508:
658:
560:
396:
541:
2272:
360:
1258:
1113:
313:
523:
376:
329:
1489:
283:
450:, the largest pure car carrier (PCC) at that time, which carried 4,200 automobiles. Today's pure car carriers and their close cousins, the pure car/truck carrier (PCTC), are distinctive ships with a box-like superstructure running the entire length and breadth of the hull, fully enclosing the cargo. They typically have a stern ramp and a side ramp for dual loading of thousands of vehicles (such as cars, trucks, heavy machineries, tracked units,
666:
812:
1328:
271:
1312:
872:
61:
979:
395:
1121:
768:(roll-on/roll-off passenger) describes a RORO vessel built for freight vehicle transport along with passenger accommodation. Technically this encompasses all ferries with both a roll-on/roll-off car deck and passenger-carrying capacities, many of those with facilities for more than 500 passengers may be described as
1079:. The specification called for vessels capable of crossing the Atlantic and the original title given to them was "Atlantic Tank Landing Craft" (Atlantic (T.L.C.)). Calling a vessel 300 ft (91 m) long a "craft" was considered a misnomer and the type was re-christened "Landing Ship, Tank (2)", or "LST (2)".
957:
loading tanks, guns and other heavy items for shipping to the front directly on to railway wagons, which could be shunted on to a train-ferry in
England and then shunted directly on to the French Railway Network, with direct connections to the Front Lines, many man hours of unnecessary labour were avoided.
948:
This involved three train-ferries to be built, each with four sets of railway line on the main deck to allow for up to 54 railway wagons to be shunted directly on and off the ferry. These train-ferries could also be used to transport motor vehicles along with railway rolling stock. Later that month a
969:
After the signing of the
Armistice on 11 November 1918, train ferries were used extensively for the return of material from the Front. Indeed, according to war office statistics, a greater tonnage of material was transported by train ferry from Richborough in 1919 than in 1918. As the train ferries
1400:
After the war, a concept called the shipborne containerized air-defense system (SCADS) proposed a modular system to quickly convert a large RORO into an emergency aircraft carrier with ski jump, fueling systems, radar, defensive missiles, munitions, crew quarters, and work spaces. The entire system
960:
An analysis done at the time found that to transport 1,000 tons of war material from the point of manufacture to the front by conventional means involved the use of 1,500 labourers, whereas when using train-ferries that number decreased to around 100 labourers. This was of utmost importance, as by
1297:, bringing the fleet strength to seven. The Hamburg service was terminated in 1955, and a new service was opened between Antwerp and Tilbury. The fleet of seven ships was to be split up with the usual three ships based at Tilbury and the others maintaining the Preston to Northern Ireland service.
1087:
at only 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) but had a similar load while drawing only 3 ft (0.91 m) forward when beaching. In three separate acts dated 6 February 1942, 26 May 1943, and 17 December 1943, Congress provided the authority for the construction of LSTs along with a host of
783:
At first, wheeled vehicles carried as cargo on oceangoing ships were treated like any other cargo. Automobiles had their fuel tanks emptied and their batteries disconnected before being hoisted into the ship's hold, where they were chocked and secured. This process was tedious and difficult, and
956:
There were many advantages of the use of train-ferries over conventional shipping in World War I. It was much easier to move the large, heavy artillery and tanks that this kind of modern warfare required using train-ferries as opposed to repeated loading and unloading of cargo. By manufacturers
1082:
The LST(2) design incorporated elements of the first
British LCTs from their designer, Sir Rowland Baker, who was part of the British delegation. This included sufficient buoyancy in the ships' sidewalls that they would float even with the tank deck flooded. The LST(2) gave up the speed of HMS
1142:
drive-on-drive-off using the train ferry. During the war
British servicemen recognised the great potential of landing ships and craft. The idea was simple; if you could drive tanks, guns and lorries directly onto a ship and then drive them off at the other end directly onto a beach, then
859:
who argued for a train ferry with a roll-on/roll-off mechanism to maximise the efficiency of the system. Ferries were to be custom-built, with railway lines and matching harbour facilities at both ends to allow the rolling stock to easily drive on and off. To compensate for the changing
198:(LIMs). This is calculated by multiplying the cargo length in metres by the number of decks and by its width in lanes (lane width differs from vessel to vessel, and there are several industry standards). On PCCs, cargo capacity is often measured in RT or RT43 units (based on a
965:
were experiencing a severe shortage of labour with hundreds of thousands of skilled and unskilled labourers away fighting at the front. The increase of heavy traffic because of the war effort meant that economies and efficiency in transport had to be made wherever possible.
430:
The first cargo ships specially fitted for the transport of large quantities of cars came into service in the early 1960s. These ships still had their own loading gear and so-called hanging decks inside. They were, for example, chartered by the German
592:, has a reputation for being a high-risk design, to the point where the acronym is sometimes derisively expanded to "roll on/roll over". An improperly secured loading door can cause a ship to take on water and sink, as happened in 1987 with
1074:
s in the US. During this meeting, it was decided that the Bureau of Ships would design these vessels. As with the standing agreement these would be built by the US so
British shipyards could concentrate on building vessels for the
894:
to settle any dispute over priority of invention with the observation that "there was little merit in a simple conception of this kind, compared with a work practically carried out in all its details, and brought to perfection."
