.
501:or a similar high-elevation area, a
341:, the continuous processes by which
1839:Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
1699:. Similar myths are present in the
1601:has given them an association with
747:Rivers that are not tidal may form
724:of a river can take several forms.
493:section of land such as rocks will
2829:. Clarendon Press. pp. 14–19.
2536:"River pattersn and their meaning"
2452:. Clarendon Press. pp. 14–19.
1863:, and concrete. Cities often have
1498:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
1125:civilization in the Nile, and the
884:This marsh is a floodplain of the
845:feed on living things to survive.
380:Continental Divide of the Americas
134:beneath the surface of the Earth.
25:
3017:Rivers: A Very Short Introduction
477:of a river is typically within a
27:Natural flowing freshwater stream
5410:
5409:
3781:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3664:Francis, Robert A. (June 2012).
3339:Francis, Robert A. (June 2012).
2763:Arellano, Astrid (29 May 2024).
2508:education.nationalgeographic.org
2284:from the original on 9 May 2012.
2274:"Hydrologic Definitions: Stream"
2098:
2082:
2066:
2050:
2034:
2018:
2002:
1986:
1970:
1954:
1935:can help improve water quality.
1000:province of China from flooding.
992:This levee protects the city of
5106:Drainage system (geomorphology)
4571:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3608:Lohan, Tara (12 October 2022).
3280:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.02.004
2879:The American Midland Naturalist
2563:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.03.001
2534:Twidale, C.R. (20 March 2004).
1016:, sediment buildup in man-made
465:, and the place they meet is a
5116:Strahler number (stream order)
2796:"11 Rivers Forced Underground"
2664:10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.025
1668:, beginning with the story of
1:
3386:Nouvian, Tom (17 July 2024).
1939:Rivers by amount of discharge
1119:Tigris–Euphrates river system
1055:provides hydroelectric power.
712:or man-made features such as
289:A river is a natural flow of
4737:Universal Soil Loss Equation
4687:Hydrological transport model
4581:Storm Water Management Model
3253:"The rivers of civilization"
2411:Warner, Hugh (2 July 2024).
489:. Rivers flowing through an
2769:Mongabay Environmental News
1945:List of rivers by discharge
1672:. A river beginning in the
841:of dead organisms. Lastly,
708:While rivers may flow into
573:effects of human activity.
407:Los Glaciares National Park
357:of a river are the smaller
5477:
4241:Antecedent drainage stream
3260:Quaternary Science Reviews
1942:
1578:
1485:
1271:, and grind grains with a
1191:Humans have been building
981:
767:
29:
5405:
5005:
4977:River valley civilization
4860:Riparian-zone restoration
3690:10.1007/s11252-012-0227-6
3610:"5 big threats to rivers"
3449:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
3445:"When Rivers are Borders"
3365:10.1007/s11252-012-0227-6
3213:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
3209:"When Rivers are Borders"
3045:"River Continuum Concept"
2826:Rivers and Canals: Rivers
2737:News Staff (7 May 2020).
2449:Rivers and Canals: Rivers
1287:as a source of power for
1127:Indus Valley Civilization
931:species-area relationship
325:Source and drainage basin
293:that flows on or through
224:crops, perform work with
173:, which carves rock into
137:Rivers flow and merge in
110:, the processes by which
5040:Countries without rivers
5015:Rivers by discharge rate
4727:Runoff model (reservoir)
4692:Infiltration (hydrology)
1720:. Floods also appear in
1400:contiguous United States
624:Dried out rivers on Mars
5229:River channel migration
4712:River Continuum Concept
4477:Agricultural wastewater
3074:McCabe, Declan (2011).
1895:Retreating snow in the
1749:Ancient Celtic religion
965:rivers are anadromous.