202:, the first mass-produced car to be shipped in specialised car-carriers and used as the basis of RORO vessel size. 1 RT is approximately 4m of lane space required to store a 1.5m wide Toyota Corona) or in car-equivalent units (
1162:
In the spring of 1946 the company approached the
Admiralty with a request to purchase three of these vessels. The Admiralty were unwilling to sell, but after negotiations agreed to let the ASN have the use of three vessels on
1401:
could be installed in about 48 hours on a container ship or RORO, when needed for operations up to a month unsupplied. The system could quickly be removed and stored again when the conflict was over. The
Soviets flying
1143:
theoretically you could use the same landing craft to carry out the same operation in the civilian commercial market, providing there were reasonable port facilities. From this idea grew the worldwide roll-on/roll-off
720:
of the
Atlantic Container Line, can carry a combination of containers, heavy equipment, oversized cargo, and automobiles. Separate internal ramp systems within the vessel segregate automobiles from other vehicles,
1304:, and the drive-on/drive-off services were not re-established until January 1957. At this point ASN were made responsible for the management of twelve Admiralty LST(3)s brought out of reserve as a result of the
559:
457:
The PCTC has liftable decks to increase vertical clearance, as well as heavier decks for "high-and-heavy" cargo. A 6,500-unit car ship, with 12 decks, can have three decks which can take cargo up to 150
470:) with liftable panels to increase clearance from 1.7 to 6.7 m (5 ft 7 in to 22 ft 0 in) on some decks. Lifting decks to accommodate higher cargo reduces the total capacity.
181:, and RoRo service for air/ railway deliveries. New automobiles that are transported by ship are often moved on a large type of RORO called a pure car carrier (PCC) or pure car/truck carrier (PCTC).
1047:, 27 vehicles and nearly 200 men (in addition to the crew) at a speed of 18 knots, it could not have the shallow draught that would have made for easy unloading. As a result, each of the three (
435:
to transport vehicles to the U.S. and Canada. During the 1970s, the market for exporting and importing cars increased dramatically and correspondingly also did the number and type of ROROs .
507:
359:
756:(roll-on/lift-off) vessel is another hybrid vessel type, with ramps serving vehicle decks but with other cargo decks only accessible when the tides change or by the use of a crane.
1364:, had a stern ramp as well as interior ramps, which allowed cars to drive directly from the dock, onto the ship, and into place. Loading and unloading was sped up dramatically.
1346:, which began operation in 1956. While modest in capacity, it could transport three semi trailers between Hyannis in Massachusetts and Nantucket Island, even in ice conditions.
1254:
became the first vessel in the world to operate as a commercial/passenger roll-on/roll-off ferry, and the ASN became the first commercial company to offer this type of service.
473:
These vessels can achieve a cruising speed of 16 knots (18 mph; 30 km/h) at eco-speed, while at full speed can achieve more than 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h).
864:, adjustable ramps were positioned at the harbours and the gantry structure height was varied by moving it along the slipway. The wagons were loaded on and off with the use of
540:
282:
953:
on the South East Coast. In the first month of operations at
Richborough, 5,000 tons were transported across the Channel, by the end of 1918 it was nearly 261,000 tons.
328:
1600:
921:
The service commenced on 3 February 1850. It was called "The
Floating Railway" and intended as a temporary measure until the railway could build a bridge, but this was
375:
264:. The 50,938 GT ship is 209.02 m (685 ft 9 in) long and 31.84 m (104 ft 6 in) wide, and can carry 1,342 cars/4,101 lane meters of cargo.
2202:
1368:
also had an adjustable chocking system for locking cars onto the decks and a ventilation system to remove exhaust gases that accumulate during vehicle loading.
149:
and other short distances often have built-in ramps, the term RORO is generally reserved for large seafaring vessels. The ramps and doors may be located in the
2068:"The full story of the Harrier "Jump-Jet" Part Four – the "Second Generation" Harriers – The BAe / MDD AV-8B Harrier II, GR.5, GR.7, GR.9 & T.10 Harriers"
312:
1709:
1096:. The enormous building program quickly gathered momentum. Such a high priority was assigned to the construction of LSTs that the previously laid keel of an
970:
had space for motor transport as well as railway rolling stock, thousands of lorries, motor cars and "B Type" buses used these ferries to return to England.
2381:
1890:
1030:, were selected for conversion because of their shallow draft. Bow doors and ramps were added to these ships, which became the first tank landing ships.
232:, it is 223.70 m (733 ft 11 in) long and 35 m (114 ft 10 in) wide, and can carry 550 cars, or 1,270 lane meters of cargo.
2632:
1453:
941:. From 10 February 1918, high volumes of railway rolling stock, artillery and supplies for the Front were shipped to France from the "secret port" of
2033:
886:
Although others had had similar ideas, Bouch was the first to put them into effect, and did so with an attention to detail (such as design of the
1389:
fighter planes; one Harrier was kept fueled, armed, and ready to VTOL launch for emergency air protection against long range Argentine aircraft.
2067:
1668:
852:, which was roughly five miles across, a different solution had to be found, primarily for the transport of goods, where efficiency was key.
833:
522:
737:
1104:, and the first standardized LSTs were floated out of their building dock in October. Twenty-three were in commission by the end of 1942.
2195:
1458:
657:
1100:
was hastily removed to make room for several LSTs to be built in her place. The keel of the first LST was laid down on 10 June 1942 at
792:
123:
607:. Free surface water on the vehicle deck was determined by the court of inquiry to be the immediate cause of the 1968 capsize of the
481:
2627:
2475:
2170:
1976:
1741:
1729:
1693:
1152:
1350:
2271:
1836:
484:(MARIC) is developing a new vessel class with a capacity of 12,800 CEU. The design has received Approval in Principle (AiP) from
1022:
upon the continent of Europe. As an interim measure, three 4000 to 4800 GRT tankers, built to pass over the restrictive bars of
1515:
2188:
1931:
1397:
missiles after offloading the Harriers to proper aircraft carriers, but the vehicles and helicopters still aboard were lost.
962:
891:
145:
that allow the cargo to be efficiently rolled on and off the vessel when in port. While smaller ferries that operate across
635:
listed 60 degrees to its port side in 2006, but did not sink, since its high enclosed sides prevented water from entering.
1545:
583:
1220:
with a full load of 64 vehicles for the Dutch Government. The original three LSTs were joined in 1948 by another vessel,
2663:
1278:
593:
1250:
was the first vessel of the ASN fleet to hold a passenger certificate, and was allowed to carry fifty passengers. Thus
588:
The seagoing RORO car ferry, with large external doors close to the waterline and open vehicle decks with few internal
2112:
366:
221:
744:(MSC) roll-on/roll-off type cargo ships. Some are purpose-built to carry military cargo, while others are converted.
1062:
In November 1941, a small delegation from the British Admiralty arrived in the United States to pool ideas with the
649:
after cargo shifted on the ship. Salvage crews secured the vessel and it was hauled into the port of Bilbao, Spain.
270:
2658:
404:
is a Norwegian ferry company that operates smaller ro-ro passenger car ferries on a short route between the towns
1895:
991:
669:
1867:
1574:
898:
The company was persuaded to install this train ferry service for the transportation of goods wagons across the
1473:
1257:
1155:, with a view to cheap transatlantic travel; this never materialised, but during the war he observed trials on
741:
1208:
On the morning of 11 September 1946 the first voyage of the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company took place when
1130:
was one of the first commercial roro ferries. It was built as an LST and is pictured entering the harbour in
1383:
1112:
1006:
were the first purpose-built seagoing ships enabling road vehicles to roll directly on and off. The British
865:
2495:
2308:
1101:
566:
2049:
2480:
1358:
1354:
1262:
848:. As bridge technology was not yet capable enough to provide adequate support for the crossing over the
796:
501:
Kaisha, built in 2008 with a capacity of 6,200 cars, is the world's first partially solar powered ship.
54:
480:, the inaugural vessel of a planned class of twelve, each with a capacity of 9,100 CEU. Meanwhile, the
2653:
2485:
2075:
1781:
1443:
1376:
837:
713:
625:
589:
925:, its construction delayed in part by repercussions from the catastrophic failure of Thomas Bouch's
2612:
2556:
2338:
1971:. Vol. 3 Amphibious Warfare Vessels and Auxiliaries. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 142–143.
1448:
1293:
1231:
950:
926:
600:
485:
203:
39:
1300:
During late 1956, the entire fleet of ASN were taken over for use in the Mediterranean during the
477:
2566:
2241:
2117:
1991:'Richborough Port' by Rob Butler p. 21 (photo) p. 20 (text) published by Ramsgate Maritime Museum
1063:
1019:
1003:
911:
717:
122:, that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle, such as a
107:
1921:
1014:
that the Allies needed relatively large, seafaring ships capable of shore-to-shore delivery of
27:
Vessels designed to carry wheeled cargo that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels
2343:
2246:
2166:
2142:
2134:
1972:
1927:
1806:
1747:
1737:
1689:
1664:
1011:
722:
639:
551:
451:
115:
1784:; not to be confused with the lawyer (his son)who represented Bouch at the Tay Bridge Inquiry
1342:
The first roll-on/roll-off vessel that was purpose-built to transport loaded semi trucks was
2591:
2576:
2510:
2256:
1841:
1494:
1423:
1335:
1230:, after the ASN were able to convince commercial operators to support the new route between
1192:
1186:
1164:
1097:
1089:
1034:
1007:
828:
726:
127:
1710:"Abandoned cargo ship Modern Express successfully dragged into port after rescue operation"
1070:
with regard to development of ships and also including the possibility of building further
2581:
2571:
2391:
2376:
2323:
2251:
1768:
1488:
1478:
1463:
1402:
1282:
1270:
1213:
1198:
1067:
915:
879:
304:
131:
47:
31:
665:
2551:
2411:
2333:
2318:
2313:
2089:
1657:
1626:
1246:
continued on the Northern Ireland service, offering initially a twice-weekly service.