831:River Continuum Concept
804:River Continuum Concept
653:The Blue Water Cave in
337:Rivers are part of the
32:Rivers (disambiguation)
5159:Bar (river morphology)
5035:River name etymologies
4962:Hydraulic civilization
4820:Floodplain restoration
4596:Point source pollution
4371:Sedimentary structures
3765:Environment portal
2615:allaboutwatersheds.org
1904:
1816:
1744:
1697:story of a great flood
1594:
1573:Religion and mythology
1501:
1478:
1374:
1312:
1249:
1154:pre-industrial society
1149:
1100:
1056:
1001:
957:as part of a seasonal
893:
821:
812:The headwaters of the
779:
705:
658:
625:
589:
529:
410:
334:
305:, or another river. A
68:
52:
36:River (disambiguation)
5341:Erosion and tectonics
5336:Degradation (geology)
4647:Discharge (hydrology)
4609:Industrial wastewater
4090:Sedimentary processes
2543:Earth-Science Reviews
1901:Western United States
1894:
1810:
1738:
1726:Aboriginal Australian
1592:
1495:
1472:
1372:
1306:
1285:Industrial Revolution
1267:, work metal using a
1235:
1207:4,500 years ago. The
1147:
1098:
1083:, and other areas in
1046:
991:
941:Movement of organisms
924:Fish zonation concept
883:
811:
777:
695:
652:
623:
579:
519:
403:Perito Moreno Glacier
400:
332:
58:
47:A boat floats on the
46:
5362:Deposition (geology)
5089:Large-scale features
4752:Volumetric flow rate
4336:Riffle-pool sequence
3614:World Economic Forum
2254:Cambridge Dictionary
1678:Tigris and Euphrates
1512:, cities, and other
1455:2024 Summer Olympics
1406:and cotton from the
1242:Dover, New Hampshire
826:ecosystem of a river
616:Non-perennial rivers
459:common misconception
4926:Whitewater kayaking
4921:Whitewater canoeing
4722:Runoff curve number
4566:Flood pulse concept
3682:2012UrbEc..15..285F
3451:. 17 September 2020
3357:2012UrbEc..15..285F
3311:10.2307/jj.490884.5
3272:2015QSRv..114..228M
3215:. 17 September 2020
3185:10.2307/jj.490884.5
2708:2021WIRWa...8E1504S
2656:2015Geomo.231..343B
2555:2004ESRv...67..159T
1884:. In modern times,
1878:waterborne diseases
1666:Abrahamic religions
1516:. For example, the
1425:'s relationship to
1315:Rivers became more
1263:to move water into
898:flood pulse concept
876:Flood pulse concept
662:Subterranean rivers
645:Subterranean rivers
630:intermittent rivers
401:Melting toe of the
118:, whether from the
5392:Sediment transport
5346:River rejuvenation
5319:Regional processes
4952:Aquatic toxicology
4865:Stream restoration
4830:Infiltration basin
4682:Hydrological model
4198:Sediment transport
4021:Estavelle/Inversac
3899:Subterranean river
3777:Ecology portal
1905:
1817:
1789:Indus river valley
1745:
1595:
1502:
1482:Politics of rivers
1479:
1375:
1313:
1250:
1150:
1104:Pre-industrial era
1101:
1057:
1002:
894:
872:, and other fish.
822:
780:
728:(often part of an
706:
659:
626:
590:
530:
524:was carved by the
449:The flow of rivers
411:
335:
247:are threatened by
130:, or seepage from
69:
53:
5446:Fluvial landforms
5423:
5422:
5224:River bifurcation
5048:
5047:
5025:Whitewater rivers
4931:Whitewater slalom
4762:River engineering
4662:Groundwater model
4623:River measurement
4551:Flood forecasting
4366:Sedimentary basin
4223:Fluvial landforms
4128:Bed material load
3904:River bifurcation
3753:Rivers portal
3320:978-0-8229-4345-7
3194:978-0-8229-4345-7
3027:978-0-19-958867-1
2716:10.1002/wat2.1504
2510:. 19 October 2023
2075:Mississippi River
2059:Brahmaputra River
1701:Epic of Gilgamesh
1419:cultural identity
1396:Mississippi River
1387:Mediterranean Sea
1329:River engineering
1261:rotational energy
1170:Pacific Northwest
1010:Mississippi River
984:River engineering
864:and a variety of
540:, often known as
16:(Redirected from
5468:
5413:
5412:
5154:Avulsion (river)
5082:River morphology
5075:
5068:
5061:
5052:
5010:Rivers by length
4845:River morphology
4747:Wetted perimeter
4652:Drainage density
4163:Headward erosion
3992:Perennial stream
3864:Blackwater river
3817:
3810:
3803:
3794:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3762:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3717:"PFAS Explained"
3713:
3702:
3701:
3670:Urban Ecosystems
3661:
3655:
3654:
3638:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3580:. 9 October 2010
3570:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3498:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3345:Urban Ecosystems
3336:
3325:
3324:
3297:
3284:
3283:
3257:
3248:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3122:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3071:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3010:
2911:
2910:
2870:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2791:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2687:
2676:
2675:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2607:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2540:
2531:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2354:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2313:
2286:
2285:
2269:
2258:
2257:
2246:
2102:
2086:
2070:
2054:
2038:
2022:
2006:
1990:
1974:
1958:
1886:sewage treatment
1868:been common for
1714:Baptism of Jesus
1488:Water rights law
1404:American Midwest
1341:flood prevention
1321:human population
1259:that can supply
1123:Ancient Egyptian
1072:renewable energy
1068:hydroelectricity
860:. This supports
561:carried further
373:or watershed. A
274:sewage treatment
245:river ecosystems
230:hydroelectricity
90:towards another
59:South America's
21:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5441:Bodies of water
5426:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5401:
5382:Helicoidal flow
5350:
5314:
5281:
5253:
5169:Channel pattern
5141:Alluvial rivers
5135:
5131:River sinuosity
5084:
5079:
5049:
5044:
5020:Drainage basins
5001:
4935:
4874:
4850:Retention basin
4810:Erosion control
4805:Detention basin
4756:
4672:Hjulström curve
4624:
4618:
4590:
4534:Non-water flood
4491:
4463:
4409:Helicoidal flow
4395:
4296:Fluvial terrace
4291:Floating island
4217:
4092:
4084:
4075:Rhythmic spring
4009:
4001:
3982:Stream gradient
3923:
3909:River ecosystem
3874:Channel pattern
3842:
3834:
3821:
3771:
3769:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3723:. 30 March 2016
3715:
3714:
3705:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3651:10.3133/cir1126
3640:
3639:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3500:
3499:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3338:
3337:
3328:
3321:
3299:
3298:
3287:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3161:10.3133/cir1126
3150:
3149:
3142:
3135:10.3133/cir1375
3124:
3123:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3012:
3011:
2914:
2891:10.2307/2423611
2872:
2871:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2480:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2445:
2444:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2289:
2271:
2270:
2261:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2201:River transport
2187:
2160:
2127:Lists of rivers
2123:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2043:RĂo de la Plata
2039:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1947:
1941:
1897:Rocky Mountains
1820:Freshwater fish
1805:
1767:rules over the
1761:Yoruba religion
1722:Norse mythology
1712:, famously the
1634:Greek mythology
1587:
1575:
1506:natural barrier
1490:
1484:
1352:lumber industry
1301:
1217:Spanish Muslims
1106:
1093:
986:
980:
975:
943:
926:
878:
806:
801:
796:
788:Strahler number
772:
766:
700:river delta in
690:
674:microbiologists
647:
618:
610:fluvial islands
451:
384:Rocky Mountains
327:
287:
282:
249:water pollution
143:drainage basins
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5474:
5472:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5428:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5387:Playfair's law
5384:
5379:
5374:
5372:Exner equation
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5310:Current ripple
5307:
5302:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5239:Slip-off slope
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5189:Meander cutoff
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5101:Drainage basin
5098:
5096:Alluvial plain
5092:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5055:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4911:Stone skipping
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4795:Drop structure
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4775:Balancing lake
4772:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4702:Playfair's law
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4657:Exner equation
4654:
4649:
4644:
4642:Bradshaw model
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4529:Urban flooding
4521:
4516:
4514:Crevasse splay
4511:
4509:100-year flood
4505:
4503:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4469:Surface runoff
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4449:Stream capture
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:Rock-cut basin
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4203:Suspended load
4200:
4195:
4193:Secondary flow
4190:
4185:
4183:Retrogradation
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4148:Dissolved load
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4080:Spring horizon
4077:
4072:
4067:
4065:Mineral spring
4062:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4046:list in the US
4043:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3972:Stream channel
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3894:Drainage basin
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3854:Alluvial river
3850:
3848:
3836:
3835:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3741:
3740:External links
3738:
3735:
3734:
3703:
3676:(2): 285–291.
3656:
3626:
3591:
3552:
3527:
3488:
3462:
3433:
3404:
3378:
3351:(2): 285–291.
3326:
3319:
3285:
3226:
3200:
3193:
3166:
3140:
3092:
3061:
3033:
3026:
2912:
2885:(1): 220–251.
2860:
2832:
2812:
2781:
2752:
2729:
2677:
2627:
2597:
2568:
2549:(3): 159–218.