1156:
1041:
1023:
899:
849:
709:
528:
401:
242:
229:
210:
43:
1794:
811:
2647:
2622:
2617:
2500:
2368:
2261:
2212:
1438:
1372:
1287:
1148:
1093:
1044:
712:. This type of vessel has a below-deck area used for vehicle storage while stacking
629:
493:
300:
249:
199:
2536:
2328:
2293:
1523:
1433:
1181:
1124:
999:
922:
875:
871:
856:
498:
119:
1853:
1327:
2531:
2505:
2459:
2449:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2396:
2386:
2358:
2348:
1652:
1627:"Using Solar Power for Ship Propulsion The World First Solar-Powered Ship Sails"
1468:
1382:
was requisitioned as an emergency aircraft and helicopter transport for British
1305:
1301:
1202:
1139:
942:
938:
903:
819:
788:
769:
417:
413:
296:
289:
245:
170:
1553:
2561:
2444:
2401:
2303:
2280:
2231:
1845:
1484:
1076:
987:
887:
615:
608:
432:
236:
194:
174:
154:
142:
99:
87:
2146:
1885:
1810:
1357:, for the construction of a new type of motorized vehicle carrier. The ship,
2586:
2546:
2298:
2001:
1751:
1428:
1217:
1138:
At the end of the first world war vehicles were brought back from France to
1027:
604:
514:
459:
347:
217:
60:
1311:
1285:
policy. In 1955 another two LSTs where chartered into the existing fleet,
1059:) ordered in March 1941 had a very long ramp stowed behind the bow doors.
1040:. It was a scaled down design from ideas penned by Churchill. To carry 13
784:
vehicles were subject to damage and could not be used for routine travel.
2596:
2541:
2490:
1222:
845:
800:
467:
261:
138:
35:
2180:
628:
raises the seaworthiness of these vessels. For example, the car carrier
2515:
1316:
978:
676:
351:
225:
185:
30:
This article is about ships that carry vehicles. For RORO trains, see
17:
1394:
983:
841:
646:
439:
405:
343:
339:
257:
454:, and loose statics), and extensive automatic fire control systems.
235:
The RORO passenger ferry with the greatest car-carrying capacity is
1120:
2439:
2288:
2236:
1386:
1326:
1310:
1274:
1256:
1235:
1144:
1131:
1119:
1111:
977:
870:
810:
664:
656:
463:
189:
184:
Elsewhere in the shipping industry, cargo is normally measured by
178:
166:
150:
146:
103:
91:
59:
2163:
Ro-Ro Handbook: A Practical Guide to Roll-On Roll-Off Cargo Ships
2226:
1799:
Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1159:
of an LST in 1943 when its peacetime capabilities were obvious.
1015:
907:
861:
409:
386:
83:
2184:
1601:"World's largest car carrier receives LR Approval in Principle"
412:
in Norway, connecting the two cities and metropolitan areas of
2090:"The Soviet Navy Forger: Yak-36M, Yak-38, Yak-38U and Yak-38M"
1405:
fighters also tested operations using the civilian RORO ships
1147:
industry of today. In the period between the wars Lt. Colonel
111:
95:
1238:. The first sailing of this new route was on 21 May 1948 by
46:. For information on other shipping boats such as this, see
1898:: National Library of Australia. 10 August 1850. p. 3
1969:
The Design and Construction of British Warships 1939–1945
1205:
naming of vessels in government service during the war.
1167:
at a rate of ÂŁ13 6s 8d per day. These vessels were LSTs
836:
was formed in 1842 and the company wished to extend the
476:
As of 7 August 2024, the largest LCTC was the
446:, Japan's first pure car carrier, and in 1973 built the
220:
cruise ferry that entered service in September 2007 for
381:
The largest ro-ro passenger car ferry in the world, MS
2050:"History of Fleet Air Arm Officers Association, FAAOA"
1868:"Subterranea Britannica: Sites:Scotland Street Tunnel"
513:
A pure car carrier ship's starboard side showing side
256:
entered service on 25 March 2001 and operates between
1281:(BTC) took over the ASN under the Labour Governments
1575:"World's Largest Car Carrier Höegh Aurora Delivered"
614:
in New Zealand. It also contributed to the wreck of
42:. For the computer memory management technique, see
2605:
2524:
2468:
2410:
2367:
2279:
2219:
1724:
1722:
855:The company hired the up-and-coming civil engineer
716:freight on the top decks. ConRo ships, such as the
1656:
1349:In 1957, the US military issued a contract to the
937:Train-ferry services were used extensively during
599:. Water sloshing on the vehicle deck can set up a
2382:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)
572:opens up, allowing cars to enter the vehicle bay.
137:RORO vessels have either built-in or shore-based
1915:
1913:
1834:Shipway, J. S. "Bouch, Sir Thomas (1822–1880)".
945:, near Sandwich on the South Coast of England.
818:, opened in 1850 as the first roll-on roll-off
482:Marine Design & Research Institute of China
53:"RORO" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1116:Ferry boat in the southern Philippines in 1925
2196:
2014:Simplon Postcards: The Passenger Ship Website
1949:British and Dominion Warships of World War II
918:, a partner of the firm Grainger and Miller.
603:, making the ship unstable and causing it to
8:
1840:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
949:second train-ferry was established from the
624:Despite these inherent risks, the very high
2203:
2189:
2181:
1947:Lenton, H.T. & Colledge, J.J. (1968).
1891:Bathurst Free Press (NSW : 1849–1851)
1763:
1761:
1688:. Wellington: Grantham House. p. 50.
890:) which led a subsequent President of the
682:
192:, but RORO cargo is typically measured in
38:. For the trailer towed by a tractor, see
2633:List of merchant navy capacity by country
1686:The Wahine Disaster: a tragedy remembered
1454:List of roll-on/roll-off vessel accidents
1962:
1960:
1958:
787:An early roll-on/roll-off service was a
157:, or sides, or any combination thereof.
1923:British Railways and the Great War Book
1837:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1829:
1827:
1506:
1033:The first purpose-built LST design was
503:
266:
795:, which operated a wagon ferry on the
675:, a non-combat RORO vessel, unloading
661:ConRO carrying trailers and containers
1951:. Doubleday and Company. p. 577.
1351:Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company
834:Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway
708:) vessel is a hybrid of a RORO and a
7:
1269:The first RORO service crossing the
740:(LMSR) refers to several classes of
738:Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off
209:The largest RORO passenger ferry is
2165:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing.
1459:Roll-on/roll-off discharge facility
276:Loading a ro-ro passenger car ferry
2113:"Around the World With 5,500 Cars"
1926:. London: Selwyn and Blount, Ltd.
793:Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway
488:, which was granted in June 2024.
369:service, with cars leaving a ferry
322:, approaching Dublin Port, Ireland
124:self-propelled modular transporter
25:
2628:International Chamber of Shipping
2476:Anchor handling tug supply vessel
2161:Todorov, Delyan Mihaylov (2016).
1234:and the Northern Ireland port of
1153:Atlantic Steam Navigation Company
826:The first modern train ferry was
2270:
1487:
914:. The ferry itself was built by
558:
539:
521:
506:
394:
374:
358:
327:
311:
281:
269:
1708:Wright, Paul (2016 February 4)
534:, the largest car/truck carrier
1242:. After the inaugural sailing
1201:ships in combination with the
892:Institution of Civil Engineers
165:Types of RORO vessels include
1:
2141:. Hearst Magazines: 100–103.
2133:Liston, Jim (November 1969).
2111:Belson, Ken (July 13, 2012).
1795:"Memoirs of Deceased Members"
584:List of RORO vessel accidents
1854:UK public library membership
1805:(1): 301–308. January 1881.
1714:International Business Times
1631:NYK-Nippon Oil Joint Project
1552:(in Swedish). Archived from
1522:(in Swedish). Archived from
1279:British Transport Commission
1010:in 1940 demonstrated to the
130:(LoLo) vessels, which use a
34:. For the railroad car, see
1736:. Enfield: Guinness Books.
1684:Makarios, Emmanuel (2003).
1197:, perpetuating the name of
367:Peninsula Searoad Transport
334:Fast ROPAX cruiseferry, MS
2680:
1633:. NYK Line. 5 January 2009
581:
134:to load and unload cargo.
90:designed to carry wheeled
52:
29:
2268:
1896:Bathurst, New South Wales
1734:The Guinness Railway Book
1659:Notes from a Small Island
1308:too late to see service.
992:Allied invasion of Sicily
963:British Railway companies
791:, started in 1833 by the
596:Herald of Free Enterprise
126:. This is in contrast to
1516:"M/S Color Magic (2007)"
1474:Washington State Ferries
866:stationary steam engines
742:Military Sealift Command
2455:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
2354:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
2034:"Roll-On Roll-Off Ship"
1920:Pratt, Edwin A (1921).
1384:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
1338:on or about 19 May 1982
1315:A river barge carrying
1108:ROROs for road vehicles
1008:evacuation from Dunkirk
878:ferry design. Note the
365:Ferry terminal for the
2496:Platform supply vessel
2309:Coastal trading vessel
1393:was sunk by Argentine
1339:
1319:
1277:in 1953. In 1954, the
1266:
1135:
1117:
1102:Newport News, Virginia
1018:and other vehicles in
995:
974:The landing ship, tank
883:
823:
680:
662:
68:
2481:Diving support vessel
2135:"Oceangoing Drive-In"
1846:10.1093/ref:odnb/2969
1663:. London: Doubleday.