2521:
2495:
2455:
2429:
2400:
2375:
2334:
2287:
2259:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:Water conflict
2134:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1943:Main article:
1940:
1937:
1908:Climate change
1813:Colorado River
1804:
1801:
1771:in modern-day
1674:Garden of Eden
1574:
1571:
1524:separates the
1483:
1480:
1408:American South
1383:Atlantic Ocean
1317:industrialized
1300:
1299:Industrial era
1297:
1197:Sadd el-Kafara
1193:infrastructure
1166:drinking water
1105:
1102:
1092:
1089:
1038:Missouri River
982:Main article:
979:
978:Infrastructure
976:
974:
971:
942:
939:
925:
922:
877:
874:
854:organic matter
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
768:Main article:
765:
764:Classification
762:
738:brackish water
689:
686:
682:Sunswick Creek
670:microorganisms
646:
643:
617:
614:
526:Colorado River
450:
447:
392:Atlantic Ocean
371:drainage basin
326:
323:
286:
283:
281:
278:
253:climate change
228:, and produce
218:drinking water
214:transportation
202:organic matter
194:aquatic plants
82:that flows on
65:drainage basin
26:
24:
18:River terminus
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5473:
5462:
5461:Water streams
5459:
5457:
5456:Sedimentology
5454:
5452:
5451:Geomorphology
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5416:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:Water erosion
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5259:Bedrock river
5256:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:Riparian zone
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5164:Braided river
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5071:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:Surface water
4990:
4988:
4987:Sacred waters
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4972:Riparian zone
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:Body of water
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:Riverboarding
4904:
4902:
4901:River surfing
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:and modelling
4621:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4586:Return period
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:Flood control
4544:
4542:
4541:Flood barrier
4539:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
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4176:
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4173:Palaeochannel
4171:
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4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:Granular flow
4131:
4129:
4126:
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4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
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3993:
3990:
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3882:
3880:
3879:Channel types
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:Braided river
3857:
3855:
3852:
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3528:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3477:
3476:HowStuffWorks
3473:
3466:
3463:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3421:
3420:Climate Adapt
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
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3346:
3342:
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3333:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3316:
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3308:
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3303:
3296:
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3204:
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3141:
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3121:
3119:
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3023:
3019:
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3009:
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3005:
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2999:
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2684:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:Geomorphology
2641:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2586:
2585:pubs.usgs.gov
2582:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2528:
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2522:
2509:
2505:
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2485:
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2466:
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2456:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2364:. 6 June 2018
2363:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2323:. 6 June 2018
2322:
2318:
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2310:
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2255:
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2222:
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2209:
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2202:
2199:
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2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
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2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
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2125:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2085:
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2076:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:sewer systems
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1814:
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1802:
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1794:
1790:
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1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1728:religion and