1355:Chester, Pennsylvania
1330:
1314:
1263:Alaska Marine Highway
1260:
1179:. They were renamed
1123:
1115:
981:
923:not opened until 1890
874:
832:, built in 1849. The
814:
797:Forth and Clyde Canal
668:
660:
638:In late January 2016
582:Further information:
295:, a roll-on/roll-off
63:
55:Roro (disambiguation)
2486:Emergency tow vessel
1967:Brown, D.K. (1996).
1782:George Parker Bidder
1546:"M/S Ulysses (2001)"
1444:Intermodal container
1323:Further developments
1265:employ RORO systems.
838:East Coast Main Line
2664:Scottish inventions
2613:Nautical operations
2557:Floating restaurant
2339:Lighter aboard ship
2039:, April 1956, p. 87
1769:"The Train Ferries"
1449:List of cargo types
1088:other auxiliaries,
1020:amphibious assaults
951:Port of Southampton
685:
601:free surface effect
546:Vehicle bay of the
108:semi-trailer trucks
40:car carrier trailer
2567:Merchant submarine
2242:Maritime transport
2118:The New York Times
1886:"News of the Week"
1544:Asklander, Micke.
1514:Asklander, Micke.
1344:Searoad of Hyannis
1340:
1320:
1267:
1136:
1118:
1064:United States Navy
996:
884:
824:
723:Mafi roll trailers
683:
681:
663:
452:Mafi roll trailers
444:Toyota Maru No. 10
200:1966 Toyota Corona
69:
67:stern quarter ramp
2659:Freight transport
2641:
2640:
2344:Livestock carrier
2247:Freight transport
2139:Popular Mechanics
2054:fleetairarmoa.org
2037:Popular Mechanics
1852:(Subscription or
1670:978-0-385-40534-8
1411:Nikolai Cherkasov
1391:Atlantic Conveyor
1379:Atlantic Conveyor
1332:Atlantic Conveyor
1261:All ships of the
1090:destroyer escorts
986:LST off-loads an
840:further north to
776:
775:
565:The front of the
552:Cross Sound Ferry
299:operated between
16:(Redirected from
2671:
2592:Semi-submersible
2577:Pipe-laying ship
2274:
2257:Maritime history
2205:
2198:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2074:. Archived from
2064:
2058:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1726:
1717:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1662:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1605:Lloyd's Register
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1511:
1497:
1495:Transport portal
1492:
1491:
1424:Lift-on/lift-off
1371:During the 1982
1334:approaching the
1165:bareboat charter
1140:Richborough Port
1098:aircraft carrier
816:Floating Railway
727:break-bulk cargo
686:
684:RORO variations
679:armored vehicles
645:was listing off
569:Petar Hektorović
562:
543:
525:
510:
491:The car carrier
486:Lloyd's Register
448:European Highway
438:In 1970 Japan's
398:
378:
362:
331:
318:ROPAX ferry, MS
315:
285:
273:
128:lift-on/lift-off
72:Roll-on/roll-off
21:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2601:
2582:Research vessel
2572:Narco-submarine
2520:
2464:
2406:
2392:Hydrogen tanker
2377:Chemical tanker
2363:
2324:Heavy-lift ship
2275:
2266:
2252:Merchant marine
2215:
2209:
2179:
2173:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2110:
2106:
2104:Further reading
2101:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1744:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1581:. 7 August 2024
1573:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1550:Fakta om Fartyg
1543:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1520:Fakta om Fartyg
1513:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1479:Yacht transport
1464:Rolling highway
1419:
1403:Yakovlev Yak-38
1325:
1283:nationalization
1271:English Channel
1199:White Star Line
1110:
1092:, and assorted
1068:Bureau of Ships
976:
935:
927:Tay Rail Bridge
916:Thomas Grainger
880:adjustable ramp
809:
781:
655:
653:RORO variations
586:
580:
573:
563:
554:
544:
535:
526:
517:
511:
497:, belonging to
428:
421:
399:
390:
379:
370:
363:
354:
332:
323:
316:
307:
286:
277:
274:
195:lanes in metres
163:
58:
51:
48:Merchant vessel
32:Rolling highway
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2552:Fishing vessel
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:Lake freighter
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:Container ship
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2213:merchant ships
2210:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2158:
2130:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2081:
2078:on 2013-10-19.
2059:
2041:
2026:
1993:
1984:
1977:
1954:
1939:
1932:
1909:
1877:
1872:subbrit.org.uk
1859:
1823:
1786:
1774:
1757:
1742:
1730:Marshall, John
1718:
1701:
1694:
1676:
1669:
1644:
1618:
1592:
1566:
1536:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1407:Agostinio Neto
1324:
1321:
1248:Empire Cedric
1157:Brighton Sands
1109:
1106:
1045:infantry tanks
1024:Lake Maracaibo
975:
972:
934:
931:
900:Firth of Forth
850:Firth of Forth
808:
805:
780:
777:
774:
773:
762:
758:
757:
750:
746:
745:
735:
731:
730:
710:container ship
698:
694:
693:
690:
654:
651:
642:Modern Express
579:
576:
575:
574:
564:
557:
555:
545:
538:
536:
527:
520:
518:
512:
505:
427:
424:
423:
422:
400:
393:
391:
380:
373:
371:
364:
357:
355:
333:
326:
324:
317:
310:
308:
287:
280:
278:
275:
268:
230:Aker Finnyards
162:
159:
65:Procyon Leader
44:Rollout/Rollin
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2676:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Admiralty law
2621:
2619:
2618:Affreightment
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2262:Shipping line
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2174:
2172:9780764351235
2168:
2164:
2159:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2072:wingweb.co.uk
2069:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1978:0-85177-675-2
1974:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1743:0-8511-2359-7
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1695:1-86934-079-5
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1556:on 2012-10-15
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1526:on 2012-10-04
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Frank Bustard
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:Falklands War
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1294:Empire Nordic
1290:
1289:
1288:Empire Cymric
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:Empire Cedric
1249:
1245:
1244:Empire Cedric
1241:
1240:Empire Cedric
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:Empire Baltic
1206:
1204:
1203:"Empire" ship
1200:
1196:
1195:
1194:Empire Celtic
1190:
1189:
1188:Empire Cedric
1184:
1183:
1182:Empire Baltic
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:Frank Bustard
1146:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:landing craft
1091:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:landing ships
1001:
993:
989:
985:
980:
973:
971:
967:
964:
958:
954:
952:
946:
944:
940:
932:
930:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
893:
889:
881:
877:
873:
869:
867:
863:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:
821:
817:
813:
806:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
778:
771:
770:cruiseferries
767:
763:
760:
759:
755:
751:
748:
747:
743:
739:
736:
733:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
714:containerized
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
695:
691:
688:
687:
678:
674:
673:
667:
659:
652:
650:
648:
644:
643:
636:
634:
633:
627:
622:
620:
619:
613:
612:
606:
602:
598:
597:
591:
585:
578:Seaworthiness
577:
571:
570:
561:
556:
553:
549:
542:
537:
533:
532:
524:
519:
516:
509:
504:
502:
500:
496:
495:
494:Auriga Leader
489:
487:
483:
479:
474:
471:
469:
465:
461:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
433:Volkswagen AG
425:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
397:
392:
388:
384:
377:
372:
368:
361:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
330:
325:
321:
314:
309:
306:
302:
301:Coatzacoalcos
298:
294:
293:
284:
279:
272:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Irish Ferries
247:
244:
241:(named after
240:
239:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
207:
205:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
171:cruiseferries
168:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:railroad cars
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
66:
62:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2537:Crane vessel
2454:
2353:
2329:Hopper barge
2294:Bulk carrier
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2138:
2122:. Retrieved
2116:
2093:
2084:
2076:the original
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2036:
2029:
2018:. Retrieved
2013:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1968:
1948:
1942:
1922:
1900:. Retrieved
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1835:
1814:. Retrieved
1802:
1798:
1789:
1777:
1733:
1713:
1704:
1685:
1679:
1658:
1653:Bryson, Bill
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1630:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1607:. 2024-06-07
1604:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1578:
1569:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:the original
1549:
1539:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:the original
1519:
1509:
1434:Cruise ferry
1410:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1331:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1268:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1228:Empire Doric
1227:
1221:
1212:sailed from
1209:
1207:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1137:
1127:Empire Doric
1126:
1084:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1036:
1032:
1000:World War II
997:
968:
959:
955:
947:
936:
920:
897:
885:
857:Thomas Bouch
854:
827:
825:
822:in the world
815:
786:
782:
765:
764:The acronym
753:
705:
701:
671:
641:
637:
631:
623:
617:
610:
595:
587:
568:
547:
530:
499:Nippon Yusen
492:
490:
478:Höegh Aurora
475:
472:
456:
447:
443:
437:
429:
426:Car carriers
382:
336:SuperSpeed 2
335:
319:
291:
253:
248:), owned by
237:
234:
212:
208:
193:
183:
164:
136:
79:
75:
71:
70:
64:
2654:Ro-ro ships
2532:Cable layer
2525:Other types
2506:Salvage tug
2460:Train ferry
2450:Ocean liner
2435:Cruiseferry
2430:Cruise ship
2425:Cargo liner
2420:Cable ferry
2397:LNG carrier
2387:Gas carrier
2359:Train ferry
2349:Reefer ship
1816:17 February
1469:Train ferry
1306:Suez Crisis
1302:Suez Crisis
1273:began from
1151:formed the
990:during the
943:Richborough
939:World War I
904:Burntisland
820:train ferry
789:train ferry
418:Fredrikstad
402:Bastø Fosen
383:Color Magic
297:train ferry
246:James Joyce
224:. Built in
216:, a 75,100
213:Color Magic
175:cargo ships
161:Description
143:ferry slips
100:motorcycles
88:cargo ships
2648:Categories
2562:Icebreaker
2445:Narrowboat
2402:Oil tanker
2304:Chain boat
2232:Cargo ship
2020:2012-10-22
1933:1151852406
1856:required.)