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:on a boat by
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:human history
1591:
1586:
1582:
1581:Sacred waters
1577:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1473:The Seine in
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:New York City
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:Canal du Midi
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:textile mills
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1246:United States
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Ancient Roman
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1110:civilizations
1103:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:flood control
999:
995:
990:
985:
977:
972:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
940:
938:
936:
932:
923:
921:
919:
915:
911:
910:riparian zone
907:
903:
899:
891:
887:
882:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
862:invertebrates
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
819:
815:
810:
803:
798:
793:
791:
789:
785:
776:
771:
763:
761:
759:
755:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
703:
699:
694:
687:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
651:
644:
642:
639:
635:
631:
622:
615:
613:
611:
607:
602:
597:
595:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:particle size
543:
539:
535:
527:
523:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
448:
446:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
408:
404:
399:
395:
393:
389:
388:Pacific Ocean
385:
381:
376:
372:
368:
365:. All of the
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:precipitation
344:
340:
331:
324:
322:
320:
319:geomorphology
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
279:
277:
275:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:civilizations
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:precipitation
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:, such as an
97:
93:
92:body of water
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:is a natural
74:
66:
62:
57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5121:River valley
5030:Flash floods
4982:River cruise
4879:River sports
4732:Stream gauge
4717:Rouse number
4707:Relief ratio
4556:Flood-meadow
4487:Urban runoff
4401:Fluvial flow
4386:River valley
4356:River island
4321:Meander scar
4236:Alluvial fan
4178:Progradation
4053:Karst spring
3997:Winterbourne
3952:Chalk stream
3914:River source
3889:Distributary
3839:
3823:
3789:at Wikibooks
3725:. Retrieved
3720:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3617:. Retrieved
3613:
3582:. Retrieved
3577:
3543:. Retrieved
3539:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3506:
3479:. Retrieved
3475:
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3448:
3424:. Retrieved
3419:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:
3381:
3348:
3344:
3301:
3263:
3259:
3217:. Retrieved
3212:
3203:
3175:
3169:
3083:. Retrieved
3079:
3052:. Retrieved
3048:
3016:
2882:
2878:
2851:. Retrieved
2847:
2825:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:
2743:. Retrieved
2732:
2699:
2695:
2647:
2643:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:
2588:. Retrieved
2584:
2546:
2542:
2512:. Retrieved
2507:
2498:
2472:. Retrieved
2468:
2458:
2448:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2361:
2325:. Retrieved
2320:
2277:
2253:
2107:Paraná River
1963:Amazon River
1922:
1906:
1865:storm drains
1857:Urban rivers
1855:
1833:
1818:
1786:
1746:
1730:Mesoamerican
1718:Jordan River
1694:
1631:
1596:
1576:
1559:
1535:Roman Empire
1518:Lamari River
1503:
1439:Hudson River
1423:River Thames
1415:urban rivers
1413:The role of
1412:
1376:
1348:urbanization
1345:
1314:
1281:manual labor
1253:Water wheels
1251:
1190:
1151:
1107:
1062:
1058:
1026:
1003:
947:Amazon River
944:
927:
895:
847:
823:
781:
770:Stream order
746:
726:Tidal rivers
707:
688:The terminus
660:
627:
598:
591:
571:
531:
522:Grand Canyon
479:river valley
452:
412:
336:
288:
242:
226:water wheels
183:
136:
72:
70:
67:or watershed
61:Amazon River
40:
5326:Aggradation
5277:Plunge pool
5244:Stream pool
5234:River mouth
5126:River delta
4891:Fly fishing
4815:Fish ladder
4800:Daylighting
4519:Flash flood
4482:First flush
4429:Plunge pool
4153:Downcutting
4138:Debris flow
4113:Aggradation
3987:Stream pool
3578:Environment
3266:: 228–244.
2800:Environment
2696:WIREs Water
2650:: 343–352.
2504:"Waterfall"
1995:Congo River
1929:dam removal
1829:fish ladder
1658:River Lethe
1514:territories
1391:cargo ships
1293:steam power
1277:Middle Ages
1269:trip hammer
1213:urban areas
1131:Indus River
1049:Na Hang Dam
601:floodplains
491:impermeable
423:groundwater
419:water table
409:, Argentina
339:water cycle
270:dam removal
243:Rivers and
139:confluences
108:water cycle
94:at a lower
5430:Categories
5377:Hack's law
5331:Base level
5272:Knickpoint
5199:Oxbow lake
5179:Floodplain
4997:Wild river
4677:Hydrograph
4667:Hack's law
4632:Baer's law
4576:Inundation
4561:Floodplain
4501:stormwater
4459:Whitewater
4331:Oxbow lake
4168:Knickpoint
4143:Deposition
4036:Hot spring
3977:Streamflow
3967:Stream bed
3884:Confluence
2741:. Sci News
2233:References
2147:Potamology
1933:pesticides
1851:dead zones
1843:Fertilizer
1827:for which
1793:absolution
1769:Ogun River
1646:River Styx
1638:underworld
1585:Flood myth
1579:See also:
1551:Rio Grande
1522:New Guinea
1486:See also:
1437:, and the
1364:automobile
1333:hydropower
1108:The first
1022:revetments
1014:reservoirs
973:Human uses
963:freshwater
754:triangular
714:reservoirs
678:stormwater
634:permafrost
467:confluence
355:headwaters
291:freshwater
285:Definition