1801:. Part 1.
1579:MarineLink
1560:2008-03-05
1530:2008-03-05
1502:References
1226:, renamed
1077:Royal Navy
988:M4 Sherman
961:1918, the
888:ferry slip
689:Variation
632:Cougar Ace
462:(136
460:short tons
442:built the
338:, between
243:a novel by
222:Color Line
188:or by the
94:, such as
2587:Riverboat
2547:Drillship
2412:Passenger
2299:Car float
2281:Dry cargo
2220:Overviews
2147:0032-4558
1811:1753-7843
1611:29 August
1585:29 August
1429:Car float
1336:Falklands
1218:Rotterdam
1042:Churchill
1035:HMS
1028:Venezuela
1012:Admiralty
933:Expansion
829:Leviathan
807:Invention
626:freeboard
609:TEV
590:bulkheads
468:long tons
348:Hirtshals
2597:Snagboat
2491:Fireboat
2094:acig.org
1752:24175552
1732:(1989).
1655:(1995).
1417:See also
1377:SS
1317:tractors
1223:LST 3041
1057:Thruster
994:in 1943.
984:Canadian
846:Aberdeen
801:Scotland
718:G4 class
692:Remarks
672:Shughart
640:MV
630:MV
616:MS
594:MS
531:Tønsberg
529:MV
414:Tønsberg
389:, Norway
292:Bali Sea
262:Holyhead
211:MS
116:trailers
36:Autorack
2606:Related
2542:Dredger
2516:Tugboat
2469:Support
2369:Tankers
2314:Collier
2211:Modern
2152:8 March
1232:Preston
1214:Tilbury
1053:Bruiser
998:During
912:Granton
876:Bouch's
779:History
677:Stryker
618:Estonia
605:capsize
352:Denmark
320:Ulysses
254:Ulysses
238:Ulysses
226:Finland
186:tonnage
167:ferries
2511:Tender
2501:Pusher
2169:
2145:
2124:25 May
2016:. 2005
2008:Viking
2004:Dinard
1975:
1930:
1902:30 May
1850:
1809:
1750:
1740:
1692:
1667:
1637:30 May
1395:Exocet
1191:, and
1175:, and
1055:, and
842:Dundee
761:ROPAX
725:, and
697:ConRO
647:France
611:Wahine
548:John H
466:; 134
440:K Line
406:Horten
344:Norway
340:Larvik
305:Mobile
258:Dublin
179:barges
147:rivers
118:, and
104:trucks
18:Ro-pax
2440:Ferry
2289:Barge
2237:Cargo
1387:STOVL
1366:Comet
1361:Comet
1359:USNS
1275:Dover
1236:Larne
1145:ferry
1132:Malta
1085:Boxer
1072:Boxer
1049:Boxer
1037:Boxer
1016:tanks
902:from
862:tides
766:ROPAX
749:RoLo
734:LMSR
706:RoCon
702:ConRo
670:USNS
550:, of
385:, in
190:tonne
151:stern
139:ramps
132:crane
112:buses
92:cargo
84:ships
80:ro-ro
2227:Ship
2167:ISBN
2154:2011
2143:ISSN
2126:2021
1973:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1904:2013
1818:2012
1807:ISSN
1748:OCLC
1738:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1639:2013
1613:2024
1587:2024
1409:and
1291:and
1177:3512
1173:3534
1169:3519
908:Fife
844:and
754:RoLo
704:(or
700:The
515:ramp
416:and
410:Moss
408:and
387:Oslo
346:and
303:and
288:The
260:and
96:cars
86:are
76:RORO
1842:doi
1353:in
1216:to
1125:SS
1066:'s
910:to
906:in
799:in
567:MT
290:MV
228:by
206:).
204:CEU
155:bow
141:or
78:or
2650::
2137:.
2115:.
2092:.
2070:.
2052:.
2012:.
2006:–
1957:^
1912:^
1894:.
1888:.
1870:.
1826:^
1803:63
1797:.
1760:^
1746:.
1721:^
1712:.
1629:.
1603:.
1577:.
1548:.
1518:.
1413:.
1375:,
1185:,
1171:,
1051:,
1026:,
1002:,
982:A
929:.
868:.
803:.
772:.
752:A
729:.
621:.
350:,
342:,
252:.
218:GT
177:,
173:,
169:,
153:,
114:,
110:,
106:,
102:,
98:,
82:)
2204:e
2197:t
2190:v
2175:.
2156:.
2128:.
2096:.
2056:.
2023:.
2010:"
2002:"
1981:.
1936:.
1906:.
1874:.
1848:.
1844::
1820:.
1771:.
1754:.
1716:.
1698:.
1673:.
1641:.
1615:.
1589:.
1563:.
1533:.
1134:.
882:.
464:t
420:.
74:(
57:.
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