280:Topography
265:extinction
86:or inside
77:freshwater
5355:Mechanics
5204:Point bar
5194:Mouth bar
5149:Anabranch
4967:Limnology
4916:Triathlon
4886:Canyoning
4855:Revetment
4785:Check dam
4697:Main stem
4454:Waterfall
4341:Point bar
4326:Mouth bar
4266:Billabong
4213:Water gap
4208:Wash load
4188:Saltation
4108:Anabranch
4031:Holy well
3919:Tributary
3698:1083-8155
3515:1059-1028
3373:1083-8155
2899:0003-0031
2724:2049-1948
2672:0169-555X
2216:Steamboat
2206:Riverboat
2185:Transport
2158:Crossings
2152:Limnology
2132:Salt tide
1835:Pollution
1627:mythology
1607:fertility
1567:Aswan Dam
1510:countries
1275:. In the
1273:millstone
1265:aqueducts
1199:dam near
1115:Sumerians
959:migration
935:discharge
850:deciduous
843:predators
814:River Wey
784:hydrology
758:coastline
563:downriver
511:waterfall
487:mountains
463:tributary
363:mountains
351:elevation
315:hydrology
238:fertility
206:predation
96:elevation
51:, in Laos
5415:Category
5300:Antidune
5287:Bedforms
5174:Cut bank
4770:Aqueduct
4637:Baseflow
4604:Effluent
4281:Cut bank
4246:Avulsion
4123:Bed load
4103:Abrasion
3540:usgs.gov
2745:5 August
2590:1 August
2514:1 August
2484:cite web
2422:1 August
2362:usgs.gov
2321:usgs.gov
2282:Archived
2115:See also
1917:snowpack
1913:Droughts
1880:such as
1797:cremated
1705:Sumerian
1684:and the
1662:paradise
1619:religion
1547:Slovakia
1537:was the
1528:and the
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1360:highways
1325:railways
1240:mill in
1238:Cochecho
1158:Shipping
1033:channels
1029:dredging
918:habitats
914:nitrogen
870:plankton
858:sunlight
839:detritus
638:snowmelt
542:alluvium
538:sediment
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415:aquifers
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155:alluvium
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5249:Thalweg
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5111:Estuary
4947:Aquifer
4940:Related
4896:Rafting
4424:Meander
4419:Log jam
4381:Thalweg
4286:Estuary
4158:Erosion
4095:erosion
4007:Springs
3962:Current
3929:Streams
3869:Channel
3832:springs
3828:streams
3727:18 July
3721:epa.gov
3678:Bibcode
3619:18 July
3584:18 July
3545:18 July
3520:17 July
3481:17 July
3455:17 July
3426:22 July
3397:22 July
3392:AP News
3353:Bibcode
3268:Bibcode
3219:17 July
3085:22 July
3054:15 July
2907:2423611
2853:14 July
2848:nps.gov
2805:22 July
2774:22 July
2704:Bibcode
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2551:Bibcode
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2393:14 July
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2368:14 July
2327:14 July
2250:"River"
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2211:Sailing
2121:General
2091:Yenisey
2027:Yangtze
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1882:cholera
1861:asphalt
1803:Threats
1773:Nigeria
1716:in the
1710:baptism
1670:Genesis
1654:Elysium
1543:Hungary
1451:E. coli
1385:to the
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1222:shadoof
1182:beavers
1178:mussels
1129:on the
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1053:Vietnam
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730:estuary
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431:drought
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5436:Rivers
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5214:Rapids
5209:Riffle
4742:WAFLEX
4614:Sewage
4497:Floods
4439:Riffle
4434:Rapids
4376:Strath
4346:Ravine
4271:Canyon
4026:Geyser
3957:Coulee
3942:Bourne
3937:Arroyo
3840:Rivers
3824:Rivers
3787:Rivers
3696:
3513:
3422:. 2020
3371:
3317:
3191:
3080:Nature
3024:
2905:
2897:
2722:
2670:
2179:Tunnel
2164:Bridge
1979:Ganges
1870:sewage
1847:oxygen
1825:salmon
1782:Russia
1765:Yemọja
1688:. The
1686:Ganges
1650:Charon
1636:, the
1625:, and
1623:ritual
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1539:Danube
1463:Munich
1429:, the
1427:London
1356:Sweden
1337:canals
1180:, and
1139:cities
1135:desert
1133:. The
1121:, the
1018:levees
994:Honghu
967:Salmon
890:Poland
799:Models
749:deltas
702:Russia
655:Quezon
503:canyon
473:. The
442:summer
421:, the
307:stream
272:, and
261:levees
257:canals
196:, and
159:deltas
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80:stream
49:Mekong
4840:Levee
4825:Flume
4780:Canal
4524:Flood
4444:Shoal
4311:Gully
4306:Gulch
4276:Chine
4261:Bayou
4118:Armor
4070:Ponor
3845:lists
3507:Wired
3256:(PDF)
2903:JSTOR
2702:(2).
2539:(PDF)
2226:Yacht
2191:Barge
2169:Ferry
1778:Altai
1741:ghats
1690:Quran
1642:souls
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1504:As a
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722:mouth
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4835:Leat
4499:and
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4251:Bank
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3830:and
3729:2024
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3621:2024
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3522:2024
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3399:2024
3369:ISSN
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2807:2024
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2668:ISSN
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2592:2024
2516:2024
2490:link
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2424:2024
2395:2024
2370:2024
2329:2024
2196:Raft
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3361:doi
3307:doi
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3264:114
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2660:doi
2648:231
2559:doi
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1664:in
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